KALISTO: DEVELOPMENT OF WATER LEVEL MONITORING

SYSTEM USING GSM FOR THE CITY OF BIÑAN DISASTER

RISK REDUCTION MANAGEMENT OFFICE

A Research
Presented to the Faculty of the Computer Engineering Department
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Biñan, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering

by

Bago, Chester C.
Catedrilla, Michael John N.
Gorgod, Loyd Iverson A.
Merjuar, Stivyn Carl G.
Salazar, Fiel G.
Salvador, Raymart G.
Authors

2023
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to our professor, Mr. Jobert Cadiz,

for his invaluable guidance, support, and encouragement throughout this research. His

insights, feedback, and expertise have been critical to the success of this study.

Next, we would like to acknowledge the City Disaster Risk and Reduction

Management Office (CDRRMO) for this one-of-a-kind opportunity to be our partner in this

research study and for giving us the ideas that made the study at ease. We extend a

special thanks to Eugene Reyes, the Operation Section Chief at CDRRMO, for his

kindness in accepting our interview and providing valuable insights for our study. Mr.

Reyes' willingness to share his expertise has been instrumental in ensuring the smooth

execution of our research. We are deeply grateful for the opportunity to collaborate with

the CDRRMO and Mr. Eugene Reyes, as their support has greatly enhanced the success

of our study.

Then we are also grateful to ourselves, which has greatly enhanced the quality of

this research. Despite lacking devices, we managed to overcome every obstacle during

the process of making this research study.

For their support and inspiration along this journey, we would like to express our

gratitude to the panel list. It has given us courage and determination to know that they

have complete faith in our group and our skills.

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 Finally, we would like to acknowledge our family for their love, support, and

patience throughout this process. Without their understanding and encouragement, this

research would not have been possible. We also thank Fiel Salazar’s family for

welcoming us to their home and providing us food for several overnight stays to finish this

research.

Thank you all for your contributions to this research.

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 CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis/ dissertation,

KALISTO: DEVELOPMENT OF WATER LEVEL MONITORING SYSTEM USING

GSM FOR CITY OF BIÑAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT OFFICE for the

degree 4th year, Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering at the Polytechnic

University of the Philippines embodies the result of original and scholarly work carried

out by the undersigned. This dissertation does not contain words or ideas taken from

published sources or written works that have been accepted as basis for the award

of a degree from any other higher education institution, except where proper

referencing and acknowledgment were made.

NAME OF RESEARCHER

Researcher

__________________________

Date Signed (date, month, year)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

CHAPTER I: PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING .................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................. 6

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................10

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .............................................................................12

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ..............................................................................12

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS ......................................................................................14

DEFINITION OF TERMS ...........................................................................................15

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES .............................................17

Biñan and Other Cities’ Government Struggles Amidst Flash Flood ...............17

CDRRMO Difficulties in Predicting Floods .........................................................18

The Core Problem as The Source of Resolution ................................................19

Lacking Effectiveness of Biñan and Other Outside City Places’ Current Flood

Monitoring System ...............................................................................................21

The Culmination of Existing Technologies.........................................................22

The Resemblance of the Endeavor to Existing Studies.....................................24

SYNTHESIS ..............................................................................................................25

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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................26

RESEARCH DESIGN ................................................................................................26

RESEARCH LOCALE ................................................................................................26

FLOWCHART OF RESEARCH DESIGN/PROCESS FLOWCHART..........................27

DESCRIPTION OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT USED .............................................28

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................28

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT/FIELD EXPERIMENT................................................34

STATISTICAL TREATMENT......................................................................................44

CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA .......45

Determining the Fastest Cellular Network Transmission of Information from the Sensor

to the Kalisto system in Biñan ....................................................................................45

Finding How Accurate the Kalisto System is in Measuring Water Level .....................50

Evaluating the Time Delay in GSM Initialization during Prototype Start-up .................57

Finding How Fast is the Transmission of the Fastest Cellular Network in Silang to

Biñan .........................................................................................................................60

Finding Out the Consistency of the Output of the System in Long Hours of Use ........64

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION

......................................................................................................................................68

Summary of Findings .................................................................................................68

Conclusions ...............................................................................................................70

Recommendations .....................................................................................................72

APPENDIX 1 .................................................................................................................75

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 CURRICULUM VITAE ...............................................................................................75

APPENDIX 2 .................................................................................................................88

PICTURES.................................................................................................................88

APPENDIX 3 .................................................................................................................95

WORK PLAN .............................................................................................................95

APPENDIX 4 .................................................................................................................98

BILL OF MATERIALS ................................................................................................98

APPENDIX 5 ...............................................................................................................100

DATA SHEETS ........................................................................................................100

APPENDIX 6 ...............................................................................................................106

CODES ....................................................................................................................106

APPENDIX 7 ...............................................................................................................123

ACTUAL DESIGN ....................................................................................................123

APPENDIX 8 ...............................................................................................................125

APPLICATION USER INTERFACE .........................................................................125

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................130

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List of Table

Table 1: Speed of Transmission of Information from the Sensor to the Kalisto

System

Table 2: Accuracy of Sensors in Measuring Water Level

Table 3: Delay in GSM Initialization during Prototype Start-up

Table 4: Transmission Speed of Different Cellular Network in Silang to Biñan

Table 5: Consistency of the Output of the System in Long Hours

List of Figure

Figure 1: Archimedes' Principle: Physical Law of Buoyancy

Figure 2: Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Figure 3: Ultrasonic Sensor Principle

Figure 4: How GSM Works

Figure 5: Input-Process-Output Diagram

Figure 6: System Block Diagram

Figure 7: FLOWCHART OF RESEARCH DESIGN/PROCESS FLOWCHART

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 CHAPTER I: PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

INTRODUCTION

Flooding is a natural disaster that affects communities around the world. It occurs

when water flows or rises over land that is normally dry, and can cause significant

damage to homes, businesses, and infrastructure. It is one of the major problems of the

Philippines due to its location in a tropical region and its proximity to the ocean. The

country experiences both heavy rainfall and typhoons, which can cause severe flooding

and landslides. These floods can have a devastating impact on communities, causing

damage to infrastructure and homes, and resulting in loss of life and displacement of

residents. In Biñan, the city government evacuated 257 individuals from flood-prone

areas amidst the onslaught of Typhoon Karding (Deña, 2022). According to the Biñan

City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (CDRRMO), 55 families or 257 people

spent the night in the city's six evacuation facilities. The tropical storm Paeng also brought

damage to its approximately 7,900 constituents which resulted in Biñan being placed

under a state of calamity. According to the data of the City Social Welfare and

Development Office (CSWDO), there are 7,899 affected people in Biñan, or 1,359

families and 5,620 individuals.

When water spills from the watershed of higher or elevated areas, it can lead to

devastating floods in lower elevated areas or catch basins. The natural topography plays

a crucial role in this process, as the water flows downhill, following the path of least

resistance. As precipitation accumulates in the elevated regions, such as mountains or

hills, the excess water seeks outlets to redistribute itself. Consequently, when the

capacity of the watershed is exceeded, water overflows and cascades down towards

lower regions. The force and volume of the descending water can overwhelm the

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drainage systems, leading to flooding in the catch basins or low-lying areas. These floods

can cause substantial damage to infrastructure, disrupt the lives of communities, and

result in the displacement of individuals residing in vulnerable zones. Therefore, it is

crucial to implement effective watershed management strategies and infrastructure

development to mitigate the adverse impacts of water spills and reduce the risk of flooding

in lower elevated areas or catch basins.

Flood hazard is the probability of the occurrence of a potentially damaging flood

event of a certain magnitude in a given area within a specific period of time. There are

factors depending on indicators such as flood depth, duration, velocity, impulse (product

of water level and velocity) and the rate of the rise of water levels, warning time and the

frequency of occurrence. One of the most crucial factors utilized in the creation of flood

risk indices is flood depth. According to (Olanrewaju, 2022) and (Ma et al., 2019),

monitoring flood depth is crucial for identifying and forecasting flood risks as well as giving

a precise risk assessment for flash floods. Additionally, flood depth monitoring aids

utilities in locating and identifying flooding risks, estimating effects, and providing risk

assessment.

Time is of the essence in flood preparedness because it enables people and

communities to take preventative actions to safeguard themselves and their property.

This can involve undertaking projects like constructing or strengthening flood barriers,

coming up with evacuation strategies, and amassing emergency supplies. These

precautions will be more successful the more time there is for planning. Additionally, early

flood warning can save lives in risky flood events by giving people enough time to flee to

a safe area. This research is significant for it provides the estimated time of arrival of

incoming flood. According to (CDRRMO President, personal communication, December

14, 2022), the flood waters coming to Biñan river are from Silang. That is why there is a

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need device that detects the water ahead of time, a real-time notification from Silang for

the CDRRMO to prepare. By depending on its geographic location, Kalisto can provide

an estimated time before the flood waters arrive in Biñan. It will help the local government

to prepare and lessen the damage that will be dealt by flood.

Another problem brought up by the CDRRMO during the interview was the

urbanization of certain areas in Silang. (Boyu et al., 2021) stated that urbanization

reinforces the region's impervious surface area, which generally slows hydrologic

response time and thus raises the danger of flooding. The cemented and impervious

surface in some areas of Silang affects the ability of the soil to absorb, resulting for the

water to flow in the water ways rather than being naturally absorbed by the soil (CDRRMO

President, personal communication, December 14, 2022).

Geographical location of Biñan is the vital point of this research as the researchers

take advantage of the high and low surface elevation. Water from higher geographical

locations flows downhill due to the force of gravity (Gibbs, 2018). Gravity is a force that

acts on all objects in the universe, pulling them towards the center of the Earth (Einstein,

1915). Water, like all other objects, is affected by gravity, so it naturally flows downhill

from higher to lower elevations (Smith, 2009). This process is known as gravity-driven

flow or simply gravity flow (Jones, 2011). As water flows downhill, it gains potential

energy, which it can convert into kinetic energy (Brown, 2013). This causes the water to

move faster and faster as it moves downhill (Johnson, 2010). The faster the water moves,

the more energy it has, and the more energy it has, the faster it can move (Williamson

et al., 2012). This process continues until the water reaches a level where its energy is

sufficient to overcome any obstacles in its path, such as rocks, trees, or other objects

(Davis, 2014). At this point, the water continues to flow downhill until it reaches a lower

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elevation, where its energy is eventually dissipated and it comes to a stop ( Ling et al.,

2016). In the sense of geographic location, flooding occurs in certain areas that are more

susceptible to it due to their physical characteristics. Geographic factors such as

topography or the shape and elevation of the land plays a significant role in determining

the likelihood of flooding. Low-lying areas, such as floodplains and valleys, are

particularly at risk to flooding because they do not have the elevation to protect them from

rising water. Additionally, areas with steep slopes and steep-sided valleys can also

experience flash floods, as heavy rain can quickly cause water to flow rapidly down the

slope. According to (Gonzalez et al, 2014), The area where the Biñan sub-basin is located

is covered by the jurisdiction of six towns and one city, which are Biñan, San Pedro in

Laguna, GMA, Carmona, Silang and Tagaytay City in Cavite, and according to the

Laguna Lake Development Authority, Biñan is one of the municipalities that has a large

area covered within the Sub-Basin.

