MODULE Vi- Roof BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Reterenc ing and Thermal & Moi ? 28: Buil Moisture Protection - Building T echnolegy constuction Principles, Material, and Systems, 2 Ealion by Mehta, Scarborough, Armpriest + Materials © Ceramics: concrete, masonry, glass ° elas steel, aluminum, copper © Polymers: plastics, wood, f «wale! |, paints, fabries, paper © Siteworke/foundation © Enclosure: floor, walls © Thermal and moisture protection © Openings: doors and windows, glass © Finishes ‘+ Roofing and Thermal & Moisture Protection ‘© Building envelope: aesthetic and performance perspective = Performance perspective ; ‘© Separate te interior of the building from the exterior environment: heat and cold (Le. thermal), ar, water vapor, (liquid) water, noise, dust, insects, ete + Most significant: thermal, ar, vapor, and water ‘= Building design and thermal comfort + Energy conserving design ‘© Building services Building orientation Extemal climate Site conditions Building shape © Building envelope ‘© Conduction, convection, and radiation = Conduction: heat tranefer through the material itself * Convection: heat passes through a gap; has a medium (usually ai) heat from the sun © Revalue of a building component «= Revaue of thermal resistance; measure ofthe ability of a component to resist the flow of heat lated to heal flow primarily by conduction e000 = Rho value (p) or resistivity: tin ‘© Insulating materials (table) = Direction of heat fiow: from high temperature to low temperature = in general low-density material has a high r-value ‘¢ Being fibrous, granular, or cellular in structure, ithas air trapped within its voids © Airhas high r-value ‘* Still air is one of the best thermal insulators available = Moisture content affects r-value ‘Water has a much lower r-value than air ‘¢ Because a moist material has water trapped inside its pores in place of the ai, its ‘value is lower than that of a dry sample © Surface emissivity/refective insulation = R-value of a vertical air space (wall cavity) is generally assumed to be 1.0 = Lining the air space: laminating an alurrinum fol to one of the two surfaces ofthe air space to reduce radiation heat transfer = Emissivity of a material lies between 0 and 1 © Mos building materials (brick, onorele, wood, plaster, gypsum board, ste, igh emisiviy ~approxnaiey 0.9 eee) neveEmissivity ofa surface is always equal toi * Location of iow-emissivity material (aluminum 05 BUILDING TecHwOLOSY - eailose steel or aur OY y Polished materials have a low fp tivity {oi-radiant barriet) does nat matter Vertel a space: ie ware’ ot a "gr spaoa because radiation heat Altic space: advantage greater than In 3 Ve {ransfer is much more pronounced in an atic * Surface colorfalbedo component Lh colored component absoislss eae radiation tan 2 dark ‘colored comp © Insulating materials = Classification based on configuration Rigid insulation ‘© Commonly used in flat roofs ‘Inthe form of rigid boards or poured-in-place lightweight eonorele Flexible insulation ©. Used in stud walls and atic spaoes ‘© Inthe form of blankets, bats, or loose-fl insulation "= Classification based on physical structure ‘= Fibrous insulation: derive their high thermal resistivity from the air contained between the fibers © Batts, blankets, and somiigid boards * Fiberglass, rock wool, stag wool © Loose-fil (blown in) * Collulosic fbers, fiberglass, rock wool © *Building paper: asphalt impregnated paper for facing Granular insulation: the air voids are contained inside the hollow beads or granules ‘o Rigid boards = Perlite board, expanded polystyrene (EPS)/bead boards ‘© Insulating concrete + Petite concrete, vermiculite concrete Foamed insulation 0 Rigid boards = Plastic foams (extruded polystyrene (XPS), polyisooyanurate (ISO)), collular glass © Insulating concrete = Foamed concrete © Foamed-in-place insulation * Foamed-in-place polyurethane Classification by Juson Battfolanketffexible Rigidfboard Loose-fil Foamed-in-place: most ecient; filin the cavities Reflecve = Insulating concrete forms (ICF) Fire retardant treated EPS panels with interior plastic tes constitute an ICF unit IGF blocks are stacked and reinforced with stel bars, and their calls are filed with concrete to form an insulated concrete wall = Insulating concrete Vermiculit or perlite granules, combined