CSAT Formulae | Latest Pattern
(@CSEWhy CSAT Initiative)
Working on a comprehensive way to tackle CSAT for 2024 on 2023 Pattern, stay tuned!
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Message from @CSEWhy on CSAT initiative
“CSAT 2023 did not need any formulae and was a test based on the logic and reasoning”
An affidavit by the commission presented these words in front of the judiciary wrt the
CSAT 2023. While many people find this infuriating, it is true! Most of the questions in
CSAT 2023 could have been tackled easily without any formulae
I have heard from 1000+ people via email seeking help for CSAT 2023 and I realise it is a
big problem. With this document, I am starting a 3 step process to help aspirants
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prepare better for CSAT 2024. This is step 1.
In this 3 step process, I am working on bringing a comprehensive way to tackle CSAT
2024 in a manner that you will confidently clear the cutoff. And yes, I execute fast! You
won’t have to wait for long to see step 2 and step 3.
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For now, take a look at this document. This document has been curated with great
precision. You will also see some of the ‘tough looking’ questions from 2023 solved in an
easy manner here.
I always believe that the examiner is your best friend. Remember, CSAT is a game of
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presence of mind. You just have to recognize the secret conversation that your
examiner wants to have with you. Your examiner will give you ample hints to hit a six!
While I work on releasing step 2, I welcome you to trust me, as always. This 3 step CSAT
initiative will give you much needed confidence for UPSC Prelims 2024.
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INDEX
NUMBER SYSTEM 1
DIVISIBILITY RULES 4
PERCENTAGE 4
AVERAGES 5
SIMPLE & COMPOUND INTEREST 6
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PROFIT & LOSS 6
LCM & HCF 7
TIME & WORK 7
TIME SPEED & DISTANCE 8
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Relative Speed 8
Concept on train 8
Concept of stream 8
PROGRESSIONS 9
Arithmetic Progression 9
Geometric Progression 9
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PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION 10
MIXTURES AND ALLIGATIONS 11
PROBABILITY 11
ALGEBRA 11
CODING-DECODING 12
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CALENDAR 13
CLOCK 13
DIRECTIONS 13
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1
NUMBER SYSTEM
● Number : Two digit number (yx): 10y+x
CSAT 2023
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Ans:
Statement 1: (p × q) > 0
Here both of them must be positive, or both negative. Say, 2 × 3, or (-2) × (-3)
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So, by using statement1 alone we cannot determine whether p > q.
So, Statement 1 alone is not sufficient.
Statement 2: p^2 > q^2
But we do not know whether p and q are positive or negative. Say, 3^2 > 2^2, or (-3)^2 >
(-2)^2. So, we cannot determine whether p > q.
So, Statement 2 alone is not sufficient.
Even by using both the statements together, we cannot determine whether p > q.
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● Natural Number – Set of positive integers from 1 to infinity
● Whole Number – Natural numbers with 0
● Prime Number – Natural number greater than 1 having only 1 and itself as
factors e.g., 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37 etc
Prime numbers in 1-100 range are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53,
59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97.
CSAT 2023
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Ans:
Here in options (a), (b), and (c) are prime numbers. However, number 91 in option (d) is
not a prime number.
91 = 13 × 7. So, this group is different from the others.
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D is the answer.
● Integer – Set of all whole numbers with set of negative natural numbers
● Composite Numbers – Numbers having more than 2 factors
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● Addition and subtraction of numbers- Even(2,4,6,8,10….) and Odd
numbers(1,3,5,7,9…)\
Even+Even =Even number –>2+4=6, Odd +Odd = Even number –>1+3=4
Even +Odd=Odd number –> 2+5= 7 Even- Even=Even number →6-4=2
Odd-Odd= Even number –>7-5= 2 Odd- Even= Odd number → 7-2=5
Even- Odd = Odd number →8-5=3
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CSAT 2023
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Ans:
Here, We can use the above mentioned properties, and take any numbers for p,q,r,s,t.
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We will always get p+q+r-s-t as even.
For e.g.
p=2,q=4, r=6,s=3, t=5
2+4+6-3-5=4.
Statement 1 is correct.
For statement 2,
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2p+q+2r-2s+t, here 2 is multiplied in several digits so chances of getting an odd number
is less, as using above mentioned properties.
p=5,q=6, r=3, s=2, t=4
We get 22 which is even, so not definitely even. Statement 2 is wrong.
