[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 6S sss Chapter B MOTION AND FORCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this chapter the students will be able to: Understand displacement from its definition and illustration. Understand velocity, average velocity and instantaneous velocity. Understand acceleration, average acceleration & instantaneous acceleration. Understand the significance of area under velocity-time graph. Recall Newton's Laws of motion. Describe Newton's second law of motion as rate of change of momentum. Define impulse as a product of impulsive force and time. Describe law of conservation of momentum. Describe the force produced due to flow of water. Understand the process of rocket propulsion (simple treatment). Understand projectile motion in a non-resistive medium. Derive time of flight, maximum height and horizontal range of projectile motion. Q.1 Define motion and rest. MOTION If a body is changing its position with respect to its surroundings then the body is said to be in motion. REST If a body is not changing its position with respect to some observer then the body is said to be atMOTION AND FORCE 84 Q.2 Define displacement and distance. DISPLACEMENT The displacement is a change in the position of body from its initial position to its final position, or the shortest distance between two points is called displacement. The displacement can be represented as a vector that describes how far and in what direction the body has been displaced from its initial position. The tail of displac is located at the position where the displacement started and its tip is located at final position where displacement ended. If a body is moving along a curve as shown with A as its initial position and B as its final position then ax the displacement d of the body is represented by AB If 7} is position vector of A and T> that of B then by head to tail rule ned = 72 @ = 7-7 It is a vector quantity and its ST unit is metre (m). Distance It is the separation between the two points. It is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is metre (m). Q.3 Define velocity and types of velocity. VELOCITY The rate of change of displacement is known as velocity. Its direction is along the direction of = displacement. So if d is the total displacement of the body in time t, then its average velocity during the interval t is defines as Itis a vector quantity and SI unit is m/s. Dimensions [V] = ms = LT = (LT'] Types of Velocity There are three types of velocity: (i) Uniform velocity (ii) Variable velocity (iii) Instantaneous velocity[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE (i) Uniform Velocity If a body covers equal displacements in equal interval of times, however small may be interval the velocity is said to be uniform velocity. (ii) Variable Velocity If a body covers equal displacement in unequal interval of times however small may be the interval then it is said to be variable velocity. And its motion is non-uniform. (iii) Instantaneous Velocity Velocity of a body at any instant is called instantaneous velocity. (OR) The instantaneous velocity is “ Ad also defined as the limiting value of “At as the time interval At following the time At approaches to zero. Mathematically Von — Lim ag ~ At>0 At Note: If the instantaneous velocity does not change the body is said to be moving with uniform velocity. Q.4 Define acceleration with its units. ACCELERATION Typical Speeds The time rate of change of velocity of a body is Speed, ms" Motion called acceleration. As velocity is a vector so any change in velocity may be due to change in its magnitude or 300.000 000 Light, radio waves, x-rays, change in its direction or both. Consider a body whose microwaves (in vacuum) => ; 7 ; 919 090 Earth-Sun travel around the velocity V, at any time t changes to V> in small time galaxy . er 29 Earth the interval At, therefore the change in velocity AV is Ce 1000 Moon around the Earth av -Vi-V, 980. SR-71 reconnaissance jet 7 . . . 333 Sound (in air) The average acceleration during time interval At is given by 267 Commercial jet airliner 62, Commercial automobile 23> US (max.) > _Vo-Vi_ AV dave = AE = At 37 Falcon ina dive 29 Running cheetah If the velocity of the body is increasing then its 1 acceleration is positive while if the velocity of the body is decreasing then its acceleration is negative. The SI unit of acceleration is m/s’. 100-metres dash (max.) Porpoise swimming Flying bee Human running Human swimming[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 56 1 Walking ant Dimensions > a = UT = [LT] Instantaneous Acceleration Acceleration of a body at a particular instant is known as instantaneous acceleration. SAY: Fins ~ At>0 At Note: For a body moving with uniform acceleration, its average acceleration is equal to the instantaneously accelerated. Q.5 Explain velocity-time graph. VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH Graphs which show the variation of velocity of an object with time are called velocity-time graphs. In such graphs, the time is taken along positive x-axis because it is the independent quantity. When velocity of car is constant When velocity of car is constant, its velocity-time graph is a horizontal straight line as shown in Fig. (i). As the distance covered by the object is Ss =v This distance moved by an object can also be found by using its velocity-time graph by calculating area under this graph. This area is shown shaded in Fig. (i). Cs As it is a rectangle Fig. (i) Area under the graph = Height x Width HxW = vt A = vt Hence distance covered = Area under V—t graph. When car moves with constant accelerationMOTION AND FORCE of When the car moves with constant acceleration, the velocity-time graph is a straight line which rises the same height for equal intervals of time as shown in Fig. (ii). Here the velocity of the object increased uniformly from O to V intime “t”, Therefore O+V Vw = 1 are mo Fig. (ii) S = Vat 1 s = 3Vt Now we calculate area under velocity-time graph which is equal to the area of the triangle shaded as shown in Fig. (ii) Areaof A = 4 ase) (Height) 1 = 300) 1 pvt Hence distance covered = area under V-t graph “In this case average acceleration of an object can be found by finding the slope of its velocity time graph”. Note: The area between the velocity-time graph and the time-axis is numerically equal to the distance covered by the object. When the car moves with increasing acceleration When the car moves with increasing acceleration (non-uniform | | velocity) the velocity-time graph is a curve as shown in Fig. (iii). t fp | ' The point A on the graph corresponds to time t. The magnitude ” 5 ' of the Instantaneous acceleration at this instant is numerically equal to oO " num i> the slope of the tangent at point A on the velocity-time graph of the Fig. (iii) object as shown in Fig. (iii). ig. REVIEW OF EQUATIONS OF UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION Suppose an object is moving with uniform acceleration ‘a’ along a straight line. If initial velocity of the object is ‘Vi’ and final velocity ‘V;’ after a time interval t. And ‘S’ is distance covered then we have Ve Vj + at .)MOTION AND FORCE Ss = ae) S =Vittza® (3) Vi =Vit2aS ae (4) 8S These equations are useful only for linear motion with uniform acceleration. When the object moves along the straight line, the direction of motion does not change. In this case all the vector can be manipulated like scalars. In such problems the direction of initial is taken as positive. A negative sign is assigned to quantities where direction is opposite to that of initial velocity. In the absence of air resistance, all objects near the surface of earth, moves towards the earth with a uniform acceleration. This acceleration, is known as acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by “g’. Its average value near the earth surface is taken as 9.8 ms ~ in the down ward direction. Note: The equations for uniformly accelerated motion can also be applied to free fall motion of the objects by replacing ‘a’ by ‘g’. Q.6 State and explain Newton’s laws of motion. NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION Newton’s laws are empirical laws deduced from experiments. They were clearly stated for the 1" time by Sir Isaac Newton who published them in 1687 in his famous book called “Principia”. Newton’s laws are applicable only for speed which is negligible compared to speed of light. For very fast moving objects, such as atomic particle in an accelerator, relativistic mechanics developed by Einstein is applicable. NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION A body at rest will remain at rest and a body moving with uniform velocity will continue to do so, unless acted upon by some unbalanced external force. This is also known as Law of “Inertia”. Inertia The property of an object tending to maintain to the state of rest or state of uniform motion is known as object’s inertia. The mass of the object is a quantitative measure of its inertia. Frame of Reference The space bounded by three mutually perpendicular lines is known as frame of reference. There are two types: (i) Inertial frame of reference The frame of reference in which Newton’s laws of motions holds is known as inertial frame of reference. It is non— accelerated frame of reference. DR CT lig 20 15 10 5 . 1 23 4 time (s) i 5 How the displacement of al lvertically thrown ball varies with] time. 29] E109 2 2 4 3 of Time (s) 3 7-10) 20 How the velocity of a vertically thrown ball varies time? Velocity is upwards positive.MOTION AND FORCE 89 Non-inertial frame of reference DOR Cc ie A frame of reference in which Newton’s laws of motions does not hold is known as non-inertial frame of reference. It is accelerated frame of reference. e.g., A frame of reference stationed on earth is approximately an inertial frame of reference. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION A force applied on a body produces acceleration in its own direction. The acceleration produced is directly proportional with the applied force and inversely proportional with the mass of the body. Mathematically, it is expressed as —— (i) seceeees (ii) JAt the surface of the Earth, lsituations where air friction Inegligible, objects fall with the| lsame acceleration regardless of] Itheirweights. Combining (i) and (ii) Gone: a z £z oe > _ ie a Sin where K = constant of proportionality. reer eR aT ieee = lke lindependent of gravity. The if a Wel Se Ikg lunknown mass manda calibrated| a = ims lmass m, are mounted on a light lweight rod. If the masses are then ee! lequal, the rod will rotate without| lwobble about its centre. Tf S.1. units are used then o Po=me NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION Action and reaction are equal but in opposite direction. ede For example, whenever an interaction occurs between two objects, each object exerts the same force on the other, but in the opposite direction and for the same length of time. Each force in action- reaction pair acts only on one of the two bodies, the action and reaction forces never act on the same body. Q.7 What is the linear momentum? Also define its units.[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE MOMENTUM (LINEAR MOMENTUM) It is defined as the “the product of mass and velocity of the object.” Itis denoted by “P”. Mathematically > > Po o=mvV or The quantity of motion in a moving body is called linear momentum. Linear momentum is a vector quantity and has the|Q. Show that kg m/s is equal direction in direction of velocity. to Ns? The magnitude of momentum depends upon the mass of | Ans, Kg m/s = Ns body and velocity of the body. As LHS. = Kens Unit Multiple and divide by s The SI unit of momentum is kg m/s. It is also Ns. 8 Dimensions eiecoeas [P] = Kgms = [Kgm/s’] xs = MUT = Ns = [MLTy = RHS Q.8 How force and linear momentum are related? (OR) State Newton’s second law of motion in terms of momentum, MOMENTUM AND NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION Eu uy = Consider a body of mass ‘m’ moving with an initial velocity V; > . Suppose an external force F acts upon if for time ‘t” after which . > velocity becomes Vi. > 32> , - Throwing a package onto shore| As, Ve Rien irom a boat that was previously ai rest causes the boat to move out +> ar ay lward from shore (Newton's third| at = Vr-Vi law). 22> SS WiRv) A = Teaser Kisareene Dad Tew[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 31 Fo-me Dri el B Is) From equation (1) and (2) = ra m ~ a? > mV;~ V, F = t > 3 > Pr Pi RF = t > we ee tee Hence second law of motion in term of momentum can also be stated as “the time rate of change of momentum of a body equals the applied force.” Q.9 Define impulse and show that it is change in momentum.MOTION AND FORCE IMPULSE When a very large force acts on a body for a very short interval of time the momentum of the body changes. The product of such a force and time is called the impulse. It is denoted by I and it is a vector quantity. > > <. Impulse = T= Fxt > _ mV;—mv, ie 7. mVemv t > > 3 Fxt= mVr-mVj > Impulse = change in momentum (AP) Its unit is Kg ms! or Ns. 32 ST tg S “ Stone (a) 1 7g seen Football 7 hurt you in the above| [situations (a) or (b) and think why? Point to Ponder |Does amoving objecthaveimpulse?| |Ans. There are two pos: : If a body is moving with] constant velocity then change| in momentum will be zero] therefore impulse will be zero] but if a body moves with] variable velocity then there will be change in momentum and| then the moving body will have| impulse. DN hid Q.10 State and explain law of conservation of linear momentum. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM Isolated System It is a system on which no external agency exerts any force. e.g., The molecules of a gas enclosed in a glass vessel at constant temperature constitute an isolated system. The molecules can collide with one another because of their random motion but, no external force can exert on them. Statement This law states that the total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant.[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 33 Explanation . ¥ ak Consider an isolated system of two smooth hard interacting @) @) balls of masses m, and mz, moving along the same straight line, in the same direction, with velocities V; and Vz respectively. Both the balls collide and after collision, the ball of mass m, moves with (mm) > > re — Fr velocity Vj’ and m) moves with velocity V2" in the same direction as vo shown in figure. AOR To find the change in momentum we use @) @) ? mv ero F xt mV;-mV, |What is the effect on the speed of] ja fighter plane chasing another For mass my when t opens fire? What happens| lto the speed of pursued plane| a |when it returns the fire? = |Ans. The speed of fighter plane| chasing another will decrease| due to law of conservation of 2 > > F xt = mV)'-mV; Similarly for mass_m2 > > 3 Fxt = mV)'~mV2 --Q) ‘Adding (1) and (2) DOS CO RCS arg > > >, > > > Fxtt+P xt = mV)'—mV; +mV2’-mV2 > 2 => > > > (F+F)t = mVy—mV; + mV2—mV2 Since the action F is equal and opposite to the reaction force F’ When a moving car stops quickly, > > Ithe passengers move forward ie., EF =-F ltowards the windshield. Seat| belts change the forces of motion| > > > > > > land prevent the passengers from| t(F — F) = mVi'—m:V)+mV2' —mV2 moving. Thus the chance of injury| jis greatly reduced. > > > > 0 = miVi/— mV; + mV2'—mV2 > > > > mV; +mV2 = mV)’ +mV2 which means that total initial momentum of the system before collision is equal to the final momentum of the system after collision Consequently the total change in momentum of the isolated two ball system is zero.