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By Scott Midkiff ECpE/CS 5516, VPI Spring 1997 (modified by Marc Abrams for Spring 1998)

EE/CS 5516

ATM - 1

3/26/98

Welcome to ATM!
s Loooooooooooooooots of acronyms! s A lot of whats in ATM came from the phone and switching

worlds, not the LAN world, so the terminology may be unfamiliar.

s OSI model doesnt really apply!

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Asynchronous Mode Transfer

s ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) is

Something of a revolution in both local and wide area networks x Innovations for LANs: scalable, switching-only, quality-of-service guarantees x Innovations for WANs: scalable, cell (packet)-switched, bandwidth-on-demand q Both a type of switching and a set of standards q Becoming widely used, but is not without real or proposed competition x 100-Mbps and 1-Gbps Ethernet x 100-Mbps FDDI x DS3, SMDS, Frame relay services
q
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WAN Transmission: Digital Hierarchy

North America and Japan* (rate in Mbps) Name DS0 DS1 DS1C DS2 DS3 DS4 Carrier Rate Channels 0.064 1 T1 1.544 24 T1C 3.152 48 T2 6.312 96 T3 44.736 672 T4 274.176 4032

* a similar hierarchy exists in Europe (CEPTn, En)

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WAN Transmission: Fiber Optics and SONET

s Fiber optic transmission

AT&T completed first transcontinental fiber system in 1986 q Nearly all high-density trunks are now fiber s SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork) hierarchy
q

Name OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 OC-48 OC-192

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Rate (Mbps) 51.84 155.52 622.08 2.488 9.953

Equivalent 28 DS1 or 1 DS3 3 OC-1 12 OC-1 or 4 OC-3 48 OC-1

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WAN Transmission: ISDN (1)

s Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) provides two

standard types of service q Basic rate (basic service) q Primary rate (primary service) s Basic Rate Interface (BRI): 2B+D q Delivers ISDN services over standard a twisted-pair telephone line to subscribers q Two 64 Kbps B channels -- Voice, circuit-switched connection, access to a packet switched network q One 16 Kbps D channel -- User packet data at 16 Kb/s and call control signals

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WAN Transmission: ISDN (2)

s

Primary Rate Interface (PRI) q Delivers ISDN services to digital PBXs, LANs, hosts, ... q Divides 1.544 Mbps T1 into: x 23 B channels, each at 64 Kbps x One D channel for messaging, also at 64 Kbps

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B-ISDN Concept (1)

s

B-ISDN: Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network q Designed to provide similar services as ISDN q B-ISDN is substantially more capable than ISDN B-ISDN versus ISDN (or N-ISDN for narrowband ISDN) q N-ISDN uses existing telephone network (copper pairs); B-ISDN uses optical fiber q N-ISDN is primarily circuit switched; B-ISDN uses only packet switching (specifically ATM switching) q N-ISDN uses predefined channel rates; B-ISDN uses virtual channels without prespecified rates (bandwidth on demand)
ATM - 8 3/26/98

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B-ISDN Overview (2)

s Integrated network for data, voice, video q Single system needed for the local loop q Single system for WANs and LANs q Economies of scale for collection of services q However, must support varied traffic types q Many political, economic, social issues s Changes from traditional data and voice networks q Low processing complexity critical for high data rates q Voice/video require fixed bit rate/delay, but data networks have varying delays/data rates q Data rates may vary (1 bps to 100s of Mbps); but voice networks support constant data rates

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B-ISDN Components
B-ISDN services to users s Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) for switching s Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) or Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) for transmission
s

B-ISDN SONET ATM

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SONET
s A s s s s s s

synchronous protocol (unlike ATM or packet switching) A physical protocol (so its can be used under ATM) Used for optical fiber Frame of 810 bytes Doesnt use headers as were used to. Does use pointers to demultiplex traffic sent over one fiber path. Circuit switched: Allows a stream of ATM packets to be sent long distances purely at physical layer without ATM switches in the path

