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SRM VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)
SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603 203

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

VII SEMESTER

EI8075 FIBRE OPTICS AND LASER INSTRUMENTS

Regulation – 2017

Academic Year 2020 – 21

Prepared by

[Link] Srinivasan, Professor/EIE

Mr. [Link] Kumar, Assistant Professor/EIE

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 [Link]
SRM VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603 203.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT : EI8075 FIBRE OPTICS AND LASER INSTRUMENTS
SEM / YEAR : VII / IV

UNIT I - OPTICAL FIBRES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

SYLLABUS
Construction of optical fiber cable: Guiding mechanism in optical fiber and Basic component of
optical fiber communication, –Principles of light propagation through a fibre: Total internal
reflection, Acceptance angle (θa), Numerical aperture and Skew mode, –Different types of fibres
and their properties: Single and multimode fibers and Step index and graded index fibers,– fibre
characteristics: Mechanical characteristics and Transmission characteristics, – Absorption losses
– Scattering losses – Dispersion – Connectors and splicers

PART – A
BT Competence
[Link] Questions
Level
1 Analyse how numerical aperture is related to total internal BLT-4 Analyze
reflection in optical fibers?
2 What are the materials used for the construction of optical BLT-1 Remember
fibre cables?
3 Compare permanent and semi-permanent Splicer. BLT-5 Evaluate
4 Discuss Snell’s law of refraction. BLT-2 Understand
5 List the conditions and principles followed in the projection of BLT-1 Remember
light waves into the optical fibres.
6 Examine the principle involved in an optical detector. BLT-3 Apply
7 Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic losses. BLT-2 Understand
8 Define intermodal and intramodal dispersions. What are its BLT-1 Remember
cause?
9 Evaluate the basic components used for the optical fibre BLT-5 Evaluate
communication.
10 Generalize the necessity of cladding for an optical fibre. BLT-6 Create
11 Generalize any two required properties of light sources used in BLT-6 Create
optical fibre communication.
12 Examine the features of Single mode Graded Index Fibre. BLT-3 Apply
13 Define total internal reflection. BLT-1 Remember
14 Describe the Snell’s law and write the equation for critical BLT-2 Understand
angle.
15 Define Rayleigh Scattering. BLT-1 Remember
16 Analyze the role of optical detector in fibre optics system? BLT-4 Analyze

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17 Describe Numerical Aperature and Skew mode. BLT-2 Understand
18 Define acceptance angle. BLT-1 Remember
19 Differentiate graded index fiber and step index fiber. BLT-4 Analyze
20 Decide among the different fibers which have the least BLT-3 Apply
dispersion?
PART B
1 (i) Explain the following terms: meridian ray, skew ray, BLT-1 Remember
acceptance and critical angle for skew ray. (7)
(ii) Analyze the basic components of optical fibre BLT-4 Analyze
communication. (6)
2 (i) Draw the block diagram of optical fibre Transmission BLT-1 Remember
system and explain its functions. (8)
(ii) Explain how light propagates through step index and graded
index fibre. (5)
3 (i) Compare and contrast the different parameters of glass BLT-4 Analyze
fibers with plastic fibers. (7)
(ii) Compare and contrast all the parameters of single mode and
multimode glass fibers. (6)
4 (i) Describe the different types of fibers and their properties BLT-2 Understand
with neat sketches. (9)
(ii) Give an account of Optical detector response time and its
influence on detector parameters. (4)
5 (i) Explain the construction details of different types of optical BLT-2 Understand
fibres. (7)
(ii) Differentiate an optical connector from a Splicer. Explain
any one Splicer with a neat diagram. (6)
6 Explain the characteristics of fiber in terms of BLT-3 Apply
(i) Mechanical characteristics. (5)
(ii) Transmission characteristics. (8)
7 Elaborate about the various attenuation losses possible in BLT-3 Apply
optical fibres. Also discuss how intra modal and inter modal
dispersion can be minimized. (13)
8 (i) Discuss the different absorption losses in an optical fiber.(7) BLT-2 Understand
(ii) Explain the types of losses due to scattering in optical
fibers. (6)
9 (i) Describe the different types of dispersion in fibers. (8) BLT-1 Remember
(ii) Explain the dispersion as a function of wavelength in graded
index fibre. (5)
10 (i) Explain the loss due to Rayleigh Scattering in optical BLT-2 Understand
fibers(7) BLT-2
(ii) What are linear and nonlinear scattering? Explain in detail
with examples. (6)
11 (i) Discuss the principles of splicing technique and illustrate the BLT-2 Understand
following

