Intellectual
Revolutions
(that defined
society)
Learning Objectives:
❑ Discuss the paradigm shifts through history;
❑ Explain how the intellectual revolution
changed the way how humans see the
world; and
❑ Describe the technological advancements
that happened in the information age.
What is an
Intellectual
Revolution?
Intellectual
Revolution
It is the period where paradigm
shifts occurred.
It is when advancements in
science and technology
changed people’s perceptions
and beliefs.
In the 6th century, Claudius
Ptolemy introduced the Geocentric
model which described the
absolute perception of the universe
with the Earth as its center which
was thought to be true by most of
the people at that time.
THE
COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
An astronomer who proposed a
heliocentric system, that the
planets orbit around the Sun;
that Earth is a planet which,
besides orbiting the Sun
annually, also turns once daily
on its own axis.
The Copernican Revolution rejected Geocentric model
(earth is the center of the solar system) and proved the
heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system
having the earth revolving around it.)
THE
DARWINIAN
REVOLUTION
He is famous for his theory of
evolution that was formulated in
his book “The Origin of Species” in
1859. The theory describes how
organisms change over time as a
result in changes in heritable
physical or behavioral traits.
Natural selection often describes
as survival of the fittest, where
fitness refers to the ability to
survive and reproduce.
THE
FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
Freud is a famous figure in the field
of psychology. He was an Austrian
neurologist and the founder of
psychoanalysis, a clinical method
for treating psychopathology
through dialogue between a
patient and a psychoanalyst.
Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)
In Freud’s famous psychoanalytic
theory, he states that personality is
composed of three elements known
as the id, the ego, and the
superego. These elements work
together to create complex human
behaviors.
THE
INFORMATION
REVOLUTION
Alan Turing’s machine introduced
the idea that thinking and being
conscious could be attributed to
nonhuman entities.
The information revolution started
from the Sumerian pictographs.
The invention of Gutenberg’s
printing press in 1455.
The use of typewriter
and telegraph.
Today, these technologies
are used widely which
became easier with the
help of the internet.
Development
of Science in
Meso-America
The Mayan civilization is one of
the famous civilizations in Meso-
America. These people are
known for their advanced
understanding of astronomy for
their temples and other religious
structures.
The Inca civilization is also
famous in Mesoamerica. The
Incas made advanced
scientific ideas and tools such
as stone buildings, calendar
with 12 months, etc.
The Aztec civilization has also made
substantial contributions to science,
technology and society in Mesoamerica,
such as Chinampa; Aztec technology for
agricultural farming. The Aztecs had
established a great military force.
Development
of Science in
Asia
Indians are known for manufacturing
iron and in metallurgical works. Iron
steel is considered to be the best in the
whole Roman Empire.
The Chinese are known for traditional medicines, a product of
centuries of experience and discovery of the Chinese people.
The four great inventions of ancient China include the
compass, gunpowder, paper making and printing.
Development
of Science in
Middle East
The Middles East are
dominantly occupied by
Muslims. The revolutions in
the Middle East were a
product of the development
and growth of individual
nationalism, imperialism, for
the efforts to westernize and
modernize Middle Eastern
societies.
Moreover, the Arab applied the
Romans principles and improve the
watermill known as noria. The Middle
East is known for their machine
designed and improvement for
irrigation, industrial work and war.
Development
of Science in
Africa
🞇 Africa is known for the production
of kola nuts.
🞇 Coffee was also developed as a
consumable drink that spread to
Arabia and then throughout the
world.
🞇 Africa used plants with salicylic acid
for pain (aspirin) and for diarrhea
(Kaopectate).
Main Reference:
Serafica, J. P. J. et al., Science, Technology, and Society Rex
Book Store, Inc., ©2018 Edition: First Edition.