Ans: A : Only one statement is correct.
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4
DIVISIBILITY RULES
● 2 – Last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8
● 3 – Sum is divisible by 3
● 4 – Last two digits are divisible by 4
● 5 – Last digit is 0 or 5
● 6 – Number is divisible by 2 and 3
● 7 –if alternating sum is divisible by 7
● 8 - Last three digits are divisible by 8
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● 9 – Sum is divisible by 9
● 10 – Unit digit is 0
● 11 – Difference of odd digits and even digits are 0 or divisible by 11
● 12 – Number divisible by 3 and 4
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PERCENTAGE
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● ½ =50%
● ⅓=33.33%
● ¼=25%
● ⅕=20%
● ⅙=16.66%
● 1/7=14.28%
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● ⅛=12.5%
● 1/9=11.11%
● 1/10=10%
● 1/11=9.09%
● 1/12=8.33%
● 1/14=7.14%
● 1/15=6.66%
● 1/20=5%
● 1/25=4%
● 1/30=3.33%
● 1/40=2.5%
● 1/50=2%
● 1/100=1
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5
AVERAGES
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
● 𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
(𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3+.....𝑥𝑛)
= 𝑛
● If the value of each observation in a set is increased or decreased by some value
x, then the average of the set also increases or decreases respectively by x.
● UPSC 2020 Question -
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●
Ans:
Average score after 50 innings = 46.4.
Total score after 50 innings = Average * Number= 46.4 * 50 = 2320
Average after 60 innings = 46.4 + 2.6 = 49
Total score after 60 innings = Average * Number= 49 * 60 = 2940
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Runs scored in last 10 innings = Score after 60 innings – Score after 50 innings
= 2940 – 2320 = 620
Average of last 10 innings =Score in last 10 innings=620/10= 62
Ans C
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6
SIMPLE & COMPOUND INTEREST
● Amount = Principal + Interest
● Simple Interest =[Principal∗Rate∗Time]/100
● Compound Interest = [P * (1+R/100)^T] − P
Where P = Principal,R = Rate,T = Time
● Doubling of money – Rule of 72
i.e. For doubling of money :- Rate * Time = 72 (approx.)
Tripling of money – Rule of 114
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●
[Link] * Time = 114 (approx.)
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PROFIT & LOSS
● Profit = Selling Price – Cost Price
● Loss = Cost Price – Selling Price
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● Profit % =[(Profit)/Cost Price]* 100
● Loss % =[(Loss)/(Cost Price)]* 100
● Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price
● Discount % =[(Discount)/(Marked Price)]* 100
● Successive Discount formula = [x + y -(xy)/100]%,Where x and y refer to
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successive discounts offered.
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7
LCM & HCF
• HCF of fraction =(HCF of Numerator)/(LCM of Denominator)
• LCM of fraction = (LCM of Numerator)/(HCF of Denominator)
• LCM * HCF = Product of two numbers
• The least number which when divided by a, b and c leaves a remainder R in each case.
Required number = (LCM of a, b, c) + R
• The greatest number which divides a, b and c to leave the remainder R is HCF of (a – R),
(b – R) and (c – R)
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• The greatest number which divides x, y, z to leave remainders a, b, c is HCF of (x – a), (y
– b) and (z – c)
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TIME & WORK
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● Days required to complete work=(1/Work done in 1 day)
● Work Done = Time Taken × Rate of Work
● Rate of Work = 1 / Time Taken
● Time Taken = 1 / Rate of Work
● Total Work Done = Number of Days × Efficiency
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● Efficiency and Time are inversely proportional to each other
● X:y is the ratio of the number of men which are required to complete a piece of
work, then the ratio of the time taken by them to complete the work will be y:x
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TIME SPEED & DISTANCE
Time*Speed = Distance
Conversion between km/h to m/s
1km/hr= 1000m/3600s= 5/18 m/s
Relative Speed
When two bodies are moving in the same direction. The relative speed is : S1-S2.
When two bodies are moving in the opposite direction. The relative speed is S1+S2.
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Concept on train
If the train crosses a pole, it covers its own length.
If the train is crossing a platform it is covering its own length plus the length of the
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Platform.
Concept of stream
If the Speed of the Boat in still water is X Km/h , the Speed of the Stream is Y Km/h:
The downstream speed is X+Y, Upstream speed is X-Y.
