VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELAGAVI-590018
A Project Report On Mini Project
“SIMULATION OF DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME FOR 3
PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Submitted by
Kiran V USN: 1DA21EE402
Manoj T USN: 1DA21EE404
Pavankumar M USN: 1DA21EE405
Raghavendra USN: 1DA21EE406
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Eranna
Associate Professor
Department of EEE
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Outer Ring Road, Mallathahalli, Bengaluru-560056
Karnataka, INDIA
2022-23
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Bengaluru-560056
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
A Project Report on Mini Project
“SIMULATION OF DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME
FOR 3 PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Submitted by
Kiran V USN: 1DA21EE402
Manoj T USN: 1DA21EE404
Pavankumar M USN: 1DA21EE405
Raghavendra USN: 1DA21EE406
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Eranna
Associate Professor
Department of EEE
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Outer Ring Road, Mallathahalli, Bengaluru-560056
Karnataka, INDIA
2022-23
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project entitled “SIMULATION OF DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION SCHEME FOR 3 PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE ” carried
out by Kiran V (1DA21EE402), Manoj T (1DA21EE404), Pavankumar M
(1DA21EE405), Raghavendra (1DA21EE406), bonafide students of
[Link] Institute of Technology, Bengaluru in partial fulfillment for the
award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering during the year 2022-23. The project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of the project prescribed for the
said degree.
Dr. Eranna Dr. Arpitha Raju Dr. G V Jayaramaiah Dr. M Meenakshi
Project Guide Project Coordinator HOD, Dept of EEE Principal, Dr. AIT
External Viva
Viva-Voice Examination
Name of the Examiners Signature with Date
1.
2.
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
DECLARATION
We, Kiran V (1DA21EE402), Manoj T (1DA21EE404), Pavan kumar M
(1DA21EE405), Raghavendra (1DA21EE406) student of the 6th Semester, B.E,
declare that the Project entitled “SIMULATION OF DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION SCHEME FOR 3 PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE” has
been carried out under the guidance of Dr. Eranna, Associate professor,
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of
Technology, Bengaluru during the academic year 2022-23. We also declare that,
to the best of our knowledge and belief, the project report is not from part of any
other report by any other students.
Kiran V USN: 1DA21EE402 Signature
Manoj T USN: 1DA21EE404 Signature
Pavankumar M USN: 1DA21EE405 Signature
Raghavendra USN: 1DA21EE406 Signature
Place : Bangalore
Date :
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The satisfaction accompanying the successful competition of any task
would be complete, but incomplete without the mention of individuals. We are
greatly indebted to whom either through guidance, discussion, or by providing a
facility for our work, whose guidance and encouragement have served as a beacon
and crowned our efforts with success.
“Good guidance takes us a long way in achieving our goals”. We are
grateful to our guide Dr. ERANNA associate professor of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology for his kind
cooperation and guidance in our project.
We are grateful to our H.O.D Dr. G. V. JAYARAMAIAH Dept. of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering for his kind cooperation and guidance in
our project.
We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to our beloved
respected principal Dr. M MEENAKSHI, who is the source of information for
all students and who has encouraged us in whatever way we can do best. We
express our sincere thanks to our lecturers and non-teaching staff of DR. AIT for
providing us with necessary and valuable suggestions.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2-4
3 METHODOLOGY OF THE PROPOSED WORK 5
4 DETAILS OF THE SIMULATION WORK 6-11
4.1 SOFTWARE UTILIZED 8-9
4.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE 10
4.3 TYPES OF FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEM 12-16
4.4 POWER CIRCUIT
4.5 CONTROL LOGIC
4.6 FAULT ANALYSIS
5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 17-18
CONCLUSION 19
REFERENCES 20
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
1 Differential Protection Scheme 6
2 Power Circuit 8
3 Complete power circuit 9
4 Control logic 10
5a Proposed control logic 11
5b Proposed power circuit 11
6 Single Line to Ground Fault Waveform 12
7 Double Line to Ground Fault Waveform 13
8 Double Line Fault Waveform 14
9 Triple Line Fault Waveform 15
10 Triple Line to Ground Fault Waveform 16
ABSTRACT
Protection of electrical power systems is a major issue in the power
industry and for the protection of these electric power systems, current
differential relays are widely applied due to their inherent simplicity, excellent
sensitivity on the internal faults, and high stability on external faults.
