Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region IVA- CALABARZON
DIVISION OF LAGUNA
District of San Pedro
Cuyab Integrated National High School
DISS- Discipline and Ideas in Social Sciences
MODULE 2: DOMINANT APPROACHES AND IDEAS (Part 1-2)
Performance Standard:
Interpret personal and social experience using relevant approaches in the
Social Sciences.
Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the approach.
Learning Competency
Structural-Functionalism
a. Structuralism
b. Determine manifest and latest functions and dysfunctions of sociocultural
phenomena. HUMSS DIS II-IIIe-f-1
Marxism
Analyze social inequalities in terms of class conflict. HUMSS DIS II-IIIg-2
Symbolic Interactionalism
Appraise the meanings that people attach to everyday forms ofinteraction in
order to explain social behaviour. HUMSS DIS II-IIIh-3
Psychoanalysis
Analize the psychodynamics of the persons personality in terms of Id, Ego and
Super Ego. HUMSS DIS II-IIIi-5
Content Standard
Demonstrate and understanding the Key concepts and approaches in the Social
Sciences
Content:
1. Structural –Functionalism
2. Marxism
3. Symbolic Interactionism
4. Psychoanalysis
5. Rational Choice
6. Institutionalism
7. Feminist Theory
8. Hermeneutical Phenomenology
9. Human Environment Systems
3. Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic Interactionism is a sociological theory that develops from paractical
considerations and alludes to people’s particular utilization of dialect to make
images and normal implications, for deduction and correspondence with
others.
Sociological Paradigm #3 Symbolic Interactionist Theory – Symbolic
Interactionism is a micro-level theory that focuses on the relationships among
individuals within a society. Communication – the exchange of meaning
through language and symbols – is believed to be the way in which people
make sense of their social worlds.
Symbolic Interactionism
Premise 1 : Humans act toward people or things on the basis of the meanings
they assign to those people or things.
Reality is a social construction
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION SHARED MEANING
The communal creation of the People’s common interpretation or
social world in which we live mutual understanding of what a
verbal or nonverbal message
signifies
“ All the world’s stage, and all the men and women merely players”.
What is reality?
Premise 2: Meaning arises out of the social interaction that people have with
each other; meaning is negotiated through language.
Words are symbols
Words do not have inherent meaning
We assign meaning to words
Meaning making Process
STIMULUS INTERPRE RESPONSE
-TATION
The words that we use have default assumptions.
A father and his son were driving to a ball game when their car stalled on the
railroad tracks. In the distance a train whistle blew a warning. Frantically, the
father tried to start the engine, but in his panic he couldn’t turn the key, and the
car was hit by the onrushing train. An ambulance sped to the scene and
picked them up. On the way to the hospital, the father died. The son was still
alive but his condition was very serious, and he needed immediate surgery. The
moment they arrived at the hospital, he was wheeled into an amergency
operating room, and the surgeon came in, exprcting a routine case. However,
on seeing the boy the surgeon blanched and muttered, “ I can’t operate on this
boy -- he’s my son”.
Premise 3: An individual’s interpretation of symbols is modified by his or her own
thought processes.
Core principles
1. MEANING
2. LANGUAGE
3. THOUGHT
MEANING
Humans act toward people or things on the basis of the meanings
they assign to those people or things.
Once people define a situation as real, it is very real in its
consequences.
Meaning-making is a community project
LANGUAGE, SOURCE OF MEANING
Meaning
Arises out of social interaction
Not inherent in objects
Negotiated through language by naming, ascribing meaning to words,
Knowing depends on symbolic naming
A symbol is a stimulus that has a learned meaning: our words have default
assumptions.
THOUGHT
Interpretation of symbols is modified by thought
Thinking is inner conversation
Humans are thoughtful
Symbols stimulate thought
Humans can “take the role of the other”.
THE SELF
Defined through interconnection of meaning, language and thought
Involves taking the role of the other looking-glass self.
Function of language
Community membership filters consciousness of self.
Always in flux.
Combines impulsive “ I” and reflective “me”
COMMUNITY
Sense of self based on community expectations and responses: the
“generalized other” or “me”
This shapes how we think and interact.
The “me” is formed through continual symbolic interaction.
The ‘me” is the organized community within the individual.