The Kalisto system's objective is to provide enough time for the CDRRMO to

prepare by sending an alert ahead of time. The device will be installed in the rivers of

three designated stations namely Silang and Biñan. The system will be utilizing the

PAGASA's set of color codes for advisories including yellow, orange, and red, which

means the darker the color, the more dangerous the situation is. According to PAGASA,

residents in vulnerable areas should continue keeping an eye on the weather when they

issue a yellow advisory. Locals in the impacted areas should be prepared to evacuate

when an orange advisory was announced. And when Pagasa gives red advisory, it

means that severe flooding in low lying areas is expected and residents should start

evacuating (Dela Cruz, 2015). These three warning signals will be applied to the system

to monitor the condition of the rivers of the three stations.

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 The data needed by the Kalisto system in order to monitor the incoming flood is the

water level of Silang and Biñan. Measuring the river flow is important to monitor flood

situations and to generate alarms (Muaz, 2021). The expected output of the Kalisto

system will be the estimated prediction of time based on the data gathered by the

sensors. With this, the CDRRMO of Biñan will be notified about floods ahead of time.

Databases will be utilized as well in storing data for future predictive patterns. According

to (United States Geological Survey, n.d.), data records are essential for predicting

floods, as they provide information on the amount of rainfall occurring in real-time, the

rate of change in river stage, and historical data on past floods.

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This article's theory provides a theoretical basis for modeling flood warning

systems. In the future, the author foresees modeling and applications fulfilling the

purpose of a scientific foundation and analytical tools for engineering design, operation,

performance evaluation, and benefit-cost analyses of warning systems.

Float Switch

(“Archimedes’ Principle | Description & Facts | Britannica,” 2023) claims that

anybody wholly or partially submerged in a fluid (gas or liquid) at rest would experience

a buoyant force that is equal to the weight of the fluid the body is dislodging. The volume

of fluid that has been displaced is equal to the volume of an object that is completely

submerged in the liquid or to the portion of the volume below the surface for an object

that is only partially submerged. The buoyant force's strength is equal to the weight of the

fluid that has been dispersed. In terms of magnitude and direction, the buoyant force

acting on a body floating in a liquid or gas is opposite to that of the object's weight; the

object does not rise or fall.

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 The movement of the float and the force on the float are caused by the different

densities of the float and the fluid at the material interfaces, where float sensors collect

their readings. Buoyancy and Static are the two main divisions of Float Type level

sensors.

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Gravity is the force that attracts all objects towards each other (Newton's Law of

Universal Gravitation - Gravitation Equation, Universality of Gravity, 2023), and it causes

water to flow downhill because water seeks to follow the path of least resistance. When

water is situated on an incline, its potential energy is greater when it is at a higher position

and decreases when it is at a lower position. The gravitational force acts upon the water,

pulling it from the higher point to the lower point. This gravitational pull causes the

conversion of the water's potential energy into kinetic energy, resulting in its downhill flow.

As the water descends, it gains momentum and accelerates, enabling it to

surmount obstacles and travel further down the slope. This explains why water in

streams, rivers, and waterfalls naturally moves in a downward direction. The continuous

movement of water is sustained by the force of gravity, and as long as the slope maintains

a sufficient steepness, the water will keep flowing.

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Ultrasonic Sensor Principle

Ultrasonic sensors operate by emitting sound waves at frequencies beyond the scope of

human auditory perception. Ultrasonic sensors are based on the principle of measuring

the propagation time of sound between send and receive (proximity switch). The barrier

principle determines the distance from the sensor to the reflector (retro-reflective sensor)

or to an object (through-beam sensor) in the measuring range (Functionality and

Technology of Ultrasonic Sensors, n.d).

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GSM

In GSM (Global System for Mobile communication), the geographical area is divided into

hexagonal cells whose side depends upon the power of the transmitter and load on the

transmitter (number of end-users). At the center of the cell, there is a base station

consisting of a transceiver (combination of transmitter and receiver) and an antenna.

The key components in the mobile communication network include the mobile station

(MS), which is the user's mobile phone. The base transceiver system (BTS) maintains

the radio connection with the mobile station, while the base station controller (BSC)

allocates time slots between the BTS and the mobile switching center (MSC). The home

location register (HLR) stores subscriber information, while the visitor location register

(VLR) holds temporary data relevant to a specific location. The equipment identity register

(EIR) maintains a list of valid mobile devices, and the authentication center (AuC) verifies

subscriber authentication. Together, these components ensure connectivity, efficient

resource management, and secure communication within the mobile network (Kumar,

n.d.).

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1: Input-Process-Output Diagram

Figure 1. demonstrates the study's research paradigm. The system is made up of three

frames: the input, the process, and the output. The input goes through the process or

operation and becomes the result.

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Figure 2: Systems Block Diagram

The Kalisto System provides the probability of flooding by considering various

factors such as water level and status, etc. It also provides the needed information about

rivers' water levels on concerned areas where the land is elevated. With the resources

provided by Kalisto, the CDRRMO will now have enough time to react and prepare for

the incoming flash flood. At the same time, people will gain awareness of the flood by

providing information brought by the CDRRMO or the local government. It all comes down

to safety which is the objective and goal of Kalisto. To detect the incoming disaster by

having preparations ahead of time to prevent major casualties that might be dealt by flood

waters.

The Kalisto research starts with the three significant components: The statement

of the problem in which identifying the problems that needed to be solved was given by

the CDRRMO. Review of related literature and studies to support the problem being

stated and for it to have a ground. Then, the researcher's hypothesis was formulated

through the help of the literature reviews. Review of related literature and studies is once

again carried out, followed by prototype testing. In prototype testing, Kalisto system will

be tried out to have the data needed for the conclusion.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. What is the speed of transmission of information from the Sensor to the Kalisto

System?

2. How accurate is the device in measuring the water level?

3. What is the average time delay in GSM initialization during the first setup of the

prototype?

4. How fast is the transmission of the fastest cellular network in Silang to Biñan?

5. How consistent is the system in providing accurate water level over an extended

period of hours?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is significant to:

People of Biñan

The researchers found out from CDRRMO Biñan that there is a river that connects

the cities of Biñan and Silang, and since Biñan is more likely located on a lower level of

the ground than Silang, once the flow rate in Silang increased, there would be a sudden

rush of water in Biñan, which can lead to flooding. KALISTO can help students, workers,

and people of Biñan City by providing early warning of potential flood hazards. By

measuring and continuously monitoring the water level of Silang River, the system can

detect when water levels are rising and send this information to Biñan CDRRMO to alert

students, workers, and people in the affected area to take appropriate precautions, such

as evacuating, securing their property, or moving to higher ground.

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City of Biñan Risk Reduction Management Office

The research aims to make a valuable contribution to the area of flood warning

systems by presenting cheap and user-friendly devices and creating a dependable and

affordable solution for notifying CDRRMO of Biñan City by placing KALISTO in

BISIGCATA river. Floods are a serious natural disaster that can result in significant

property damage and loss of life. Early warning systems have been created to inform

CDRRMO Biñan of flood dangers to give them some time to prepare for the incoming

flood. This study endeavors to develop and examine a water level sensor that can be

utilized as a flood early warning system. KALISTO can recognize changes in water levels

and send a notification to the CDRRMO, enabling them to take measures to safeguard

people in Biñan City.

Local Government Units

The findings of this study will be relevant to communities that are susceptible to

flooding, government organizations in charge of managing disasters, and scientists

studying flood warning systems. The water level sensor has the potential to preserve lives

and assets by giving an early warning of impending floods. It also aligns with the goal of

sustainable development by making early warning systems available to all people in all

regions.

Biñan Economy

Flash floods have the potential to have a devastating impact on the economy of

Biñan Laguna because they can disrupt or contaminate groundwater, making tap water

unfit for consumption, cause extensive flooding, and severely disrupt lives, result in

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losses and damages due to flash floods, and cause landslides that damage the crafts

and goods. Additionally, flash floods can affect fishing villages by producing weather-

related dangers including typhoons and flooding. By providing a better knowledge of the

water quality and hydrologic conditions and by assisting in the identification of water

recharging structures to sustain the water table, water level monitoring devices can

benefit the economy of Biñan Laguna. Managing water resources for climate resilience

may also be accomplished by employing techniques like robust agricultural types,

cutting-edge greenhouses, groundwater usage 9 monitoring, and climate-proofing water

infrastructure. Finally, effective* Water resources are crucial for ecological health,

economic growth, and human well-being.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study aims to develop a system for monitoring water levels. The data

collection will be limited to experiments conducted with a prototype and the use of the

Kalisto system mobile app. The primary focus will be on measuring the water levels of

Silang River and Biñan River. It is important to note that this study will not consider other

rivers or conduct extensive field surveys. Therefore, the findings and recommendations

may be specific to the Silang and Biñan area and may not be applicable to other regions.

Additionally, the study will solely rely on the prototype and Kalisto mobile app including

Open Weather API for data, excluding other potential data sources. It is worth mentioning

that the examination of other factors that could influence flood risk beyond water levels

will not be included. This study aims to develop a system for monitoring water levels. The

data collection will be limited to experiments conducted with a prototype and the use of

the Kalisto system mobile app. The primary focus will be on measuring the water levels

of Silang River and Biñan River. It is important to note that this study will not consider

other rivers or conduct extensive field surveys. Therefore, the findings and

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recommendations may be specific to the Silang and Biñan area and may not be

applicable to other regions. Additionally, the study will solely rely on the prototype and

Kalisto mobile app, including Open Weather API, for data, excluding other potential data

sources.

Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that the scope of this study is limited to the

database development for recording the collected data and analyzing the patterns of flood

occurrence. The prediction of flood patterns using artificial intelligence (AI) is not within

the scope of this research. While the CDRRMO has acknowledged the potential of AI

prediction, this study is currently focused on data collection and database management.

The exploration and implementation of AI for future flood prediction and innovation are

left to be pursued by subsequent researchers and advancements in the field.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Collection of ACRONYMS, JARGONS, & WORDS:

BISIGCATA - Rivers in Region IV-A that connect to one another include Biñan,

Silang, General Mariano Alvarez, and Carmona Tagaytay.

CDRRMO (City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office) - City Department of Public

Safety in Biñan oversees carrying out the disaster preparedness projects and programs.

FEWS - Flood Early Warning System

Geographical - pertains to towns and cities as well as the surrounding and its

geographical properties & assets.

GSM Module - is a machine which instantly delivers SMS messages with the level of

flood water to the registered mobile number.

KALISTO - Kaligtasan (Safety) + Alisto (Alert)

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Level Sensors - is also referred to as a float sensor since it uses resistance variations

to detect changes in water level.

LGU (Local Government Unit) - governmental body in charge of running the business of

the city and offering its citizens public services.

Pressure Sensors - It is also known as a float sensor since it detects changes in water

level using variations in resistance.

Topography - A form & height of the surface, or topography, is a key factor in predicting

the possibility of flooding.

Ultrasonic Sensor - is a detector which helps change electrical amounts onto

measurements or noises, and not the other way around.

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 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Biñan and Other Cities’ Government Struggles Amidst Flash Flood

Local Government Units (LGUs) are on the front line of responding to floods, which

is vital to communities. For it is the local government that plays an integral role before,

during, and after disasters (Domingo & Manejar, 2018). LGUs are responsible for

coordinating rescue and evacuation efforts, providing assistance to affected residents,

and managing the aftermath of floods. However, despite their best efforts, LGUs often

need help with a variety of issues during floods. One of the major struggles for LGUs

during floods is coordinating rescue and evacuation efforts. As stated by Manila Bulletin,

the LGU of Biñan is rescuing residents from flooded barangays amidst the severe tropical

storm “Paeng” last October. They did everything to rescue everyone who needed help;

however, they could not immediately reach areas with strong currents of flood to protect

themselves (Deña, 2022).

