MODULE B CITY Focus on reading Sentence completion; matching FORMING A GENERAL PICTURE SENTENCE COMPLETION > Focus on IELTS page 29 LOCATING THE ANSWERS “The answers all eecur in just three paragraphs of the text Questions 1-6 %; for radios than @ Complete each sentence with the correct ending AF from the box. 1 Graham Knight believes that for some purposes, it may be better to use solar power rather than energy from 2. Sunshine Solutions’ solar panels are cheap because they use 3 At present, the majority of Ligandans uso batteries and Kerosene 88 Surees of power, rather than 4 Inthe long term, solar panels are a cheaper source of power 5,_Ithas been shown that in some places, small scale projects “for energy production are more successful than 6, Bossl fuels cause more damage tothe environment than a Read the title and subheading of the ¢ext opposite. Without reading the rest of the text, answer the following questions. 1. What general problem is the text about? 2. Where does the problem exist? 3. What could be a possible solution? 4 What is one drawback to this solution? 1b Now read the first and last paragraphs of the text to check your answers, ¢ You can often get a general picture of a text quickly by looking for proper nouns. Look through the whole text quickly and underline or highlight all the proper nouns which refer to people or institutions. What does that part of the text tell you about the role of each of these? Spend no more than two minutes on this. Example: (para B) Fred Kejubi ~ Ugandan let Change Agents Association — blogs to gaa In one type of sentence completion task, you have to complete sentences using words from a box. a Look through the sentence beginnings 1-6 below. Some key words have ‘been underlined. The same words are in the text. Look for these words to help you locate the paragraphs which contain the information you need. 'b Read the paragraphs you have marked carefully, and complete the task below. ambitious enterprises amorphous silicon batteries cheap technology clockwork mechanisms crystalline silicon mains electricity energy from renewable ma Tmo e in the past [ { { | sources local solutionsLight years ahead Charlotte Denny in Kampala Cheap solar panels could be the answer to Uganda’s power shortage, but they are proving to be a hard sell ‘A Uganida may be one of the world’s poorest countries, but it has been blessed with a climate that is almost perfect. With sunshine going spare, one Ugandan electrician bebeves he has the solution to the country’s ower shortage - lowtech solar panels that can run anything from a radia to a mobile phone. 1 The electrician, Fred Kajubi, belongs to an ‘organisation known as the Uganda Change Agents Association, which helps local people earn sls that can make a difference to their lives and their communities, Members of the organisation, who are known as Change Agents, run credit unions, set up selfnelp groups in vilages, become active in focal pois and, in Mr Kajubis + ccase.(hfomote the use of solar power. He has set up his ‘ovm small company, Sunshine Solutions® which offers customers 2 solar panel to meet their every need. © The materials for the solar panels come from a company in Britain called BioDesign; set up five years ‘ago by a retired inventor, Graham Knight: After seeing a TV programme on the invention of a radio powered by ‘clockwork, Mr Knight decided that in some parts of the world, solar power would be a more effective energy resource for radios and similar everyday equipment, He set up a firm to make the components for low-cost solar panels for use in Africa and South America. These are ‘sent out in'kitform, together with instructions on how to ‘assemble them. Graham Knights panels, which use amorphous siicon, are ten times cheaper than the ‘erystaline siicen panels more commonly used for large- scale solar power production. Sunshine Soksions*can therefore sell solar panels that are much less expensive than the ones available in the shops. Only a small rinorit} of Ugendans’ currently have access to mains electricity, which leaves most fanilies ‘eliant on batteries to pawer their radios and on kerosene lamps to ight their houses. But for just 15,000 shilings ($8.50), the same price as two months’ supply of batteries, one of the solar panels sold by Sunshine Soluons can run a radio for several years. In spite of this, i's proving a struggle for the company to persuade ‘people to invest in ther solar panels, Although the solar ppanels work out cheaper than batteries in the long term, ‘the dritiahcost is more than many people can afford. E Uganda plans to bring power to poor villages over the next five years, with the building of a big dam on the Nie But even if the aeibibans plans for rural electitication succeed, there wil stil be sections of the population that ‘cannot afford to hook up to the national‘ gith The ‘experience of the last ecuple of decades in developing ccourtvies is that ambitious schemes are not effective in getting power to the poorest peocle,’ says Andrew ‘Simms, an expert from the New Economics Foundation in London, ‘Smaltscale enterprises have @ better track record at getting energy to the people who need it! Better stil, solar and other renewable energy sources alow counties to avoid the effects of pollution caused by heavy cefianéeon fossil fuels, Mr Simms says. F Even the World Bank, offen criticised for being dbsesséy with large-scale power projects, recognises that there is place for solar power. According to a World Bank representative, solar power can be an effective complement to grictbased electricity, whichis often too costly for sparsely settle! and remote areas. G But even cheap technology is hard to sel in a country where half the population lves below the poverty fine and there are few effective matketing and distibution channels. Mr Simms believes that the only soliton to spreading solar energy more widely is government AUDSites, becouse the inital costs of the solar power panels are beyond most household budgets, H In the meantime, Mr Kajubi is pinning his hopes on the spread of microcredit schemes that wil ioan money to families to help them raise thé cash for his aroducts, His ‘company has yet to make 2 prof, though he says sales are picking up. He is planning another trip into the ‘countryside to demonstrate his solar panels 2s well a5 a ‘new solar cooker. Asked if he ever gets davmnhearteds he points to the motto on his workshop wal: Never give UD, itsays.Be nooues cisy PARALLELEXPRESSIONS --«-3_To do Exercise 2, you had to find related phrases in the questions and the text. Which phrases from the questions relate to the following from the text? more effective Jess expensive only a small minority (look for the opposite meaning) over several years large-scale schemes (look for the opposite meaning) schemes scene have a better track record pollution St MATCHING 4 This task involves matching two sets of information. One set will be names > Focus on IELTS page 28 of people or things from the text, The second set will be statements, opinions, theories, etc. The order of the numbered items (1, 2,3, et.) will ‘not be the same asin the text. 4 Look through the text quickly. In which paragraphs will you find information about the people A-D in the box below? TIP The name may not be given in exacty the same form in all places ee Kaui / Mr b Now complete the task below. To help you, the key words in the ‘statements have been underlined. 7 Questions 713 Look at the following descriptions (Questions 7-13) and the list of people below. Match each person with the description which relates to them. 7 He has setup a business selling solar panels. 8 He believes that small-scale projects aretha most effective way of providing people with power. 9 He believes he can solve a problem affecting his county. 10 He says that solar power is more suitable than electricity for far-off places where very few people live, 11 He uses a very inexpensive method to produce the components for solar panels 12 He thinks thatthe government should help people by paying part ofthe cost of solar power products. 13 He supports the idea of lending money to people to help them buy solar panels. D_ a World Bank representative D> ideas for speaking and writing page 41