[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE DOR OUT IA motorcycle’s safety helmet is| padded so as to extend thi lany collision to prevent serious| injury. When two or more object come close enough so that there is some sort of interaction between them, with or without the presence of external force, we say a collision has been taken place between the objects. There are two types of collision: 1. Head-on collision, such a collision in which after collision balls move in same direction as they move before collision. 2. Oblique collision (direction of balls changes after collision). Elastic Collision In the ideal case when no K.E is lost, the collision is iid to be perfectly elastic. For example, when a hard ball is dropped on to a marble floor, it rebounds to very nearly the initial height. It loses negligible amount of energy in the collision with the floor. Inelastic Colli ion A collision in which the Kinetic Energy of the system is not conserved is called Inelastic Collision. When two tennis balls collide then after collision, they will rebound with velocities less than the velocities before the impact. During this process, a portion of K.E. is lost, partly due to friction as the molecules in the ball move past one another when the balls distort and partly due to its change into heat and sound energies. Note: Momentum and total energy are conserved in all types of collisions.MOTION AND FORCE [CHAPTER 3] 0.12 iscuss elastic coll 39 ion in one dimension and prove that speed of approach speed of released. (OR) Derive the formula of final velocities of two balls after an elastic collision in one dimensions. ELASTIC COLLISION IN ONE DIMENSION Consider two smooth, non-rotating balls of masses m, and m2 > > moving initially with velocities V, and V> respectively, in the same direction. They collide and after collision, they move along the same = straight line without rotation, Let their velocities after collision be V1’ > and V2" respectively, as shown in figure. Consider direction of the velocity and momentum to the right. Since the collision is elastic therefore both momentum and K.E. are conserved. By Appling Law of conservation of momentum > 3 > > mVitmyV2 0 = mV MV! eee oe) oe oe? mVi—mV)" = mV2'—mV2 > 35> > > m,(Vi—Vi') = m(V2—V2) 0 eeteeeee Using law of conservation of K.E. 1 > 1 > gmVitzmV2 (m0? +-ma¥2) Nie ao) od mVi+mV3 oy m,V2—m,V3 ", > ) = m(¥2-¥) en i > A> > mi(Vi— Vi) (Vit V2) = ma(V2—V2)(V2 + Va) Dividing equation (3) by equation (2) > aD D,. m(Vi~ Vi) (Vit Vi > >, m(Vi- Vi) m2 Dy m, Vi-mV > ~~ m\V{-V; a DD. — M2 (V2~V2)(V2+ Vo) > 2 m,(V2~ V2) After collision[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 96 > > a> Vit Vi = V2+V2 (4) > 3 > 2 Vi-V2 = V2-Vi > 3 > 2, Vi-V2 = -(Vi- V2) > > Vea = — Veet > 3 Before collision (Vi:—V2) is the velocity of first ball relative to second ball. Similarly Wi Vi) is the velocity of second ball relative to first ball after collision. It means that relative velocities before and after the collision has the same magnitude but are reversed after the collision. In other words, the magnitude of relative velocity of approach is equal to the magnitude of relative velocity of separation. i.e., { Magnitude of relativ } { Magnitude of relative | velocity of approach velocity of separation | DRC Clg Calculation of Velocity Vy and Vy: From equation (4) ee ed Vit Vi= V2+V2 > 23> V2 = Vit Vi-V2 Put this value in equation (1) > 5 > ¢ > 7) myVi + maV2 = om Vit me Vi + ViVi lyours, the head-rest of the car| Jseat can save you from serious Ineck injury. It helps to accelerate| > > > > mo miVi+m2V2 = my) Vit mV) + mV) —mV2 lyour head forward with the same| rate as the rest of your body. > > aa carat mV) + m2V2+m2V2—m2V) = (m;,+mg) Vi Dividing both sides by (m, + m3) > > > (my = my) Vi + 2meV2 _ (m +My) Vi (m+ m2) (m +m) > > SS _ (m=m)V, ,_2mV> Vi = “Gmtm) * Gm +m) From equation (4) > a 3223 Vi = VatV2-Vi[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE af Put this value in equation (1) Le ae > > >, > mVi+meV2 = m Vi +m V2 ee CG: > 7) > mV) +mV2 = m\V2+ V2—Vi)+m2V2 >> a> > 2. 2m mV) +mV2 = my V2+m,V2—m V2 + m2 V2 > 2.232 2 >, myVi + m2V2+miVi—miVi= (mi +m2)V2 > > 2 2m Vi + (m2 — m))V2 = (m; +m) V3 Dividing both sides by (m; + m2) > > > 2miVi_, (om =m) V2 Lg apemn, een © Q.13 Discuss the various cases of elastic collision in dimensions. SPECIAL CASES: Case-I: When m =m =m wt, 3% Putting this in equation (5) and equation (6) @) > > Vy, - am, , 2mv, After collision ' m+m “m+m , : 2mV3; _ 2mv3 ~ = 94 2m¥2 _ 2mV2 = 0 om > Om @) >, > Vi = V2 J _ mV, (m=myV 1» 2mVy | (m= m)V2 Now V2 —S4m' mm amv; — vi = Om +0 > 2 Vo =Vi It means that when two balls of equal mass collide elastically, they simply exchange their velocities.> Case-I: When m; = m) = m and V2 = 0 i.e., target ball at rest Put this value in eq. (5) and (6) >, Now, V2 eu V2 MOTION AND FORCE 3 > > Vo Meo OO + (m= mV), 2m © mtm *m+m ED 0+0 0 CIO) > Yeo Vey. mV, (m=m) (0) Vise MEN m+m m+m 2mv; _ 2m’ = Om +0 + Vv In this case the ball mj comes to rest after collision while ball m that was at rest began to 2 move with Vj. Case-III: When a light body collides with a massive body which is at rest. . => ie., V2 also m; ie, m eal Na Also =0 >> m, =0 Putting this value in equation (5) and equation (6). _ 0-m> | _2m » Vso = 0Fm, 0 +m, wee a © ~~ im *! > =-Vi 2 Cc] my—m > 2mVi = Romy a mj +m) *?* mj +m Ral, Pao > — = 0+20™M 7 0+m: = 0+0 =0 Fi V2 This means that m, will bounce back with same velocity while my remains stationary. Case-IV: When a massive body collides with a lighter body at rest.OBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 69 Ot tag 3 MOTION AND FORCE Each question has four possible answers, encircled the correct answer: 1. 3. Ifa body changes its position with respect to its surroundings then it is said to be in: (a) Rest (6) Motion (©) Momentum @ Force Ifa body does not change its position with respect to its surroundings then it is said to be at: (a) Rest (6) Motion (©) Momentum @ Force The change in position of a body from initial to final position is called: (a) Velocity (b) Displacement (©) Acceleration (@) Speed ‘The rate of change of displacement is called: (a) Velocity (b) Displacement (©) Acceleration (@) Speed The rate of change of distance is called: (a) Velocity (b) Displacement (© Acceleration (d) Speed The SI unit of velocity is: (a) ms (b) ms (© sim (@)_ None of these The dimensions of velocity are: @) [LT] o) © [T') @ (VT) > The expression Limit ad represents: (a) Average velocity (b) Displacement (c) Instantaneous velocity (d) Acceleration If the velocity of the body is increasing then its acceleration will be: (a) Zero (b) Maximum (©) Negative (@) PositiveOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 10. 