PHASE CHANGES

PHASE
DIAGRAM:
CARBON
DIOXIDE
 PHASE
DIAGRAM:
WATER
 APPLICATIONS
◈ PHYSICAL SEPARATION OF MIXTURES INTO
COMPONENTS
◈ EVAPORATIVE COOLING
◈ COLD WATER IN CERAMIC JARS
◈ COOLING BY DRY ICE
◈ FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
◈ PRESSURE COOKING
◈ FREEZE-DRYING
◈ SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION
 Scenario 1: Open System – Liquid Water in a
Beaker
◈ Whathappens to water in an open
beaker over time?
 EVAPORATION OR VAPORIZATION

◈ Theprocess by which molecules

on the surface of a liquid break
away and go into the gas phase.
Distributio
n of Kinetic
Energies
 EVAPORATION

◈ Kinetic
energies of liquids depend
on temperature.
◈ To
break away, the molecules
must possess at least some
minimum kinetic energy.
 RATE OF EVAPORATION

◈ RATEOF EVAPORATION
INCREASES AS TEMPERATURE
INCREASES.
 EVAPORATION
◈ Only higher-energy molecules escape
from the liquid phase.
◈ What happens to the average molecular
kinetic energy of the molecules remaining
in the liquid?
 EVAPORATION
◈ What happens to the temperature of the
liquid?
 EVAPORATION
◈ What is the direction of heat transfer
between liquid and surroundings?
 EVAPORATIVE COOLING
◈ What do you feel when alcohol
(isopropyl or ethyl) evaporates on
your skin?
 EVAPORATIVE COOLING
◈ Whatdo you feel when your sweat
evaporates?
Evaporative
Cooling:
Banga/Botij
o
Evaporative
Cooling:
Banga/Botij
o
 Spanish ‘botijo’, an unglazed ceramic container
that cools beverages by evaporation.
◈ After the botijo is filled with water, it is
preferably placed outside in the shade.
 Spanish ‘botijo’, an unglazed ceramic container
that cools beverages by evaporation.
◈ Because the ceramic jug is not completely
water-tight, a small amount of the stored water
filters through the pores of the clay and
evaporates once it comes in contact with the
outside, dry environment.
 Spanish ‘botijo’, an unglazed ceramic container
that cools beverages by evaporation.
◈ Evaporation requires thermal energy, which is
partly extracted from the water inside the jug,
cooling it down.
 ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATON
◈ Enthalpy of vaporization is the
quantity of heat that must be
absorbed if a certain quantity of
liquid is vaporized at a constant
temperature.
◈ Endothermic – always positive
ENTHALPIES OF
VAPORIZATION
 CONDENSATION
◈ Condensation is the conversion of a gas or
vapour to a liquid.
◈ The reverse of vaporization.
◈ ΔHcond - opposite in sign but equal in
magnitude to ΔHvap.
Scenario 2: Closed System – Liquid Water in a
Closed Container
 Scenario 2: Closed System – Liquid Water in a
Closed Container
◈ Vaporization and condensation occurs
simultaneously.
◈ If sufficient liquid is present, eventually the
amount of vapour remains constant.
◈ Dynamic equilibrium is established – there is
no net change with time.
◈ Rate of evaporation = Rate of condensation
 Vapor Pressure
◈ Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted
by a vapour in dynamic equilibrium
with its liquid.
◈ What happens to rate of evaporation
when T is increased?
◈ What happens to vapour pressure
when T is increased?
 Vapor Pressure
◈ Liquids
with high vapour pressures at
room temperature are said to be
◈v _ _ _ _ _ _ e.
 Vapor Pressure
◈ Liquids
with very low vapour
pressures are _________.
 IMF vs.
vapour
pressure
 Vapor Pressure
◈ Vapor pressure of liquid depends only
on the particular liquid and its
temperature.
◈ Does not depend on the amount of
liquid or vapour, as long as some of
each is present at equilibrium.
◈ Vapor pressure curve – a graph of
vapour pressure as a function of
 Vapor
Pressure
Curves
 Properties of water
◈
 Sample Problem
◈
 Think-Pair-Share: Vapor Pressure & Boiling
Point
Where does it take longer to cook food, at
higher elevations or at sea level? Provide an
explanation. Be brief and concise. Write in
your own words.