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(1) Mechanical splicing (4)
(2) Fusion splicing (4)
(ii) Write short notes on fibre terminators. (5)
12 Illustrate the different types of joints and connectors with an BLT-3 Apply
example and explain their properties. (13) BLT-1 Remember
13 (i) Enumerate and explain the requirement for an optical
source and an optical detector. (5) BLT-4 Analyze
(ii) Sketch and explain
(1) ISI in optical fiber. (4)
(2) Lambertion Source. (4)
14 (i) Describe the construction and working of avalanche photo BLT-2 Understand
diode, PIN photo diode and photo conductive detector. State
its merits and demerits. (7)
(ii) Mention the structure of LED and explain its operation. (6)
PART C
1 (i) Derive an expression for number of modes propagating in a BLT-5 Evaluate
graded index fibre from the first principle. (8)
(ii) The relative index difference between the core axis and the
cladding of a graded index fibre is 0.7% when the refractive
index at the core axis is 1.45. Estimate values for the
numerical aperture of the fibre along the axis when the
index profile is assumed to be triangular. (7)
2 What is ISI in Optical fibers? Derive an expression for rms BLT-6 Create
pulse broadening in a Multimode glass fiber due to intermodal
dispersion. (15)
3 What are the general requirements considered while selecting a BLT-5 Evaluate
light source for fibre optic link? Explain about the construction
and working of photomultiplier Tubes used as optical source in
fibre communication. (15)
4 Describe with the aid of suitable diagram. (15) BLT-5 Evaluate
(i) The multimode fiber mechanical splice.
(ii) A single mode fiber mechanical splice.
(iii) The multimode fiber splicing using a silicon chip arrays.

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UNIT II-INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF OPTICAL FIBRES
SYLLABUS
Fibre optic sensors: Types of fiber optics sensor, Intrinsic sensor- Temperature/ Pressure sensor,
Extrinsic sensors, Phase Modulated Fibre Optic Sensor and Displacement sensor (Extrinsic Sensor) –
Fibre optic instrumentation system: Measurement of attenuation (by cut back method), Optical
domain reflectometers, Fiber Scattering loss Measurement, Fiber Absorption Measurement, Fiber
dispersion measurements, End reflection method and Near field scanning techniques – Different types
of modulators: Electro-optic modulator (EOM) –Interferometric method of measurement of length –
Moire fringes – Measurement of pressure, temperature, current, voltage, liquid level and strain.
PART – A
BT Competence
[Link] Questions
Level
1 Differentiate intrinsic and extrinsic fibre optic sensor. BLT-2 Understand
2 Summarize the principles employed in the temperature and BLT-2 Understand
pressure sensor.
3 Obtain any two industrial applications of an optical fibre. BLT-3 Apply
4 Describe about fibre optic instrumentation system. BLT-1 Remember
5 Classify the different types of modulators. BLT-4 Analyze
6 Give a diagram indicating optical fibers used as extrinsic BLT-1 Remember
sensor.
7 Examine acoustic optic modulator. BLT-3 Apply
8 Examine the need of Moire fringes and how are they formed. BLT-3 Apply
9 Classify the different types of fiber optic sensors. BLT-4 Analyze
10 What is the basic principle of electro optic modulators? BLT-1 Remember
11 List the features of magneto optic modulators. BLT-2 Understand
12 Draw the block diagram of fibre optic communication system. BLT-1 Remember
13 Generalize the principle of Proximity sensor. BLT-6 Create
14 Evaluate the near – field scanning technique. BLT-5 Evaluate
15 Generalize the need for modulation. BLT-6 Create
16 How optical beam polarization achieved in external BLT-5 Evaluate
modulators?
17 Point out the main cause of degradation of the optical signal at BLT-4 Analyze
the input of the modulator.
18 Compare fibre absorption measurement with fibre dispersion BLT-1 Remember
measurement.
19 Describe Pockels effect. BLT-2 Understand
20 What is Speckle pattern? BLT-1 Remember
PART-B
1 With the help of OTDR display diagram, explain how BLT-1 Remember
measurement of attenuation and fiber length is done using
Optical time Domain Reflectometry. (13)
2 Explain how optical fibers are used as Displacement, Position BLT-3 Apply
and Level sensors. (13)
3 Examine and explain the principle and working of any two types BLT-3 Apply
of fibre optic sensors. (13)

