Mobile Networking

Purpose

The purpose of this white paper is to inform the reader about mobile networking
technology. For further information, see [Link].

Mobile Network Signaling

Telecommunications signaling is the transmission of data for purposes of sharing
information for network control and/or call control. The type of signaling used in
a modern network is called Signaling System number Seven (SS7).

SS7 is a critical component of modern telecommunications systems. SS7 is a

communications protocol that provides signaling and control for various network
services and capabilities. Being a layered protocol, SS7 provides various
protocol levels for connection oriented and connectionless (database) signaling
in fixed and mobile networks.

SS7 is comprised of a series of interconnected network elements such as

switches, databases, and routing nodes. Each of these elements is
interconnected with links, each of which has a specific purpose. The routing
nodes are the heart of the SS7 network and are called a Signal Transfer Point
(STP). STPs are connected to Service Switching Points (SSP) that are switches
equipped with SS7 control logic.

SS7 Network Architecture

Copyright  2000 Gerry Christensen [Link]

 Mobile Networking

The above illustration depicts a SS7 network. The network elements are
depicted below.

SS7 Network Elements

SSP STP SCP SN

Each of these network elements have a specific role in the SS7 network.

• Service Switching Point (SSP): A telecommunications switch that contains the

control logic (software) necessary to send/receive SS7 messages to other
nodes in the network. If a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) has said control
logic, it is by definition considered an SSP.

• Signal Transfer Point (STP): This is the "heart" of the SS7 network. STP
routes messages between other network elements.

• Service Control Point (SCP): This is the "brain" of the SS7 network. The SCP
is nothing more than a database. However, utilization of a SCP offers
profound enhancements for service delivery and network control.

• Service Node (SN): Includes database functionality of the SCP along with
additional capabilities such as voice interaction and control of voice
resources. Generally speaking, SCPs work well with requirements that call
for voluminous data transactions. SNs, on the other hand, are typically not
designed for high volume data processing. Instead, SNs are best suited for
special circumstance call processing involving voice resources and/or
interaction.

Copyright  2000 Gerry Christensen [Link]

 Mobile Networking

SS7 involves two different types of signaling: connection oriented signaling and
connectionless oriented signaling. Connection oriented signaling refers to the
establishment of switch-to-switch facilities referred to as inter-office trunks which
are the bearer for voice (usually) and data communications. The ISDN User Part
(ISUP) part of the SS7 protocol is utilized to establish trunks between switches.
In contrast, the Transaction Capability Application Part (TCAP) is utilized for
connectionless signaling which typically entails switch-to-database or database-
to-database communications. An example of connectionless signaling is TCAP
signaling of Home Location Register to Visiting Location Register discussed
below.

Mobile Networking Standards

There are two major types of inter-system signaling for mobile communications:
GSM Mobile Application Part (MAP) and ANSI-41. GSM MAP is the inter-system
standard utilized for GSM and ANSI-41 is the standard for all other mobile
networks including CDMA, D-AMPS (IS-136), and analog systems such as
AMPS.

Although the two standards have their differences, both have certain key things
in common. For example, both standards support three network elements that
are required for mobile communications: MSCs, HLRs, and VLRs.

Mobile Switching Center

A Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is a telecommunications switch deployed in
mobile communications networks, to provide call control, processing and access
to the Public Switched Telephone (fixed) Network.

Home Location Register

The Home Location Register (HLR) is a database that is maintained by a user's
home carrier or the mobile operator from whom the user has initiated service.
The HLR stores information about the user, including the user profile
(preferences), account status, features and capabilities.

Visiting Location Register

The Visiting Location Register (VLR) is another database and is used by the
serving carrier system to manage service requests from mobile users who are
away from their home system.

The interaction between the MSC, HLR, and VLR is best understood by walking
through the registration process.

Copyright  2000 Gerry Christensen [Link]

 Mobile Networking

ReqNot (invoke)

HLR
ReqNot (response with profile)

MSC/VLR MSC/VLR
SS7 Signaling Network

System B System A

In the above figure, the mobile user's home system is depicted as System A and
the mobile user is currently roaming in System B, the visited or serving system.