13.9 The rate of change of velocity is called: (a) Displacement (b) Velocity (©) Speed (@) Acceleration When the velocity of a body is increases at constant rate, it is said to be moving with: (a) Constant velocity (b) Constant speed (©) Constant displacement (@)_ None of these With the help of velocity-time graph, we can find: (a) Distance (b) Time (©) Velocity (@ Momentum The area under the curve of velocity-time graph gives: (a) Acceleration (b) Velocity (©) Distance (@) Direction The motion and rest are: (a) Relative (b) Discrete (©) Absolute (a) None of these When a body moves in straight line, displacement is: (a) Circular (b) Curved (©) Along the path (a) None of these If the instantaneous velocity does not change, then the body is said to be moving with: (a) Average velocity (b) Average acceleration (©) Uniform velocity (@) Average speed ‘A man on the top of a tower throws an object upward with a certain velocity and allows another object to fall freely. The two objects strikes the Earth with: (a) Different velocities (b) Same velocities (©) Uniform velocities (@)_ None of these If the velocity time graph becomes steeper and steeper then acceleration: (a) Remains constant (b) Decreases (©) _ Increases (@) None of these Acceleration of a body sliding down a smooth inclined plane of constant angle is said to be: (a) Variable (b) Increasing (©) Decreasing (@) Constant The dimensions of acceleration are: @ [LT'] @) [LT] © (UT) @ (LT’]OBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 21. Slope of velocity-time graph represents: (a) Distance (b) Displacement (©) Acceleration (a) None of these A paratrooper moves downward with: (a) Zero acceleration (b) Negative acceleration (©) Positive acceleration (@) Acceleration due to gravity If a body is moving with constant velocity of 20 m/s towards North then its acceleration is: (a) 5 mi/s* (b) 9 m/s* (©) 10 m/s? (a) Zero Acceleration in a body is always produced in the direction of: (a) Force (b) Velocity (©) Weight (@) None of these The velocity of a body at any instant of time is called: (a) Average speed (b) Uniform velocity (©) Instantaneous velocity (a) None of these The unit of acceleration in SI unit is: (a) ms (b) ms* © ms q@) sk If a body covers equal displacement in equal interval of time then velocity of the body is: (a) Uniform (b) Average (©) Instantaneous (a) None of these Ifa body covers unequal displacement in unequal interval of time then velocity of the body is: (a) Uniform (b) Variable (© _ Instantaneous (@)_ None of these The acceleration of a body at a particular instant of time is: (a) Uniform acceleration (b) Variable acceleration (©) _ Instantaneous acceleration (@)_ None of these Graphs which are used to describe the variation of velocity with time are called: (a) Speed-time graph (b) Velocity-time graph (©) Distance-time graph (@)_ None of these Ifa body is moving with constant acceleration then the velocity-time graph is: (a) Parabola (>) Hyperbola (©) Straight line (@)_ None of theseOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 32. In displacement-time graph, if the slope of line increases then: (a) The acceleration increases (b) The velocity becomes greater (©) The speed decreases (@)_ None of these The average and instantaneous accelerations will be equal when a body moves with: (a) Constant acceleration (b) Variable acceleration (©) Retardation (@) Positive acceleration A frame of reference at rest is called: (a) Non-inertial frame (b) _ Inertial frame (©) Accelerated frame (@)_ None of these Those frame of references which are moving with some acceleration is called: (a) Non-inertial frame (b) Inertial frame (©) Both (a) and (b) (@)_ None of these ay If AV is the change in the velocity of a body during time At, then its acceleration is given by: i a= 7 w T- 7 AV 5 © @-* @ @=[Link] The laws of motion shows the relation between: (a) Distance and velocity (b) Displacement and velocity (©) Mass and velocity (a) Force and acceleration The quantity of matter in a body is called: (a) Force (b) Mass (©) Displacement (a) Speed Newton’s first law of motion is also called: (a) Law ofinertia (b) Law of momentum (©) Ampere’s law (a) None of these The property of a body due to which it opposes its state of rest or of motion is called: (a) Momentum (©) Torque (©) Weight (a) Inertia Laws of motion are valid in a frame which is: (a) In motion (b) Inertial (©) Both (a) and (b) (a) None of theseOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 42. 49.9 Laws of motion are not valid in a frame which is: (a) Inertial (b)_ Non-inertial (©) In the space (a) None of these Newton’s laws are applicable on the objects which have: (a) High speed and light mass (b) Low speed and light mass (©) Low speed and heavy mass (a) None of these The magnitude of acceleration produced in an object is inversely proportional with: (a) Momentum (b) Velocity (©) Mass (@)_ Applied force The SI unit of force is: (a) Newton (b) Kilogram (©) Joule (@) Metre The force which produces an acceleration of 1 m/s” in an object of mass 1 kg is equal to: (a) One Ampere (b) One Watt (©) One Newton (@) One Coulomb If the force acting on a body is doubled, then acceleration becomes: (a) Half (b) Constant (©) One forth (a) Double A mass of 10 kg moves with an acceleration of 10 m/s’, the force on it is: (a) 5N (b) 100N (© 50N (@) 25N Inertia of a body is measured in terms of its: (a) Weight (b) Force (©) Mass (d) Acceleration The rate of change of momentum is equal to: (a) Applied force (b) Torque (©) Distance (a) Time The product of mass and velocity is called: (a) Impulse (b) Momentum (©) Force (d@) Power = The expression I= F x At represents: (a) Momentum (b) Impulse (©) Force (a) PowerOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 53. 60.9 Impulse is equal to the: (a) Change in momentum (b) Change of force (©) Change of time (d) Change of velocity The dimensions of weight are: @ [LT (®) [MLT*] (© [M’LT] @ [MT] Sl unit of impulse is: (a) kgms (b) N-m (© Ns (@ None of these The motion of the rocket in the space is according to the law of conservation of: (a) Energy (b) Mass (©) Linear momentum (a) None of these A force of 100 N acts in a body for 5 seconds, what will be the change in momentum: (a) 20N-s (b) 500.N-s (c) 100 N-s (d) 1000 N-s ‘A body thrown upward making an angle with the horizontal and moving freely under the action of gravity is called: (a) Linear motion (b) Projectile motion (©) Both (a) and (b) (@ None of these The path followed by the projectile is called: (a) Height of projectile (b) Range of projectile (©) Trajectory (d) None of these During projectile motion, the horizontal component of velocity: (a) Remains constant (b) Increases (©) Decreases (a) Becomes zero The trajectory of a projectile is: (a) Circle (b) Parabola (©) Hyperbola (@ Straight line The vertical component of velocity at highest point during projectile motion is: (a) Maximum (b) Constant (©) Zero (@_ Same A foot ball kicked in a air is the example of: (a) Linear motion (b) Circular motion (c) Rotational motion (d) Projectile motion The acceleration along x-direction in case of projectile is: (a) Zero (b) Equal to gravity (©) Maximum (@) ConstantOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I fT 65. Motion of a projectile is: (a) One dimension (b) Two dimension (©) Three dimension (a) None of these 66. Initial vertical velocity of a projectile is given by: (a) vicos 0 (b) visin® @ = viesind (a) vitan® 67. The magnitude of the velocity of the projectile is: @) v=\ve+v, 2,2 © V=\.+N,; The expression for maximum height is: @ ¥ ° sin” @ a) 59 ° vi sin’ 0 © Se— The SI unit of acceleration is: (a) ms* © ms ) v=\vi-v (@)_ None of these (b) @ (b) m/s* (a) None of these The horizontal component of velocity of a projectile thrown with initial velocity 300 m/s at an angle of 90° will be: (a) 450 m/s (b) 200 m/s (©) 150 m/s (@) Zero Height attained by the projectile will be maximum when the angle of projection is: (a) 30° (b) 60° (©) 45° (a) 90° Velocity of the projectile at the maximum height attained when projected with velocity v; is: (a) vx=visin® (b) Vu=Vicos 0 (©) Zero @) vi A body falling freely strikes the ground in 5 seconds, distance covered by it in 5 second is: (a) 122.5m (b) 25m (©) 245m (@ 345m The total time for which the projectile remains in air is called: (a) Time of projectile (©) Time of flight (b) Time period (d) Time constantOBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 75. 