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4 Explain the working principle of cut back method of BLT-4 Analyze
measurement of attenuation. (13)
5 (i) Examine the principle of interferometric method of BLT-3
measurement of length. (7) Apply
(ii) Obtain the method of measurement of temperature using BLT-3
optic fibre optic sensors. (6)
6 What is the role of optical fibers in the measurement of pressure BLT-1 Remember
and level? Describe in detail. (13)
7 Point out the working principle of Electro optic modulator with a BLT-4 Analyze
neat sketch. (13)
8 Describe the construction and principle of working of laser BLT-2 Understand
Doppler velocity sensor. (13)
9 Explain the following BLT-1 Remember
(i) Fibre absorption measurement. (7)
(ii) Fibre dispersion measurement. (6)
10 (i) Explain a Michelson interferometer used for high resolution BLT-4 Analyze
displacement measurement. (7)
(ii) Categorize the design and operation of optical fiber target
flow sensor. (6)
11 Describe the operation of End reflection method and near filed BLT-2 Understand
scanning technique. (13)
12 (i) Describe the fibre optics instrumentation system for the BLT-1 Remember
measurement of strain. (7) BLT-1
(ii) Explain different applications of modulators used in fiber
optic instrumentation system. (6)
13 Analyze the features of fiber optic sensors and point out the uses BLT-4 Analyze
in the measurement of current and voltage. (13)
14 Discuss in detail the working of any three types of modulators. BLT-6 Create
(13)
PART-C
1 Explain the significance of fibre optic sensor with other BLT-5 Evaluate
commercial sensor and describe in detail. (15)
2 Construct a fibre optic sensor with the method of polarization BLT-6 Create
technique. (15)
3 Write short notes on the operation of the following BLT-5 Evaluate
(i) Optical fluid level detector. (5)
(ii) Optical reflective type displacement sensor. (5)
(iii) Moire fringe modulator of displacement
measurement. (5)
4 Give the theory of fibre optic modulators and discuss its BLT-6 Create
advantages. (15)

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UNIT III-LASER FUNDAMENTALS

SYLLABUS
Fundamental characteristics of lasers – Level Lasers: Two-Level Laser, Three Level Laser, Quasi Three
and four level lasers – Properties of laser: Monochromaticity, Coherence, Divergence and Directionality
and Brightness –Laser modes – Resonator configuration – Q-switching and mode locking – Cavity
damping – Types of lasers; – Gas lasers, solid lasers, liquid lasers and semiconductor lasers.
PART –A
[Link] Questions BT Level Competence
1. Analyze how population inversion is achieved for Laser BLT-4 Analyze
Generation?
2. List the characteristics of laser. BLT-1 Remember
3. Draw the energy level diagram of a four level laser system. BLT-2 Understand
4. Define the term mode locking. BLT-1 Remember
5. Classify the different classes of lasers. BLT-4 Analyze
6. What is mean by Mode locking? Explain its need in laser BLT-3 Apply
generation.
7. State the important features of Nd-YAG laser. BLT-1 Remember
8. Examine why optical pumping is preferred in lasers? BLT-3 Apply
9. Examine Double hetero structure Laser. BLT-3 Apply
10. How four level laser is better than three level laser? BLT-5 Evaluate
11. Generalize the significance of pumping in lasers. BLT-6 Create
12. Justify why population inversion cannot be achieved in a system BLT-5 Evaluate
under thermal equilibrium.
13. Define the term population inversion. BLT-1 Remember
14. Analyse how the modulation rate of the laser diode is increased? BLT-4 Analyze
15. Define LASER. BLT-1 Remember
16. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of solid state laser. BLT-2 Understand
17. Generalize the properties of LASER. BLT-6 Create
18. Describe about cavity damping. BLT-2 Understand
19. Define “Q-switching”. BLT-1 Remember
20. Describe the principle of electron beam pumping. BLT-2 Understand