Hint: Boiling point of a liquid is the

temperature at which its vapour pressure
 Up Next
◈ Boiling & Boiling Points
◈ Critical Point
◈ Some Properties of Solids
◈ Phase Diagrams
◈ What happens to vapour pressure when
T is increased under an external
pressure?
◈ When a liquid is heated to a
sufficiently high temperature, bubbles
of vapour begin to form below the
surface.
◈ Ifthe vapour pressure inside the
bubbles is less than the applied
pressure on the surface of the liquid,
the bubbles collapse as soon as they
form.
◈ Ifthe temperature is raised
sufficiently, the vapour pressure is
high enough that the bubbles can
persist, rise to the surface, and burst,
releasing the vapour in the air.
◈ Boiling
point of a liquid – the
temperature at which its vapour
pressure equals the external pressure.

◈ In
boiling, will dynamic equilibrium
be established?
◈ Normal boiling point – the temperature
at which the vapour pressure of a liquid
is equal to exactly one atmosphere (760
torr).
◈ The vapour pressure of water is 760 torr
at 100 °C.
◈ At 100 °C, the vapour pressure of water
is 1 atm.
◈ Therefore, 100 °C is the _________ of
water.
◈ What
is the vapour pressure of water at its
normal boiling point?
◈ What is the vapour pressure of ethanol at
its normal boiling point?
◈ What is the vapour pressure of diethyl
ether at its normal boiling point?

◈ What is the vapour pressure of carbon

dioxide at its normal boiling point?
Homework – 1/4
 Vapor
Pressure
Curves
◈ Rateof reaction increases as the
temperature increases (reaction
kinetics).

◈ Where is it faster to boil egg, at high

altitudes or at sea level?
◈ Barometric
pressures below 1 atm are
commonly encountered at high altitudes.
◈ At
an altitude of 1609 m (that of Denver,
Colorado), barometric pressure is about
630 mmHg.
◈ Boiling point of water at this pressure is
95 °C.
◈ Pressurecooker – cooking water is
maintained under
higher-than-atmospheric pressure.
Example: pressure is maintained at 2 atm.
BP of water at this pressure is 120 °C.