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ATM Overview
s ATM now exceeds BISDN in relevance q ATM first deployed in the LAN environment q ATM WANs dominated by data and video applications s

ATM versus Synchronous Transfer Mode (STM) x STM is circuit-switched; ATM is packet-switched x STM would require all channels to use some standard multiple of 64 Kbps; ATM is more flexible
High complexity if many standard rates Inefficiencies if few standard rates
x

ATM benefits from high-speed packet switching -very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits
Cell processing Switching

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ATM versus STM

A B C D A B C D

STM -- Synchronous Transfer Mode

A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C

ATM -- Asynchronous Transfer Mode

A B B C D A B B A C B B B A B

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ATM Functionality
s ATM is difficult to map onto the OSI Reference Model q Performs layer 3 functions, such as switching q Used as a data link layer in some applications s An
q q q

Adaptation Layer above ATM

at sender, divides messages or bit streams from above into ATM cells (packets) at receiver, reconstructs messages or streams thus performs some layer 4 functions

Data Link ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Control
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Data

Voice

Video
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B-ISDN Protocol Reference Model

Management plane Control plane User plane Plane mgmt. Layer mgmt.

higher layer higher layer ATM adaptation layer ATM layer Physical layer

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Reference Model: Another View

Management plane: SNMP Control plane User plane Plane mgmt. Layer mgmt.

Q.2931

Voice, video, ... AAL ATM SONET, ...

Q.2931: for call setup/release Management plane: uses management protocol like SNMP
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ATM Basics (1)

s ATM is a connection-oriented (virtual circuit) network q Permanent virtual circuit (PVC) -- connections and paths through the network are established when network is established q Switched virtual circuit (SVC) -- connections and paths through the network are established on an as-needed basis s Connection-oriented eliminates need for q Source and destination addresses in header q Sequence number for resequencing s Error & flow control are only done on an end-to-end basis

if needed either by
q q

application or special signalling

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ATMs Virtual Circuits

s Two multiplexing hierarchies:
q

Virtual Path Identifier (VPI):

x x

Correspond to something that a switch switches A bundle of Virtual Channels Correspond to sessions in an application

Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI):

x

Virtual Circuit is VPI + VCI

VCI 1 VPI 1

VCI2,VPI1

VCI 2 VCI 1 VCI 2

ATM Channel

VPI 2

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Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths (1)

s Virtual channel identifier (VCI) -- 16-bit field in header
q q

Identify a virtual channel on a link between two ATM switches Up to 216 = 64K different channels can be carried over one link

s Virtual path identifier (VPI) -- 8- or 12-bit field in header

q q q q

Identify a path over which the VCI does not change Used for semi-permanent connections Up to 28 = 256 or 212 = 4K paths can be carried over one link There can be 64K VCIs over one VPI
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Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths (2)

VC switch VP switch VC switch

path
Simple case: Same VCI is used at source, destination Multiple paths (hence VPIs are used) Complex case: Multiple VCIs are used (e.g., cross MCI/Sprint boundary)
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Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths (3)

B VPI=3 VPI=3 A VCI=8 VCI=9 B VPI=3 VCI=4 VPI=3 VCI=9

A B

VPI=1 VCI=9 VPI=1 VCI=8

VC switch VP switch
C VPI=2 VCI=7 D VPI=3 VCI=6

VPI=2 C VCI=7

VPI=3 VCI=8 VPI=2 VCI=5

VC switch

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ATM Basics (2)

s ATMs basic unit of transfer is a fixed-length cell

Header 5 bytes

Data 48 bytes

s Fixed cell size simplifies switches (processing in hardware

rather than software)

s Small size minimizes packetization delay for voice

transmission
s Larger cell size would be more efficient for data -- due to

per packet processing and header overhead

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ATM Header Format (1)

s There are two header formats:

User network interface (UNI): user to subnet q Network node interface (NNI): internal subnet
q

8 1 2 3 4 5 GFC VPI

5 4 VPI VCI

VCI VCI PTI CLP HEC

1 2 VPI VCI 3 VCI VCI PTI CLP 4 5 HEC

5 4 VPI

UNI Header Format

NNI Header Format

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ATM Header Format (2)

s The address field (channel identifier) consists of two

subfields:
q q

Virtual channel identifier (VCI): 16 bits Virtual path identifier (VPI): 8 bits in UNI format, 12 bits in NNI format

s VCI and VPI together identify the virtual connection q 24 bits in UNI format q 28 bits in NNI format s A special reserved address indicates unassigned or

idle cells which carry no data but are needed to fill up a cell slot in transmission
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ATM Header Format (3)

s 4-bit Generic Flow Control (GFC): q Can be used by the user to multiplex data from multiple applications or devices onto the access link to the network s 3-bit PTI: Payload type indicator: q user data versus network control information s 1-bit CLP: Cell loss priority bit s 8-bit Header error control (HEC): q CRC check over the header (does not include data) q Not only detects, but corrects single bit errors q One bit error in VCI is deadly!
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Reference Model -- Layers and Sublayers

Convergence CS Segmentation and reassembly SAR Generic flow control Cell VPI/VCI translation Cell multiplex and demultiplex Cell rate decoupling TC HEC header sequence generate/verify Cell delineation Transmission frame adaptation Transmission frame generate/recovery Bit timing PM Physical medium
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AAL ATM

CS: convergence sublayer SAR: segmentation and reassembly TC: transmission convergence PM: physical medium HEC: header error checking
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PHY

Quality of Service (QoS) and Cell Loss

s Quality of service
q q q

Cell loss Cell delay Cell delay variation

s ATM standard provides for a cell loss priority (CLP) bit in

the header; allows a user to identify two levels of priorities for each cell
q q q

CLP = 0 for high priority cells (e.g., voice) A switch can discard CLP=1 cell (e.g., data) Network can monitor high priority and low priority traffic and compare to negotiated bandwidth
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Network Termination and Generic Flow Control

s Customer premises equipment, or Broadband Terminal

Equipment-1 (B-TE1), connects to ATM network at Broadband Network Termination-1 (B-NT1) or Broadband Network Termination-2 (B-NT2) B-TE1 SB B-NT2 TB B-NT1 UB

transmission

s Multiple devices may share access to the SB interface s Each device should be ensured fair access to the

interface s Generic flow control is intended to support contention for the local interface
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ATM Adaptation Layer -- AAL (1)

s The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) is responsible for

breaking incoming source data into 48-byte pieces and reconstructing the data at the receiver q Used at entry and exit from network q If ATM is viewed as a network layer, then AAL is a transport layer ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Control

Data

Voice

Video

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ATM Adaptation Layer -- AAL (2)

s Operation depends on the type of source traffic:
q

Class 1 Class 2

Constant bit rate (CBR) traffic, e.g. 64 Kbps voice and fixed-rate video Variable bit rate (VBR) traffic to be delivered with fixed delay, e.g. compressed and packetized voice, video

Class 3/4 Non-real-time data in messaging or streaming modes (may be connection-oriented) Class 5
Similar to class 3/4, but without multiplexing or error detection (always connection-oriented)

s Other classes being defined, e.g. for MPEG-2 video

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Adaptation Layer Sublayers (1)

ATM Adaptation Layer Convergence Sublayer

Service Specific Common Part

Segmentation & Reassembly (SAR) Sublayer

ATM Physical
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Adaptation Layer Sublayers (2)

s Convergence Sublayer (CS)

Upper-layer frames are basic data units q Concerned with flow control and error recovery for Class 3 (connection-oriented traffic)
q

s Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) Sublayer

Segments of upper-layer frames are basic data units q Concerned with segmenting frames at source and reconstructing frames at destination
q