Emergency workers also play a crucial role in providing aid and assistance to

affected citizens during a flood. However, when the scale of the disaster is significant, as

it has been in the Philippines in recent years, it can be challenging for emergency workers

to effectively respond and provide the necessary aid. According to (Welle, 2012), in

August 2012, widespread flooding caused by heavy monsoon rain affected a large

number of people in the capital city of Manila and other parts of Luzon. Emergency

services are struggling to provide aid and assistance to the large number of individuals

affected by the disaster. The emergency workers are facing difficulties in providing

assistance to the flood victims as a large number of people, in the hundreds of thousands,

have sought shelter in evacuation centers. Government reports indicate that the number

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of people taking refuge in the centers has risen to 293,000 on Thursday, which is an

increase from 150,000 on Wednesday.

CDRRMO Difficulties in Predicting Floods

Flash flood becomes one of the significant problems in a natural disaster that can

cause damage to property that may affect human living as well. Flood impact is one of

the most important natural disasters in the globe. According to a study by Tingsanchali

(2012), flood impact is one of the most major disasters in the globe, with more than half

of all flood damages occurring in Asia. Asia is where more than half of all flood-related

damage occurs. Flood forecasting is a vital part of disaster management because it

enables effective planning and quick action to lessen the effects of the flood. However, it

might be challenging to anticipate floods, particularly for Community Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Offices (CDRRMO). (Lagmay et al., 2017) stated that the

NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards) program was launched in 2012

to increase Filipinos' knowledge of natural hazards. The Philippine Government launched

this responsive program for disaster prediction specifically for government warning

agencies to be able to provide a 6-hr. lead-time warning to vulnerable communities

against impending floods and to use advanced technology to enhance current geo-

hazard vulnerability maps.

The CDRRMO is responsible for implementing disaster management measures

in urban areas, including predicting and mitigating the impacts of floods. However,

despite the importance of this task, CDRRMOs often struggle to accurately predict floods

and protect their communities from the associated risks. A broad online survey was done

by the United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health with regard

to FEWS (Flood Early Warning System). The results showed that almost half of the

respondents indicated that their models were not sophisticated or accurate enough to

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make reliable predictions. 50% of the respondents cited a lack of technical capability and

a limited skilled workforce to execute forecasts.

The Core Problem as The Source of Resolution

The geographical status of a region can play a significant role in causing river

overflow and subsequent flooding from rainfall and the issue of flash floods brought on

by storm surges and rising sea levels is more serious. Factors such as topography, soil

type, and land use can all contribute to the likelihood and severity of flooding. One major

factor is the topography of the area. If the region is hilly or mountainous, heavy rainfall

can quickly cause flash floods as water runs off the steep slopes and into rivers and

streams. In contrast, flat areas with low-gradient rivers may not experience as much

flooding as the water has more time to slowly drain away. Land use can also contribute

to flooding. have a high percentage of impervious surfaces such as roads and buildings

that prevent water from seeping into the ground. This can cause water to run off into

rivers and streams, leading to increased flooding. According to Gonzales et al (2014),

the total land area of the sub-basin is approximately 8,406.732 hectares. Silang occupies

more than one-third of the total land area consisting of 29,308,944 square meters or about

34.86 %. Carmona and Biñan hold almost the same coverage size with about 21,940,464

and 19,292,828, respectively. And that makes Biñan sub-basin's aggregate area

approximately 86 km2 which is a significant factor why Biñan serves as a catch

basin. Additionally, deforestation or other land-use changes can also affect the flow of

water in a region and increase the risk of flooding.

Flash flooding Due to geographical location status is common in the Philippines

such as in the Matina River basin in Davao City, the Philippines usually affects 72

barangays (villages) close to the river (Macalalad et al., 2021). Also, according to (Flood

| APN Project: FSMaRT, 2021), in Cagayan, floods in the Cagayan River Basin have

caused disasters in Region 02, with data showing the number of barangays flooded and

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persons affected. Hence, researchers have also come up with a way to know when there

will be a flood in the Biñan area by placing a Water Level Sensor in a more elevated river

because that is also where the flowing flood water comes from. Through this, people in

the Biñan area will have some time to prepare before the flood arrives.

According to (de Leon & Magcale-Macandog, 2022), The Philippines is in an area

prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions due to its location

on the Pacific Ring of Fire. Climate change has also led to an increase in hazards like

typhoons, floods, landslides, and strong winds. In 2020, the country was hit by 22

typhoons causing significant damage, deaths, and displacement. This study examined

the vulnerability of three specific neighborhoods in the City of Santa Rosa in Laguna that

are prone to flooding. The research found that the area with the most vulnerability to

flooding was a neighborhood with inferior flooring and walls made of bamboo.

Additionally, the study found that when considering factors such as structural type, the

height of the ground floor, and proximity to a lake, the neighborhood of Sinalhan was

found to be the most vulnerable to flooding. To address this, it is recommended to pay

attention to land use policies and urban greening to reduce the impact of flooding and to

use a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches to manage flood risk and

sustainably build community resilience.

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Lacking Effectiveness of Biñan and Other Outside City Places’ Current Flood

Monitoring System

A flood monitoring system is an essential tool for municipalities looking to protect

their residents and property from the damaging effects of flooding. Providing early

warning, valuable data, and the ability to integrate with other systems can help to

minimize the damage caused by flooding and ensure a rapid and effective response to

flood events. According to (Establishment of Early Warning Systems — English, 2022),

for a flood monitoring system to be effective, it needs to actively involve the people and

communities that are at risk from a range of hazards. It must also effectively facilitate

public education and awareness of risks, such as disseminating messages and warnings

to ensure that there is a constant state of preparedness so that quick response is

enabled.

The current flood monitoring system of Biñan utilizes real-time camera feed through

Biñan C3 Command Control & Communication Center. But according to (Fondriest

Environmental Inc., 2015), an effective flood warning system should be based on the

regular collection of local rainfall, stream level, and streamflow data. While Biñan serves

as a catch basin, since the headwaters of Biñan originate from the eastern slopes of the

Cavite highlands (Citation, Geographic Detail no. 2), the current monitoring system finds

it hard to anticipate floods due to the said geographic circumstance. With the reason that

they can only monitor the water level of rivers in Biñan and not the water level of rivers in

Cavite, which will give them 2 hours ahead of time to prepare if they can anticipate the

waters in Silang Cavite as per the interview given by CDRRMO.

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The Culmination of Existing Technologies

The level of water in a tank, a sump pump, or a water treatment system is just a

few examples of the many water level monitoring applications that frequently use float

switches. They are simple and dependable, and monitoring systems can readily

incorporate them. When a liquid level changes, a float switch works by causing an internal

mechanical switch to open or close an electrical circuit. The magnet and reed switch are

housed inside the float, and the float switch can be cable-suspended or it can employ

probes to measure the water level in a storage tank. Pumps, valves, alarms, and other

equipment can be controlled by an electrical signal sent when the dry contacts are

opened or closed.

Internet technology can aid in flood disaster response and management in

several ways and one of those is online mapping. According to the Flood Resilience

Portal, flood mapping is crucial to flooding risk management and risk reduction, for it helps

to minimize the loss and damage caused by floods. Remote sensing tools can also be

used to identify and monitor flood-prone areas, as well as social media and other

communication apps that can be used to coordinate rescuers and people in times of flood.

(Domeneghetti et al., 2019) stated that remote sensing provides a valuable source of

data observation. It will also help mitigate the depletion of global field surveys and

monitoring stations, especially in remote areas and developing countries. In the times of

Hurricane Harvey in the year 2017 in the United States, in order to create timely flood

maps that were continuously provided to the Federal Emergency Management Agency

(FEMA) during the Harvey event, (Goldberg et al., 2018) combined image data from

sensors aboard the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership Satellite (SNPP) and the

new Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-16. In a study conducted

by (Supani et al., 2017), they utilized a WiFi network in order to access data by

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connecting the smartphones of users in their smartphone hotspot of the FEWS module.

Also, Satellite rainfall observations can be a useful source of information for enhancing

flood modeling and forecasting. In a river basin in eastern Sri Lanka, (Yoshimoto &

Amarnath, 2017) examined the efficacy of flood inundation modeling utilizing three widely

used satellite rainfall products (PERSIAN, TRMM, and GSMaP).

SMS is a cost-effective way to send data, as it does not require a data plan or

internet connection to function. The GSM/GPRS Shield is a module that can be added to

an Arduino board to provide cellular connectivity. This allows the Arduino to send and

receive data over a cellular network, enabling it to connect to the internet and

communicate with other devices remotely. With this shield, you can make your Arduino

projects mobile and communicate with them remotely, or use them as remote data

loggers. (Satrea et al., 2019) conducted a study which aims to build a flood alarm system

by utilizing GSM communication between flood detector systems and wireless flood alarm

systems. A flood detection system is constructed with an ultrasonic sensor acting as a

water level detector, an Arduino Uno microcontroller serving as a data processor, and a

SIM900 sender GSM module serving as a data communication medium to a flood alarm

system made up of a GSM SIM900 receiver module, an Arduino microcontroller, and an

electric alarm.

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The Resemblance of the Endeavor to Existing Studies

Having real-time water level monitoring systems is essential for managing water

resources, protecting against water-related hazards, and ensuring sustainable water use.

These systems can help communities and organizations make informed decisions and

take action to protect people, property, and the environment. Ultrasonic sensors, float-

type sensors, capacitive sensors, and pressure sensors are frequently used in water-

level monitoring devices; these are basic and straightforward sensors made specifically

for water-level monitoring.

As of early 2019, only 10 of Metro Manila's 18 major river basins had operational

flood forecasting and warning systems for dam operations. According to the Philippine

Department of Science and Technology (DOST), they developed Project NOAH to

address flood concerns. It makes use of cutting-edge tools like automatic rain gauges

and 3D terrain mapping to notify agencies and communities of oncoming floods six hours

in advance. Also in the Marikina River, ultrasonic sensors are utilized to track real-time

changes in water level as another means of flood monitoring. Because there are so many

people in Calumpit, Bulacan who require aid, the local authority is having trouble

evacuating its citizens and as indicators of the flood level, they place flood markers along

concrete posts and walls. However, because of the uneven road conditions, strong water

currents, and high-water levels, evacuation and relief activities are frequently postponed.

This has led to extensive damage to properties and loss of life. This circumstance led to

the creation of a flood warning system that can quickly alert local inhabitants and detect

and monitor the present flood state. The provincial government units and residents use

observations to determine the flood level or water level. In order to help them determine

the water level in their region, they post markers or indications on the streets or install

CCTVs.

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 According to (Rani et al, 2020) Water- float sensors or Water- level sensors are

used for measuring the continuous flow of the water or liquid content in a water system.

The various applications of these sensors are used in water tanks, water-level indicators,

water-level alarms, etc. The average life cycle of this sensor is 15 years. This sensor will

not deteriorate. The circuit of this sensor consists of GND and VCC. This sensor senses

the level of water and actuates the pump or initiates an alarm with a buzzer.