PART-B
1. (i) Discuss about the Resonator configuration of a laser setup. (8) BLT-2 Understand
(ii) Differentiate 3 level lasers from four level lasers systems. (5)
2. Write short notes on BLT-1 Remember
(i) LIDAR. (6)
(ii) Laser Tracking. (7)
3. (i) Classify lasers and explain the construction and working of BLT-4 Analyze
semiconductor laser. (7)
(ii) Illustrate the operation of liquid laser with neat diagram. (6)

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4. With the help of an energy diagram, analyze how four level laser BLT-4 Analyze
system is advantageous to three level laser system .Also explain the
construction and working of a four level laser. (13)
5. Examine the construction and operation of solid state lasers with BLT-3 Apply
neat diagram. (13)
6. (i) Differentiate between direct and indirect band gap BLT-2
semiconductors. Give Examples. (6) Understand
(ii) Describe the structure of multiplication of signals inside a BLT-2
cavity with a neat diagram. (7)
7. (i) List the properties of laser and also give its merits compared BLT- 1 Remember
with LED. (6)
(ii) With neat diagram explain the working of arc excited gas laser.
(7)
8. (i) Explain the process of Q Switching in laser system? (7) BLT- 5 Evaluate
(ii) Explain the construction and operation of any one of the gas BLT- 5
laser with the help of energy band diagram. Give detailed notes
on Population Inversion. (6)
9. (i) Describe the Characteristics of Lasers. Derive an expression for BLT-1 Remember
threshold gain for laser. (7)
(ii) With the help of diagram explain the principle of three level
and four level lasers. (6)
10. (i) Discuss the construction and working of carbon dioxide laser.(7) BLT-2 Understand
(ii) Discuss the advantages of gas laser over solid state laser. (6) BLT-2
11. (i) Write technical notes on (6) BLT-1 Remember
(1) Laser modes
(2) Frequency Chirping.
(ii) Describe the working principle of He-Ne gas laser with a neat BLT-1
diagram. (7)
12. (i) Explain in detail about the steps involved in the generation of BLT-3 Apply
laser. (6)
(ii) Compare the merits and demerits of gas laser with solid laser
and liquid laser. (7)
13. (i) Discuss about different types of hetro structures of a BLT-2 Understand
semiconductor laser. State the merits and demerits of each BLT-2
structure. (6)
(ii) Explain the process of mode locking in laser system. (7)
14. (i) Explain about Cavity damping. (7) BLT-1 Remember
(ii) Draw and explain the different types of laser cavities. (6)

PART-C
1. Compare a homo junction laser with hetero junction laser based on BLT-5 Evaluate
the electron beam principle. (15)
2. Design a Fabry Perot resonator laser diode, having modes and BLT-6 Create
threshold conditions also obtain its rate equations for steady state
output. (15)
3. Compile the different laser operating modes used for the generation BLT-6 Create
of Ultra short pulses. (15)
4. Explain the working principle of Ruby laser with a neat diagram. BLT-5 Evaluate
Derive an expression for threshold gain for laser. (15)

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UNIT IV- INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF LASER