These schemes are mainly the charge comparison that is based on the
composition of nodal voltage and current measurements at both ends ties that are
partially or fully independent of the current phasor.
Conceptually the difference of the average quantities for phase active
power entering and leaving the lines are compared, computation of these
quantities is carried out via simulating a tie line connecting two power system
networks using MATLAB.
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
CHAPTER- 01
INTRODUCTION
Power system protection
Power system protection is a branch of electrical power engineering that deals with the
protection of electrical power systems from faults through the isolation of faulted parts from
the rest of the electrical network.
The main objective of a ‘protection system or scheme’ is to keep the power system stable by
isolating only the components that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of the network as
possible still in operation. Thus, protection schemes must apply with a very practical and
pessimistic approach to clearing system faults. ‘Protection devices’ are the devices used to
protect power systems from faults. There are so many protection systems available namely
‘Differential’, ‘Directional’, ‘Distance’, ‘Over-current’ and ‘Over-voltage’ etc.
Dependability, Security, Reliability, Selectivity, Sensitivity, and Speed are performance
measures for any protection system, to use in a power system.
Generally, for protection of ‘transmission lines’, distance protection is used. In distance
protection, the distance relay which is a double-actuating quantity relay, measures the distance
from the relay to the fault based on the V/I ratio. In Differential protection, the differential
relay measures the difference between currents of entering and leaving ends of the zone, based
on this quantity it operates. The ‘Differential protection’ is 100% selective and only responds
to faults within its protected zone.
OBJECTIVES
An accurate fault detection, classification, and direction estimation of double-end fed
transmission lines using Differential protection method.
1 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
CHAPTER- 02
LITERATURE REVIEW
A brief introduction highlighting the focus of the proposed work was given in the previous
chapter. This chapter consists of a brief literature survey, which covers existing methods for the
protection of transmission lines and current differential protection.
2.1 Existing methods for transmission line protection
Throughout the history of power system protection, researchers have strived to increase the
sensitivity and speed of apparatus protection systems without compromising security.
Firstly, we’ll see about the methods related to distance protection which are proposed by small
modifications to the basic principle of traditional distance protection, and to which particular
topologies these methods are applicable.
“An adaptive zero sequence compensation algorithm” is presented by ‘Heresh Seyedi, Saeed
Teimourzadeh, and Peyman Soleiman Nezhad’ to improve the conventional ground distance
relays performance, in double-circuit transmission lines [1]. In this approach, estimated impedance
is calculated correctly by correcting the degree of zero sequence compensation of ground distance
relays. This scheme is for standalone distance relays and does not require any communication link.
However, it can be applicable to all well-known pilot protection schemes. This method utilizes
zero equivalent circuits in order to estimate the compensation term. Afterward, the estimated
impedance is corrected by using a recursive approach. Finally, this method compensates for the
fault resistance effect. Using this method, the mal-operation of the conventional distance relay
because of the mutual coupling is mostly resolved. This method has the ability of compensation,
in both the single and double-circuit operation modes. No use in case of not grounded faults.
Whatever methods or approaches existing in the literature related to distance protection are
applicable to a particular topology or case, under certain conditions.
2 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
“An adaptive distance protection scheme” is proposed by ‘Borascu Ionut Ciprian and Sergiu
Stelian Iliescu’ for high resistance phase-to-phase faults on double-circuit transmission lines [2].
With the significant technological advances in wide-area measurement systems, for transmission
system protection, the current differential scheme outscores alternatives like overcurrent and
distance protection schemes. So, many researchers are concentrating on this concept for providing
reliable protection for transmission lines of any topology. Here, some methods or approaches for
transmission line protection using current differential protection are briefly explained.
