evsjv wØZxq cÎ

†Kvm© †KvW : HSC-2851

nvqvi †m‡KÛvwi mvwU©wd‡KU †cÖvMÖvg

(GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg)
 evsjv wØZxq cÎ
†Kvm© †KvW : HSC-2851

nvqvi †m‡KÛvwi mvwU©wd‡KU †cÖvMÖvg

(GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg)

iPbv I msKj‡b
W. †gv. †P½xk Lvb
†g‡nixb gybRvixb iZœv
W. fx®§‡`e †PŠayix
W. ˆmq` kvnwiqvi ingvb
W. PÂj Kzgvi †evm
Rvwn` nvmvb miKvi

m¤úv`K
W. †gv. †P½xk Lvb
W. fx®§‡`e †PŠayix

mgš^qKvix
W. †gv. †P½xk Lvb
†g‡nixb gybRvixb iZœv
evsjv w`¦Zxq cÎ
†Kvm© †KvW : HSC-2851
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cÖ_g cÖKvk : †g, 2017

cybtg~`ªY : AvM÷, 2018

cÖ”Q`
KvRx mvBdzÏxb AveŸvm

cÖ”Q` MÖvwd·
Avãyj gv‡jK

Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR
†gvt wmwÏKzj Bmjvg

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

ISBN 978-984-34-3142-4

cÖKvkbvq
cÖKvkbv, gy`ªY I weZiY wefvM
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
MvRxcyiÑ1705