with Portland i cament):4 fo 8 (perils or vermicuts) granules by weight" 2'@H0 oF 4 (Portland ‘Well suited for insulation on a flat roof Noncombustible and provides a high degree offre resistence Revalue lower than other insulationsPolyisocyanurate (XPS and ISO boards) Used as rigid boards Physical structure: cellular with closed cell cavities containing nee had Made by extrusion process (extruded potytvene ‘board (XPS), SO boar High resistance to water and water vapor penetration Combustible and require protection from flames and high temperatures: Resistant to fungal growth and chemical decomposition oa Polyatyrene is sensitive to daylight and will deteriorate after prolong exposure. © Commonly used as insulation on flat or fow-slope roof decks ure and more fire resistant ‘©. ISO board can better withstand high temperal © Callular foamed) glass boards ‘© Rigic-board foam made by expanding molten glass info a and cooiing it to form boards © Higher compressive strength than XPS o ISO boards © Impermeable to water vapor and water ‘© Suitable 2s insulation in roofs that carry heavy loads * Foamedin-place insulation Formed by spraying liquid chemical in position Expand to 30 times the original volume Afr expansion, the foam solidifies into a closed-cell stucture in a few minutes Can be provided in pre-existing cavilies of odd shapes Polyicynene: most common Polyurethane * Polyisooyanurate = Foamed concrete (cellular concrete) © Nonaggregate concrete that consists of Portland cement, waler, and a liquid foaming ‘concentrate ‘© Foaming concentrate creates tiny air bubbles, so thal when the mix hardens, it contains a mattix of air voids ‘© Excellent alternative to insulating conorete for roof insulation Basic roof shapes = Flat roof © Exert no lateral thrust © Minimum 2% slope = Shed or single-ptch roof © Exertno lateral thrust = Gable roof ‘* Must be tied with ceiling oists or supported by a structural ridge beam = Hip roof ‘® Must be tied with ceiling joists or supported by a structural ridge beam = Gambrel roof (curb roof) ‘¢ Require both knee walls and oaling joists for structural stability = Mansard roof (curb roof) ‘© Require both knee walls and cellng joists for structural stability = Pavilion roof ‘© Pyramidal hip roof = Butterty roof ‘© Having two slopes, each descending inward from the eaves = Rainbow roof © Gable roofin the form of a broad Gothic arch, with genty sloping convex s closed-cell structureUILDING TECHNOLOGY Barrel roof ‘© Semicylindrical form : Sawtooth roof . jon, usually © Composed ofa series of small parallel rofs of riangular cross sect asymmetrical with the shorter slope Hipped gablefjrkinhead/shreadhead * Having a hipped end truncating a gable © Roof considerations Load considerations * Dead loads * Live loads © Wind loads Type of roofing ‘© Membrane: fr low slope (fat) roof * Sheet: any slope; purins ‘Shingle: for steep roof rafters Drainage « Gutter © Drains Downspouts Protection against © Water © Moisture * Air * Heat Flashing © Ridge, hips, valleys © Eaves, rakes, parapets ‘© Openings Interior effects Exterior effects ©. Flatroof Minimum slope: © to12 (or 2%) How to create slope: ‘© Slope the structure + Taper the topping Draining fat roofs: © Interior drains © Scuppers + Overflow drains Uses offal roofs: ‘© Covering the building * Outdoor space ‘Structure types: Joists and sheathing ¢ Beams and decking © Flattrusses Concrete slabs Requirement: '¢ Continuous membrane Provides an easily zocessible space for instaling HVAC, eta 0 Low-slope roof:BUIL GY Slope < 3:12, 24 BUILDING TECHNOLO! . sl ois eee elena sofa continous root membrane over a elaively flat roof Surface Makes maintenance and reroofng, particularly on hihi bull Components: ‘+ Roof membrane, included a pro! Protection from waler Insulation: protection from heatlcold Roof deck: structural component Flashings: protect the edges and terminations *Vapor retarder: for cold regions or over high-humidity ‘enclosures dings elalvely easy tective cover or coating above the membrane needed: Steep roof. = Slope = 3:12, 25% and above + Water shedsing rf, typically consists of sm each other + Roof surface must be sloped so that the waters sh * Stoop roofs outsurvve low slope roofs = Components: # Roof shingles # Roof underlayment © For moisture protection * lcedam protection membrane, where