SYNTHESIS

This endeavor is formed from the struggles of people, government, and CDRRMO

in facing floods. Especially the lack of preparation of people before the flood comes. The

problem is not bounded by rainfall but also by water spills. It makes predicting floods

more difficult as per CDRRMO. The organization also discussed the core problem in this

matter. It is the geographical status of Biñan City. This city is said to be a water basin that

catches most of the river’s water from much higher places such as the Silang river which

serves as the determining factor of the possibility of flood in Biñan. The CDRRMO showed

a lack of effectiveness and studies are showing the same deficiency in their local risk

reduction management. The gap shows the need for Kalisto in resolving the matter. The

researchers sought out studies and literature to discuss to further know the limits,

contrast, resemblances, and the components and technology that our study and

prototype also contain. The researchers also discussed the culmination of existing Local

and foreign studies to show the different aspects that the prototype will use includes the

algorithm, hardware, and software components. The latter part explains the overall

resemblance to the up-to-date studies of this study.

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 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

In this study where it aims to predict and prevent flood disaster casualties on

people, the authors will utilize experimental research design. It involves manipulating

independent variables to observe the effect on dependent variables and can be used in

various fields, including product development and engineering. In the context of testing a

prototype, the independent variable is the feature or aspect of the prototype, and the

dependent variable is the measurement of performance. By conducting controlled

experiments, it is possible to isolate the effect of individual variables on the outcome, and

make informed decisions about the design of the final product.

RESEARCH LOCALE

The study was conducted at Biñan City Laguna as it is one of the six cities

bounded in the Biñan sub-basin (Gonzales et al., 2014). Also, the focus and objective of

this study is to prevent floods coming to Biñan rather than focusing on recovering from

its aftermath.

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 FLOWCHART OF RESEARCH DESIGN/PROCESS FLOWCHART

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DESCRIPTION OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT USED

The researchers will be utilizing experiments and tests as a research instrument

in this study. The research instrument will be used to gather the data needed, as well as

testing the functionality of the Arduino Mega, GSM Module, and the functionality of the

prototype.

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

Container

A plastic container that will be used to contain water to measure water level.

Should be approximately 1ft tall and 0.5ft diameter and must have enough space for 3

float switches to float.

Arduino Mega

Arduino or microcontroller is a small Computer with a single inbuilt circuit which

contains all necessary hardware like input/output.

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Software

Kalisto System: A mobile application that is created through Flutter that will

provide necessary outputs.

GSM Module SIM800L

In times of flood most of the internet providers are having a hard time. This

component will make the Arduino Mega send inputs without internet connection.

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Float Switch

Used to detect the level of water, 3 pieces float switches are placed on top of the

surface and acts as a mechanical switch, going up or down depending on the water level.

Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an object

using ultrasonic sound waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send

and receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object's

proximity.

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Flutter Framework

Flutter framework is used to develop the mobile application. Flutter is a

framework created and backed by Google that is available for anyone to use. It is

utilized by frontend and full-stack developers to construct the user interface (UI)

of an application for various platforms using just one set of code.

SQLite

SQLite is not directly comparable to client/server SQL database engines such as

MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, or SQL Server since SQLite is trying to solve a different

problem. then use a client/server database engine instead of SQLite. SQLite will work

over a network filesystem, but because of the latency associated with most networks.

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Visual Studio Code

Visual Studio Code, also commonly referred to as VS Code, is a source-code

editor made by Microsoft with the Electron Framework, for Windows, Linux and macOS.

It will be used as an IDE for developing the application.

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LABORATORY EXPERIMENT/FIELD EXPERIMENT

Experiment 1

Determining the Fastest Cellular Network Transmission of Information from the

Sensor to the Kalisto system

I. Objective

To determine the most suitable cellular network for the Arduino GSM shield.

II. Materials and Equipment

Cellular network sim (Smart, DITO, Globe), Receiver (cellphone), Arduino Uno

III. Procedure

1. Set-up the Kalisto prototype to gather data of water velocity and water level.

2. Test the Kalisto system's network speed with Smart sim.

3. Repeat step 2 for 5 trials.

4. Test the Kalisto system's network speed with DITO sim.

5. Repeat step 4 for 5 trials.

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6. Test the Kalisto system's network speed with Globe sim.

7. Repeat step 6 for 5 trials.

8. Test the Kalisto system's network speed with TM sim.

9. Repeat step 8 for 5 trials.

10. Test the Kalisto system's network speed with Talk N Text sim.

11. Repeat step 10 for 5 trials.

TABLE 1: Speed of Transmission of Information from the Sensor to the Kalisto

System

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 Experiment 2

Finding How Accurate the Kalisto System is in Measuring Water Level

I. Objective

To determine the accuracy of the ultrasonic sensor for the Kalisto system.

II. Materials and equipment

Arduino Uno, Ultrasonic sensor, Kalisto system for output

III. Procedure

1. Install the ultrasonic sensor for testing.

2. Record the measurements in the range of water levels of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%

for 10 trials.

3. Based on the data recorded, we will choose the one that accurately measures water

level.

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 TABLE 2: Accuracy of Sensors in Measuring Water Level

Experiment 3

Evaluating the Time Delay in GSM Initialization during Prototype Start-up

I. Objective

Assess the time delay in GSM initialization during the first setup of the prototype.

II. Materials and equipment

Prototype device with GSM module, timer or stopwatch, mobile device with Kalisto

App

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 III. Procedure

1. Set up the prototype. Ensure that the prototype device is ready for power-up and

subsequent GSM initialization.

2. Prepare the experiment setup. Position the prototype device in a suitable location with

a stable cellular network reception. Place the timer or stopwatch nearby and make sure

it is easily visible.

3. Power on the prototype device. Turn on the power source (battery or power supply) for

the prototype device and immediately start the timer or stopwatch as soon as power is

applied.

4. Monitor the GSM initialization process. Note any visual cues indicating the GSM

module's initialization progress.

5. Record the time for initialization. Stop the timer or stopwatch as soon as the GSM

module completes its initialization and becomes fully functional.

6. Repeat steps 3-5 multiple times to obtain an average time for GSM initialization.

7. Calculate the average time taken for GSM initialization by summing up the recorded

times and dividing by the number of repetitions.

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 TABLE 3: Delay in GSM Initialization during Prototype Start-up

Experiment 4

Finding How Fast is the Transmission of the Fastest Cellular Network in Silang to

Biñan

I. Objective

To determine the most suitable cellular network in transmitting SMS from Silang

to Biñan.

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 II. Materials and Equipment

Cellular network sim (Smart, DITO, Globe), Sender & Receiver (cellphone)

III. Procedure

1. Set-up the TNT sim for sending the message from Silang to Biñan.

2. Set-up the phone of sender and receiver and use a screen recorder with a timer on a

split screen.

3. Send the message to the receiver and record the time it takes.

4. Repeat step 3 for 5 trials.

5. Set-up the DITO sim for sending the message from Silang to Biñan.

6. Set-up the phone of sender and receiver and use a screen recorder with a timer on a

split screen.

7. Send the message to the receiver and record the time it takes.

8. Repeat step 7 for 5 trials.

9. Set-up the Globe sim for sending the message from Silang to Biñan.

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10. Set-up the phone of sender and receiver and use a screen recorder with a timer on a

split screen.

11. Send the message to the receiver and record the time it takes.

12. Repeat step 3 for 5 trials.

13. Compute the average time taken for SMS transmission from Silang to Biñan for each

cellular network (TNT, DITO, Globe) based on the recorded times from the trials.

TABLE 4: Transmission Speed of Different Cellular Network in Silang to Biñan

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 Experiment 5

Finding Out the Consistency of the Output of the System in Long Hours of Use

I. Objective

To assess the consistency, accuracy, and reliability of the system in providing

real-time water level data through the Kalisto app over an extended duration.

II. Materials and Equipment

Prototype and Kalisto App

III. Procedure

1. Start the prototype and the Kalisto system. Allow the float switches and ultrasonic

sensors to continuously monitor and collect water level data.

2. Record the start time of the experiment.

3. Regularly observe the Kalisto app's display of water level data received from the two

stations.

4. Check the historical data section of the app to review the logged water level

measurements.

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5. Record the observed water level data displayed in the Kalisto app at different time

intervals (e.g., every hour).

6. Analyze the recorded data to assess the consistency and accuracy of the system

output over the duration of the experiment.

7. Calculate the deviation between the observed water level measurements and the

baseline measurements to evaluate the system's accuracy.

TABLE 5: Consistency of the Output of the System in Long Hours

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STATISTICAL TREATMENT

One-way ANOVA

When comparing the means of two or more groups, one-way ANOVA is used to

evaluate whether the differences are statistically significant (but mainly used for three

groups and above). The groups that will undergo a one-way ANOVA do not have any

relationships with one another or are simply unrelated. The researchers utilized this

instrument to determine the fastest cellular transmission of information from the sensor

to the Kalisto system.

Standard Deviation

Standard deviation is used to measure the variability or spread of a dataset. It is

employed in statistics, data analysis, and research to describe the dispersion of data

points around the mean. It is also utilized to assess risk, evaluate consistency, and

analyze the effectiveness of interventions.

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics involves summarizing and describing the main

characteristics of a dataset. Standard deviation is frequently used as a descriptive

statistic to measure the spread or variability of the data. It provides valuable information

about the dispersion of the data points, allowing for a better understanding of the

dataset's overall distribution.

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CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This section encompasses the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the gathered

data, which allows for addressing the research problem. It involves the utilization of

graphs and tables to visually represent and aid in comprehending the research findings.

EXPERIMENT 1

Determining the Fastest Cellular Network Transmission of Information from the

Sensor to the Kalisto system in Biñan

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 Figure 4: Bar Graph Showing the Comparison of the Transmission Speed of

Information from the Sensor to the Kalisto System

1. Problem: What is the speed of transmission of information from the Sensor to the

Kalisto System?

2. Formulate Hypothesis:

Null hypothesis (H₀): There is no significant difference in the means of the speed of

transmission among the three SIMs.

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Alternative hypothesis (H₁): There is a significant difference in the means of the speed of

transmission among the three SIMs.

3. Statistical Treatment Used: ANOVA Analysis

Calculating the group means:

• TNT Mean (μ₁) = (2.43 + 2.57 + 2.35 + 2.42 + 2.48 + 2.54 + 2.39 + 2.46 + 2.51 +

2.33) / 10 = 2.44 seconds

• Globe Mean (μ₂) = (3.23 + 3.17 + 3.29 + 3.10 + 3.08 + 3.21 + 3.14 + 3.26 + 3.19

+ 3.12) / 10 = 3.18 seconds

• DITO Mean (μ₃) = (2.90 + 2.88 + 2.95 + 2.79 + 2.83 + 2.92 + 2.86 + 2.91 + 2.97

+ 2.81) / 10 = 2.88 seconds

Calculating the overall mean:

• Overall Mean (μ) = (μ₁ + μ₂ + μ₃) / 3

= (2.44 + 3.18 + 2.88) / 3

= 2.8333 seconds (rounded to four decimal places)

Calculating the sum of squares:

• SSB = (10 * ((μ₁ - μ)² + (μ₂ - μ)² + (μ₃ - μ)²))

= (10 * ((2.44 - 2.8333)² + (3.18 - 2.8333)² + (2.88 - 2.8333)²))

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 = 0.8733

• SSW = [(10 - 1) * (10 * (σ₁² + σ₂² + σ₃²))]

= (9 * (10 * (((2.43 - 2.44)² + (2.57 - 2.44)² + ... + (2.33 - 2.44)²) + ... + ((2.81 - 2.88)² +

(2.97 - 2.88)² + (2.81 - 2.88)²))))

= 1.3286

Calculating the degrees of freedom:

• dfB = Number of groups - 1

=3-1

=2

• dfW = Total number of observations - Number of groups

= (10 * 3) - 3

= 27

Calculating the mean squares:

• MSB = SSB / dfB

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 = 0.8733 / 2

= 0.4366

• MSW = SSW / dfW

= 1.3286 / 27

= 0.0492

Calculating the F-statistic:

• F-statistic = MSB / MSW

= 0.4366 / 0.0492

= 8.8707

Determining the critical value and p-value:

• Using a significance level of α = 0.05 and the F-distribution table, we find the

critical value for dfB = 2 and dfW = 27 to be approximately 3.49.