“An adaptive control of the restraining region in a current differential plane” is proposed by
‘Sanjay Dambhare, S.A. Soman, and M.C. Chandorkar [3], in which an error analysis of
conventional phasor approach for current differential protection is provided using the concept of
dynamic phasor. This method is extended to a series of compensated lines for protection.
Using the phase angle of current phasors, there are some methods proposed by researchers. The
segregated phase comparison technique [4] is a special form of current differential protection,
which takes into account the difference in phase angles of currents entering at one terminal and
currents leaving out of another terminal. Phase differential protection serves as a better option for
transmission line protection due to its simplicity, sensitivity, selectivity, and comprehensibility.
But line charging current due to capacitance of the transmission line causes a significant change
in the phase angle of two end currents of the line. Ref. [4] presents a novel phase comparison
technique that compensates for line charging currents in the presence of synchronized
measurements using an equivalent π- model of the transmission line. A novel phase differential
function is developed using phase coordinates. GPS is used for synchronized measurements and
fiber optic is considered for data communication.
“An improved scheme based on fuzzy logic” is proposed in [5], which is used for finding real-
time fault location and classification in power transmission systems. In this scheme, the protection
algorithm is based on the monitoring of the high-frequency components on overhead lines caused
by a sudden change in the system, which results in a traveling wave, a combination of aerial and
ground modes, initiated from the fault point. To detect the type of fault, a possible application is
proposed based on nodal analysis. It is shown that a fuzzy approach can be useful in transmission
line protection, whenever fuzzy decisions have to be undertaken. This technique processes the
high-frequency signals without the need for expensive communication channels, in turn, cost
3 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
reduction. This method is independent of fault resistance, which is always difficult to find
accurately.
A protection method is proposed in [6] for series-compensated double-circuit transmission lines
based on current transients. Using this method, the faulted circuit can be identified locally by
comparing the polarities of wavelet coefficients of the branch currents. It is shown that this method
is faster and more reliable compared to conventional distance and phase comparison protection
schemes for the series-compensated double-circuit transmission systems. The security of the relay
can be enhanced by exchanging information on fault direction between the relays at both ends. In
this method, fault directions are identified with the aid of initial transients observed on the branch
currents. The advantages of this method are more obvious when it is used for series-compensated
lines compared with parallel lines without series-compensation.
Charge comparison technique is proposed in [7] for the protection of transmission lines. It is a
form of current differential relaying. Charge comparison resolves the traditional problems of
current differential relaying of transmission lines: protection is lost if the channel fails, large
channel capacity is required and precise channel delay compensation is required. This method is
suitable for the protection of two - or three – terminal ac transmission lines, of all lengths and
voltage levels, with or without series compensation. So, this method offers a viable alternative to
distance-based directional comparison schemes for many transmission line applications.
An approach to digital relays for transmission line protection is presented in [8]. This
technique consists of a pre-processing module based on discrete wavelet transforms (DWTs) in
combination with an artificial neural network (ANN) for detecting and classifying fault events.
The DWT acts as an extractor of distinctive features in the input signals at the relay location and
this information is fed into an ANN for classifying fault conditions. The ability of wavelets to
decompose the signal into frequency bands in both time and frequency allows accurate fault
detection. A faster response is obtained since only a quarter of the cycle from the occurrence of
the fault is required.
4 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
CHAPTER- 03
METHODOLOGY OF THE PROPOSED WORK
Differential protection is based on the fact that any fault within an electrical equipment
would cause the current entering it, to be different, from that leaving it, thus by comparing the two
currents either in magnitude or in phase or both and then issue a trip signal if the difference exceeds
a predetermined set value.
This method of detecting faults is very attractive when both ends of the apparatus are
physically located near each other. A typical situation, where this is true, is in the case of a
transformer, a generator, or a bus bar.
In the case of transmission lines, the ends are too far apart from conventional differential
relaying to be directly applied. This drawback is overcame by the use modern technologies such
as fibre optic links, GPS communication etc .
5 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
CHAPTER- 04
DETAILS OF THE SIMULATION WORK
4.1. SOFTWARE UTILIZED
The Software being utilized is MATLAB 2023a SIMULINK.