APPLICATIONS
Social interaction as dramaturgical performance
Performance are fragile
Ethnography are appropriate method.
Anegative “generalized other” can reduce a person to nothing.
Name-calling can force as to view ourselves through a warped mirror.
Self-fulfilling prophecy: our expectations evoke responses that confirm
what we originally anticipated.
4. PSYCHOANALYSIS
Method of mind investigation – especially unconscious
“A therapeutic method, originated by Sigmund Freud. For treating
mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and
unconscious elements in the patient’s mind and bringing repressed
fears and conflicts into the conscious mind, using techniques such
as dream interpretation and free association” (Oxford English
Dictionary)
BRANCHES OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
Human behavior affected by irrational drives the unconscious
Attempts to bring into awareness meet resistance in the form of
defense mechanisms:
Events in early childhood
Conflicts between conscious view of reality and unconscious
material is achieved through bringing this into the consciousness.
FREUD
Free association, dreams and transference
Patients puts into words, without censorship, whatever thoughts
enter head
Patient help him or herself – solve their own problems.
DREAMS
Freud turned dreams into object of scrutiny and developed theory
for interpreting them.
The Interpretation of Dreams : dream express current wishes as well
as unfulfilled childhood desires.
Freud believed all problems originate from childhood.
DREAM-WORK:
Condensation: different ideas- single image
Displacement: thoughts- images
Symbolization: object-sexual life
TRANSFERENCE
Way in which someone attributes analyst their attitudes from
important childhood figures.
EGO,UPER-EGO,AND ID
Id
Present from birth
Unconscious
Driven by pleasure, principle, which strives for immediate
gratification of all desires, wants and needs.
The Ego
Dealing with reality
Functions in conscious, preconscious and unconscious mind
SUPER-EGO
Internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both
parents and society – our sense of right and wrong
Making judgments
THE INTERACTION OF THE ID, EGO AND SUPER-EGO
According to Freud , the key to a healthy personality is a balance
between the Id, the ego and the super ego
JUNG
Form of psychotherapy in which the analyst and patient work
together to increase the patient’s consciousness
Treat depression and anxiety
Assist psychological growth
Realignment of conscious and unconscious aspects of the
personality
ASPECTS OF THE PSYCHE
Psyche
Ego – centre of consciousness
Self – centre of whole psyche
Analytic work moves beyond ego and seeks to establish a
relationship between ego and self.
Persona
Social identitiy that we identify with the ego
We are much more than the social roles we may play and can
move beyond them.
Shadow
Unconscious aspects of our personally that have been lost, rejected
or never integrated
It identified- less likely to blame others for our problems
ANIMA AND ANIMUS
Two other fundamental archetypes in the unconscious
Ineer- feminine side of a man- Anima
Inner masculine side of a woman – Animus
When conscious of these figures, they can promote and support
new aspects of thinking, feeling and expression
When figures remain unconscious, they can sabotage efforts for
growth and fulfillment
GOALS OF JUNGIAN PSYCHOANALYSIS
Coming to terms with the unconscious
Appreciating the experience (journey) of exploring the unconscious
Working towards self-realization through dreams
Develop a way to evaluate things symbolica
QUIZ AND WORKSHEET: DIASS (Module 2)
A. Multiple choice questions:
1. Which of the following is true about symbolic interactionism?
a. It is a type of lens for looking at the world.
b. It is one of the major paradigms of sociological thought.
c. It is focused on language and symbols in day-to-day life
d. It includes the belief that reality is socially constructed
e. All of the answers are correct
f. None of the answers are correct
2. The theorist most commonly associated with symbolic interactionism
is
a. Mead
b. Burke
c. Burgoon
d. Cronen
e. None of the above
3. According to the principles of symbolic interactionism, symbols not
only allow relationships to exist, they also allow society to exist.
a. True
b. False
c. It depends
d. A and b
4. Dealing with reality Functions in conscious, preconscious and
unconscious mind.
a. Ego
b. Super-ego
c. Unconscious
d. Id
5. Internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both
parents and society – our sense of right and wrong
a. Super-ego
b. Ego
c. Id
d. A and B
B. Explain the following :
1.
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2.
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Prepared by:
ELENA D. PATAGNAN
Teacher III