79.9 80.9 The time of flight is given by: (@ 2vi sin @ ) Visin 8 8g g vi sin 0 visin ® Olam ORs The angle of projection to cover maximum horizontal range is: (a) 90° (b) 120° (©) 18° @ 45° The expression for maximum range of projectile is given by: we 2vi @ % ®) *; (© aul @) wf g 2g The path followed by the ballistic missile is called: (a) Missile displacement (b) Ballistic trajectory (©) Missile acceleration (d@) Ballistic time The ballistic missiles are useful only for: (a) Long range (b) Vertical range (©) Short range (@)_ Normal range For long range, the missiles used are called: (a) Long range missiles (b) Normal missiles (©) Guided missiles (@) Rocket missiles ‘An object can have a constant speed even its velocity is: (a) Constant (b) Changing (©) Zero (@) Maximum The system in which no external force acts called: (a) Inertial system (b) Isolated system (c) Non-material system (d)_ Thermal system When there is no loss of K.E and momentum then the collision is called: (a) Elastic collision (b) _In-elastic collision (©) Inertial collision (@_ None of these The ballistic trajectory is the path followed by: (a) The powered guided missile (b) An un-powered and guided missile (©) An un-powered and un-guided missile (d) None of these The range of projectile is directly proportional to the: (a) sin20 (b) sin’ (© cos*0 (a) tan’0OBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 86. 93.9 The magnitude of vertical and horizontal range will be equal if angle of projection is: (a) 120° (b) 45° (©) 70° (d) 76° A rocket propulsion is based on the principle of: (a) Law of conservation of mass (b) Law of conservation of energy (©) Law of conservation of momentum —(d)_ None of these The path of projectile is determined by: (a) Magnetic field (b) Gravitational field (©) Electric field (@) _ Electromagnetic field The equation of parabola is: (a) y=bx-ax” (b) y=ax — bx? (©) Both (a) and (b) (@)_ None of these Ina projectile motion, the horizontal range R depends upon: (a) Angle of projection (b) Initial velocity (©) Both (a) and (b) (@) None of these The horizontal component of a projectile moving with initial velocity of 200 m/s at an angle of 60° to x-axis is: (a) 100 m/s (b) 250 m/s (©) 50m/s @ 200 ms The velocity of projectile is maximum at: (a) Highest point (b) One forth of height (©) Half of height (@ _ Before striking the ground Horizontal range of projectile is: (a) Equal to height (b) One fourth of height (c) One half of height (d) Double of height A force of 15 N acts on a body of mass 5 kg for 5 sec. to a distance of 10 cm, the rate of change of momentum is: (a) 75N (b) 45N @ ISN (d) 30N A fighter plane is chasing another plane, when it opens fire its speed. (a) Increases (b) Decreases (©) Remains same (@_ It stops If the horizontal range of a projectile is four times its maximum height, the angle of projection is: (a) 30° (b) 45° () sin! (3) (@) tan! (3)OBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 97. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. A train covers the first half distance between two stations at a speed of 40 kmh and the other half at 60 kmh” then its average speed is: (a) 45 kmh! (b) 48 kmh (©) 40 kmh (a) None of these During the projectile motion, the horizontal component of velocity. (a) Changes with time (b) Becomes zero (©) Remains constant (d)__ Increases with time A ball is projected at angle of 45° to the horizontal. If the horizontal range is 20 m, the maximum height to which the ball rises is: (a) 25m (b) 5.0m (© 75m @ 10m In the following velocity time graph, the distance travelled by the body in metres is: m (a) 200 ] Le (300 Cpe geen gas co (a) 400 ca Newton’s first law of motion gives definition of: (a) Mass (b) Force (©) Acceleration (@) Speed Motion of rocket is based upon: (a) Newton’s third law of motion (b) Law of conservation of momentum (©) Newton's law of gravitation (@) Both (a) and (b) The acceleration of projectile at the highest point is: (a) Zero (b) Increases (©) Decreases @_ Constant A force of 12 N gives an acceleration 4 ms~ to an object. The force required to give it an acceleration of 10 ms~ is: (a) 15N (b) 20N (©) 25N (@) 30N Acceleration of 1.5 ms~ expressed in kmh” is: (a) 324 (b) 54 (© 5400 (@ 19440 A bomb of mass 12 kg initially at rest, explodes into two pieces of masses 4 kg and 8 kg. The speed of the 8 kg mass is 6 ms‘. The K.E of the 4 kg mass is: (@) 327 (b) 487 ( 1145 (@) 2885OBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-I 107. 108. 109. 110. lil. 112. 113. 114. 115. The range of projectile when launched at an angle of 15° with the horizontal is 1.5 m. Its range, when launched at 45° with the same speed is: (a) 3.0m (b) 1.5m (©) 6.0km (@) 0.75 km For a projectile, the ratio of maximum height reached to the square of flight time is: (a) 5:4 (b) 5:2 © 5:1 @ 10:1 A stone is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 30 ms‘. If the acceleration due to gravity is 10 ms, what is the distance travelled by the particle during the first second of its motion. (a) 30m (b) 25m (c) 10m (d) None of these A body is dropped from a tower with zero velocity reaches ground in 4 seconds. The height of the tower is about: (a) 80m (b) 20m (©) 160m @ 40m A body starting from rest covers a distance of 0.45 km and acquires a velocity of 300 km/h. Its acceleration will be: (a) 0.092 ms? (© 7.71 ms? The distance covered by a body in time ‘t’ starting from rest is: at” @ > (b) vt at 5 © 5 @ at At what angle, the range and maximum range are equal? (a) 45° (b) 90° (©) 60° (@) 0° A cricket ball is hit so that it travels straight up in air and it can acquires 3 seconds to reach the maximum height. Its initial velocity is: (a) 10ms' (b) 15ms" (©) 29.4ms! (a) 122ms! A bullet of mass 10 g hits a target and penetrates 2 cm into it. If the average resistance offered by the target is 100 N then the velocity with which the bullet hits the target is: (a) 10ms" (b) 1052 ms! (© 20ms! (@) 202 ms"OBJECTIVE PHYSICS PART-1 6 ANSWER 1. (b) 2 (@) 3. (b) 4. (@) 5. @ 6. (a) 1. © 8. (©) 9. @ 10. @ I. @ 12, (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. © 16, © 17. (a) 18. © 19. @ 20. (@) 2. © 22. (a) 23. @ 24. (a) 25. © 26. (b) 21. @ 28. (b) 29, © 30. (b) 31. © 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. @ 36. © 37. @ 38. (b) 39. @ 40. @ 41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (©) 44, (©) 45. (a) 46. © 47. (@ 48. (b) 49. © 50. (a) 51. (b) 52. (b) 53. (a) 54, (b) 55. © 56. © 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. © 60. (a) 61. (b) 62. © 63. @ 64, @) 65. () 66. (b) 67. @ 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (@) 71. © 72. © 2B. (a) 74. © 75. (@) 16. @ 71. (a) 78. (b) 79. © 80. (©) 81. (b) 82. (b) 83. @ 84. ©) 85. (a) 86. @ 87. © 88. (b) 89. (>) 90. © 91. (@ 92. (a) 93. (a) 94. © 95. (b) 96. (b) 97. (>) 98. ©) 99. (b) 100. (a) 101. () 102. (@) 103. (@) 104. (d) 105. @ 106. (@ 107. @ 108. (a) 109. (>) 110. (a) 1. © 112. (a) 113. (a) 114, © 115. ©[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 113 Ans. SHO UE TONS What is the ference between uniform and variable velocity. From the explanation of variable velocity, define acceleration. Give SI units of velocity and acceleration. Uniform Velocity: The velocity of a body is said to be uniform if it covers equal displacement in equal interval of time. Variable Velocity: The velocity of a body is said to be variable if it covers unequal displacement in unequal interval of time. Acceleration: From the variable velocity, the rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. ; > . > > Let a body is moving with velocity v;. After small time At its velocity changes from V; to Vr ; > 3 OS then the change in velocity AV = Vr V;. So 23 > _vew a At +> > _ay a At SI Unit of Velocity: The SI unit of velocity is m/s or km/hr. SI Unit of Acceleration: The SI unit of acceleration is m/s” An object is thrown vertically upward. Discuss the sign of acceleration due to gravity, relative to velocity, while the object is in air. When an object is thrown vertically upward, the sign of acceleration due to gravity is negative relative to velocity. But when the object is thrown downward, the sign of acceleration