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9
PROGRESSIONS
Arithmetic Progression
● Tn = a + (n-1)d
● Sn=n/2[2a + (n-1)d]
● Sn= n/2(a+l)
● Where a = First term,d = Common difference,Tn = nth term
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Sn = Sum of n terms
● Sum of all the first ‘n’ natural numbers: n(n+1)/2
● Sum of all the first ‘n’ odd natural numbers: n^2
● Sum of all the first ‘n’ even natural numbers : n(n+1)
Sum of squares of first ‘n’ natural numbers: n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
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● Sum of cubes of first ‘n’ natural numbers : [ n(n+1)(2n+1)]/6
Geometric Progression
Geometric Mean = 𝑥1 * 𝑥2 * 𝑥3 *.... 𝑥𝑛
𝑛
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● Tn = arn-1
𝑛
𝑟 −1
● 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎( 𝑟−1
), 𝑖𝑓 𝑟 > 1
𝑛
1−𝑟
● 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎( 1−𝑟
), 𝑖𝑓 𝑟 < 1 ,Where a = First term,r = Common ratio, Tn = nth term,
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Sn =Sum of n terms
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10
PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION
● n! = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 *......... n
● n! = n * (n - 1)!
Permutation nPr = (𝑛−𝑟)!
𝑛!
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Combination nCr = 𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)!
𝑛!
● ·
● · nCr = nCn-r
CSAT 2023
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Ans:
Here, maximum marks are 100*4= 400. Also he can score 99% marks, he will score 396
marks.
So, he loses 4 marks ,which can be done in several ways.
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1)4,0,0,0: scoring 96 in 1 paper and 100 in 3 papers. So this can be done in 4!/3!= 4 ways
2)3,1,0,0 : scoring 97 in 1 paper, 99 in 2nd and 100 in remaining 2 [Link] can be
done in 4!/2! = 12 ways.
3)2,1,1,0 : scoring 98 in 1 paper, 99 in 2 papers and 0 in 1 paper. This can be done in
4!/2!= 12 ways
4)2,2,0,0 : scoring 98 in 2 papers and 100 in 2 papers. This can be done in 4!/(2!2!)= 6
ways
5)1,1,1,1 : scoring 99 in all the 4 papers. This can be done in 1 way.
So n=4+12+12+6+1= 35 ways is the answer.
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MIXTURES AND ALLIGATIONS
(Quantity of cheaper)/(Quantity of dearer) =(Cost price of dearer- Mean
price)/(Mean Price-Cost price of cheaper)
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PROBABILITY
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𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
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ALGEBRA
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● (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
● (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab
● a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
● (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
● (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3
● (a−b) 3 = a 3− 3a2b + 3ab2 − b3
● a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a 2− ab + b2)
● a3−b3 = (a−b) (a2 + ab + b2)
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CODING-DECODING
A-1 B-2 C-3 D-4 E-5 F-6 G-7 H-8 I-9 J-10
K-11 L-12 M-13 N-14 O-15 P-16 Q-17 R-18 S-19 T-20
U-21 V-22 W-23 X-24 Y-25 Z-26
Reverse Alphabet
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A-Z B-Y C-X D-W E-V F-U G-T H-S I-R J-Q
K-P L-O M-N N-M O-L P-K Q-J R-I S-H T-G
U-F V-E W-D X-C Y-B Z-A
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CSAT- 2023
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Ans:
Here, ZERO → CHUR
So, Z→ C, E→H, R→U, O→R.
Difference of 3 can be seen from normal alphabet series,
Z+3→C, E+3→H, R+3→U, O+3→R,
Same can be applied to “PLAYER’ → SODBHU
Ans is D.
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CALENDAR
• Normal Year – 365 days or 52 weeks and 1 day
• Leap Year – 366 days or 52 weeks and 2 days
• Century Leap Year – If century year is divisible by 400
e.g. 2000 is leap year , but 1900 is not a leap year
• Leap Years in 400 year time period - 97
• Leap Years in 100 year time period – 24 or 25 depending whether 100 year end is in
century leap year or not
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CLOCK
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• Degrees covered by Minute hand in 1 min = 6°
• Degrees covered by Second hand in 1 second = 6°
• Degrees covered by Hour hand in 1 min =1/2°
• Angle between Hour and Minute Hand at a particular time
=(60∗Hour − 11∗Minute)/2
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DIRECTIONS
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