Physics

Is a branch of science that deals to

the study of matter and energy and
its interrelationship in the field of
mechanics, waves and sounds,
optics, electricity and magnetism,
and thermodynamics.
 Vectors
 Vector Quantity- describes both magnitude and
direction.
ex. displacement(m), velocity(m/s),
acceleration(m/s2), force(N), weight(N),
momentum(kg ∙ m/s)

 Scalar Quantity-describes a magnitude only.

ex. distance(m), speed(m/s), temperature(K),
mass(kg), time(s), electric current(A), density(kg/L)
 Vectors
 Basic Quantity-simplest form of a unit.
ex. seven(7) basic quantity, mass(kg), time(s), absolute
temp(K), distance(m), electric current(A), amount of
substance(mol), luminous intensity(cd)

 Derived Quantity-combination of basic quantity.

ex. acceleration(m/s2), force(N), power(watts),
energy(J), density(kg/L), momentum(kg ∙ m/s),
work(J), weight(N), friction(N), speed/velocity(m/s)
 Vectors
 Basic Vector Addition(R= A + B)
 1. same direction (1 m E + 2 m E = 3 m E)
 2. opposite direction (1 m E + 2 m W = 1 m W)
 3. perpendicular direction (1 m E + 2 m N = 2.24 m,
63.43° N of E)
 C2 = A2 + B2 , R2 = A2 + B2 , R2 = (1 m)2 + (2 m)2 = 2.24 m
 tan θ = opp (N or S) = 2 m
adj (E or W) 1 m
R
 θ = 63.43° N of E 2mN
θ
1mE
 Vectors
 Basic Vector Subtraction {R = A – B, R = A + (-B)}
 1. same direction (1 m E - 2 m E = 1 m W)
 2. opposite direction (1 m E - 2 m W = 3 m E)
 3. perpendicular direction (1 m E - 2 m N = 2.24 m,
63.43° S of E)
 C2 = A2 + B2 , R2 = A2 + B2 , R2 = (1 m)2 + (2 m)2 = 2.24 m
 tan θ = opp (N or S) 1mE
θ
adj (E or W)
 θ = 63.43° S of E R 2mS
 Vectors
 Component Vector / Analytical Method

 Ax = A cos θ, Bx = B cos θ, Cx = C cos θ

 Ay = A sin θ, By = B sin θ, Cy = C sin θ

 Rx = Ax + Bx + Cx, Ry = Ay + By + Cy
 R2 = Rx2 + Ry2

 tan θ = Ry/Rx
 Vectors
 Example (1 m E + 2 m N)
 Determine the θ for each vector, θ must be measured
coming from the +x-axis or East direction.
 1 m E, θ = 0°(zero), 2 m N, θ = 90°
 Solve for Ax and Bx:
 Ax = A cos θ, Ax = 1m cos 0°= 1m
 Bx = B cos θ, Bx = 2m cos 90° = 0
 Solve for Ay and By:
 Ay = A sin θ, Ay = 1m sin 0°= o
 By = B sin θ, By = 2m sin 90° = 2m
 Vectors
 Solve for Rx and Ry:
 Rx = Ax + Bx, Rx = 1m + 0 = 1m
 Ry = Ay + By, Ry = 0 + 2m = 2m
 Solve for R:
 R2 = Rx2 + Ry2, R2 = (1m)2 + (2m)2 = 2.24m(magnitude)
 Solve for θ:
 tan θ = Ry= 2 m
Rx 1 m
 θ = 63.43° N of E(direction)
 1-SCALARS AND [Link]
 Vectors
 Exercise:
 Basic Vector Addition and Vector Subtraction
 a.) 2.50 cm N + 1.46 cm S = 1.04 cm N
 b.) 12.25 m W + 7.50 m W = 19.75 m W
 c.) 0.75 m/s2 E - 1.50 m/s2 W = 2.25 m/s2 E
 d.) 5 cm W – 15 cm N => R = 15.81 cm θ = 71.56° S of W
 Component Vector:
 In going from one city to another, a car whose driver tends
to get lost and goes 30 km north, 40 km 45° northwest
and 20 km south. Find the magnitude (R = ?) and the
direction (Ɵ = ?) of the resultant displacement using
Analytical Method(component method).
 Solution
 Ax = A cos θ = 30 km cos 90° = 0 km
 Ay = A sin θ = 30 km cos 90° = 30 km
 Bx = B cos θ = 40 km cos 135° = -28.28 km
 By = B sin θ = 40 km sin 135° = 28.28 km
 Cx = C cos θ = 20 km cos 270° = 0 km
 Cy = C sin θ = 20 km sin 270° = -20 km
 Rx= Ax + Bx +Cx = 0 + (-28.28) + 0 = -28.28 km
 Ry= Ay + By +Cy = 30 + 28.28 + (-20) = 38.28 km
 R2=Rx2+Ry2 = 47.59 km
 θ = tan- (Ry/Rx) = 53.54° N of W
 Graphical Method for finding the resultant vector:
 A. Polygon Method (head to tail)
 1mE+2mN=
 Scale (1m = 1 inch)
 R = 2.5 inch = 2.5 m
 θ = 65° N of E
 Graphical Method for finding the resultant vector:
 B. Parallelogram Method (tail to tail)
 1mE+2mN=
 Scale (1m = 1 inch)
 R = 2.5 inch = 2.5 m
 θ = 65° N of E
 Mechanics
Is a branch of physics that deals to
the study of force and motion.
Two Areas of Mechanics:
Kinematics – dealing with
describing motion.
Dynamics – dealing with the
causes of motion.
 Mechanics
 Motion - is a continuous change in position with
respect to a certain reference point. (Albert Einstein)
 *According to Einstein- Motion is relative- “A body
can be moving with respect to the first-body but at the
same time can be at rest or be moving at different speed
with respect to the second-body”.