due to gravity is taken as positive because velocity and acceleration are in same direction. Can the velocity of an object reverse direction when acceleration is constant? If so, give an example. Yes, the velocity of an object can reverse its direction when acceleration is constant. Example: When an object is thrown vertically upward then during upward motion its velocity decreases, the direction of velocity will be in upward while direction of acceleration due to gravity will be in downward and when it reach at the highest point its velocity become zero but during downward of object the direction of velocity will be in downward while direction of leration due to gravity will again in downward thus we see that in this case the velocity reverse the direction while acceleration is constant. Specify the correct statements: (a) An object can have a constant velocity even its speed is changing. (b) An object can have a constant speed even its velocity is changing. (©) An object can have a zero velocity even its acceleration is not zero. (a) An object subjected to a constant acceleration can reverse its veloci[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 114 Ans. Ans. Ans, Ans. (a) It is false statement because an object cannot have a constant velocity even its speed is changing. (b) _Itis true when the object is moving along a circular path. (c) _Itis true because when an object is thrown vertically upward, at maximum height, velocity is zero but acceleration is not zero, it is a= g. (d) _Itis true. Yes an object subjected to a constant acceleration can reverse its velocity. A man standing on the top of a tower throws a ball straight up with initial velocity v; and at the same time throws a second ball straight downward with the same speed. Which ball will have larger speed when it strikes the ground? Ignore air friction. Both the balls have the same speed on striking the ground but time is different. When the velocity of the ball thrown upward with initial velocity v;, it will has same velocity v; when it retum back and passes the man so as the initial velocities of a ball is same for both cases, therefore the final velocities will also be same. Explain the circumstances in which the velocity “v” and acceleration “a” of a car are: @ Parallel (ii) Anti-parallel Perpendicular to one another (iv) “Vv” is zero but “a” is not (vy) “a” is zero but “v” is not zero Following are the circumstances when velocity and acceleration of car: () Parallel: When the velocity of a car is increasing along a straight path then velocity and acceleration are parallel to each other. Anti-parallel: When the velocity of car is decreasing along the straight line then velocity and acceleration are anti-parallel to each other. Perpendicular to one another: The velocity and acceleration of a car are perpendicular to each other when the car is moving along a circular path. (iv) v is zero but a is not zero: The velocity of a car becomes to zero when the brakes are applied and the car comes to rest due to acceleration in opposite direction. (vy) ais zero but v is not zero: Acceleration is zero when the car is moving with uniform acceleration. Motion with constant velocit statement true? Discuss. is a special case of motion with constant acceleration. Is this Yes, the motion with constant velocity is a special case of motion with constant acceleration. This statement is true. Explanation: we know that when a body moves with constant velocity then its acceleration will be zero i.e., there is no rate of change of velocity so whenever it moves with constant velocity its acceleration will remain zero that is constant here zero is also a constant quantity. Therefore motion with constant velocity is a special case of motion with constant acceleration.[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 119 3.8 Ans. 3.10 Ans. Find the change in momentum for an object subjected to a given force for a given time and state law of motion in terms of momentum. Consider a body of mass "m" moving with velocity v;. Let a force F is applied on the body which changes the velocity from vj; to vr then according to 1 equation of motion. Ve = Vitat Vr-Vi t But from Newton's second law of motion aos F = ma Vi-Vi emf) mVr—mVji Feo t Where mys is the final momentum and my; is the initial momentum so, mvVr~ mvj t Rate of change of momentum F Rate of changed momentum Newton’s Second Law of Motion in Terms of Momentum: Newton's second law of motion in terms of momentum states, “the rate of change of momentum is equal to applied force”. Define i Impulse: When a very large force acts on a body for a very short interval of time then the product of such a force and time is called impulse. It is a vector quantity pulse and show that how it is related to linear momentum? Impulse = 1 = Force x Time I = FxAt As we know that FxAt = mVp—mv; So T= mvp-my; TY = mav Y= AB = Change in momentum This shows that impulse is equal to change in momentum. State the law of conservation of linear momentum, pointing out the importance of isolated system. Explain, why under certain conditions, the law is useful even though the system is not completely isolated? Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum: This law states that the total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant. Importance of an Isolated System: This law holds good only for isolated system. An isolated system is one at which there is no external force acting. If the system is not isolated but the external forces are very small as compared to interacting forces so this law can also be applied on such a system.[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 116 3.11 Ans. 3.12 Ans. Explain the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions. Explain how would a bouncing ball behave in each case? Give plausible reasons for the fact that K.E is not conserved in most cases? Elastic Collision: These collision in which kinetic energy remains constant is called elastic collisions, Inelastic Collision: These collision in which kinetic energy does not remain constant is called inelastic collisions. In Case of Bouncing Ball: If the ideal bouncing ball returns to the same height where it is dropped then the collision is elastic collision. If the bouncing ball will not returned to the same height then the collision is inelastic. So due to change of energy, kinetic energy does not remain constant. For example; when a heavy ball is dropped on to the surface of earth, it rebounds upto very little height because maximum K.E is lost due to friction and also changes into heat and sound energies. So in most cases, the K.E is not conserved. Thus momentum and K.E are conserved in all types of collisions. However the K.E is conserved only in elastic collision Explain what is meant by projectile motion. Derive expressions for (a) The time of flight (b) The range of projectile. Show that the range of projectile is maximum when projectile is thrown at an angle of 45° with the horizontal. Projectile Motion: When an object is thrown in air making a certain angle with horizontal, so that object moves under the action of gravity and moves along a curved path, is called as “projectile”. Its motion is called “projectile motion”. Its path is called trajectory. Its path is parabolic. (OR) Projectile motion is two dimensional motion under constant acceleration due to gravity. The body thrown is called projectile and the curved path followed by it is called trajectory. Examples: 1. Motion of football kicked off by a player. 2. A ball thrown by a cricketer. 