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Class 1 AAL
s Class 1 traffic is constant bit rate traffic and has no

framing structure on input

s SAR sublayer must segment incoming data stream s Occasional errors can be tolerated, but these need to be

detected to maintain framing

s One-byte header (no trailer):

1-bit convergence sublayer indicator q 3-bit segment number q 4-bit CRC

q
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Class 2 AAL
s Class 2 traffic is similar to Class 1 traffic except that there

is a frame structure on input

s Occasional errors can be tolerated, like Class 1 s Some Class 3/4 type functions needed to maintain input

frame structure

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Class 3/4 AAL (1)

s Non-real-time data s Connection is coordinated by peer communication

between the CS and SAR sublayers using header and trailers User frame CS sublayer H SAR sublayer H H
T H T T H H ... T H T T H H T T T

ATM layer H H H

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Class 3/4 AAL (2)

s Segmentation and reassembly SAR sublayer
q

Two-byte header x Segment Type (2 bits): Indicates if this is first segment of a CS frame, middle segment, last segment, or an entire CS frame
x

Sequence Number (4 bits): Used to check for dropped or misdirected cells (cells delivered in order) Reserved/Multiplexing Identifier (10 bits): May be used for multiplexing multiple user sessions on a single connection

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Class 3/4 AAL (3)

s Segmentation and reassembly SAR sublayer (continued)
q

Two-byte trailer x Length Indicator (6 bits): For last segment and single segment SAR PDUs with less than 44 bytes of data x CRC (10 bits)

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Class 3/4 AAL (4)

s Common part convergence sublayer -- CPCS
q

Header x Common part indicator (CPI) (1 byte): indicates unit for length and size fields (possible future uses for multiplexing identifier allocation and operations/maintenance) x Beginning tag (Btag) (1 byte): Sequence number placed in header and trailer x Buffer allocation size indication (BAsize) (2 bytes): buffer requirements for this CPCS-PDU

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Class 3/4 AAL (5)

s Common part convergence sublayer -- CPCS (continued)

In PDU x Padding (PAD) (0 to 3 bytes): padding in header q Trailer x Alignment (AL) (1 byte): puts trailer on 32-bit boundary x End tag (Etag) (1 byte): matches Btag value x Length (Length) (2 bytes): length of CPCS-PDU
q

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Class 5 AAL (1)

s Class 5 AAL is similar to class 3/4 AAL

Lower overhead q No error detection in the SAR (just at CPCS) q No multiplexing q No buffer allocation information (BA field in class 3/4) q Supports connection-oriented only -- class 3/4 AAL supports both connection-oriented and connectionless
q

s Promoted by the ATM Forum to better match the needs of

LAN equipment manufacturers q High data rate, connection-oriented data service users
q

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Class 5 AAL (2)

s The only SAR information for each SAR-PDU is

BOM/COM (beginning/continuation of message) -- AUU=0 q EOM/SSM (end of message/single segment message) -- AUU=1
q

s AAU (ATM-user-to-ATM-user) indication is in one bit of

the ATM header, specifically payload type (PT) field

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Class 5 AAL (3)

User frame CS sublayer SAR sublayer ATM layer H

H ... T T H T

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Class 5 AAL (4)

CPCS-PDU Payload Pad Trailer CPCS SAR H ATM Payload (40-48) Payload (0-40) Pad (0-40) Reserved (2) Length (2) Pad* (0-7) CRC (4)

BOM

COM

COM

EOM

BOM/ COM EOM/ SSM

SAR payload (48 bytes)

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Class 5 AAL (5)

s AAU indicator is in ATM header PT field

AAU = 0: BOM/COM q AAU = 1: EOM/SSM s Length is number of bytes in CPCS PDU payload s Reserved (2 bytes) may be: q CPCS User-to-User indication (1 byte) q Comon Part Indicator (1 byte) s BOM/COM padded only on next to last SAR-PDU (i.e., next is EOM) and following SAR-PDU (the EOM) has no payload
q