SIMULINK(R) is a block diagram environment for multidomain simulation and Model-Based
Design. It supports system-level design, simulation, automatic code generation, and continuous
testing and verification of embedded systems. Simulink provides a graphical editor, customizable
block libraries, and solvers for modeling and simulating dynamic systems. It is integrated with
MATLAB(R), enabling you to incorporate MATLAB algorithms into models and export
simulation results to MATLAB for further analysis.
4.2. WORKING PRINCIPLE
The basic working principle involves two main components the current transformers (CTs)
and the relay. The CTs are placed in series with the current carrying conductors of the protected
equipment. They step down the currents to a level that the relay can measure accurately. The relay
then compares the currents, and if the difference exceeds a predetermined threshold, it trips the
circuit breaker to disconnect the equipment.
Differential protection schemes can be applied to various electrical systems, such as
transformers, motors, generators, and busbars, to detect internal faults and minimize damage
quickly.
6 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
Fig.1
4.3. TYPES OF FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEM
First of all, the different types of faults that occur on the lines and the effect of fault on line current,
are as follows
Different types of faults occur on lines
There are four major types of faults that may occur in transmission lines
• Single line to ground (SLG): This is an unsymmetrical fault, where there is a sudden rise
in phase current and a fall in the faulted phase voltage. It is the most common fault in
transmission lines compared to other types of faults.
• Double line to ground (LLG): This is also an unsymmetrical fault that shows the same
tendency as LG fault involving two faulted phases.
7 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
• Line to Line fault (LL): Unsymmetrical fault where the trend is to see a depression in phase
voltage and a sharp rise in currents on all the three-phase voltages and currents and does
not include any zero-sequence component.
• Triple line (LLL): This is a symmetrical fault in which there will be the collapse of all three
phase voltages and a sudden rise in all the three-phase currents.
• Triple Line to Ground (LLLG): This is a symmetrical fault in which there will be the
collapse of all three phase voltages and a sudden rise in all the three-phase currents, but all
the lines are grounded.
PROPOSED APPROACH
The proposed differential protection scheme is split into a power circuit and a control logic for a
better understanding.
4.4. POWER CIRCUIT
The power circuit consists of components such as a generator, transformers, transmission lines,
circuit breakers, and 3 phase loads. All these components are operating at very high-power levels,
hence called the power circuit
Fig. 2
Here in the proposed work, two three-phase pi-section lines are considered because we are
simulating a fault that’s in the middle of the transmission line.
8 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
The system parameters are as follows
COMPONENT VOLTAGE MVA REACTANCE MISCELLANEOUS
Three-phase source 11KV 250 0.1 PU Star grounded
Transformer 1 11KV/220KV 250 0.1 PU Both Primary and Secondary
winding star grounded, shell
type
Transformer 2 220KV/11KV 250 0.1 PU Both Primary and Secondary
winding star grounded, shell
type
Pi section line 1 220KV J50 Ω each 100 km length
and 2
Three phase load 11KV 200 0.05 PU
In the next iteration, three measurement blocks are added, one to measure the source voltages, and
the other two for measuring the sending end current and receiving end currents respectively.
Further, there is a three-phase fault between two pi-model transmission line. Hence the complete
power circuit
Fig. 3
9 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
4.5. CONTROL LOGIC
Fig. 4
The sending and receiving currents of the 3 phase transmission lines are converted into
their RMS values, and then the difference between these currents is checked. If there is no
difference between the values then the 3-phase transmission line is operating at normal condition.
In case there is any difference in the two currents, this difference value is compared with the preset
value. If it exceeds the preset value then it is realized that the fault has occurred in 3 3-phase
transmission line. Now the control circuit issues a trip signal which is sent to the circuit breakers
at either side of the transmission line.