3. Missile fired from launching pad. Consider a body thrown in horizontal direction with horizontal velocity Vx from point A having vertical height 'y’. In the absence of horizontal force, the horizontal components Vv, remain constant all along the motion. If the body hits at point 'C’ the horizontal distance 'x’ covered by the body is given by x = Vt Where 't is the time taken by body to move from A to C. The body not only covers distance in forward direction but also moves down under the action of gravity. The downward vertical velocity of body under the action of gravity goes on increasing continuously. This vertical motion is same as for freely falling body. The distance covered by body in downward direction is AB = y and is given by 1 S = y = Vittpat”[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE AW As the ball at 'A' has only the horizontal velocity so Vi (initial vertical velocity) = 0 and a = g lie So y = 328 1 y = 728 Time of Flight of Projectile: The time taken by body to cover the distance from place of projection to the place where it hits the ground, is called time of flight of projectile. The time of flight can be calculated by using 2" equation of motion: le S = vittzat As the ball returns to ground, so net vertical distance is zero. ie., S =0 and y= Vy= visin® The above equation becomes 1, 0 = visin @t—5 gt? st visin Ot or 5 gt = visinO Rie 2vi sin 0 g Where ‘t’ is the time of flight of projectile. Range of Projectile: Max. distance which a projectile conversion the horizontal direction is called the range of projectile. In order to find R or to= Ro = Vixt Vicos 0 x 2vi sin 8 g 2 > sin 0 cos 0 3 2 sin 8 cos 2 R = “gin 20 g The formula for the range of projectile is For maximum horizontal range sin 26 must have maximum value and we know that the maximum value of sin 20 is 1. sin20 = 1 sin20 = sin 90° 20 = 90° 0 = 45°[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 118 So above equation becomes Rea < VF sin 2(45°) =e 2 V; sin 90° Rmax. = & 2 au ne. = Og Ans. So the range of projectile is maximum when projectile is thrown at an angle of 45° with the horizontal. At what point or points in its path does a projectile have its minimum speed, its maximum speed? The speed of the projectile is maximum at the point of projection and also at the point where it hits the ground. While the speed of projectile is minimum when it reaches the maximum height. Each of the following questions is followed by four answers, one of which is correct answer. Identified that answer. @ Gi) @ CO) What is meant by a ballistic trajectory? @) (b) © qd) is called balli The paths followed by an un-powered and unguided proje trajectory. The path followed by the powered and unguided projectile is called ballistic trajectory. The path followed by un-powered but guided project The path followed by powered and guided projectile. What happens when two-body system undergoes elastic collision? @) (b) © q@) The momentum of the system changes. The momentum of the system does not change. The bodies come to rest after collision. The energy conservation law is violated. (a) is correct. (b) is correct.[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 119 PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS PROBLEM 3.1) A helicopter is ascending vertically at the rate of 19.6 ms“, When it is at a height of 156.8 m above the ground, a stone is dropped. How long does the stone take to reach the ground? METHOD-I Data Initial vertical velocity of helicopter = Vi = 19.6 m/s Since initial velocity of the stone is upward and stone moves downward. Vertical distance travelled by stone = S$ = -156.8m To Find Time taken by stone to reach the ground = t = 2 SOLU: TION By using 2™ equation of motion Ss 1) vit +5 gt” 156.8 196t+3x-988 -156.8 = 19.6t-49¢0 49° = -19.6t-1568 = 0 Dividing by 4.9 P-4t-32 = 0 P-8t+4t-32 = 0 t(t—8)+4(t-8) = 0 (t-8yt+4) = 0 t-8=0 , tt 0 t = 8sen , t = —4 sec. Since time is always positive so ignoring the negative time hence. Result Time taken by stone = t = 8 sec.[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 4120 METHOD-II Data —19.6 m/s Vertical distance = S$ = 1568m To Find Time taken by stone to reach the ground = t = ? SOLUTION| Initial vertical velocity of helicopter =¥i By using the 2" equation of motion die Ss = vit +5 gt 1 156.8 = -19.6t+3x98t 156.8 = -196t+4.9¢ Divide by 4.9 156.8 _ -19.6, 49 2 49 49 tt49 320 = t+? -4t-32 =0 P-8t+4t-32 = 0 t(t— 8) + 4(t— 8) (t+4)(t-8) = 0 t+4= 0, t-8=0 t = A sec. (neglected), t = 8 sec. 1 ° Result Time taken by stone to reach the ground = t = 8 sec. PROBLEM 3.2| Using the following data, draw a velocity-time graph for a short journey on a straight road of a motorbike. Velocity (ms) 0 10 20 20 20 20 0 Time (s) o | 30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 180 Use the graph to calculate (a) The initial acceleration (b) The final acceleration (©) The total distance travelled by the motorcyclist.[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE T21 SOLUTIO: (a) (b) © The velocity time graph is as shown. Fo Initial acceleration _ Change in velocity ial acceleration aj Time AV ao=a At O30 60 90 120 150 180 E Since AV = 20mis ‘ sec At = 60sec. 20 So, a = 6 1 = gms a = 0.33 mis? For final acceleration _ Change in velocity > Time Since AV = Vy-Vi = 0-20 = -20 m/s and At = 30sec. -20 a = 59 ap = = 0.67 m/s” For total distance travelled by motorcyclist Total distance = Area of AOAD + Area of rectangle ABHD + Area of ABHE Thus; 1 Area of AOAD = 2 Base x Height = 5% 6020 = 600m Area of rectangle ABHD = Length x Breadth = 90x20 = 1800 m/s[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 122 Area of ABHE = 5 Base x Height IF Nie = 2 x 30 x 20 = 300m Putting in above equation Total distance travelled = 600 + 1800 + 300 = 2700m = 2.7km Result (a) Initial acceleration = a; = 0.33 m/s* (b) Final acceleration = ap = -0.67 m/s? (©) Total distance travelled by motorcyclist = 2.7 km PROBLEM 3.3) A proton moving with speed of 1.0 x 10’ ms” passes through a 0.02 cm thick sheet of paper and emerges with a speed of 2.0 x 10° ms“. Assuming uniform deceleration, find retardation and time taken to pass through the paper. Data Initial speed of proton = vi; = 1.0x 10’ mis Distance covered = S$ = 0.02cm = 2x104m Final speed of proton = Vy = 2.0x 10° m/s To Find Retardation (negative acceleration) = a = ? Time taken =t=? SOLUTION| For the retardation by using 3" equation of motion 2as = V;-Vv, 2ax2x 104= (2x 10° -(1.0x 10’? 4x10%a = 4x 10"-1.0x 10" 10'7 (41.0 x 10°) = 10 (4-100) 4x10%a = -96 x10"[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 123 _ 96x10" “4x10 a= -24x 10" a = -2.4x 107 m/s? Negative sign shows retardation. For the time taken, by using 1“ equation of motion Ve = Vitat ViVi a 2.0 x 10° — 1.0 x 10" -2.4 x 107 _ 10° (2-1.0 x 10) -2.4x 10" _ 10° (2-10) 2.4 x 10" = 33x 10°" = 33x10" sec. Result Retardation (negative acceleration) = a = —2.4 x 10’ m/s? Time taken = t = 33x10"! sec. PROBLEM 3.4) Two masses m, and m; are initially at rest with a spring compressed between them. What is the magnitude of ratio of their velocities after the spring has been released? Data 1 mass =m 2" mass =m Initial velocity of massm; =v; = 0 Initial velocity of massm, = vi = 0 To Find Ratio of their velocities =~! = 9[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 124 SOLUTIO: According to law of conservation momentum mV¥j+mVi = mV; +mV2 Therefore; mV +mV2 = 0 mV; = —m2V2 uM m: V2 mi Result Hence after releasing the spring, the ratio of magnitude of their velocities is equal to the inverse ratio of their masses. PROBLEM 3.5) An amoeba of mass 1.0 x 107” kg propels itself through water by blowing a jet of water through a tiny orifice. The amoeba ejects water with a speed of 1.0 x 10“ ms" and at a rate of 1.0 x 10° kgs". Assume that the water is being continuously replenished so that the mass of the amoeba remains the same. (a) If there were no force on amoeba other than the reaction force caused by the emerging jet, what would be the acceleration of the amoeba? (b) If amoeba moves with constant