 A. Uniform Motion – is a motion of the body that

moves at constant velocity. (a = 0)

 B. Uniformly Accelerated motion – is a motion of

the body that moves in a changing velocity.(a= +, -)
 Mechanics
 Rectilinear Motion (One-dimensional motion) - is a
motion along straight-line path.
 Distance – is a scalar quantity that describe how far
“something” has traveled.( units: cm, m, km, in, ft, mi, yd)
 Displacement – is a vector quantity that describes how far
“something” has traveled and in to what direction.( d = x2 –
x1, units: cm, m, km, in., ft., mi,etc. )
 Speed – is a scalar quantity that describe how fast
“something” has traveled. ( s = d/t, units: cm/s, m/s, km/h,
mi/h, ft/s, in/s, etc.)
 Velocity – is a vector quantity that describe how fast
“something” has traveled and in to what direction.
 – is the change in displacement divided by the
change in time( v = ∆d/∆t or d2 – d1/ t2 – t1 ), units: cm/s,
m/s, km/h, mi/h, ft/s, in/s, etc.)
 Mechanics
 Average Speed – is the total distance traveled divided
by the total time covered. ( sav = dT/tT, units: cm/s,
m/s, km/h, mi/h, ft/s, in/s, etc.)
 Instantaneous Speed – is the speed that “something”
has at any one instant. (units: cm/s, m/s, km/h, mi/h,
ft/s, in/s, etc.) example: the speed registered by your
speedometer.
 Average Velocity – a.) vav = (v1 + v2) / 2
 b.) vav = (d2 – d1) / t
 Acceleration – is a vector quantity that define as “the
rate of change of velocity” or “ the change in velocity
divided by the change in time”. a = ∆v/∆t or (v2 – v1) /
(t2 – t1 ), units: m/s2, cm/s2, in/s2, ft/s2, km/hr2, mi/hr2)
 Mechanics
Uniformly Accelerated Motion:
a.) v2 = v1 + at
b.) d = v1t + ½ at2
c.) d = [ (v1 + v2) / 2 ] t
d.) v22 = v12 + 2ad
 Mechanics
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
 Speed - A woman standing in front of a cliff claps her
hands and after 2.4 seconds she hears an echo. How far is
the woman from the cliff if the sound travels at 343 m/s in
air?
 Given: s = 343 m/s ; t = 2.4 s( back and forth) ; d = ?
 s=d/t
 d = st
 = 343 m/s x 2.4 s
 = 823.2 m
2
 = 411.6 m (distance of the woman from the cliff)
 Mechanics
 Acceleration - How long does a car with an
acceleration of 3.5 m/s2 takes to go from 5 m/s to 25
m/s?
 Sol.
 Given: a = 3.5 m/s2 ; v1 = 5 m/s ; v2 =25 m/s
 a = v2 – v 1
 t
 t = v2 – v1 = 25 m/s – 5 m/s = 20 m/s = 5.71 s
 a 3.5 m/s2 3.5 m/s2
 Mechanics
UAM: A car has an initial velocity of 40 m/s and an
acceleration of -2 m/s2. Find its
 a. velocity after 10 seconds
 b. displacement after 50 seconds
 c. displacements when it comes to a stop
 Given: v1 = 40 m/s ; a = -2 m/s2
 a. t = 10 s b. t = 50 s c. v2 = 0 (comes to a stop)
 v2 = ? d=? d =?
 v2 = v1 + at d = v1t + ½ at2 v22 = v12 + 2ad
 = 40 m/s + (-2 m/s2)10 s = 40 m/s(50 s) + ½(- 2 m/s2)(50 s )2 d = v22 - v12
 = 20 m/s = 2000 m + (-2500 m) 2a
= -500 m = (0)2 – (40 m/s)2
-4 m/s2
 = 400 m
 Mechanics
 Freefall - is a motion of the body that moves
under the influence of gravitational pull only.

 To a physicist, the term "free fall" has a different

meaning than it does to a skydiver. In physics, free
fall is the (one-dimensional) motion of any object
under the influence of gravity only - no air
resistance or friction effects of any kind.
 Mechanics
 Freefall Formulas:
 1st Condition(downward motion) Equations:
 1. V2 = gt 2. H = 1/2gt2
 3. H = (V2/2)t 4. V22 = 2gH

 2nd Condition(upward and downward motion)

Equations:
 1. V2 = V1 - gt 2. H = V1 t - 1/2gt2
 3. H = (V1 +V2 )t 4. V22 = V1 2 - 2gH
2
 Mechanics
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
 Freefall - A ball is dropped from the top of the building. In
the absence of air resistance, the ball will hit the ground
with a speed of 49 m/s.
 a.) What is the height of the building?
 b.) At what time will it reach the ground?
 Given: v2 = 49 m/s
h=?
 Sol. a.) v22 = 2gH b.) v2 = gt
 H = v22 t = v2/g
2g t = 49m/s
= (49 m/s)2 9.8m/s2
 2(9.8 m/s2) = 5s
 = 122.5 m
The End…………………………………..

 Thank you for listening!!!!!