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ATM Congestion Control

s Even with high data rates supported by a B-ISDN network,

it is inevitable that congestion will occur s Three elements of congestion control: 1) Rate, burstiness, and quality of service are negotiated by user and network per connection 2) Network can monitor (at CS of AAL) rate and burstiness of user traffic 3) Priority bit in ATM header (CLP) indicates cells that can be dropped

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Negotiated Rate, Burstiness, QoS

s The user and network can agree upon a data rate,

burstiness of data, and quality of service (QoS) to be provided by the network s Effects of constant bit rate traffic is fairly easy to determine, however, the effects of variable bit rate traffic is a complex and open issue s Required quality of service varies for broadband services q Delivery latency q Variance of interframe delay q Probability of frame loss q ...

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Monitoring and Regulating Incoming Traffic

s Network must monitor incoming traffic to ensure that it

meets agreed upon limits s Could accept excess traffic, if bandwidth is available, but mark it so that it can be discarded in the event of congestion q E.g., using the cell loss priority (CLP) bit in the ATM header s Other schemes possible

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Cell Loss Priority Bit

s Priority bit in ATM header indicates cells that may be

discarded s Can be used by the network to mark traffic beyond a negotiated limit s Can be used by a user to mark data that can be lost, e.g. video frames

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ATM Switches
s A single 155 Mbps connection can produce

155 Mb/s [(8 b/B)(53 B/cell)] 366,000 cells/sec or 2.7 s/cell s Switches need to range from a few input ports to thousands of input ports s VLSI and parallel implementation critical to achieve throughput

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General Structure of an ATM Switch (1)

Input Controllers IC 1 IC input 2 ports

N IC

control processor

switch fabric

Output Controllers OC 1 OC 2 output ports

OC N

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General Structure of an ATM Switch (2)

s The control processor is used only for high-level functions

s s s s

such as connection establishment and release, bandwidth allocation, maintenance, and management All switching done by input controllers (ICs), switch fabric, and output controllers (OCs) Cell headers are aligned and IC, OC, and switch fabric operations are synchronous Input controllers translate a cells VCI, VPI, or VPI/VCI to an output port -- contention may occur Design issues: switch fabric topology, cell buffer locations, contention mechanisms

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Example Switching Fabric Topology

s Banyan network provides a single path from each input to

each output s An nn switch is constructed from dd crossbar switches s Requires logdn columns of n/d switches, or logdn/logdp columns of n/p chips for chips with p inputs Switching cell modes

n=8, d=2
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ATM in Local Area Networks

s ATM switches are available now for LAN applications

Ethernet OC-3 (155 Mbps) bridge/ router router FDDI ATM switch DS3 or SONET
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ATM switch

computer ATM switch computer computer

ATM WAN Applications

s LAN-to-LAN internetworking s Video services

Switched access television q Video-on-demand s High resolution still image transfer q Medical imaging s Multimedia services q Multimedia conferencing/class q Multimedia databases q Multimedia mail
q

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Video-on-Demand Network
Telephone Circuit Switch Video Server Games Server

ADSL = asymmetrical digital subscriber line

SONET Backbone OC-12

ATM Switch OC-3 ADSL Access

(
TV

Broadcast Video

Real-Time Compression Real-Time Compression

ATM Concentrator

ADSL Twisted Unit Pair

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VISTAnet Network Configuration

ATM switch broadband mux/ remote demux OC-12 (622 Mbps) medical workstation circuit switch mux/ broadband demux remote OC-12 (622 Mbps) CRAY Y-MP

OC-48 (2.488 Gbps) PixelPlanes 5 MasPar MP-1

D. S. Stevenson and J. G. Rosenman, VISTAnet gigabit testbed, IEEE J. Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 14131420, Dec. 1992.
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