ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY IN UGANDA

Bridging Communities

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

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 Internet (1/4)
• The Internet is a global network of interconnected
computer networks that enables the exchange of
information and communication between users across
the world.
• It allows individuals and organizations to connect and
share data through various means such as websites,
email, instant messaging, file sharing, and more.

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 Internet (2/4)
• The Internet provides access to a vast array of
resources, services, and platforms, including websites,
online applications, social media, streaming services,
and online marketplaces.
• It has revolutionized communication, information
sharing, commerce, and numerous other aspects of
modern life.

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Internet (3/4)

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 Internet (4/4)
• This global Internet began in the early 1970s as a U.S.
Department of Defense (DoD) network to link scientists
and university professors around the world.
• It is set up by using cables such as optical fibers and
other wireless and networking technologies.
• At present, Internet is the fastest means of sending or
exchanging information and data between computers
across the world.
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 How the Internet Works (1/3)
• The actual working of the Internet takes place with the
help of clients and servers.
• The client is a computer that is directly connected to the
Internet and servers are the computers connected
indirectly to the Internet and they are having all the
websites stored in those large computers.
• These servers are connected to the Internet with the
help of internet service providers (ISP) and will be
identified with the Internet protocol (IP) address. 7
 How the Internet Works (2/3)
• Each website has its Domain name as it is difficult for
any person to always remember the long numbers or
strings.
• So, whenever you search for any domain name in the
search bar of the browser the request will be sent to the
server and that server will try to find the IP address
from the domain name because it cannot understand the
domain name.
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 How the Internet Works (3/3)
• After getting the IP address, the server will try to search
the IP address of the domain name in a huge phone
directory that in networking is known as a domain
name system (DNS) server.
• So, after getting the IP address, the browser will pass on
the further request to the respective server and now the
server will process the request to display the content of
the website which the client wants.
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Uses of the Internet (1/2)

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Uses of the Internet (2/2)

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 Components of Internet (1/10)
❑ Computers
• These are the endpoints that connect to the Internet,
such as personal computers, smartphones, tablets, and
servers.

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 Components of Internet (2/10)
❑ Network Infrastructure
• This includes the physical and virtual infrastructure that
enables the transmission of data over the Internet.
• It consists of
o Routers,
o Switches,
o Cables,
o Fiber-optic lines,
o Wireless access points, and
o Other networking equipment. 13
 Components of Internet (3/10)
❑ Protocols
• The Internet relies on various protocols to ensure the
proper transmission and delivery of data, e.g.,
o Internet Protocol (IP),
o Transmission Control Protocol (TCP),
o Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and
o Domain Name System (DNS).

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 Components of Internet (4/10)
❑ Servers
• Servers host websites, applications, and services
accessible over the Internet.
• They store and deliver web pages, process user
requests, and handle data storage and retrieval.

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 Components of Internet (5/10)
❑ Clients
• Clients are the software applications that access and
consume services provided by servers.
• Web browsers, email clients, and mobile apps are
examples of clients.

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 Components of Internet (6/10)
❑ Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
• ISPs are companies that provide Internet connectivity to
individuals, businesses, and organizations.
• They offer access to the Internet through various
technologies like cable, fiber-optic, or wireless
connections.

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 Components of Internet (7/10)
❑ Domain Name System (DNS)
• DNS translates human-readable domain names (e.g.,
[Link]) into IP addresses, allowing users to
access websites using easy-to-remember names instead
of numeric IP addresses.

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 Components of Internet (8/10)
❑ World Wide Web (WWW)
• The WWW is a system of interconnected documents
and resources accessible via the Internet.
• It includes websites, hyperlinks, and web browsers that
facilitate navigation and information retrieval.

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 Components of Internet (9/10)
❑ E-Mail
• E-Mail is a fundamental communication tool on the
Internet.
• It enables the exchange of messages and files between
users globally.

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 Components of Internet (10/10)
❑ Internet Applications
• Numerous applications and services run on top of the
Internet, such as
o social media platforms,
o online banking,
o video streaming,
o file sharing,
o online gaming, and
o e-commerce sites. 21
 Governance of Internet (1/10)
• Internet governance refers to the process of developing
and implementing policies that shape how the Internet
is managed, operated, and used.
• This includes issues such as the
o allocation of domain names and IP addresses,
o internet standards development,
o internet protocol management,
o cybersecurity,
o the regulation of online content. 22
 Governance of Internet (2/10)
• Internet governance is a complex and evolving field due
to the global nature of the Internet and the diverse
interests and perspectives of its stakeholders.
• It aims to ensure the open, secure, and inclusive nature
of the Internet while addressing emerging challenges
and balancing competing interests.
• There are several organizations involved in governing
different aspects of the Internet, such as:
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 Governance of Internet (3/10)
1. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN): This is responsible for
managing domain names, IP addresses, and other
unique identifiers on the Internet.
• It coordinates the domain name system and oversees
the allocation of IP address blocks.

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 Governance of Internet (4/10)
2. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): The
IETF develops and promotes Internet standards
through open processes.
• It focuses on the technical aspects of the Internet,
including protocols and architecture.

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 Governance of Internet (5/10)
3. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): The W3C
is an international community that develops and
maintains standards for the World Wide Web.
• It works on technologies such as HTML, CSS, and
web accessibility to ensure interoperability and
accessibility of web content.

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 Governance of Internet (6/10)
4. Internet Society (ISOC): This is a non-profit
organization that promotes the open development,
evolution, and use of the Internet.
• It advocates for policies and initiatives that advance
an open and globally accessible Internet.

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 Governance of Internet (7/10)
5. Regional Internet Registries (RIRs): These are
responsible for the allocation and management of IP
addresses within specific regions.
• They ensure that IP address resources are distributed
fairly and efficiently.

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 Governance of Internet (8/10)
6. Internet Governance Forum (IGF): This is a
multistakeholder forum that facilitates discussions
on Internet governance issues.
• It provides a platform for various stakeholders,
including governments, civil society, and the private
sector, to discuss policy matters related to the
Internet.

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 Governance of Internet (9/10)
• It's important to note that while these organizations play
a significant role in governing the Internet, the Internet
itself is a decentralized and distributed network without
a centralized governing body.
• Decision-making and policy development often involve
collaboration and coordination among multiple
stakeholders.

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 References (1/1)
1. Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. P. (2021). Management
Information Systems Managing the Digital Firm (17th
ed.). Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
2. Davoren, J. (2018, June 27). The Three Fundamental
Roles of Information Systems in Business. Retrieved from
Chron: [Link]/three-fundamental-roles-
[Link] 61
3. Wallace, P. (2015). Introduction to Information Systems
(Second ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
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