needed + Roof deck # lashings = Roof shingles Asphalt shingles Asphalt saturated felt paper as underlayment Slate shingles Natural stones * Concrete and clay ies © Mission tle © S-shapelpantile © Flatile Wood shingles/shakes Metal shinglestans o. Flat seam © Standing seam o Batten seam © Appiication ©. Batten © Closure Durability of a rof increases direct with the slope ofthe roof Despite the greater durability ofa staep roo, the markel share of low i i large as thal of steep roofs Slope roofs is nearly twioe as LLow-slope roofs structural framing and supporting structure is the most economical because an inten ne ope ncoases the roof area, the dimensions of framing members, and the related ‘Astangement of components: = Cold deck © Membrane, deck, insulation = Warm deck ‘© Membrane, insulation, deck ‘© Used in the Philippines al individual roofing units (shingles) that overlap ed off the roof by gravityInverted BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Insulation, membrane, deck Protected Membrane Roof (PMR) Insulation subjected to the elements Conventional flat roofing system (another reference) Wear course: protection from abrasion Drainage layer Roofing membrane Thermal insulation Vapor barrie Air barrier © Roof membranes = Builtup roof membrane (BUR) 2:5 pis (Layers) of el with intervening mappings of bitumen (asphalt or oval ar) © Bitumen: waterproofing material o Felt r = Asphalt ; © Waste product (residue) obtained from the distillation of crude oil al petroleum refineries Preferred Type |, Type ll, Type Ill (commonly used for interplay rmoppings in BUR), Type IV (commonly used for mopping of modified-bitumen sheets) * Goal tar (ar or pitch) ‘© Obtained from the distillation of coal (coke) = Reinforcing material = Stabilize the bitumen against flow = Fiberglass © Porous ‘¢ Allows trapped air and vapor to escape © Preferred ‘© Types: Type IV or VI (stronger felt) = Organio: nonporous Roof square: 100f? built up roof felt rolls = Factory square: 1082 buil up roof felt rolls Protected by an aggregate cover (ballast) ‘Increases the fire resistance of the roof ‘©. Protects the membrane ftom hail impact ‘© Adds weight over the membrane, increasing its resistance to wind up 2, Wight aggrgale surfacing 4000 per toofequare,4br Squeegee «Flood coal: poured not mopped Separation fabric = Modified bitumen roof membrane © 2-3 ples of modified bitumen sheets with intervening moppings of bitumen Polymer has been added fo bitumen to be more plabl ‘ increase ultraviolet radiation resistance Plable and elastomeric and to Asphalt modifiers: = Styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) © Greater flexibility © Groaler resistance to a cold envi = Altactic polypropylene (APP) venment + Greater resistance to ultraviolet radiation° BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Protective aggregate cover arineral granue-curfanad cap cheat rorited SBS-modifed bitumen membrane Mop applied with hot asphalt Torch application > Selt-adhering More elastomeric than APP APP-modiifed bitumen membrane Cannot be hot mopped Torch applicationddragon wagon (series of propane 7 whealable cat) Single-ply roof membrane ‘© Consists of only one sheet of a synthetic polymer (plastic) + Does no! require any protective cover * Categories Thermosetting (unweldable plastic) = Adhered together by an adhesive or double-sided seam tape * Most common: ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) ‘Thermoplastic (heat-weldable plastic) = Most common: * PVC © Rigid PVC © Soft, pliable PVC ‘© Advantage: seams in the membrane can be heat fused; inherent fire resistance ‘© Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) © More flexible than PVC ‘© More economical than PVC Has an advantage on large roof with few penetrations set in climates with a large annual or daily temperature variation Does not require aggregate surtacing Major disadvantage is the absence of second, third, or additional plies; a puncture of split results in a roof leak torch heads mounted on & Rigid insulating materials Cellulose fiber board Perlitic board Cellular glass board Mineral fiber board ‘Expanded PS foam board Extruded PS foam board Polyisocyanurate foam board ‘Composite insulating boards Lightweight insulating concrete Roof parts Roof framing Truss Jack Jack rater Valley jackBUILDING TECHNOLOGY