Evolution Study Guide Answer Key 1. EVOLUTION or change over time, is the process by which modem organisms have descended from ancient organisms 2. A scientific THEORY is a well supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world, 3. CHARLES DARWIN was an English naturalist who made numerous observations during his travels on the Beagle which led him to pose a hypothesis about how life changes over time 4. FOSSILS are the preserved remains of ancient organisms that provide evidence for how life has changed over time JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK proposed that the selective use or disuse of an organ led to a change the organ that was then passed on to the offspring. 6. FEENESS is the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment, 7. The process whereby individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully is called NATURAL SELECTION , which Darwin nicknamed SURVIVAL OF THE EITTEST 8. Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues are called HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES 9. Homologous structures that are so reduced in size that they no longer function, like the human appendix or legs in skinks, are called VESTIGIAL organs 10. The idea that each living species has descended with changes over time from other species is called DESCENT with MODIFICATION. 11. Dolphins, penguins, and sharks are distantly-related species that share similar characteristics which help them live in water. This is an example of CONVERGENT evolution. 12, Even though the Galapagos finches share a common ancestor, they have evolved to fit the ecosystems of their individual islands. This is an example of DIVERGENT evolution. 13. Another name for divergent evolution is ADAPTIVE RADIATION MULTIPLE CHOICE Circle the answer that best completes the statement. A well supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world is called a ‘A. hypothesis C. law Of all the places he visited, the Islands influenced Darwin’s ideas about evolution the most.In addition to observing living organisms, Darwin studied the preserved remains of ancient organisms called B, homologous structures C. adaptations D. vestigial organs Which of the following ideas, proposed by Lamarck, was later found to be incorrect? A. All species were descended from other species C. Living things change over time. D. Organisms are adapted to their environments. Structures that have different mature forms, but develop from the same embryonic structure are called structures. A. Darwinian B. Lamarckian D. fossils The idea that each living species has descended with changes from other species over time is called B, struggle for existence C. artificial selection D. acquired traits An inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment is called a(n) . A. homologous structure B. ves organ D. speciation A human appendix, whale hipbones, and a skink’s legs are examples of A. homologous structures B, embryonic mates = The bones in the diagram at the left are examples of , | { =) A. homologous structures C. vestigial organs Which of the following best describes how DARWIN would explain giraffes with long necks? 2.ecked giraffes eat more iraffes so their necks grow lo1 C. Some giraffes have acquired longer necks by stretching to reach food and passed that trait on. D. Giraffes just started out with long necks and haven’t changed. Competition for food, space, and other resources among members of a species is called A. common descent B. artificial selection D. struggle for existence The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a specific environment is called B. common descent C. survival of the fittest Alll of the following play a role in Darwin's Theory of Evolution EXCEPT A. natural variation B. survival of the fittest c. sels for existence LABEL THE THREE GRAPHS BELOW SHOWING PATTERNS OF SELECTION: Pecan et epaan MATCH THE GRAPH ABOVE WITH THE POPULATION DESCRIPTION: B_In which of these is the fitness of individuals at one end of the normal distribution curve higher than that of individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve C_Inwhich of these is the fitness of individuals in the middle higher than that of individuals at the extreme ends __A_ Inwhich of these is the fitness of individuals at the extreme ends higher than that of individuals in the middle _C__ Human babies born smaller than average are likely to be less healthy and less likely to survive. Larger than average babies are likely to have difficulty being born. The fitness of these larger or smaller weight babies is lower than average-sized babies so human babies tend to born of average size.B__ Birds with bigger, thicker beaks can feed more easily on larger, harder seeds. A food shortage causes the supply of small and medium seeds to run low, leaving only larger seeds. Birds with bigger beaks show greater fitness than birds with medium or small beaks. Over time more birds with bigger beaks survive and reproduce. B__ The orange and black pattern of a Monarch butterfly serves as a warning to sharp-eyed birds that the Monarch is poisonous to eat and tastes bad. Individuals with the brightest color pattern were more likely to ‘war off birds and survive to reproduce than those with a dull or medium color pattern. Over time and many generations, the Monarch population became more brightly-colored C__ Inbirds, feather color among males is more likely to attract a mate, but also more likely to attract a predator. Over time and many generations, the highest frequency color is for males with medium colors, while males with very dull colors and males with very bright colors became increasingly rare. A __ A population of birds lives in an area where plants with medium sized seeds are wiped out by a fungal infection, Birds with unusually large or small beaks would have higher fitness than those with medium sized beaks. Over time the population splits into two subgroups; one that eats small seeds and one that eats large seeds.