• The p-value associated with the calculated F-statistic can be obtained using the

F-distribution with dfB = 2 and dfW = 27.

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 EXPERIMENT 2

Finding How Accurate the Kalisto System is in Measuring Water Level

Figure 5: Bar Graph Showing the Accuracy of the Kalisto System in Measuring

Water Level on Different Percentages

120

100

80

60

40

20

25 Percent 50 Percent 75 Percent 100 Percent

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1. Problem: How accurate is the device in measuring the water level?

2. Formulate Hypothesis:

Null Hypothesis (H₀): The accuracy and consistency of water level measurements of the

prototype is not significantly different from the true water level values.

Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): The accuracy and consistency of water level measurements

of the prototype is significantly different from the true water level values.

3. Statistical Treatment Used: Standard Deviation

Calculating for the standard deviation of the measurements at the 25% water level:

Measurements: 24.8, 24.9, 24.7, 24.9, 24.8

Calculating the average:

Average: (24.8 + 24.9 + 24.7 + 24.9 + 24.8) / 5 = 24.82

Calculating the squared difference for each data point:

(24.8 - 24.82)^2 = 0.0004

(24.9 - 24.82)^2 = 0.0064

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 (24.7 - 24.82)^2 = 0.0144

(24.9 - 24.82)^2 = 0.0064

(24.8 - 24.82)^2 = 0.0004

Calculating the average of the squared differences:

(0.0004 + 0.0064 + 0.0144 + 0.0064 + 0.0004) / 5 = 0.0056

Taking the square root of the average:

sqrt(0.0056) = 0.0748

Based on the calculation, the standard deviation for the measurements at the 25% water

level of the prototype is approximately 0.0748.

Calculating for the standard deviation of the measurements at the 50% water level:

Measurements: 50.0, 49.8, 50.1, 50.2, 50.0

Calculating the average:

Average: (50.0 + 49.8 + 50.1 + 50.2 + 50.0) / 5 = 50.02

Calculating the squared difference for each data point:

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(50.0 - 50.02) ^2 = 0.0004

(49.8 - 50.02) ^2 = 0.0484

(50.1 - 50.02) ^2 = 0.0064

(50.2 - 50.02) ^2 = 0.0324

(50.0 - 50.02) ^2 = 0.0004

Calculating the average of the squared differences:

(0.0004 + 0.0484 + 0.0064 + 0.0324 + 0.0004) / 5 = 0.0176

Taking the square root of the average:

sqrt (0.0176) = 0.1326

Based on the calculation, the standard deviation for the measurements at the 50% water

level of the prototype is approximately 0.1326.

Calculating for the standard deviation of the measurements at the 75% water level:

Measurements: 75.1, 74.9, 75.0, 75.2, 75.0

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Calculating the average:

Average: (75.1 + 74.9 + 75.0 + 75.2 + 75.0) / 5 = 75.04

Calculating the squared difference for each data point:

(75.1 - 75.04)^2 = 0.0036

(74.9 - 75.04)^2 = 0.0024

(75.0 - 75.04)^2 = 0.0016

(75.2 - 75.04)^2 = 0.0256

(75.0 - 75.04)^2 = 0.0016

Calculating the average of the squared differences:

(0.0036 + 0.0024 + 0.0016 + 0.0256 + 0.0016) / 5 = 0.0068

Taking the square root of the average:

sqrt(0.0068) = 0.0825

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Based on the calculation, the standard deviation for the measurements at the 75% water

level using the ultrasonic sensor is approximately 0.0825.

Calculating for the standard deviation of the measurements at the 100% water level:

Measurements: 99.9, 99.8, 100.1, 99.9, 99.7

Calculating the average:

Average: (99.9 + 99.8 + 100.1 + 99.9 + 99.7) / 5 = 99.88

Calculating the squared difference for each data point:

(99.9 - 99.88)^2 = 0.0004

(99.8 - 99.88)^2 = 0.0064

(100.1 - 99.88)^2 = 0.0484

(99.9 - 99.88)^2 = 0.0004

(99.7 - 99.88)^2 = 0.0324

Calculating the average of the squared differences:

(0.0004 + 0.0064 + 0.0484 + 0.0004 + 0.0324) / 5 = 0.0176

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Taking the square root of the average:

sqrt(0.0176) = 0.1326

Based on the calculation, the standard deviation for the measurements at the 100% water

level using the ultrasonic sensor is approximately 0.1326.

EXPERIMENT 3
Evaluating the Time Delay in GSM Initialization during Prototype Start-up

Figure 6: Bar Graph Showing the Comparison of the Transmission Speed of

Information from the Sensor to the Kalisto System

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1. Problem: What is the average time delay in GSM initialization during the first setup of

the prototype?

2. Statistical Treatment Used: Descriptive Statistics

Mean:

Calculating the sum of all the time taken values: 59.3 + 58.9 + 61.2 + 60.5 + 59.7

+ 60.1 + 59.8 + 61.0 + 58.8 + 60.7 = 598.0 seconds

Dividing the sum by the total number of trials (10): 598.0 / 10 = 59.8 seconds

2. Standard Deviation:

Calculating the deviations from the mean for each trial:

Trial 1: 59.3 - 59.8 = -0.5

Trial 2: 58.9 - 59.8 = -0.9

Trial 3: 61.2 - 59.8 = 1.4

Trial 4: 60.5 - 59.8 = 0.7

Trial 5: 59.7 - 59.8 = -0.1

Trial 6: 60.1 - 59.8 = 0.3

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 Trial 7: 59.8 - 59.8 = 0.0

Trial 8: 61.0 - 59.8 = 1.2

Trial 9: 58.8 - 59.8 = -1.0

Trial 10: 60.7 - 59.8 = 0.9

Calculating the sum of squared deviations:

(-0.5)^2 + (-0.9)^2 + 1.4^2 + 0.7^2 + (-0.1)^2 + 0.3^2 + 0.0^2 + 1.2^2 + (-1.0)^2 +

0.9^2 = 7.0

Dividing the sum of squared deviations by (n - 1) to get the variance:

Variance = 7.0 / (10 - 1) = 0.78 (rounded to two decimal places)

Taking the square root of the variance to get the standard deviation:

Standard Deviation = √(0.78) = 0.88 (rounded to two decimal places)

3. Minimum and Maximum:

Minimum value: 58.8 seconds

Maximum value: 61.2 seconds

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4. Range:

Range = Maximum value - Minimum value

Range = 61.2 - 58.8 = 2.4 seconds

EXPERIMENT 4

Finding How Fast is the Transmission of the Fastest Cellular Network in Silang to

Biñan

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 Figure 7: Line Graph Showing the Comparison of the Transmission Speed of

Information from the Silang to the Biñan

1. Problem: How fast is the transmission of the fastest cellular network in Silang to Biñan?

2. Formulate Hypothesis:

Null hypothesis (H₀): There is no significant difference in the means of the speed of

transmission from Silang to Biñan among the three SIMs.

Alternative hypothesis (H₁): There is a significant difference in the means of the speed of

transmission from Silang to Biñan among the three SIMs.

3. Statistical Treatment Used: ANOVA Analysis

Calculating the Total Sum of Squares (SST):

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Grand Mean (GM):

GM = (2.78 + 3.19 + 2.96 + 2.88 + 3.12 + 2.87 + 2.82 + 3.05 + 2.94 + 2.91 + 3.16 + 2.80

+ 2.85 + 3.09 + 2.92 + 2.81 + 3.13 + 2.97 + 2.93 + 3.08 + 2.79 + 3.17 + 2.98 + 2.84 +

3.10 + 2.95 + 2.90 + 3.14 + 2.83) / 30

GM = 2.94

Between-Group Sum of Squares (SSB):

SSB = (10 * (2.78 - GM)²) + (10 * (3.19 - GM)²) + (10 * (2.96 - GM)²)

SSB = 1.0824

Within-Group Sum of Squares (SSW):

SSW = (9 * (0.0076 + 0.0079 + 0.0016)) + (9 * (0.0044 + 0.0016 + 0.0079)) + (9 * (0.0121

+ 0.0004 + 0.0064))

SSW = 0.3366

Degrees of Freedom (df):

df_between = 3 - 1 = 2

df_within = 30 - 3 = 27

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Mean Square Between (MSB):

MSB = SSB / df_between

MSB = 1.0824 / 2

MSB = 0.5412

Mean Square Within (MSW):

MSW = SSW / df_within

MSW = 0.3366 / 27

MSW = 0.0125

Calculating the F-value:

F = MSB / MSW

F = 0.5412 / 0.0125

F = 43.296

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 EXPERIMENT 5

Finding Out the Consistency of the Output of the System in Long Hours of Use

Figure 8: Bar Graph Showing the Consistency of the Output of the System in a

Span of 5 Hours

1. Problem: How consistent is the system in providing accurate water level over an

extended period of hours?

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2. Formulate Hypothesis:

Null hypothesis (H₀): There is no significant difference in the accuracy of the ultrasonic

sensor over time.

Alternative hypothesis (H₁): The accuracy of the ultrasonic sensor varies significantly over

time.

3. Statistical Treatment Used: Descriptive Statistics

Mean:

Sum of all values / Number of values

Mean = (97.23 + 95.87 + 96.75 + 98.24 + 95.36) / 5

Mean = 483.45 / 5

Mean = 96.69%

Standard Deviation:

Square Root of [(Sum of (Value - Mean)^2) / (Number of values - 1)]

Calculating deviations from the mean:

Deviation for Trial 1 = 97.23 - 96.69 = 0.54

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Deviation for Trial 2 = 95.87 - 96.69 = -0.82

Deviation for Trial 3 = 96.75 - 96.69 = 0.06

Deviation for Trial 4 = 98.24 - 96.69 = 1.55

Deviation for Trial 5 = 95.36 - 96.69 = -1.33

Squaring the deviations:

Squared Deviation for Trial 1 = 0.54^2 = 0.2916

Squared Deviation for Trial 2 = (-0.82)^2 = 0.6724

Squared Deviation for Trial 3 = 0.06^2 = 0.0036

Squared Deviation for Trial 4 = 1.55^2 = 2.4025

Squared Deviation for Trial 5 = (-1.33)^2 = 1.7689

The sum of squared deviations

Sum of Squared Deviations = 0.2916 + 0.6724 + 0.0036 + 2.4025 + 1.7689 = 5.139

Calculating the variance

Variance = Sum of Squared Deviations / (Number of values - 1)

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Variance = 5.139 / (5 - 1)

Variance = 5.139 / 4

Variance = 1.28475

Taking the square root of the variance to get the standard deviation

Standard Deviation = Square Root of Variance

Standard Deviation = Square Root of 1.28475

Standard Deviation = 1.133%

Minimum:

Minimum value among the given values

Minimum = 95.36%

Maximum:

Maximum value among the given values

Maximum = 98.24%

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The mean accuracy is approximately 96.69%, the standard deviation is approximately

1.133%, the minimum accuracy is 95.36%, and the maximum accuracy is 98.24%.

