PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Government aided autonomous college affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
COIMBATORE – 641 004.
STUDY OF EFFECT OF ADDING POLES AND ZEROS
Report Submitted By
TRISHWANTH SHANKAR P (22U438)
VISHNU J (22U439)
SHYLESH R J (22U440)
ANNA JOHN (22U441)
VASU G (22U442)
DRAVID NIRENDHAR K M (22U443)
NAVEEN PANDIAN V (22U444)
IInd years B.E, ICE
In partial fulfilment of the requirement for Systems and Measurement
Laboratory(19U411)
February 2022
DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
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STUDY THE EFFECT OF ADDING POLES AND ZEROS
AIM:
To study the effect of adding poles and zeros.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
MATLAB Software
THEORY:
Poles and Zeros analyze the performance of a system and check the stability.
The values of Poles and Zeros control the working of a system. Usually the
numbers of Poles and Zeros are equal in a system and in some cases number of
Poles is greater.
POLES
Poles are the roots of the denominator of a transfer function. Let us take a simple
transfer function as an example:
---------------- Eqn. 1
Here Poles are the roots of D(s) and can be evaluated by taking D(s) = 0 and is
solved for s. Generally, the number of Poles is equal or greater than Zeros. When
s approached a pole the value of denominator becomes Zero making the value of
transfer function reach infinity.
ZEROS
Zeros are the roots of nominator of a transfer function. For same above transfer
function Zeros can be determined by taking N(s) = 0 and solving for s. The
number of Zeros is lesser or equal to the Poles. Zeros mean that the output at
those frequencies is zero.
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The effect of adding poles and zeros can be determined quickly by bode
plot. Effect of addition of pole:
Root locus shift towards right half of the s-plane
System stability relatively decreases
System becomes more oscillatory in nature
Range of operating values of k, for stability of the system decreases
Effect of addition of zero:
Root locus shift towards left half of the s-plane
System stability relatively increases
System becomes less oscillatory in nature
Range of operating values of K1 for stability of the system increas
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SOFTWARE SIMULATIONS:
Adding of zeros:
>> diary on
>> num = [1];
>> den=[1 2 3];
>> sys=tf (num, den)
Transfer function:
1
s^2 + 2 s + 3
>> step(sys)
>> hold on
>> hold off
>> hold on
>> step(sys)
>> sys1=tf([1],[1 2])
Transfer function:
1
s+2
>> sys2=(sys*sys1)
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Transfer function:
1
s^3 + 4 s^2 + 7 s + 6
>> step(sys2)
>> sys3=tf([1],[1 20])
Transfer function:
1
s + 20
>> sys4=(sys*sys3)
Transfer function:
1
s^3 + 22 s^2 + 43 s + 60
>> step(sys4)
>> step info(sys4)
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Ans =
Rise Time: 1.0457
Settling Time: 3.4557
Settling Min: 0.0153
Settling Max: 0.0185
Overshoot: 10.7965
Undershoot: 0
Peak: 0.0185
Peak Time: 2.2557
>> step info(sys2)
Ans =
Rise Time: 1.3758
Settling Time: 3.8891
Settling Min: 0.1502
Settling Max: 0.1768
Overshoot: 6.0767
Undershoot: 0
Peak: 0.1768
Peak Time: 2.9377
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OUTPUT:
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Adding of poles:
>> diary on
>> sys=tf([1],[1 2 3])
Transfer function:
1
s^2 + 2 s + 3
>> step(sys)
>> hold on
>> sys1=tf([1 2],[1])
Transfer function:
s+2
>> sys2=(sys*sys1)
Transfer function:
s+2
s^2 + 2 s + 3
>> step(sys2)
>>
>> sys3=tf([1 20],[1])
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Transfer function:
s + 20
>> sys4=sys*sys3
Transfer function:
s + 20
s^2 + 2 s + 3
>> step(sys4)
>> step info(sys)
Ans =
Rise Time: 1.0408
Settling Time: 3.4043
Settling Min: 0.3068
Settling Max: 0.3695
Overshoot: 10.8398
Undershoot: 0
Peak: 0.3695
Peak Time: 2.2033
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>> step info(sys2)
Ans =
Rise Time: 0.6643
Settling Time: 3.7835
Settling Min: 0.6018
Settling Max: 0.7896
Overshoot: 18.4391
Undershoot: 0
Peak: 0.7896
Peak Time: 1.5213
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OUTPUT:
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INFERENCE
During the addition of zeros, rise time and peak time decreases whereas,
settling time and overshoot percentage increases. While addition of poles,
rise time and peak time increases whereas, settling time and overshoot
percentage decreases.
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RESULT
Thus, the effect of adding poles and zeros to a system was studied and the
characteristics are obtained.
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