velocity through water, what is force of surrounding water (exclusively of jet) on the amoeba? Data Mass of amoeba = m= 10x10? kg Speed of ejected water = v = 10x10 m/s Rate of water = P= 10% 10? kes To Find (a) Acceleration of amoeba = a = ? (b) Force of surrounding water = F = ? SOLUTION| (a) By formula mm xy F = 10x10 x 1.0x 10“ = 1.0x10"7N129 [CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE So by second law of motion F = ma ee a ml _ 10x10" a * 1.0% 10? = 10x 101%? = 1.0x 10% m/s? (b) The force of surrounding water is m F eek = 10x10" x 1.0 x10 10x 10'N Result (a) Acceleration of amoeba = a = 1.0 10° m/s” 1.0x10'N (b) Force of surrounding water = F PROBLEM 3.6) A boy places a fire cracker of negligible mass in an empty can of 40 ¢ mass. He plugs the end with a wooden block of mass 200 g. After igniting the firecracker, he throws the can straight up. It explodes at the top of its path. If the block shoots out with a speed of 3 ms“, how fast will the can be going? Data Mass of can =m = 40g = 0.04kg Mass of wooden block = m: = 200g = 0.2kg Speed of wooden block = v2' = 3 m/s To Find Speed of can =v =? SOLUTIO: According to law of conservation of momentum Momentum before explosion = Momentum after explosion mV +m3V2_ = myVy' + m2V2" 0 = my +mv,' mV)" = —mV2![CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 126 = _02x3 0.04 = -15 m/s Result Speed ofcan = v;' = 15 m/s —ve sign shows that the can and wooden block moves in opposite direction. PROBLEM 3.7| An electron (m = 9.1 x 107! kg) traveling at 2.0 x 10’ ms“! undergoes a head on collision with a hydrogen atom (m 1.67 x 10” kg) which is initially at rest. Assuming the collision to be perfectly elastic and a motion to be along a straight line, find the velocity of hydrogen atom? Data Mass of electron m = 9.1x107'kg Velocity of electron vi = 2.0 10’ m/s Mass of hydrogen atom m2 = 1.67x 107’ kg Velocity of hydrogen atom = V2 = 0 To Find Velocity of hydrogen atom = v3! = ? SOLUTIO; , _ 2m | v2 = m, + m)| » _ 2x91 x 107! x 2.0 x 107 VE 9.1% 107 + 1.67 x 1077 _ 36.4 x 1071"? ~ 1077 (9.1 x 107 + 1.67) _ 36.4 x 1907477 0.00091 + 1.67 _ 36.4% 10° 1.67091 = 21,78x 10° = 2.18 x 10* m/s Result Velocity of hydrogen atom = v2 ! = 2.18 x 10* m/s[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE Tat PROBLEM 3.8) A truck weighing 2500 kg and moving with a velocity of 21 ms“ collides with a stationary car weighing 1000 kg. The truck and the car move together after the impact. Calculate their common velocity. Data Mass of truck = m; = 2500kg Velocity of truck = Vv; = 21 m/s Mass of car =m = 1000kg Velocity ofcar = v2 = 0 To Find Common velocity after collision = v = ? SOLUTION) According to law of conservation of momentum miVi +mM2V2 = m)Vi' + mV9" Since vio =v =v mV; +mV2 = mv +mv mV; +mV2 = (m;+m)V _ mV +mpV9} vo nem Putting values 7S 2500 x 21+ 1000 x 0 2500 + 1000 _ 52500 3500 v= 1Sm/s Result Common velocity of truck and car after collision = v = 15 m/s PROBLEM 3.9| Two blocks of masses 2.0 kg and 0.5 kg are attached at the two ends of a compressed spring. The elastic potential energy stored in the spring in 10 J. Find the velocities of the blocks if the spring delivers its energy to the blocks when released. Data Mass of 1" block =m = 2.0kg Mass of 2™ block =m = 0.5kg Elastic potential energy = P.E = 1031268 [CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE To Find Velocity ofmassm; = = V4) =? Velocity of mass m2 =¥2=7 SOLUTION) According to law of conservation of energy 1 1 1 1 Lmvitdmy} = Lmivi+4mv3 1 1 [ mvt +5 mv" = 10 2 2 mv} + mv = 20 2v"7 +0.5v'3 = 20 And according to law of conservation of momentum mV; +m)V2 = mV’; +mV'> mv) + mvs = 0 2v' + 0.5v'2 = 0 O.5v'2 = -2v'1 Vo = 1 = -4v") V2 = -4v' Putting eq. (i) 2v", + 0.5(-4v"1)> = 20 av" +0.5(16v") = 20 avi +8v7 = 20 lov? = 20 vi =a vi = 14 ms and v2 = -4v1 = -4(1.41) V2 = -5.65 m/s Result Velocity of massm, = vi = 1.41 m/s Velocity of massm, = V', = —5.65 m/s[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 429 PROBLEM 3.10) A football is thrown upward with an angle of 30° with respect to the horizontal. To throw a 40 m pass what must be the initial speed of the ball? Data Angle with horizontal= 0 = 30° Horizontal distance = R = 40m The value of g = 9.8 m/s* To Find Initial speed of ball = vi= ? SOLUTIO: By formula Result Initial velocity of ball = vj = 21.3 m/s PROBLEM 3.11) A ball is thrown horizontally from a height of 10 m with velocity of 21 ms“. How far off it hit the ground and with what velocity? Data Initial horizontal velocity = Vic = 21 m/s Initial vertical velocity =Vy =0 Vertical distance =y = 10m To Find Horizontal distance =R=x Velocity to hit the ground = v = ?[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 130 SOLUTION| Formula for horizontal distance KS Vexth ees @ For time y = vit +5 at? 10 = Oxt+gx98e lo = 490 e -1 49 Po = 2.04 t = 142see. Therefore; putting in eq. (i) x =R = Vuxt = 21x 142 = 29.8 = 30m For velocity Vo = VWVK+ Vy As Vie = Vix = 21 m/s and Vy = Viy+ gt = 049.8 x 1.42 Vy = 13.91 m/s So v= V@iy +0391" = [441+ 193.48 = (8448 v= 25.1 m/s Result Horizontal distance =x =R-= 30m Velocity to hit the ground = v = 25 m/s[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 431 PROBLEM 3.12) A bomber dropped a bomb at a height of 490 m when its velocity along the horizontal was 300 kmh’. (a) At what distance from the point vertically below the bomber at the instant the bomb was dropped, did it strike the ground? (b)_ How long was it in air? Data Height of bomber y = 490m Horizontal velocity = Vix = 300 km/hr _ 300 x 1000 ~ "3600 = 83.3 m/s To Find (a) Horizontal distance = x = R=? (b) — Timein air t =? SOLUTION) (a) For horizontal distance x inc @ For time 1 y Vit +5 at Since Vi = 0 1 490 = Oxt+yx980 490 = 490 2 490, i 49 t 100 t 10 sec. So putting in eq, (i), we get x Vix xt x 10 x 83.3 833m (b) Timeinair = t 10 sec. Result (a) Horizontal distance = x = 833m (b) Time in air t = 10sec.[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 132 PROBLEM 3.13 Find the angle of projection of a projectile for which its maximum height and horizontal range are equal. Data ‘The given that Horizontal range To Find Angle of projection SOLU: TION Maximum height =? As we know that the range of projection is R and maximum height is h Therefore; = R sin 20 g sin 20 Since sin 20 2 sin 0 cos 0 2cos0 2x2 tan 0 Result Angle of projection ? sin 20 2 sin @ cos 8 sin’ 0 2 sin@ 2 sin @ cos 0 4 tan”! (4) 75.9 76° @ = 76°[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 4133 PROBLEM 3.14) Prove that for angles of projection, which exceed or fall short of 45° by equal amounts, the ranges are equal. SOLUTIO. Let the two angles 30° and 60° which exceed or fall short of 45° by equal of 15°. Now we have to find, the ranges at these two angles so the range of projectile is R= vesin20 g When 6 = 30° Rio= Rio= _ 0.866 vi" ' g And when @ = 60° R= y= Vex.0866 7 8 0.866 vz Ro = g Thus Ri = R Result Hence for angle of projection which exceed or fall short of 45° by equal amounts, the ranges are equal. PROBLEM 3.15) A SLBM (submarine launched ballistic missile) is fired from a tance of 3000 km. If the Earth were flat and the angle of launch is 45° with horizontal, find the time taken by SLBM to hit the target and the velocity with which the missile is fired. Data Horizontal distance = x = 3000km = 3000 x 1000 = 3x10°m Angle of launch = = © = 45°[CHAPTER 3] MOTION AND FORCE 134 To Find Time taken by SLBM to hit the ground = t = ? Velocity of the missile =w=? SOLUTION] For velocity of the missile ee ye = BAB * sin 26) > _ 3x10°x 9.8 Wi "sin 2(45°) 29.4 x 10° wo = = Since sin 90°=1 in 90° ve = 29.4x 10° 5.42 x 10° m/s = 5.42 km/s For time 10.84 x 10° x 0.707 9.8 0.982 x 10° 782 sec. 13 min, Result Time taken by SLMB to hit the ground Velocity of the missile 13 min. 5.42 km/s