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATION

In this chapter, a comprehensive summary of the research findings is provided,

which encompasses the results obtained from a series of experiments and tests

conducted by the researchers. These findings have played a crucial role in shaping the

formulation of conclusions. Additionally, this chapter presents recommendations that can

serve as a valuable guide for future studies that are closely related to the topic under

investigation.

Summary of Findings

The researchers derived the following findings based on the results obtained from

various experiments conducted.

1) The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed to compare the means of

the transmission speeds among the different SIM cards (TNT, Globe, and DITO).

The computed F-value (8.8707) from the ANOVA test was found to be significant

as it is higher than the critical value (3.49), indicating that there is a significant

difference in the transmission speeds among the SIM cards.

2) The analysis of water level measurements obtained using the prototype revealed

important findings regarding its accuracy and consistency. At the 25% and 75%

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 water levels, the standard deviations were relatively low, indicating a higher level

of accuracy and consistency in the measurements. This suggests that the

prototype performs well in measuring water levels within these ranges. However,

at the 50% and 100% water levels, the standard deviations were slightly higher,

indicating a slightly greater variability in the measurements.

3) The mean time taken for GSM initialization during the first setup of the prototype

is approximately 59.8 seconds. The standard deviation of 0.88 seconds suggests

that the individual trial times tend to deviate from the mean initialization time by

approximately 0.88 seconds on average, indicating a moderate amount of

variability in the initialization time data. The range of time taken values spans

approximately 2.4 seconds, ranging from 58.8 seconds to 61.2 seconds,

illustrating the spread of the data. These findings provide insights into the average

and variability of the GSM initialization time, allowing for a better understanding

of the time required for the prototype to complete this process.

4) The calculated F-value of 43.296 is much higher than the critical F-value at α =

0.05 (3.3541) with degrees of freedom of 2 for between-groups and 27 for within-

groups. And the calculated F-value of 43.296 is much higher than the critical F-

value at α = 0.05 (3.3541) with degrees of freedom of 2 for between-groups and

27 for within-groups, which indicates that disparity in the transmission speeds

among the three SIM cards.

5) The mean accuracy of the ultrasonic sensor measurements over the extended

period of hours was approximately 96.69%. This indicates that, on average, the

sensor provided accurate water level readings. The standard deviation of

approximately 1.133% suggests some variability in the accuracy of the sensor's

measurements. The minimum accuracy recorded was 95.36%, while the

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 maximum accuracy reached 98.24%. These findings demonstrate that the

ultrasonic sensor's accuracy exhibited some fluctuations but generally remained

within a reasonable range.

Conclusions

Following an extensive examination of the research paper and careful analysis of

the outcomes, the researchers draw the subsequent conclusions:

1) There is a significant difference in the transmission speeds among the tested SIM

cards (TNT, Globe, and DITO). This indicates that variations exist in the speed of

transmitting data between the different SIMs. The observed F-value exceeding

the critical value strongly suggests that the p-value is likely to be less than the

chosen significance level (α = 0.05). Thus, it further supports the rejection of the

null hypothesis (H₀) which states that there is no significant difference in the

means of the speed of transmission among the three SIMs.

2) The accuracy and consistency of water level measurements using the prototype

are influenced by the water level itself. Considering the results and the observed

differences in accuracy and consistency across different water levels, we reject

the null hypothesis (H₀) which suggests that the accuracy and consistency of

water level measurements of the prototype is not significantly different from the

true water level values. The findings indicate that the prototype demonstrates

higher accuracy and consistency in water level measurements at the 25% and

75% ranges, indicating good performance within these levels. And there is slightly

higher variability observed in measurements at the 50% and 100% water levels,

suggesting the need for further refinement and calibration to improve accuracy.

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 3) The prototype's GSM initialization process is generally stable and consistent, with

minor variations in the time taken. The findings support the notion that the

prototype can achieve reliable and efficient GSM initialization, which is crucial for

the proper functioning of the system in real-world scenarios. Therefore, the null

hypothesis (H₀), which states that there is no significant difference in the time

delay of GSM initialization during the first setup of the prototype is accepted.

4) There is a significant difference in the means of the transmission speeds among

the SIM cards (TNT, Globe, and DITO) from Silang to Biñan. This leads us to

reject the null hypothesis (H₀), where it suggests that there is no significant

difference in the means of the speed of transmission from Silang to Biñan among

the three SIMs. The data propose that TNT consistently demonstrates the fastest

transmission speed among the SIM cards from Silang to Biñan, followed by DITO

and then Globe.

5) The ultrasonic sensor showed a reasonably consistent performance in providing

accurate water level measurements over the extended period of hours. The mean

accuracy of 96.69% suggests that, on average, the sensor's readings were

reliable. However, the standard deviation of 1.133% indicates some variability in

the accuracy, implying that the sensor's measurements were not consistently

precise throughout the entire period. Despite this variability, the observed range

of accuracy from 95.36% to 98.24% remained within an acceptable margin.

Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis (H₀), where it proposed that there

is no significant difference in the accuracy of the ultrasonic sensor over time.

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Recommendations

Considering the findings of the study, the researchers propose the following

recommendations to further enhance the development of the water level monitoring

system for the City of Biñan's Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office, known as

"Kalisto":

1) Incorporate Artificial Intelligence (AI): It is recommended that the system and

future research efforts explore the integration of AI technologies. AI algorithms

and techniques can enhance flood prediction and innovation by analyzing

historical data, weather patterns, and water levels. This can facilitate accurate

flood forecasting, proactive decision-making, and efficient resource allocation.

2) Expand Study Scope: To gain a comprehensive understanding of flood dynamics,

it is advised to broaden the study scope beyond specific areas. Consider

conducting extensive field surveys and gathering data from various locations to

capture a diverse range of flood scenarios and their underlying factors.

3) Consider Additional Data Sources: To enhance the accuracy and reliability of

flood monitoring systems, it is recommended to explore additional data sources.

This may include incorporating data from weather stations, river gauges, rainfall

radar, or satellite imagery. Integrating multiple data streams can provide a more

comprehensive and real-time view of flood conditions.

4) Continuous Research and Innovation: Foster a culture of continuous research and

innovation in the field of flood management. Encourage ongoing studies and

advancements to stay abreast of emerging technologies, best practices, and

policy developments. This will contribute to the refinement and evolution of flood

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 monitoring systems, ensuring they remain effective in mitigating flood risks and

supporting disaster risk reduction efforts.

5) Implement Real-Time Data Analysis: Explore the use of real-time data analysis

techniques to monitor and analyze incoming data from the system in near real-

time. This can enable early detection of anomalies, prompt alerts, and proactive

decision-making in response to changing flood conditions.

6) Conduct Long-Term Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish a framework for long-

term monitoring and evaluation of the system's performance. Regularly assess

the accuracy, reliability, and efficiency of the system to identify areas for

improvement and ensure its ongoing effectiveness in flood management.

7) GSM Integration per Station: Two GSM modules will be implemented in total. To

enhance the functionality and capabilities of each station, a GSM module will be

installed into each station, specifically for the Silang and Biñan stations. This will

enable better real-time data transmission and monitoring of water levels on the

Kalisto mobile app.

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 APPENDICES

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 APPENDIX 1

CURRICULUM VITAE

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BAGO CHESTER C.

185 Purok 2 Brgy. Tubigan

Biñan City, Laguna
09613021039
chesterbago@[Link]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age: 22
Date of Birth: July 4,2001
Place of Birth: Biñan, Laguna
Height: 161cm
Weight: 51kg
Religion: Catholic

EDUCATION

Elementary San Vicente Elementary School (2007-2013)

Don Pablo Subd., Malvar St.
High School Saint Francis National High School (2013-2017)
Tuklas St. San Francisco Biñan City, Laguna
Senior High School Biñan City Senior High School - San Antonio Campus (2017-
2019)
Pedro H. Escueta Street, San Antonio, Biñan City, Laguna
College Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Biñan Campus
(2019-Present) Brgy. Zapote Biñan City, Laguna

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WORK EXPERIENCE

Ryonan Electronics Philippines Corporation (On-the-job trainee)

AFFILIATIONS

● ACES Association of Computer Engineering Students PUP-BC

(Secretary AY 2020-2021)

SKILLS AND INTERESTS

● Computer Literate
● Basic knowledge in AutoCad

ACHIEVEMENTS

● Dean's Lister & President’s Lister

● Iskolar ng Biñan Passer & Grantee (AY 2019 -2023)

I hereby certify that the above information I have given above is true and

correct. I fully understand that any false information is subjected to corresponding

punishment.

__________________________________

Chester C. Bago

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CATEDRILLA MICHAEL JOHN N.

Block 65 lot 30 Citadel Residence Brgy.

Uwisan Mamatid Calamba Laguna
09174546895
michaelcatedrilla@[Link]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age: 22
Date of Birth: March 9, 2001
Place of Birth: San Pedro, Laguna
Height: 165 cm
Weight: 62.50kg
Religion: Catholic

EDUCATION

Elementary San Francisco Elementary School (2007-2013)

Tuklas St. San Francisco Biñan City laguna
High School Saint Francis Integrated National High School (2013-2017)
Tuklas St. San Francisco Biñan City, Laguna
Senior High School Saint Francis Integrated National High School (2017-2019)
Tuklas St. San Francisco Biñan City laguna
College Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Biñan Campus
(2019-Present) Brgy. Zapote Biñan City, Laguna

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WORK EXPERIENCE

• Fast Food Crew (Mang Inasal)

• Sideline Jobs such as troubleshooting, upgrading, and formatting of computers and
laptops.

AFFILIATIONS

● ACES Association of Computer Engineering Students PUP-BC

(Officer AY 2022-2023)

SKILLS AND INTERESTS

● Computer Literate
● Electrical
● Network
● Basic knowledge in AutoCad
● Knowledgeable in electronics and equipped with handling sounds equipment

ACHIEVEMENTS

● Dean's Lister

I hereby certify that the above information I have given above is true and correct.

I fully understand that any false information is subjected to corresponding punishment.

__________________________________

Michael John N. Catedrilla

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GORGOD LOYD IVERSON A.