10 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
The proposed circuit
Fig. 5a Fig. 5b
11 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
4.6. FAULT ANALYSIS
1. Single line to ground (SLG):
Generating voltage Transmitting voltage Receiving voltage
Fig. 6
12 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
2. Double line to ground (LLG):
Generating voltage Transmitting voltage Receiving voltage
Fig. 7
13 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
3. Line to Line fault (LL):
Generating voltage Transmitting voltage Receiving voltage
Fig. 8
14 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
4. Triple line (LLL):
Generating voltage Transmitting voltage Receiving voltage
Fig. 9
15 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
5. Triple Line to Ground (LLLG):
Generating voltage Transmitting voltage Receiving voltage
Fig. 10
16 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
CHAPTER- 05
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
5.1 ADVANTAGES
➢ Selectivity: It can accurately and selectively detect faults within the protected zone,
isolating the faulted section while leaving the rest of the system operation.
➢ Speed: It operates quickly, minimizing the time between fault detection and fault
clearance.
➢ Sensitivity: Differential protection is highly sensitive, detecting even small internal faults,
thus preventing them from escalating into major issues.
➢ High Reliability: It provides robust and reliable protection, minimizing false tripping and
ensuring the overall stability of the power system.
➢ Adaptability: Differential protection can be applied to various types of transmission lines,
making it suitable for a wide range of applications.
17 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
5.2 DISADVANTAGES
➢ Complexity: Implementation and configuring differential protection can be complex,
requiring precise coordination and specialized knowledge.
➢ CT Saturation: Under certain fault coordinators, current transformers used in differential
protection can saturate, leading to maloperation and incorrect fault detection.
➢ Cost: Compared to simpler protection schemes, differential protection can be more
expensive due to the need for additional relays, CTs, and communication infrastructure.
➢ Zone Coordination: Careful consideration is necessary to avoid overlap or gaps between
adjacent zones of differential protection, as this can result in misoperation or delayed fault
clearance.
18 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
CONCLUSION
Conceptually the difference of the average quantities for phase active currents entering and
leaving the lines are computed and compared via simulating connecting two power system
networks using MATLAB. The sensitivity and stability of the proposed circuit is observed for a
wide range of faults.
The test result shows remarkable stability during external faults and also depicts the distinguished
performance of the proposed power differential concept in detecting faults. The MATLAB
simulation of Fault conditions and controlling with differential protection is successfully done
using MATLAB-SIMULINK for different case studies.
19 Dept. of EEE, [Link]
Simulation of differential protection scheme for 3-phase transmission line
REFERENCES
[1] Surabhi Deotale, Asst. Prof. Ashish A. Dongre, “Performance Analysis of Power Differential
Based Transmission Line Protection”, International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data
Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS-2017), 2017 IEEE[1].
[2] Krzysztof Solak, Justyna Herlender, Jan Iżykowski, “Transmission Line Impedance-
Differential Protection with Improved Stabilization for External Fault Cases”, 978-1-5386-4612-
0/18/$31.00©2018 IEEE[2]
[3] L. L. Zhang, Q. H. Wu, T.Y. Ji, and L. Jiang,, “Skewness-Based Differential Protection Scheme
for EHV/UHV Transmission Lines”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, 0885-
8977 © 2014 IEEE [3].
[4] V.F. Pires, M. Guerreiro, C. Fortunato, L.S. Martins, “TRANSMISSION LINES
PROTECTION BASED ON THE CURRENT EIGENVALUES DIFFERENTIAL CONCEPT”,
2016 IEEE [5].
[5] Niranjan Kumar, A.K. Sahani, “MICROPROCESSOR BASED MEASUREMENT OF π-
MODEL TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS”, IET UK
International Conference on Information and Communication Technology in Electrical Sciences
(ICTES 2007), Dr. M.G.R. University, Chennai, India. Dec. 20-22, 2007 [6].
[6] Dali Wu, Xianggen Yin, Zhe Zhang, and Kanjun Zhang, “Research on Transmission Lines
Multi Current Differential Relay Scheme”, UPEC 2007 - 301[7].
[7] L. F. Santos, and P. M. Silveira, “Evaluation of Numerical Current Differential Protection
Algorithms for Series Compensated Transmission Lines”, 1-4244-0288-3/06/$20.00 (C2006
IEEE[7].
20 Dept. of EEE, [Link]