SYLLABUS

Laser for measurement of distance, Laser for measurement of length, Laser for measurement of velocity,
Laser for measurement of acceleration, Laser for measurement of current, voltage and Laser for
measurement of Atmospheric Effect: Types of LIDAR, Construction And Working, and LIDAR
Applications – Material processing: Laser instrumentation for material processing, Powder Feeder, Laser
Heating, Laser Welding, Laser Melting, Conduction Limited Melting and Key Hole Melting – Laser
trimming of material: Process Of Laser Trimming, Types Of Trim, Construction And Working Advantages
– Material Removal and vaporization: Process Of Material Removal.
PART –A
[Link] Questions BT Level Competence
1. Classify the common types of lasers used for material processing. BLT-3 Apply
2. List the merits of Laser Heating. BLT-1 Remember
3. Write any two industrial applications of laser. BLT-3 Apply
4. Define laser vaporization. BLT-1 Remember
5. What is meant by LIDAR and what are its types? BLT-1 Remember
6. Apply the techniques used for distance measurement using Laser. BLT-3 Apply
7. Give the advantages of using laser in industry. BLT-2 Understand
8. What is a laser rangefinder? BLT-1 Remember
9. Discuss about laser melting. BLT-2 Understand
10. Rewrite the significance of trimming of materials by lasers. BLT-6 Create
11. What type of atmospheric effects can be measured using laser? BLT-1 Remember
12. Identify which type of laser is preferred for material processing BLT-4 Analyze
and Give reasons.
13. Classify the different modes of laser heating. BLT-4 Analyze
14. How can laser be used to measure velocity? BLT-1 Remember
15. Assess why Key Hole melting is preferred? What is meant by it? BLT-5 Evaluate
16. Illustrate the industrial application laser BLT-2 Understand
17. Point out the application of laser trimming and welding. BLT-4 Analyze
18. Which type of laser is preferred for material processing? Give BLT-2 Understand
reasons.
19. Summarize the merits and demerits of laser welding. BLT-6 Create
20. Why population inversion is significant in lasers? BLT-5 Evaluate

PART-B
1. Describe about Laser Doppler Velocimetry for Fluid velocity and BLT-2 Understand
acceleration measurement. (13)
2. Write the principle involved in the design of resistors, capacitors and BLT-1 Remember
other electronic equipment using lasers. (13)
3. Analyze the role of laser for industrial measurements and explain BLT-4 Analyze
anyone in detail. (13)
4. Give the theory of material processing and explain the trimming of BLT-2 Understand
materials by laser. (13)

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5. Describe the principle of lasers for measurement of length and BLT-1 Remember
velocity with neat block diagram. (13)
6. Illustrate the applications of laser with examples in BLT-3 Apply
(i) Heating. (7)
(ii) Vaporization. (6)
7. Categorize and explain how the current and distance can be measured BLT-4 Analyze
by using laser. (13)
8. (i) How voltage can be measured using laser? (7) BLT-2 Understand
(ii) Explain briefly laser melting (6)
9. List the different modes of laser welding process. (13) BLT-1 Remember
10. (i) Construct a basic atom interferometry and explain the concepts BLT-6 Create
involved. (9)
(ii) Explain briefly the principle in LIDAR. (4) BLT-6
11. Explain how lasers can be employed for sensing industrial process BLT-3 Apply
parameters. (13)
12. Describe the apparatus used for laser drilling and explain its working. BLT-2 Understand
(13)
13. How will you measure the voltage and distance by using laser? BLT-4 Analyze
Explain. (13)
14. Explain in detail the measurement of acceleration and velocity of a BLT-3 Apply
smooth surface and rough surface plates using laser. (13)
PART-C
1. Explain the principle of laser for the measurement of cold atom BLT-6 Create
interferometry. (15)
2. Calculate the faraday rotation in degree for the silica whose Verdet BLT-6 Create
constant is 4 rad m-1T-1 and ur = 1 and n = 10 turns. There is a current
flow through the conductor whose value is 30 A. (15)
3. Explain how the laser is used in material processing, heating, welding BLT-5 Evaluate
and melting. List out the specification and the type of laser used for
these applications. How the power requirements for these
applications are calculated? (15)
4. (i) Assess the different steps involved in laser materials BLT-5 Evaluate
processing. (10)
(ii) Explain the advantages of laser heating. (5)