Graceland, Brgy. San Francisco,

Biñan Laguna
09511337779
verdytv07@[Link]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age: 22
Date of Birth: July 07, 2001
Place of Birth: Canlalay, Biñan Laguna
Height: 161 cm
Weight: 65kg
Religion: Catholic

EDUCATION

Elementary First Baptist Church of Biñan and Christian School (2007-2009)

Canlalay Biñan Laguna
Mary's Child Learning Center (2009-2013)
Brgy. San Francisco, Biñan Laguna
High School Saint Francis Integrated National High School (2013-2017)
Tuklas St. San Francisco Biñan City, Laguna
Senior High School Saint Francis Integrated National High School (2017-2019)
Tuklas St. San Francisco Biñan City laguna
College Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Biñan Campus
(2019-Present) Brgy. Zapote Biñan City, Laguna

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WORK EXPERIENCE

• N/A
AFFILIATIONS

● Graceland Youth Organizations

● ACES Association of Computer Engineering Students PUP - BC

(Officer AY 2020-2022)

SKILLS AND INTERESTS

● Computer Literate
● MS Office
● Basic knowledge in AutoCad

ACHIEVEMENTS

● Dean's Lister & President's Lister

I hereby certify that the above information I have given above is true and correct.

I fully understand that any false information is subjected to corresponding punishment.

__________________________________

Loyd Iverson A. Gorgod

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MERJUAR STIVYN CARL G.

Phase 2 Lot 70 Sitio Pagkakaisa

Brgy. Canlalay Biñan City, Laguna
09916586353
cmerjuar123@[Link]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age: 22
Date of Birth: November 08, 2000
Place of Birth: San Pedro, Laguna
Height: 169 cm
Weight: 51kg
Religion: Catholic

EDUCATION

Elementary Canlalay Elementary School (2007-2013)

Brgy Canlalay Biñan City, Laguna
High School Saint Francis Integrated National High School (2013-2017)
Tuklas St. San Francisco Biñan City, Laguna
Senior High School Saint Francis Integrated National High School (2017-2019)
Tuklas St. San Francisco Biñan City laguna
College Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Biñan Campus
(2019-Present) Brgy. Zapote Biñan City, Laguna

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WORK EXPERIENCE

• Fast Food Crew Kitchen (Mang Inasal)

• Fast Food Crew Dining (Kuta Balwarte)

AFFILIATIONS

● ACES Association of Computer Engineering Students PUP-BC

(Officer AY 2020-2022)

SKILLS AND INTERESTS

● Computer Literate
● Basic knowledge in AutoCad
● Basic knowledge in Java

ACHIEVEMENTS

● Dean's Lister

I hereby certify that the above information I have given above is true and correct.

I fully understand that any false information is subjected to corresponding punishment.

__________________________________

Stivyn Carl G. Merjuar

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SALAZAR FIEL G.

Phase 1B Block 8 Lot 25,

Olivarez Homes South
Brgy Santo Tomas Biñan City, Laguna
09665245553
fielgonzalessalazar@[Link]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age: 22
Date of Birth: October 08, 2000
Place of Birth: Pasig City Hospital
Height: 152.4cm
Weight: 55kg
Religion: Christian

EDUCATION

Elementary Mamplasan Elementary School (2007-2013)

Brgy Mamplasan Biñan City, Laguna
High School Mamplasan National High School (2013-2017)
Brgy Mamplasan Biñan City, Laguna
Senior High School Biñan City Senior High School - San Antonio Campus (2017-
2019)
Pedro H. Escueta Street, San Antonio, Biñan City, Laguna
College Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Biñan Campus
(2019-Present) Brgy. Zapote Biñan City, Laguna

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WORK EXPERIENCE

• Creotech (On the Job Training January to February 2019) LAGUNA

TECHNOPARK GATE3
• Customer Service Representative TELCO VOICE ACCOUNT
• (September 2021 to March 2022) IQOR SANTA ROSA
• Freelance Social Media Creator (Creating Youtube Videos)
• (April 2022 to March 2023) WFH
• Customer Service Representative HOTEL & RESERVATIONS
• (End of March 2023 up to Present) TELETECH ROBINSONS SANTA ROSA

AFFILIATIONS

● N/A

SKILLS AND INTERESTS

● Computer Literate
● Proficient with English Speaking
● Basic knowledge in AutoCad
ACHIEVEMENTS

● Dean's Lister & President’s Lister

● Iskolar ng Biñan Passer & Grantee (AY 2019 -2023)

I hereby certify that the above information I have given above is true and correct.

I fully understand that any false information is subjected to corresponding punishment.

__________________________________

Fiel G. Salazar

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SALVADOR RAYMART G.

#8 Ilaya St. San Francisco

Biñan City Laguna
09060966897
salvadorraymartg@[Link]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age: 23
Date of Birth: June 13, 2000
Place of Birth: Negros Occidental
Height: 168 cm
Weight: 61.50kg
Religion: Christian

EDUCATION

Elementary Cabacungan National High School (2007-2013)

Negros Occidental
High School Saint Francis Integrated National High School (2013-2017)
Tuklas St. San Francisco Biñan City, Laguna
Senior High School Biñan City Senior High School - San Antonio Campus (2017-
2019)
Pedro H. Escueta Street, San Antonio, Biñan City, Laguna
College Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Biñan Campus
(2019-Present) Brgy. Zapote Biñan City, Laguna

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WORK EXPERIENCE

• Ryonan Electronics Philippines Corporation (On-the-job trainee)

• Fast Food Crew Kitchen (Jollibee)
• Freelancing
AFFILIATIONS

● ACES Association of Computer Engineering Students PUP-BC

(Media Team AY 2022-2023)

SKILLS AND INTERESTS

● Computer Literate
● Basic knowledge in AutoCad
● Programming, Web Dev, Android Dev

ACHIEVEMENTS

● With Honor & Dean's Lister

● Iskolar ng Biñan Passer & Grantee (AY 2019 -2023)

I hereby certify that the above information I have given above is true and correct.

I fully understand that any false information is subjected to corresponding punishment.

__________________________________

Raymart G. Salvador.

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 APPENDIX 2

PICTURES

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 Topic Proposal with the CDRRMO

Measuring the Depth of Silang River

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 Silang River

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 Biñan River

GSM Initialization during Prototype Start-up

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 Prototype Simulation during Experiment

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 Final Prototype Design

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 Hardware Components

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 APPENDIX 3

WORK PLAN

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 Date

Activity November December January February

10 - 18 -
15 - 30 1-6 7 - 19 1-7 8 - 14
17 31
Title Proposal
Revised
Research Title
Proposal
Title
Consultation
Gathering
Review of
Related
Literatures
Composition of
the Chapter 1, 2,
&3
Theoretical
Framework

Conceptual
Framework

Statement of the
Problem

Hypothesis
Scope &
Limitations of
the Study
Significance of
the Study
Definition of
Terms
Methodology

Mock Defense
Proposal Video
Preparation

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 Date

February March April May June July

Activity
15 - 26 - 10 - 1- 1- 19 - 9-
1 - 10 1-8
21 28 30 31 18 30 14

Mock
Proposal
Defense
Video

Revision of
Chapter 1 to
3

Prototype

Application

Composition
of Chapter 4 -
5

Finalization
of Chapter 1 -
5

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 APPENDIX 4

BILL OF MATERIALS

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Bill of Materials

Below is a list of materials, assembles and components used in the prototype along with

the quantity of each item and its amount in Philippine Peso (Php).

Unit
Quantity Description Total Price
Price
1 Arduino Uno Set 1634 1634
1 GSM 727 727
9 Float Switch 66 594
1 Wood glue 60 60
¼ nails 120 30
1 Sim Card 35 35
2 Vulcaseal 80 160
1 Hose 23 23
1 GSM 377 377
1 Extension 135 135
1 Water Pump 220 220
10 PCB 5.7 57
1 Switch M 40 40
1 Switch S 15 15
2 LM2596 58 116
1 Tube 50 50
1 Arduino Mega 800 800
1 Jack 40 40
1 Ultrasonic 30 30
1 Soldering Wire 60 60
1 Bisagra 14 14
1 Glue Stick 10 10
1 Tupperware 185 185
1 Sanrio 3 3
1 Paint Brush Set 71 71
2 Electrical Tape 12 24
1 Paint 297 297
38 Wires 14 536
Panel 1382 1382
Transportation 811
Load 171
Others 128
TOTAL PHP 8,835

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 APPENDIX 5

DATA SHEETS

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POWER SUPPLY

Description:

The AC-DC Power Supply Model S-180-12 is a compact and efficient power

supply unit designed to convert alternating current (AC) power from a wall outlet into

direct current (DC) power suitable for various electronic devices and applications. With

its reliable performance and stable output, this power supply model is commonly used in

industrial, commercial, and DIY projects.

Technical Specifications:

Model: S-180-12

Input Voltage: 110V/220V (±15%)

Output Voltage: 12V

Output Current: 15A

Power Rating: 180W (12V x 15A)

Input Frequency: 50/60Hz

Efficiency: ≥85%

Ripple & Noise: ≤150mVp-p

Voltage Adjustment Range: ±10% (from 10.8V to 13.2V)

Line Regulation: ±0.5%

Load Regulation: ±0.5%

Protections: Overload, Overvoltage, Short Circuit

Operating Temperature: -10°C to +60°C

Storage Temperature: -20°C to +85°C

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ARDUINO MEGA

Overview:

The Arduino Mega is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. It offers

a larger number of digital and analog input/output pins and more memory compared to

the Arduino Uno, making it suitable for complex and larger-scale projects.

Key Features:

Microcontroller: ATmega2560

Operating Voltage: 5V

Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins: 54 (of which 15 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins: 16

DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA

Flash Memory: 256 KB of which 8 KB is used by the bootloader

SRAM: 8 KB

EEPROM: 4 KB

Clock Speed: 16 MHz

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GSM MODULE SIM800L

Overview:

The SIM800L is a compact GSM module designed for mobile communication

applications. It integrates the GSM/GPRS functionality and can be used for voice calls,

SMS, and data transmission over the GSM network.

Key Features:

Quad-band GSM/GPRS support: 850/900/1800/1900MHz

GPRS multi-slot class 12/10

GPRS mobile station class B

Controlled via AT commands (Hayes 3GPP TS 27.007, 27.005, and SIMCOM enhanced

AT command set)

Supply voltage: 3.4V to 4.4V

Low power consumption: Sleep mode <1.0mA, idle mode <3.0mA

Embedded SIM card holder

Supports 3.3V and 5V logic level UART interface

Integrated TCP/IP stack for internet data transfer

Serial interface: UART (RX, TX)

Digital audio interface: PCM

Antenna interface: solder pad

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Functional Overview:

The SIM800L module provides various functionalities, including:

Voice calls: It supports voice calls using an external electret microphone and speaker.

SMS: It can send and receive Short Message Service (SMS) text messages.

GPRS Data Transfer: It enables data transfer over the GPRS network using TCP/IP or

UDP protocols.

Audio Functions: It supports audio-related features such as DTMF decoding, audio

recording, and playback.

Network Services: It offers various network services, including caller ID, call waiting, call

forwarding, etc.

GPIO Pins: It provides General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins for controlling external

devices.

Electrical Characteristics:

Operating Voltage: 3.4V to 4.4V (recommended: 3.8V)

Power Consumption:

Sleep Mode: <1.0mA

Idle Mode: <3.0mA

Speech Mode: <250mA

Dimensions: Approximately 17.6mm x 15.7mm

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ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Overview:

The HC-SR04 is a popular and widely used ultrasonic sensor module capable of

measuring distances and detecting objects using ultrasonic waves. It is commonly used

in robotics, automation, and distance measurement applications.

