BODY FLUID

COMPARTMENTS

KHALEEL.D.C.
 BODY FLUIDS
• In an average young adult male body weight :

 7% - mineral

 15 – fat

 18% - protein

 60% - water – “ TOTAL BODY WATER ”.

• Water is present in different body fluids.

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 BODY FLUIDS
Body fluids are
Extra cellular fluid(ECF): present outside the cell.

Intra cellular fluid(ICF): present inside the cell.

ECF compartment includes:
[Link].
[Link] fluid.
[Link] fluid.

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BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS

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 EXTRA CELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
1. Plasma:
• Fluid portion of blood.
• It represents 25% of ECF.
• Its volume can be calculated from blood volume and PCV.
Plasma volume (L)=
100 – Hematocrit (PCV)
Blood Volume (L) = ------------------------------------
100
• Blood volume i.e plasma and blood cells which fill the
vascular system.
• Its apprx. 80ml/kg of body weight or 8% of TBW.
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 EXTRA CELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
2. Interstitial fluid:
• Is that part of ECF that is outside the vascular system.
• It surrounds all cells except blood cells and includes
lymph.
• ISF contains different electrolytes, O2, nutrients
along with other chemicals in aqueous solution and
forms the internal environment(milieu interieur).

(ISF continued to next slide)

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 EXTRA CELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
3. Transcellular fluid: It represents fluid in the lumen of
structures lined by epithelium.
• It includes: digestive secretions, sweat, cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF), pleural, peritoneal, synovial, intraocular (aqueous and
vitreous humours), and pericardial fluids, bile and luminal
fluids of gut, thyroid, cochlea.
• Transcellular fluid volume is relatively small, about

1L = 15 ml/kg of body weight(1.5% of body weight).

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 INTRA CELLULAR FLUID (ICF)
• It is the fluid contained with in body cells.
• It is larger the two fluid major compartments

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COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS(APPX)

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 ESTIMATION OF TOTAL BODY WATER (TBW)
• TBW can be determined by using deuterium or
tritium or antipyrin.
• Certain known amount of water containing a
definite amount of tritium is injected into the
blood.
• Total radioactivity of the sample is determined by
geiger muller counter before injecting into blood.
• Substances become uniformly distributed through
out the body fluids.

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 ESTIMATION OF TOTAL BODY WATER (TBW)

• A sample of plasma is collected and average

radioactivity of the substance per ml of plasma is
estimated.

Total radioactivity injected

TBW in ml = ----------------------------------------
Average radioactivity/ml

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 DETERMINATION OF PLASMA VOLUME
1. Dye method.
2. Isotope method.
• A known amount of evans blue is injected which
initially binds to albumin and disperses through
out the circulating system with in 10 minutes.
• Samples of blood for every 10 minutes are taken
out from the circulation.
• Cells are separated and concentration of dye in
plasma is estimated.

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 DETERMINATION OF PLASMA VOLUME
• Three to five such samples are taken.
• Normally 5% of dye is excreted into urine per hour.
• This correction has to be applied to the values.
• Mean concentration of dye is calculated from the above values:
Amount of dye injected – amount of dye excreted
 Plasma volume:-------------------------------------------------------------
mean concentration of dye/ ml
• Blood volume is determined by taking the hematocrit and already
calculated plasma volume.
100 x plasma volume
 Blood volume = ---------------------------------------
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 UNITS FOR MEASURING
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES
• Number of molecules, electrical charges or particles of substance
per unit volume of a particular body are frequently expressed in
moles, equivalents or osmoles.
 Moles: is standard unit for expressing amount of substance in SI
unit system.
• A mole is gram molecular weight of substance i.e molecular
weight of substance in grams.
• Each mole consists of approx 6x1023 molecules
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 UNITS FOR MEASURING
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES
 Equivalents : is standard unit for expressing solutes in the
body which are in the form of charged particles.
• One equivalent(Eq) is one mole of an ionized substance
divided by its valency.
 Normality(N): of a solution is number of gram equivalents
in 1 litre.

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 UNITS FOR MEASURING
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES
 Osmoles: the amount of concentrations of osmotically
active particles are usually expressed in osmoles (osm).
• One osmole equals the gram molecular weight of
substance divided by number of freely moving particles
each molecule liberates in solution.
• The milliosmole (mosm) is 1/1000 of 1 osm.

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 UNITS FOR MEASURING
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES
a) Osmolarity: is the number of osmoles per litre of solution.

b) Osmolality: is the number of osmoles per kilogram of

solvent.
 pH and H+ concentration:

• H+ concentration of various body fluids is expressed in

two ways – either directly as H+ or indirectly as pH.
• pH refers to negative logarithm of the H+.
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 UNITS FOR MEASURING
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES
 Buffer system:

• A buffer is a substance that has ability to bind or release

H+ in solution.
• A buffer in solution consists of weak acid and its conjugate
base, thus keeping the pH of solution relatively constant
despite the addition of considerable quantities of acid or
base.

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 DEHYDRATION
• Excessive loss of body water leading to a decline in
body water level is called dehydration.

• It may develop either due to excessive loss of body

water or insufficient water intake or both.

• Dehydration may be due to: a) simple water loss b)

loss of both water and electrolytes.

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 DEHYDRATION
Dehydration due to excessive loss of body water is
seen in:
• Excessive water loss
• Severe vomiting
• Excessive sweating
• Fluid loss in burns
• Addison’s disease
• Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus
• Renal disease.
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 FEATURES OF DEHYDRATION
• Dehydration may be mild, moderate or severe . The
following features are observed:
• ECF level is decreased with a rise in electrolyte
concentration and osmotic pressure.
• Water is drawn from the intracellular fluid, which leads to
shrinkage of cells.
• ADH secretion is stimulated leading to water retention in
the body and consequent decrease in the urine output.
• Plasma protein and urea levels are increased.

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 FEATURES OF DEHYDRATION
• Water depletion may be accompanied by a loss of
electrolytes from the body.
• Acidosis may develop.
Clinical symptoms associated with severe dehydration:
1. Low cardiac output.
2. Rapid pulse rate.
3. Low blood pressure.
4. Acidosis
5. Lethargy, confusion and coma.
Intracellular dehydration may lead to death.

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 OEDEMA
• Excessive abnormal accumulation of fluid in the
interstitial space is called oedema.
• It can be detected in tissue when volume of ISF exceeds
by 30% above normal.
• When fluid accumulates in ECF some of it may enter
cells causing intracellular oedema.
• Intracellular oedema may result when ionic pumps
become inactive and fail to maintain ionic
concentration.

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 OEDEMA
This happens in:
a) tissue ischemia
b)Inflammation
c) Excess intake of hypotonic fluids over and above the
kidneys excretory capacity.
 Oedema is mostly extracellular due to :
1. Increase in capillary hydrostatic :
• Arterial dilatation
• Increase in venous pressure
• Increase in blood volume
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 OEDEMA
2. Decreased colloidal osmotic pressure:
• Malnutrition
• Liver diseases
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Loss of protein through the skin. Ex: burns.
3. Increased permeability of capillary: seen in
• Inflammation
• Allergy
• Immune reactions due to release of histamine,
bradykinin etc
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 OEDEMA
4. Lymphatic obstruction: seen in
• Destruction or removal of lymph nodes.
• Lymphatic obstruction in filariais.
5. Failure of kidneys to excrete excess water: seen in
Various kidney diseases.
• Oedema is due to retention of water and electrolytes.
• New born infants when given excess fluids may
develop oedema due to inability of kidneys to excrete
excess water.

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