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UNIT V- HOLOGRAM AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
SYLLABUS
Holography: Basic Principle, Holography vs. photography, Principle Of Hologram Recording, Condition For
Recording A Hologram, Reconstructing and viewing the holographic image– Holography for non-destructive
testing – Holographic components – Medical applications of lasers, laser-Tissue Interactions Photochemical
reactions, Thermalisation, collisional relaxation, Types of Interactions and Selecting an Interaction
Mechanism – Laser instruments for surgery, removal of tumors of vocal cards, brain surgery, plastic surgery,
gynaecology and oncology.
PART –A
[Link] Questions BT Level Competence
1. What modification is required in a Hologram to be used as sensors? BLT-6 Create
2. List the types of laser used in Brain Tumor Treatment. BLT-1 Remember
3. Discuss the principle involved in holographic inferometry. BLT-2 Understand
4. Distinguish between hologram and photographic film. BLT-2 Understand
5. Summarize the advantages of laser surgery. BLT-6 Create
6. Illustrate the precautions to be followed while handling Lasers for BLT-3 Apply
clinical applications.
7. Describe the components of Hologram. BLT-1 Remember
8. Examine the principle of HNDT. BLT-3 Apply
9. Compare Oncology and Gynecology. BLT-4 Analyze
10. Classify the uses of laser in medicine. BLT-3 Apply
11. Analyze the importance of Thermalisation. BLT-4 Analyze
12. List any three lasers and their main use with respect to medical field. BLT-1 Remember
13. How holograms are classified? BLT-5 Evaluate
14. Pointout the major difference between Holography and Photography. BLT-4 Analyze
15. Summarize about wave front reconstruction. BLT-5 Evaluate
16. Outline the advantages of laser in plastic surgery. BLT-2 Understand
17. State the procedure in the removal of tumors in vocal cords using BLT-1 Remember
laser.
18. Describe the basic principle of holographic reconstruction. BLT-2 Understand
19. State the changes that take place during laser-cell interaction. BLT-1 Remember
20. List the safety issues of laser in medical surgery. BLT-1 Remember

PART-B
1. Analyze the principles of holographic inferometry and its application in BLT-4 Analyze
Non-destructive Testing of materials. (13)
2. Examine the need of holography and compare holography with BLT-3 Apply
commercial photographic techniques and explain in detail. (13)
3. Examine the medical applications of LASER in gynaecology and BLT-3 Apply
oncology. (13)
4. Classify the methods of holography and explain each method in detail BLT-4 Analyze
with suitable diagrams. (13)
5. Explain how laser is used for Brain surgery and Plastic surgery. (13) BLT-5 Evaluate
6. Summarize the spectral features and conditions involved in holography BLT-2 Understand
for NDT. (13)

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7. Explain various types of Interaction mechanism and the procedures for BLT-5 Evaluate
selecting the Interaction mechanism. (13)
8. (i) Describe the advantages and potential applications of holography.
(7)
BLT-1 Remember
(ii) Describe the principle of holographic recording and reconstruction.
(6)
9. Describe the techniques involved in PDT and explain in detail. (13) BLT-1 Remember
10. What are the uses of LASER in the field of medicine and explain in BLT-2 Understand
detail also state the precaution to be considered while using laser in the
field of medicine. (13)
11. Bring out the use of LASERS in Skin treatment and removal. (13) BLT-2 Understand
12. (i) Examine the working of holographic optical elements with a neat BLT-3 Apply
diagram. (9)
(ii) Assess how laser is used for removal of tumors of vocal cards. (4)
13. Write technical note on BLT-1 Remember
(i) Laser based Microsurgery. (7)
(ii) Endoscopes. (6)
14. (i) What is the advantage of using LASER in the field of medicine BLT-2 Understand
compared with the other older techniques? (5)
(ii) Describe the photocoagulation of ocular tissues done in retina. (8)
PART – C

1. Compile a detailed report on real time hologram, double exposure BLT-6 Create
hologram and time average hologram, Also compare and state its
applications. (15)
2. Develop a 3D image using the different holographic procedures used in BLT-6 Create
the non-destructive Testing of Engineering components. (15)
3. Interpret the different stages involved in the capturization of 3D image BLT-6 Create
with suitable diagrams. (15)
4. Explain how the data is transmitted and recovered in the Holographic BLT-5 Evaluate
memory or data storage system. (15)

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