Purposive Commincation

(Week1&3) ● Context
○ Intrapersonal Communication
■ Latin prefix " intra" means
the language will be called a language if there is a: within or inside. It is the act
● System of Rules (Grammar) of having an internal dialogue
● Sound System (Phonology) with yourself.
● Vocabulary (Lexicon)
○ Interpersonal communication
■ Latin prefix "inter" means
Speech Community - is the kind of group that between among and together.
sociolinguistics attempt to study or group of people who Happens mostly between two
share similar ideas, and uses norms of language. people. this type of
communication occurs for
Language Acquisition - is the process wherein people the following reasons: to
acquire the languages used by those in the community. solve a problem, to share
information, and to fulfill
Language Learning - is the process wherein people learn social needs.
second languages by studying formally in school or ○ Extended Communication
informally on their own. ■
○ Organizational Communication
Language Contact - is the process wherein people try to ■
understand each other or to communicate as one learns
from each other's languages. ● Purpose and Style
○ Formal Communication - employs
formal language delivered orally or in
Language Change - is the process wherein individuals
written form. Moreover, it also refers
constantly interact and communicate with each other.
to the interchange of information
officially and the flow of
Types of Communication:
● Mode communication is controlled and is a
○ Verbal and Non-verbal Communication deliberate effort.
■ Verbal: is the use of sounds ○ Informal Communication - does not
and words to express employ formal language. Moreover, it
yourself, especially in is also casual communication between
contrast to using gestures or co-workers in the workplace.
mannerisms.
■ Non-verbal: is the Communication Models
transmission of messages or According to Mortensen, Communication Model is a
signals through a non-verbal systematic representation of an object or event in
platform such as eye contact, idealized and abstract form.
facial expression, gestures,
posture, and the distance Aristotle’s Communication Model
between two individuals. the speaker is the center of the communication process.

○ Visual Communication - is the The speaker delivers the message to the audience. He

conveyance of ideas and information uses a well-prepared message to influence the audience.

in forms that can be seen

 General Principles of Effective
Communication
In oral and written communication, the following
principles should be considered:
Laswell's Model 1. Know your purpose in communication
Harold Dwight Laswell described communication as being 2. Know your audience
focused on the following W's Who says What in Which 3. Know your topic
channel to Whom and with What effect. The whole process 4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of
of communication begins with the communicator the situation
(who)sending out a message(what)using a medium (in 5. Work on the feedback given you
which channel)for a receiver(to whom)experiencing an
effect(with what effect) afterward. The Principles of Effective Oral
Communication are the following :
1. Be clear with your purpose
2. Be complete with the message you deliver
3. Be concise
4. Be natural with your delivery
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback
Shannon – Weaver’s Model
Claude Elwood Shannon's communication model
The Principles of Effective Written
introduces the concept of noise in communication. This
Communication: The 7C’s
model states that information is encoded and goes
1. Be clear - message to be delivered must be
through a channel or transmitter.
clear in the mind of the sender
2. Be concise- The message should not include any
unnecessary details. It should be short and
complete.
3. Be concrete - one should be specific, definite
and vivid rather than vague and general.
4. Be correct - correct language should be used
and the sender must ensure that there is no
David Berlo's Model grammatical and spelling errors.
This model is most probably the most well - known 5. Be coherent - it refers to the written or
among the communication models. Initially, this model spoken communication express clearly,
was called SMCR which stands for the sender of the logically and intelligibly.
message sent through a channel or medium to a 6. Be complete - one should include all the
receiver. relevant information as required by the
intended audience.
7. Be courteous - it implies that the sender must
take into consideration both the feelings and
viewpoints of the receiver such that the
message is positive and focus at the audience.
 Purposive Communication Sequential vs. Synchronic
(Week 4&5) Sequential cultures (like North American, English,
German, Swedish, and Dutch), business people give full
attention to one agenda item after another.
Globalization - is the process by which people and
goods move easily across borders. Synchronic cultures (including South America, southern
Europe and Asia) the flow of time is viewed as a sort of
Characteristics of Cultural Contextual circle, with the past, present, and future all interrelated.
Communication
● Communicating across cultures is challenging. Affective vs. Neutral
● Each culture has set rules that its members In international business practices, reason and emotion
take for granted. both play a role. Which of these dominates depends upon
● Few of us are aware of our own cultural biases whether we are affective (readily showing emotions) or
because cultural imprinting begun at a very emotionally neutral in our approach.
early age. And while some of a culture's
knowledge, rules, beliefs, values, phobias, and Members of neutral cultures do not telegraph their
anxieties are taught explicitly, most of the feelings, but keep them carefully controlled and subdued.
information is absorbed subconsciously.
● The challenge for multinational communication neutral cultures are more careful to monitor the
has never been greater. amount of emotion they display.
● Worldwide business organizations have
discovered that intercultural communication is Reason and emotion are part of all human
a subject of importance—not just because of communication. When expressing ourselves, we look to
increased globalization, but also because their others for confirmation of our ideas and feelings. If our
domestic workforce is growing more and more approach is highly emotional, we are seeking a direct
diverse, ethnically and culturally. emotional response: "I feel the same way." If our
● We are all individuals, and no two people approach is highly neutral, we want an indirect response:
belonging to the same culture are guaranteed "I agree with your thoughts on this."
to respond in exactly the same way. However,
generalizations are valid to the extent that
they provide clues on what you will most likely
encounter when dealing with members of a
particular culture.

High-Context vs. Low Context

High-context cultures (Mediterranean, Slav, Central
European, Latin American, African, Arab, Asian,
American-Indian) leave much of the message unspecified,
to be understood through context, nonverbal cues, and
between-the-lines interpretation of what is actually said.

Low-context cultures (most Germanic and

English-speaking countries) expect messages to be
explicit and specific.