◈ Where is it faster to cook nilaga, at sea

level or in a pressure cooker? Why?
◈ Asthe heat energy is added to a pure
liquid at its boiling point, the
temperature remains constant,
because the energy is used to
overcome the cohesive forces in the
liquid to form vapour.
◈ Papercup filled with water can be
heated for an extended time.
1. High heat capacity of water
2. As water boils, large quantities of heat
(ΔHvap) are required to convert the liquid to
its vapour.
3. Temperature of the cup does not rise
above the boiling point of water as long as
liquid water remains.
◈ [Link]
[Link]
◈ Boilingoccurs in a container open to
the atmosphere.
◈ Ifa liquid is heated in a sealed
container, boiling does not occur.
T and vapour pressure rise continuously.
◈ If just the right quantity of liquid is
sealed, as temperature is increased,
◈ 1. Density of liquid decreases, that of the
vapour increases, and eventually the
two densities become equal.
◈ 2. Surface tension of the liquid
approaches zero. The interface between
the liquid and vapour becomes less
distinct and eventually disappears.
◈ Critical
point (critical T, critical P) is the
highest point on a vapour pressure
curve and represents the temperature
at which the liquid can exist.
◈A gas can be liquefied only at
temperatures below its critical
temperature.
◈ Homework – research and submit a
summarized written output on critical
temperature and cryogenic air
separation by Linde.
◈ Use
proper citations. Do not
copy-paste.
◈ Some Properties of Solids
◈ As a crystalline solid is heated, its atoms,
ions, or molecules vibrate more vigorously.
◈ Eventually a temperature is reached at
which these vibrations disrupt the ordered
crystalline structure.
◈ The atoms, ions, or molecules can slip past
one another, and the solid loses its definite
shape and is converted to liquid.
◈ This process is called melting or fusion.
◈ Melting
point – the temperature at
which solid is converted to liquid.
◈ The reverse process – conversion of a
liquid to solid is called f _ _ _ _ _ _ g or s
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ n.
◈ What is the temperature at which liquid
is converted to solid?
◈ Melting
point – the temperature at
which solid is converted to liquid.
◈ Normal melting point – the melting
point at 1 atmospheric pressure.
◈ Melting point of a solid and the freezing
point of its liquid are identical.
◈ At
this T, solid and liquid coexist in
equilibrium.
◈ Whatis the normal melting point of
water?
◈ Whatis the normal freezing point of
water?
◈ Ifwe add heat uniformly to a
solid-liquid mixture at equilibrium, the
T ______ (increases, decreases,
remains constant)
◈ Ifwe add heat uniformly to a solid-liquid
mixture at equilibrium, the T remains
constant.
◈ Only when all the solids has melted does
the T begin to rise.
◈ Enthalpyof fusion, ΔHfus – the
quantity of heat required to melt a
solid.
◈ Is enthalpy of fusion + or -?
◈ Is it exothermic or endothermic? Why?
◈ If we remove heat uniformly to a
solid-liquid mixture at equilibrium, the
liquid freezes at ______ (increasing,
decreasing, constant) temperature.
◈ If we remove heat uniformly to a
solid-liquid mixture at equilibrium, the
liquid freezes at constant temperature.

◈ The temperature may drop below

freezing point without any solid
appearing – this condition is called s _ _
_ _ c _ _ _ _ _ g.
SUPERCOOLING of
WATER Homework
Case Study:
Water
Specific heat, ice = 2.09 J/(g·°C)
Specific heat, water = 4.18 J/(g·°C)
Specific heat, steam = 2.03 J/(g·°C)
Enthalpy of fusion = 334 J/g
Enthalpy of vaporization = 2260 J/g
◈ Like liquids, solids can also give off vapors.
◈ Because stronger intermolecular forces are
present, solids generally are not as volatile
as liquids at a given temperature.

◈ The direct passage of molecules from solid

to vapour state is called s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ n.
◈ The reverse process is called d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
n.
◈ Commonexamples/applications –
Homework 1/4
◈ Moth balls
◈ Dry ice
◈ Purification of iodine by sublimation
◈ Sublimation of ice
◈ When sublimation and deposition occur
at equal rates, a dynamic equilibrium
exists between a solid and its vapour.
◈ Thevapour exerts a characteristic
pressure called the sublimation pressure.
◈ Plot
of sublimation pressure as a
function of temperature is called
sublimation curve.
◈
◈ Next

Crystalline vs amorphous solids

Phase Diagrams
Phase Diagram of carbon dioxide
How a fire extinguisher work
Uses of dry ice and how it works
Phase Diagram of water
Freeze-drying
◈Phase diagram
◈ Phase diagram is a graphical representation
of the conditions of temperature and
pressure at which solids, liquids, and gases
(vapors) exist, either as single phases, or
states, of matter or as two or more phases in
equilibrium with one another.
 APPLICATIONS
◈ PHYSICAL SEPARATION OF MIXTURES INTO
COMPONENTS
◈ EVAPORATIVE COOLING
◈ COLD WATER IN CERAMIC JARS
◈ COOLING BY DRY ICE
◈ FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
◈ PRESSURE COOKING
◈ FREEZE-DRYING
◈ SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION