7 oe reese a Nome Becle thwarel AP2 Study Guide Reproductive System SECTION 1 ‘The reproductive system consists of those organs that participate in propagating the species. It isa Lunique body system in that its organs differ between the two sexes, and yet the goal of creating a new being is the same. Of interest also is the fact that this system is the only one not necessary to the survival of the individual, and yet survival of the species depends on the proper functioning of the eproductive organs. The male reproductive system is divided into the external genitals, testes, duct system, and accessory glands. The testes, or gonads, are considered essential organs because they produce the sex cells sperm ~ which join with the female sex cells — ova ~to form a new human being. They also secrete testosterone, the male sex hormone, which is responsible for the physical transformation of a boy to a man. Sperm are formed in the testes by the seminiferous tubules. From there they enter a long, narrow duct, ‘the epididymis. They continue onward through the vas deferens into the ejaculatory duct, down the Urethra, and out of the body. Throughout this journey, various glands secrete substances that add ‘motility to the sperm and create a chemical environment conducive to reproduction. Knowledge of the male reproductive system is necessary to understand the role of the male and the phenomena necessary to produce an offspring. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The male gonads are known as the (a) Testes” b. Prostate c. Epididymis d. Perineum 2. The region within a “triangle” created by the ischial tuberosities and the symphysis is the a. Anal triangle “B." Urogenital triangle! . Perineal triangle d. Testicular triangle 3. Which of the following is NOTa supporting structure? a. Penis b. Scrotum fe. Prostate’ d. Spermatic cord 4, Each testicular lobule contains: a. Seminiferous tubules b. Interstitial cells cc. Leydig cells d. Allof the above 5. The blood-testis barrier is formed by tight junctions between which cells?a. Leydig cells Interstitial cells ‘coy Sustentacular cells d. Allof the above 6. Sperm production occurs in the: ‘a: Seminiferous tubules b. Interstitial cells Sertoli cells d. Prostate Which hormone is responsible for the stimulation of sperm production? ‘ac Follicle-stinivlating hormone (FSH) bb. Luteinizing hormone (LH) ©. Testosterone d, Both band ‘Which of the following is NOT a specific region of a spermatozoon? a. Head b. Middle piece fe Body d. Tail TRUE OR FALSE 9. L_the testes perform two primary functions: spermatogenesis and secretion of hormones. 10. Testosterone is secreted by the anterior pituitary. 11. €_ The urogenital triangle surrounds the anus. 32. “L. Capacitation refers to the release of enzymes contained within the acrosome. 13, E Sustentacular cells and efferent ductules are synonymous. 14. E The bulbourethral glands are a supporting structure of the male reproductive system. 15.L_ Testosterone is sometimes referred to as “the anabolic hormone.” MULTIPLE CHOICE 116. Which of the following is NOT a function of the epididymis? @. Aduet through which sperm travel on thelr journey to the exterior of the body bi"Production of spermatozoa Maturation of spermatozoa 4. Secretion of a portion of seminal fluid 17. The ejaculatory ducts are formed by the union of the: a. Seminal vesicles and ampulla b. Vas deferens and urethra (c." Seminal vesicles and vas deferens dd, Seminal vesicles and urethra 18. Which of the following accessory reproductive glands produce(s) a secretion rich in fructose? Seminal vesicles”b. Prostate ©. Bulbourethral gland 4. Cowper glands 19. Which of the following accessory glands secrete(s) an alkaline substance? 2. Seminal vesicles b. Bulbourethral gland CovAllof the above 4. None of the above 20, The most common cancer in American men is cancer of the: a. Testes bovProstate™) © Penis d. Bladder TRUE OR FALSE 21, “T The duct of the vas deferens is an extension of the tail of the epididymis. 22. “T_ Sperm may be stored in the vas deferens for up to a month with no loss of fertility. 23, [a vasectomy is a procedure intended to render a man sterile. | 24. E Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is always elevated in the blood of men with prostate cancer. MULTIPLE CHOICE 25. The greatest amount of seminal fluid is secreted by the a Prostate b. Testes ‘co Seminal vesicles. 4d. Epididymis 26. Elevation of the testes is caused by contraction of the 2. Dartos fascia and muscle bbe Cremaster muscle © Corpora cavernosa 4. Corpus spongiosum 27. Functional sterility results when sperm count falls below: a. Smillion/mL of semen 25 million/ml of semen © 100 milion/mt of semen 4. 500 million/mL of semen 28. Which of the following factors related to sperm does NOT affect male fertility? a Size b. Shape eTexture! d. MotilityTRUE OR FALSE 29. E the urethra ties within the corpora cavernosa, 30. TT the terminal end of the corpus spongiosum forms the glans penis. 31. F_ Emission and ejaculation are synonymous terms. FILLIN THE BLANKS 32, Decreased sperm production is cates Oligespenmin. 33. Testes normaly descend into the scrotum Sbout 2. manta _ before birt 34. Ifa baby is born with undescended testes, a condition called: results. 35. Acomman noncancerous conan ofthe prostate in older men scaled. Geigy 36. Oninesis isa arid Fh res a tightly over the glans that it Cannot retract. Fale oacheve an erection ofthe pens ical paged or ener. 37, 38, An accumulation of fluid in the scrotum is known as a Hydrecete._. 39. An Inguinal emia sts ‘when the intestines push through the weak area of the abdon#nal wal that separates the abdominopelvc cavity from the scrotum. APPLICATION 40, Trent isan infant who was born with undescended testes. What isthe clinical ter for his condition? How easily is this diagnosed? What can Trent's doctor do to treat his condition? How serious is his condition if left untreated? What are his chances of normal testicular and sexual development? 41. John noticed an unusual swelling of his scrotum. What po: le conditions may he be experiencing? Also, he noticed that the swelling occurred after a day of heavy lifting while moving out of his apartment. Based on this detail, which condition is he more likely to be ‘experiencing? Describe the anatomy of this condition. How will he doctor treat John? MULTIPLE CHOICE 42, The testes are suspended outsi ‘a. Protect them from trauma Keep them cooler Keep them supplied with a greater number of blood vessels 4. Protect them from infection 143, What is the removal of the foreskin from the glans penis called? a. Vasectomy b. Sterilization (con Gircumecisions dd. Ugation 144, The testes are surrounded by a tough membrane called the of the body cavity to do which of the following? Di ena tk stl is eea. Ductus deferens. (beTunica albuginea» Septum 4d. Seminiferous membrane 45, The lies) near the septa that separate the lobules, 2. Ductus deferens. b. Sperm ‘co Interstitial cells; 4. Nerves 46, Spetm are found in the walls ofthe: ‘a: Seminiferous tubules» b. Interstitial cells Septum 4. Blood vessels 47, The scrotum provides an environment that is approximately. for the testes. 2. The same as body temperature b, degrees C warmer than the body temperature © 3 degrees C warmer than the body temperature degrees cooler than the body temperature 48. The produce(s) testosterone 2. Seminiferous tubules b._ Prostate gland . Bulbourethral glands de Intersttial cells 49, The part of the sperm that contains the genetic information that will be inherited is the a. Tail b. Acrosome ©. Middle piece Steet 50, which one of the following is NOT» futon of testosterone? 2 Reauses deepening ofthe voice b, Ibpromote development ofthe male accessory organs “that stimulatory effect on poten catabolism 4. tt causes greater muscular development and strength. 5. Sperm production i called 2 Spermatogonia b. Spermatids (Co spermatogenesis 4. Spermatocyte 52, The section of the sperm tat contains enzymes that enable ito break down the covering ofthe ovum and permit entry should contact oc th a. Acrosome b. Middle piece © Tall4. stem MATCHING — insert the letter in the space next to the appropriate description a. Epididymis vas deferens Ejaculatory duct Prepuce Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Cowper glands Corpus spongiosum Semen Spermatic cord 53, By continuation of ducts that startin the epididymis Vas Aeferens St Hf erectile tissue Corpus SPEngiOMAr 55. G also known as outbourethral a ae 56. narrow tube that lies along the top of and behind the testes picid ys. 57. E-doughnut-shaped gland beneath the bladder Prowede glond 58, C_ union of the vas deferens with the ducts from the ver eenejaculatory duct 59, E minture of sperm and secretions of accessory sex glands Sl 60. E contributes 60% of the seminal fluid volume S@rmingt vesicles 61. removed during ccumeision Pye PUce, 62. Reto the vas deferens, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves SOUrMaAIC CO SECTION 2 ‘The female reproductive system is truly extraordinary and diverse. It produces ova, receives the penis, and sperm during intercourse isthe site of conception, houses and nourishes the embryo during the prenatal development, and nourishes the infant after birth Because ofits diversity, the physiology of the female is generally considered to be more complex than that ofthe male, Much ofthe activity of ths system revalves around the menstrual cycle and the ‘motthly preparation that the female undergoes fora possible pregnancy. ‘The organs of this system are divided into essential organs and accessory organs of reproduction. The essential organs ofthe female are the ovaries. Just as with the male, the essential organs of the female are referred toas the gonads. The gonads ofthe female produce ova and are responsible for producing, hormones necessary for the appearance ofthe secondary sex characteristics,‘The menstrual cycle of the female typically covers a period of 28 days, Each cycle consists of three phases: menstrual period, postmenstrual phase, and premenstrual phase. Changes in the blood levels of the hormones that are responsible for the menstrual cycle also cause physical and emotional changes in the female. A knowledge of these phenomena and the female system is necessary to complete your Understanding of the reproductive system. MULTIPLE CHOICE 4, Which ofthe following is NOT an accessory organ of reproduction in women? a Ovaries! b. Uterus © Vagina @. Vulva 2. The term that refers tothe external female genitalia is: a. Vagina “bevulvar & Perineum 4, Urogenital triangle TRUE OR FALSE 3. TL ovaare the female gametes. 4, TE Anepisiotomy is associated withthe perineum. MULTIPLE CHOICE 5. The ovaries are homologous to the male a. Prostate \b. Testes) . Vasdeferens 4. Seminal vesicle 6. Cells of ovarian tissue secrete a. Estradiol b. strone Progesterone “de Allofthe above! 7. The bulging upper component of the uterusis the a. Cervix Sb. Fundus Body 4, Fornix 8, The innermost ining ofthe uterus is the ae Endometrium: b. Myometrium©. Perimetrium, 4. Parietal peritoneum 9. The portion of the uterus that opens ito the vagina is the a. Internal os bbe External os) © Fornix d. Cervix 10. The fringelke projections of the uterine tubes ae called the: Isthmus, [Link] © Infundibulum aoe Fimbriae! MATCHING a. Uterine tubes b. Uterus. Vagina 11, Diisthmus Uderine 1s 12. B myometrium WRruS, 23. © termina end of birth canal Vaginas 14. B site of menstruation eerus, 15. eee portion called the ampulla Werine tuloes: consists of body, fundus, and cervix Alera 17, GY site of fertization Alene, woes, 38, BL also known as oviduct Ulerne 18, © receptace for sperm VOging_ TRUE OR FALSE 20, “TL Ovarian folicles contain oocytes. 21, E Retroflexion refers tothe normal position of the uterus in relation to the vagina and urinary bladder. 22. E The afterbirth is also referred to as the fornix. 23. T-The “G" spot is an “erotic zone” described by Dr. Grafenberg. MULTIPLE CHOICE 24. The female organ that is homologous to the penile structure in the male is the: a. Labia minora b. Labia majora Se citoris®4. Vulva 25, The area between the labia minora is the a. Vulva ©. Vestibule Mons pubis 4d. "Gspot” 26. Which of the following is NOT a structure of the vulva? a Vaginal b. Labia majora © Urinary meatus 4d. Clitoris 27, The Bartholin’s glands are homologous to the male's a. Epididymis (bee Bulbourethral glands Seminal vesicles 4. Prostate gland 28. The external genitals of the female may be referred to collectively as the Mons pubis b. Labia majora © Greater vestibule \WeePudendum 29. Menses occurs on days_of a new cycle far atos! b. 1t014 & 61014 4. None of the above 30. Ovulation usually occurs on cycle day__of a 28-day cycle ad b.7 =u . 28 31. Menstrual discharge generally does not clot and is approximately ar 30t0 100m b. 100%0 350 mt 300 to 550 mL 4. $00 0 600 mt 32. Which of the following hormones triggers ovulation? a, Estrogen b. Progesterone (eieLuteinizing hormone (LH) 4d, Follile-stimulating hormone (FSH) 33, The average age at which menopause occurs is 2. 40 years ‘iba 45 to $0 years)© 55t0 60 years 4. 6010 65 years TRUE OR FALSE 34. FE” the time of ovulation canbe easily predicted by simply knowing the length of a previous cycle. 35. T_ Cyclical changes in the ovaries result from cyclical changes in the amounts of gonadotropins secreted by the anterior pituitary, 36.L_ Contraceptive pills and implants function by preventing ovulation. 37. E_ the first menstrual flow is known as the climacteric. 38, E The Li surge occurs at the beginning of the menstrual cycle. 39. E_ the larger the breasts, the greater the amount of glandular tissue present. 40. Milk secretion from the breasts begins about 3-4 hours after giving birth. 41. TL Milk ejection is stimulated by oxytocin. 42. E_Human milk provides active immunity to the offspring inthe form of maternal antibodies. MATCHING Amenorthea Dysmenorthea Exogenous infection Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (U8) Myoma vaginitis Salpingits Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Pap smear Endometriosis Leukorrhea 43, E often occurs from sT0s or rom a “yeas infection” Veegin His: ‘44. E benign tumor of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue; also known as a fibroid tumor Mmyome. 45, By absence of normal menstruation Amenorrhea. 46. HL collection of symptoms that regularly occur in many women during the premenstrual phase (Orn) 47. acute or chon nlammaton causes by pathogens thet spread up from vagina (Q}0)) (grokatonct soot a 48. G uterine tube inflammation Sali ae 49.C_ results from pathogenic organisms aearaei tee another person: ie, STD Exogenous inkchon 50. B painful menstruation DySmenorrnea, 51. C whitish discharge Léeatorrhess 52, D results from 2 hormonal imbalance rather than from an infection or disease condition (UB) i53, J) screening test for cervical cancer 54, K characterized by displaced uterine tissue APPLICATION. 55, Prior to having children, Lorena used oral contraceptives to prevent an unwanted pregnancy with her husband. Desribe the physiologic mechanism of action of oral contraceptives: After havin three children by the age of 35, the couple decided that Laura would have a tubal ligation, Describe how this procedure prevents pregnancy. 56, Harlean contracted gonorrhea. By the time she made an appointment to see her doctor it had spread to her abdominal organs. How i this possible when gonorrhea isa disease of the reproductive system? MATCHING 1. Salpingtis vulva’ kegel Dysmenorthea Candida albicans G spot ovary Endometriosis imacteri Fibroids yary 57.4 essen organ of reproduction FOL. B external reproductive organ Godt alates, E vet infection 2 F beni wmors of were tissue a inflammation of the uterine tube = E erotic zone C exercise to reduce stress incontinence i L menopause 55. H displaced endometrial tissue Endoneisitsis? Axgrmecettuas. D menstrual cramps FILLIN THE BLANKS 67, The Premecttual or Paslexuladn phase occurs between ovulation and the onset of the 68 fin. stimulates breast alveoli to secrete milk 69, CQXxyOCIN. stimulates breast alveoito eect milk20. Sevua cl dvson known as PYBiCSIS. 72, Immediately afte ovulation cells ofthe ruptured foice enlarge and become transformed into the : 72 Afol of mucous membrane krown asthe forms border around the external opening ofthe vagina, prt cosing the oie 73. MenoPOUSe._is marked by the passage of fllyear without menstruation. 74, The MESES occurs on days 1 to 5ofa new cyte. (er mm ensual Period) 75. Gig uterine ligaments hold the uterus in its normal position by anchoring it in the pelvic catty 76. The PAAcerRG. permits exchange of materials between the offspring’ blood and the maternal blood ; 77. Development of the fetus in a location other than the uterus is referred to as an EC+CDIC _ bregnancy 78 is secreted each month by the corpus luteum to calm uterine contractions for implantation ofa fertilized ovum 79. The three ayers ofthe uterus gcPotbepetalaen.. myometaan + ‘Pirimet-admn COarldal Derilenennr ) 80, Damage to muscle ivers ofthe levator ni may cesu in urinary or fecal LAeybinnente, 81. fe it ‘is the failure to conceive after one year of regular unprotected intercourse.