Step One: Detecting a Potential User

The first step involves the serving system (B) detecting the mobile phone. This
occurs over the radio interface. Each mobile phone emits a unique identification
that is detected by the radio frequency (RF) equipment of the serving system.
The fact that the mobile phone is "powered on" triggers system B’s RF
equipment to inform system B’s switching equipment of the mobile’s presence.
The switching equipment performs translations to determine whether the mobile
is in its "home" area or whether it is a "visitor". In this context, visitor means that
the mobile user is not in its normal home location (the city/country of service
origination). These translations involve analysis of the International Mobile
Station Identifier (IMSI) of the mobile phone to determine its home network and
assignment of a point code for routing to the appropriate HLR.

Step Two: Exchanging the Appropriate Information about the User

The second step involves database interaction to determine appropriate handling

of call requests. If you are in your home area, the Home Location Register (HLR)
provides information necessary to handle requests for either call origination
(making a call) or termination (being called). If you are not in your home area, a
Visiting Location Register (VLR) must request information from the HLR so that
the visited (serving) system can process calls appropriately.

Copyright  2000 Gerry Christensen [Link]

 Mobile Networking
Communication between the VLR in the serving system and the HLR of the
home area is facilitated by mobile networking protocols and signaling based on
SS7. In GSM networks, the GSM MAP protocol rides on top of SS7, allowing
VLR to HLR (and HLR to VLR) communications. In GSM networks, the SS7
signaling network employs a procedure called Global Title Translations (GTT) to
determine the appropriate HLR to handle the request for information.

To perform this signaling, the MSC sends a query to an alias point code. STPs
in the SS7 network perform GTT on the alias point code to retranslate the
address into the actual address of the home HLR in system A. Once the STP
performs the GTT and routes the query to system A, the HLR can then respond
to the query by addressing a message to the originating point code from system
B (which corresponds to the VLR).

This signaling and database communications typically occurs before any call is
either placed or received, allowing the serving system to know exactly how to
handle calls when a call is placed/received.

Step Three: Handling Calls

By the time the user either places or receives a call, this database interaction has
occurred. The serving system now knows whether the mobile phone is
associated with an account in good standing, user feature/service subscription,
and the location of the user so that calls placed to the user may be delivered.

Placing a call

Upon detecting a request for a mobile phone user to originate a call, the serving
system reviews the VLR record (established in Step Two above) to determine
appropriate treatment. This allows the serving system to determine if the call is
allowed and if any additional features/services should be made available. Once
this investigation occurs (in a fraction of a second), the switch processes the call
attempt as appropriate.

Receiving a call

When someone calls a mobile phone user, the home switch reviews the HLR. If
the user is in the home area, the call is delivered immediately. If the mobile user
is in another serving area (called "roaming"), the HLR record indicates which
VLR is currently maintaining the mobile user's records. The HLR uses SS7 and
the appropriate mobile networking protocol to request delivery instructions from
the VLR. The VLR provides these instructions to the HLR, allowing the home
switch to deliver the call to the serving switch and seamlessly terminate the call
to the mobile phone as if the user were in the home area.

Copyright  2000 Gerry Christensen [Link]

 Mobile Networking
Mobile Networking and Applications

GSM MAP supports various applications including basic services such as call
waiting and conference calling. This support is provided in the form of profile
updates between the serving system (VLR) and the home system (HLR). The
HLR updates the VLR regarding subscriber services, allowing the serving system
to provide the appropriate services to the visitor. GSM MAP also allows for
value-added services such as those enabled by short messaging service. These
services include Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) based prepay. The SIM
Toolkit, employed in many GSM phones today, also enables more advanced
services such as mobile banking and location based services.

A discussion of these applications is beyond the scope and purpose of this white
paper. See [Link] for more information about roaming, intelligent
networks and applications.

Summary

This white paper is an introduction to mobile networking. For more details, see
[Link] and the book Wireless Intelligent Networking.

Copyright  2000 Gerry Christensen [Link]