gy`ªY
gvóvi wm‡g· †ccvi wjwg‡UW
65/2/1, c¨vivgvD›U nvBU&m
8g Zjv, e· KvjfvU© †ivW
cyibv cëb, XvKv-1000|
 †Kvm©eB AbymiY Kivi wb‡`©kbv
†Kvm© cwiwPwZ (Course Overview)
†Kv‡m©i bvg : evsjv wØZxq cÎ †Kvm© †KvW : (HSC-2851)
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖv‡gi evsjv wØZxq cÎ eBwU GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ cvV¨| eBwU `~iwkÿY c×wZi wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ iwPZ
n‡q‡Q| `~iwkÿY c×wZi g~j K_vB nj ¯^wbf©i cvV e¨e¯’vcbv| G c×wZi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x© wbR `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡Ri
myweavg‡Zv mg‡q †kLvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ n‡Z cv‡ib| cvVmvgMÖx Dc¯’vcbvi G c×wZ gWz¨jvi c×wZ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
GwU GKB mv‡_ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿ‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| G‡Z wkÿv_©xiv wkÿ‡Ki mivmwi mnvqZv Qvov wb‡RB
cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010 Gi Av‡jv‡K GbwmwUweÕi bZzb KvwiKzjv‡gi m‡½ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L GB
eBwU ¯^wkLb c×wZ‡Z cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges welqe¯‘i †ÿ‡Î RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †ev‡W©i eBwU‡K AbymiY
Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ Ask ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU cv‡Vi ïiæ‡Z H cv‡Vi wkLbdj/D‡Ïk¨ hy³ Kiv
n‡q‡Q, hv‡Z wkÿv_©x wkLbdj Abyhvqx Ávb AwR©Z n‡jv wK-bv Zv hvPvB Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wkÿv_©x‡K cÖwZwU g~jcvV
Aek¨B ey‡S co‡Z n‡e| G Qvov wkÿv_©xi ¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwU cv‡Vi †k‡l cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb †`Iqv
n‡q‡Q| evbv‡bi †ÿ‡Î evsjv GKv‡Wwgi evbvbixwZ AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖwgZ evsjv fvlvi e¨env‡i `ÿZv AR©b, gvbm MVb, e¨w³Z¡ weKvk Ges m‡e©vcwi ms¯‹w… Zevb I iæwPkxj gvbyl
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n‡e| G Qvov Kíbvkw³, AbymwÜrmv, gvbexq ¸Yvewj I wPšÍvkw³‡K weKwkZ, mymsnZ I cÖvMÖmi Kivi my‡hvM
cv‡e| GB cvV¨m~wP‡K h_vm¤¢e fvigy³ I Avb›``vqK K‡i cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| fvlv-Av‡›`vjb I gyw³hy‡×i
†PZbvq †`k Mo‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i †hvM¨ K‡i M‡o †Zvjv GB ch©v‡qi wkÿvi GKwU Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨| RvZxq
wkÿvbxwZ 2010-Gi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq D”P gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvµ‡g
†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹w… ZK, cÖhyw³MZ DbœwZ, Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM e„w×, mgKvjxb Pvwn`v I cwi‡ekMZ
welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq wb‡q‡Q| ¯^-wkLb cvVmvgMÖx wn‡m‡e GwU `~iwkÿY wkÿv_x©‡`i Avb›``vqK cvV I cÖZ¨vwkZ
`ÿZv AR©b wbwðZ Ki‡e e‡j Avkv Kwi|
wkÿv_x©iv hv‡Z eBwU c‡o AwaKZi mydj jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ wb‡P wKQy wb‡`©kbv Zz‡j aiv nj :
 BDwb‡Ui wk‡ivbvg I f‚wgKv c‡o m¤¢ve¨ welqe¯‘ Kx n‡Z cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv Kiyb|
 cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv c‡o GB cvV †_‡K Kx Kx wkL‡Z cvi‡eb Zv †R‡b wbb|
 Gici g~jcvV fv‡jvfv‡e Aa¨qb Kiæb| Aa¨q‡bi ci wkLbdj¸‡jv AwR©Z nj wKbv Zv fv‡jvfv‡e hvPvB
Kiæb| hw` wkLbdj AwR©Z bv nq Zvn‡j welqe¯‘ cybivq Aa¨qb Kiæb|
 wUD‡Uvwiqvj mvwf©m‡K Kvh©‡cv‡hvMx Ki‡Z Avcbvi cvV¨cy¯ÍKwUi mKj Aa¨vq‡K 20wU As‡k fvM K‡i wbb|
cÖ_g wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m hvIqvi Av‡M Avcbvi fvMK…Z AskwU fv‡jvfv‡e Aa¨qb Kiæb| †Kv‡bv Aa¨v‡qi
welqe¯‘ Aa¨q‡bi mgq †h welq¸‡jv A‡cÿvK…Z KwVb/`y‡e©va¨ g‡b n‡q‡Q Zv wPwýZ K‡i Avcbvi †bvU
LvZvq wjwce× Kiæb Ges KwVb welq¸‡jv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b wUDU‡ii mvnvh¨ wbb| GKB c×wZ
AbymiY K‡i me¸‡jv cvV Aa¨qb †kl Kiæb|
 cvV‡k‡l cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi †`Iqvi †Póv Kiyb| Gici P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb As‡ki cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi
Rvbv Av‡Q wK-bv †`Lyb| Rvbv bv _vK‡j mswkøó Ask Avevi coyb|
 I‡cb ¯‹z‡ji GB eBwU QvovI ¯’vbxq ÷vwW †m›Uv‡i Avcbvi Rb¨ wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡mi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| Avcwb
cÖ_‡gB Avcbvi wel‡q KZwU wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬vm cv‡eb Zv Avcbvi ÷vwW †m›Uvi †_‡K †R‡b wbb Ges Avcbvi
÷vwW †m›Uv‡ii cÖwZwU wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m AskMÖnY Kiæb|
gvwR©b AvBKb ( Margin Icons)
†Kvm©wU Aa¨qb Kivi c~‡e© †Kvm©wU‡Z ch©vqµ‡g †h mg¯Í AvBKb/cÖZxK e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© Avcbv‡K
cÖ_‡gB cwiwPZ n‡Z n‡e| G‡Z cy‡iv †Kvm© gWz¨‡ji †KvbwU wkLbdj, †KvbwU welqe¯‘/g~jcvV, †KvbwU cv‡VvËi
g~j¨vqb, †KvbwU P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© mn‡RB AewnZ n‡Z cvi‡eb| wb‡¤œ e¨eüZ wewfbœ AvBKb ev
cÖZxK¸‡jv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

†Kvm© /BDwbU
D‡Ïk¨ g~jcvV kãv_© mvims‡ÿc cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mgvwßi mgq

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb A¨vmvBb‡g›U DËigvjv wfwWI ev †`Lv AwWI ev †kvbv mvnvh¨/cÖ‡qvR‡b

†Kvm© mgvwßi mgq †Kvm©wU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 32 mßvn

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi I‡cb ¯‹zj cwiPvwjZ GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖv‡gi wkÿv_x© eÜz‡`i Rb¨
evsjv wel‡qi A‡bK¸‡jv AwWI/wfwWI †cÖvMÖvg eZ©gv‡b wewUwf/esjv‡`k †eZvi KZ…©K mßv‡ni
wbw`©ó w`‡bi wbw`©ó mg‡q cÖPvwiZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
wkÿv_x© eÜziv, Avcbviv ÷vwW †m›Uvi †_‡K †cÖvMÖvg wmwWDj msMÖn K‡i wbw`©ó w`‡bi wbw`©ó
mg‡q cÖPvwiZ †cÖvMÖvgwU †`L‡j DcK…Z n‡eb e‡j Avkv KiwQ| Gmgq †evSvi myweav‡_© eBwU
mvg‡b wb‡q emyb Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq welq¸wj †bvU Kivi Rb¨ KvMR, Kjg mv‡_ ivLyb| †Kv‡bv
AwWI/wfwWI welq eyS‡Z Amyweav n‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b Avcbvi wUDU‡ii mnvqZv wbb|

mvnvh¨ ev mnvqZvi Rb¨ civgk© wbbÑ

Avcbvi ÷vwW †m›Uv‡ii †Kvm© wUDUi
W. †gv. †P½xk Lvb †g‡nixb gybRvixb iZœv
Aa¨vcK (evsjv) mnKvix Aa¨vcK (evsjv)
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq| evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq|
B‡gBj : chenggish@[Link] B‡gBj : [Link]@[Link]
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BDwbU 1 : e¨vKiY I e¨vKiY cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡
cvV-1.1 : evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY : welqe¯‘ I cwiwa--------------------------------------------------- 1
cvV-1.2 : e¨vKiY cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡ --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
BDwbU 2 : evsjv fvlv
cvV 2.1 : evsjv fvlvi cwiPq ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
cvV 2.2 : evsjv fvlvi wewfbœ iƒc I ixwZ ----------------------------------------------------------- 6
cvV 2.3 : mvay I PjwZ fvlvixwZ ------------------------------------------------------------------ 7
cvV 2.4 : mvay I PjwZ fvlvi cv_©K¨ -------------------------------------------------------------- 10
BDwbU 3 : evsjv aŸwbZË¡
cvV 3.1 : aŸwbi cwiPq, aŸwbi cÖKvi †f` I aŸwb-cwieZ©b cÖwµqv ----------------------------------24
cvV 3.2 : aŸwb ms‡hvM : mwÜ -------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
cvV 3.3 : mwÜi cÖKvi‡f` ------------------------------------------------------------------------29
cvV 3.4 : evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ k‡ãi Zrmg mwÜ --------------------------------------------------- 31
cvV 3.5 : e¨Äb mwÜ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
cvV 3.6 : evsjv D”PviY ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
cvV 3.7 : AvšÍR©vwZK aŸwbg~jK eY©gvjv ---------------------------------------------------------- 53
BDwbU 4 : iƒcZË¡
cvV 4.1 : evsjv k‡ãi mswÿß cwiPq ------------------------------------------------------------- 54
BDwbU 5 : evK¨ZË¡
cvV 5.1 : ev‡K¨i aviYv I msÁv_© --------------------------------------------------------------- 83
cvV 5.2 : ev‡K¨i cÖKvi‡f` I evK¨ cwieZ©b ----------------------------------------------------- 85
cvV 5.3 : wµqvi Kvj ----------------------------------------------------------------------------95
cvV 5.4 : KviK I wefw³ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 100
cvV 5.5 : Kvi‡Ki wefw³ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 103
cvV 5.6 : m¤^Ü c` I m‡¤^vab c`--------------------------------------------------------------- 110
cvV 5.7 : Dw³ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 113
cvV 5.8 : evP¨ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 116
BDwbU 6 : evM_©ZË¡
cvV 6.1 : evM_© I evM_© cwieZ©b ---------------------------------------------------------------- 120
cvV 6.2 : cÖvq m‡gv”PvwiZ kã ------------------------------------------------------------------ 122
cvV 6.3 : cÖwZkã ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 129
cvV 6.4 : GKB k‡ãi wfbœv_©K cÖ‡qvM ----------------------------------------------------------- 135
BDwbU 7 : fvlvi cÖ‡qvMixwZ
cvV 7.1 : cÖwgZ evsjv evbvbixwZ --------------------------------------------------------------- 144
cvV-7.2 : evsjv fvlvi cÖ‡qvM I AccÖ‡qvM ------------------------------------------------------ 153
cvV 7.3 : hwZwPý ev weivg wPý ----------------------------------------------------------------- 172
BDwbU 8 : wbwg©wZ
cvV 8.1 : wecixZv_©K kã --------------------------------------------------------------------- 179
cvV 8.2 : GK K_vq cÖKvk ev evK¨-ms‡KvPb ev evK¨-ms‡ÿcY ----------------------------------- 188
cvV 8.3 : evMaviv ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 195
cvV 8.4 : cÖev` cÖePb ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 208
cvV 8.5 : cvwifvwlK kã ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 213
cvV 8.6 : Abyev` ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 231
cvV 8.7 : Aby‡”Q` ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 234
cvV 8.8 : w`bwjwc wjLb ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 239
cvV 8.9 : AwfÁZv eY©bv ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 245
cvV 8.10 : fvlY wjLb ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 250
cvV 8.11 : cÖwZ‡e`b -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 256
cvV 8.12 : ˆe`y¨wZb wPwV I Ly‡`evZ©v wjLb ------------------------------------------------------ 262
cvV 8.13 : cÎ wjLb -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 265
cvV 8.14 : mvivsk/mvigg© --------------------------------------------------------------------- 280
cvV 8.17 : fve-m¤cÖmviY --------------------------------------------------------------------- 289
cvV 8.15 : msjvc ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 298
cvV 8.16 : Ly‡`Mí wjLb ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 302
cvV 8.18 : cÖæd-ms‡kvab wb‡`©wkKv ------------------------------------------------------------- 305
BDwbU 9 : cÖeÜ iPbv --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 309
 GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
evsjv wØZxq cÎ : HSC-2851

gvbeÈb
c~Y©gvb : 100

1. e¨vKiY 56 = 30
6wU cÖkœ †`Iqv _vK‡e| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi 1wU K‡i weKí _vK‡e|
2. cvwifvwlK kã A_ev e½vbyev` wjLb 110 = 10
3. w`bwjwc/AwfÁZv eY©bv A_ev fvlY/cÖwZ‡e`b wjLb 110 = 10
4. ˆe`y¨wZb wPwV/ÿz‡` evZ©v wjLb A_ev cÎ/Av‡e`bcÎ wjLb 110 = 10
5. mvivsk / mvigg© A_ev fvem¤úªmviY wjLb 110 = 10
6. msjvc A_ev ÿz‡` Mí iPbv 110 = 10
7. cÖeÜ iPbv
5wU wel‡q cÖeÜ iPbvi D‡jøL _vK‡e|
†h †Kv‡bv 1wU wel‡q cÖeÜ iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| 120 = 20
†gvU = 100
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