Key Features and Specifications (Typical):

Operating Voltage: 5V DC

Operating Current: 15mA

Operating Frequency: 40 kHz

Maximum Range: 4 meters (13 feet)

Minimum Range: 2 centimeters

Resolution: 1 centimeter

Trigger Pulse Width: 10 microseconds

Echo Pulse Output: Positive TTL-level signal, proportional to the measured distance

Detection Angle: Approximately 15 degrees

Trigger Input Signal: 10 microseconds minimum pulse

Trigger Input Signal Voltage: 5V (TTL compatible)

Echo Pulse Output Signal: Output pulse with a width proportional to the measured

distance

Dimensions: Approximately 45mm x 20mm x 15mm (L x W x H)

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 APPENDIX 6

CODES

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 ARDUINO CODE
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

int LED1_A = 40;

int LED1_B = 42;
int LED1_C = 44;

int LED2_A = 46;

int LED2_B = 48;
int LED2_C = 50;

SoftwareSerial mySerial(16, 17);

// Float switch variables

#define Float_Switch 51
#define Float_Switch1 49
#define Float_Switch2 47
#define Float_Switch3 45
#define Float_Switch4 43
#define Float_Switch5 41

int station1Status = -1;

int station2Status = -1;

unsigned long previousTime = 0;

const unsigned long interval = 10000;

// Ultrasonic Variables

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// Echo trig for Station 1
const int trigPin = 32;
const int echoPin = 34;

// Echo trig for Station 2

const int trigPin2 = 28;
const int echoPin2 = 30;

// Equation
long duration;
float distancePercentage;
const int limitInches = 16; // Limit set to 12 inches (1 foot)
float distancePercentage2;

void setup() {
// LEDs
pinMode(LED1_A, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LED1_B, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LED1_C, OUTPUT);

pinMode(LED2_A, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LED2_B, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LED2_C, OUTPUT);

// Float switches
pinMode(Float_Switch, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(Float_Switch1, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(Float_Switch2, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(Float_Switch3, INPUT_PULLUP);

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 pinMode(Float_Switch4, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(Float_Switch5, INPUT_PULLUP);

// Ultrasonic
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

pinMode(trigPin2, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin2 as an Output

pinMode(echoPin2, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin2 as an Input

// Serial initialization for GSM module

[Link](9600);
[Link](9600);

[Link]("Initializing...");

[Link]("AT");
delay(1000); // Wait for module response

[Link]("AT+CMGF=1");
delay(1000); // Wait for module response
}

void loop() {
updateStatus();
ultrasonicPrint(); // Print Station 1 distance
ultrasonicPrint2(); // Print Station 2 distance
unsigned long currentTime = millis();
if (currentTime - previousTime >= interval) {
sendStatusText();

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 previousTime = currentTime;
}
}
// Ultrasonic for Station 1
void ultrasonicPrint() {
// Clears the trigPin
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 microseconds
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
// Calculating the distance as a percentage
float distanceInches = duration * 0.034 / 2;
if (distanceInches > 4) {
float distanceWithoutNearest4Inches = distanceInches - 4;
float limitInches = 13.5 - 4;
if (distanceWithoutNearest4Inches >= 0) {
distancePercentage = 100-(distanceWithoutNearest4Inches / limitInches) * 100;
// Check if the distance percentage exceeds 100% or is negative
if (distancePercentage >= 0 && distancePercentage <= 100) {
// Prints the distance on the Serial Monitor
[Link]("Distance Station 1: ");
[Link](distanceWithoutNearest4Inches);
[Link](" inches, Percentage: ");
[Link](distancePercentage);
[Link]("%");
}

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 }
}
}

// Ultrasonic for Station 2

void ultrasonicPrint2() {
// Clears the trigPin2
digitalWrite(trigPin2, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin2 on HIGH state for 10 microseconds
digitalWrite(trigPin2, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin2, LOW);
// Reads the echoPin2, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
duration = pulseIn(echoPin2, HIGH);
// Calculating the distance as a percentage
float distanceInches2 = duration * 0.034 / 2;
if (distanceInches2 > 4) {
float distanceWithoutNearest4Inches2 = distanceInches2 - 4;
float limitInches2 = 13.5 - 4;
if (distanceWithoutNearest4Inches2 >= 0) {
distancePercentage2 = 100-(distanceWithoutNearest4Inches2 / limitInches2) *
100;
// Check if the distance percentage exceeds 100% or is negative
if (distancePercentage2 >= 0 && distancePercentage2 <= 100) {
// Prints the distance on the Serial Monitor
[Link]("Distance Station 2: ");
[Link](distanceWithoutNearest4Inches2);
[Link](" inches, Percentage: ");
[Link](distancePercentage2);

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 [Link]("%");
}
}
}
}

// Float switch
void updateStatus() {
int switchState = digitalRead(Float_Switch);
int switch1State = digitalRead(Float_Switch1);
int switch2State = digitalRead(Float_Switch2);
int switch3State = digitalRead(Float_Switch3);
int switch4State = digitalRead(Float_Switch4);
int switch5State = digitalRead(Float_Switch5);

if (switchState == HIGH && switch1State == LOW && switch2State == LOW) {

station1Status = 0;
digitalWrite(LED1_A, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED1_B, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED1_C, LOW);
} else if (switchState == HIGH && switch1State == HIGH && switch2State == LOW) {
station1Status = 1;
digitalWrite(LED1_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED1_B, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED1_C, LOW);
} else if (switchState == HIGH && switch1State == HIGH && switch2State == HIGH) {
station1Status = 2;
digitalWrite(LED1_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED1_B, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED1_C, HIGH);

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 } else {
station1Status = -1;
digitalWrite(LED1_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED1_B, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED1_C, LOW);
}

if (switch3State == HIGH && switch4State == LOW && switch5State == LOW) {

station2Status = 0;
digitalWrite(LED2_A, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED2_B, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED2_C, LOW);
} else if (switch3State == HIGH && switch4State == HIGH && switch5State == LOW) {
station2Status = 1;
digitalWrite(LED2_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED2_B, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED2_C, LOW);
} else if (switch3State == HIGH && switch4State == HIGH && switch5State == HIGH) {
station2Status = 2;
digitalWrite(LED2_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED2_B, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED2_C, HIGH);
} else {
station2Status = -1;
digitalWrite(LED2_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED2_B, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED2_C, LOW);
}
}

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void sendStatusText() {
String message;

if (station1Status != -1) {
message += "Silang Status: ";

switch (station1Status) {
case 0:
message += "YELLOW";
break;
case 1:
message += "ORANGE";
break;
case 2:
message += "RED";
break;
}

message += "\n";
}

if (station2Status != -1) {
message += "Binan Status: ";

switch (station2Status) {
case 0:
message += "YELLOW";
break;
case 1:
message += "ORANGE";

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 break;
case 2:
message += "RED";
break;
}
}

// Add ultrasonic distance to the message

if (distancePercentage >= 0 && distancePercentage <= 100) {
message += "\nUltrasonic Distance Station 1: ";
message += distancePercentage;
message += "%";
}

if (distancePercentage2 >= 0 && distancePercentage2 <= 100) {

message += "\nUltrasonic Distance Station 2: ";
message += distancePercentage2;
message += "%";
}

if ([Link]() > 0) {
sendSMS(message.c_str());
}
}

void sendSMS(const char *message) {

[Link]("AT+CMGF=1"); // Set SMS mode to text
delay(100);
[Link]("AT+CMGS=\"09613021039\"\r"); // Replace with your desired phone
number

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 delay(100);
[Link](message);
delay(100);
[Link](26); // End of message character
delay(100);
}

void updateSerial() {
while ([Link]()) {
[Link]([Link]());
}
while ([Link]()) {
[Link]([Link]());
}
}

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 MOBILE APP
CODE: Fetching weather from [Link]

import 'package:flutter/[Link]';
import 'package:http/[Link]' as http;
import 'dart:convert';

class WeatherForecast extends StatefulWidget {

final String apiKey;
final String city;

const WeatherForecast({Key? key, required [Link], required [Link]}) :

super(key: key);

@override
WeatherForecastState createState() => WeatherForecastState();
}

class WeatherForecastState extends State<WeatherForecast> {

Map<String, dynamic>? weatherData;

@override
void initState() {
[Link]();
fetchWeatherData();
}

Future<void> fetchWeatherData() async {

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 try {
final data = await _fetchWeatherData([Link], [Link]);
setState(() {
weatherData = data;
});
} catch (e) {
print(e);
}
}

Future<Map<String, dynamic>> _fetchWeatherData(String apiKey, String city) async {

final url =
'[Link]

final response = await [Link]([Link](url));

if ([Link] == 200) {
final jsonData = jsonDecode([Link]);
return jsonData;
} else {
throw Exception('Failed to fetch weather data');
}
}

@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
if (weatherData == null) {
return const Center(child: CircularProgressIndicator());
}

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 final temperature = (weatherData!['main']['temp'] - 273.15).toStringAsFixed(1);
final description = weatherData!['weather'][0]['description'];
final iconCode = weatherData!['weather'][0]['icon'];
final iconUrl = '[Link]
final humidity = '${weatherData!['main']['humidity']}%';
final windSpeed = '${weatherData!['wind']['speed']} km/h';
final rainChance = '${weatherData!['clouds']['all']}%';

return Column(
children: [
Row(
children: [
[Link](iconUrl),
const SizedBox(width: 3),
Text('$temperature°C', style: const TextStyle(fontSize: 25)),
],
),
Text([Link]().toUpperCase(),),
Text('Precipitation: $rainChance'),
Text('Humidity: $humidity'),
Text('Wind: $windSpeed'),
],
);
}
}

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 CODE: SQLite CRUD Operations

import 'package:sqflite/[Link]';
import 'package:path/[Link]';

class DatabaseHelper {
static Database? _database;
static const String _dbName = 'water_level.db';
static const String _tableName = 'water_levels';

static Future<Database> get database async {

if (_database != null) {
return _database!;
}

_database = await initDatabase();

return _database!;
}

static Future<Database> initDatabase() async {

final String path = join(await getDatabasesPath(), _dbName);
final Database database = await openDatabase(
path,
version: 1,
onCreate: (db, version) {
return [Link](
'CREATE TABLE $_tableName(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY
AUTOINCREMENT, station TEXT, level REAL, status TEXT, temperature REAL,
precipitation REAL, humidity REAL, wind REAL, timestamp TEXT)',
);

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 },
);
return database;
}

static Future<int> insertWaterLevel(

String station,
double level,
String status,
double temperature,
double precipitation,
double humidity,
double wind,
) async {
final Database db = await database;
final DateTime now = [Link]();
final String timestamp = [Link]();

final Map<String, dynamic> row = {

'station': station,
'level': level,
'status': status,
'temperature': temperature,
'precipitation': precipitation,
'humidity': humidity,
'wind': wind,
'timestamp': timestamp,
};

final int id = await [Link](_tableName, row);

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 return id;
}

static Future<void> deleteAllWaterLevels() async {

final Database db = await database;
await [Link](_tableName);
}

static Future<List<Map<String, dynamic>>> getWaterLevels() async {

final Database db = await database;
return [Link](_tableName, orderBy: 'timestamp DESC');
}

static getWaterLevelDataList() {}
}

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 APPENDIX 7

ACTUAL DESIGN

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 Kalisto Prototype Actual Representation

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 APPENDIX 8

APPLICATION USER INTERFACE

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 Loading Screen and Dashboard

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 Weather per Station and History

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 Settings and GSM Number Option

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 About Page and App Instructions

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