Diploma Programme

Mathematics: analysis and approaches

formula booklet SL/HL
For use during the course and in the examinations
First examinations 2021

Version 1.0

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2018

 Contents

Prior learning
SL and HL 2

Topic 1: Number and algebra

SL and HL 3

HL only 4

Topic 2: Functions
SL and HL 5

HL only 5

Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry

SL and HL 6

HL only 7

Topic 4: Probability and statistics

SL and HL 9

HL only 10

Topic 5: Calculus
SL and HL 11

HL only 12
 Prior learning – SL and HL

Area of a parallelogram A = b × h , where b is the base, h is the height

A = 1 (b × h) , where b is the base, h is the height

Area of a triangle 2

A = 1 (a + b) h , where a and b are the parallel sides, h is the height

Area of a trapezium 2

A = πr 2 , where r is the radius

Area of a circle Circumference of a circle Volume of a cuboid
Volume of a cylinder C = 2πr , where r is the radius

Volume of a prism V = l × w × h , where l is the length, w is the width, h is the height

Area of the curved surface of a cylinder
V = πr 2 h , where r is the radius, h is the height
Distance between two points (x1 ,Vy1=) Ah
and, (x 2 , y2 )
where A is the area of cross-section, h is the height
Coordinates of the midpoint of a line
A =segment with endpoints
2πrh , where (x1 , yh1 is
r is the radius, ) and
the (x 2 , y2 )
height

d = (x12− x )2 + ( y12 − y )2

( x1 + x2y1 + y2 ì
,
2 2 )

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula 2

 Topic 1: Number and algebra – SL and HL

S1.2 The nth term of an un = u1 + (n −1) d

arithmetic sequence

The sum of n terms of an n

Sn = (2u + (n −1) d ; S = n (u + u )
arithmetic sequence n 1 n

) 2
1
2
S1.3 The nth term of a un = u1 rn−1
geometric sequence

The sum of n terms of a u1 (r −1)

n
u1 (1 rn )
finite geometric Sn = = − , r ≠1
r −1
sequence 1 r
−
kn
S1.4 Compound interest ( r Ì
FV = PV × 1 + , where FV = future value, PV =
100k )
present value, n = number of years, k = number of
compounding periods per year, r% = nominal annual rate of
interest

x
S1.7 Exponents and logarithms a = b ⇔ x = log b , where a > 0, b > 0, a ≠ 1
a

ax = ex ln a
loga a x = x = a loga x

logc a
logb a =
logc b

S1.8 The sum of an infinite u1

geometric sequence S = , r <1
∞ r−1
n
S1.9 Binomial theorem n
(a + b) = ∑ C a b
n n−r r

r
r =0

n n n−1 n n−r r n
= a + C a b +…+ C a b +…+ b
1 r

n n!
Cr = r!(n − r)!

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula 3

 Topic 1: Number and algebra – HL only

H1.10 Combinations n!
n
Cr = r!(n − r)!

Permutations n n!
Pr = (n − r)!

H1.12 Complex numbers z = a + bi

H1.13 Modulus-argument (polar) iθ

z = r (cosθ + isinθ ) = re = r cisθ
and exponential (Euler)
form

[r(cosθ + isinθ )]
n
H1.14 De Moivre’s theorem n n inθ n
= r (cos nθ + isin nθ ) = r e = r cis nθ

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula 4

 Topic 2: Functions – SL and HL

S2.1 Equations of a straight line y = mx + c ; ax + by + d = 0 ; y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )

y2 − y1
Gradient formula m= x −x
2 1

S2.6 Axis of symmetry of 2 b

f (x) = ax + bx + c ⇒ axis of symmetry x = −
the graph of a
quadratic function
2a

S2.7 Solutions of a quadratic −b ± b2 − 4ac

ax + bx + c = 0 ⇒ x = , a≠0
2
equation
2a

2
Discriminant ∆ = b − 4ac

Topic 2: Functions – HL only

n
H2.12 Sum and product of the −an−1 (−1) a
roots of polynomial Sum is ; Product is 0

equations of the form an an

n

∑ax r
r
=0
r =0

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula 5

 Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry – SL and HL

S3.1 Distance between two 2

d = (x − x ) + ( y − y ) + (z − z )
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
points (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
(x2 , y2 , z2 )

Coordinates of the
midpoint of a line segment ( x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2 Ì
2 , 2 , 2
with endpoints (x1 , y1 , z1 )
)
and (x2 , y2 , z2 )

1
Volume of a right-pyramid V= Ah , where A is the area of the base and h is the height
3

1 2
Volume of a right cone V= πr h , where r is the radius, h is the height
3

Area of the curved surface A = πrl , where r is the radius, l is the slant height
of a cone

4 3
Volume of a sphere V= πr , where r is the radius
3

2
Surface area of a sphere A = 4πr , where r is the radius

S3.2 a b c
Sine rule
sin A = sin B = sin C
2 2 2
2 2 2 a +b −c
Cosine rule c = a + b − 2ab cos C ; cos C =
2ab

1
Area of a triangle
A= ab sin C
2

S3.4
Length of an arc l = rθ , where θ is the angle measured in radians, r is the radius

1 2
Area of a sector A= r θ , where θ is the angle measured in radians, r is the
2
radius

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula 6

S3.5 sinθ
Identity tanθ =
cosθ

S3.6 Pythagorean identity

2 2
cos θ + sin θ = 1

Double angle identities sin 2θ = 2sinθ cosθ

2 2 2 2
cos 2θ = cos θ − sin θ = 2 cos θ −1 = 1 − 2sin θ

Topic 3: Geometry and trigonometry – HL only

H3.9 1
Identities secθ =
cosθ

1
cosecθ =
sinθ

2 2
Pythagorean identities 1 + tan θ = sec θ
2 2
1 + cot θ = cosec θ

H3.10 Compound angle identities sin ( A ± B) = sin Acos B ± cos Asin B

cos ( A ± B) = cos Acos B ∓ sin Asin B

tan A ± tan B
tan ( A ± B) =1 ∓ tan A tan B

2 tanθ
Double angle identity for tan 2θ = 1 − tan 2 θ
tan

H3.12 ( v1 )
2 2 2
Magnitude of a vector v = v + v + v , where v = v
1 2 3 2

v)
3

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula 7

H3.13 ( v1 ) ( w1 )
Scalar product v ⋅ w = v w + v w + v w , where v = v , w = w
1 1 2 2 3 3 2 2

v3 ) w3 )

v ⋅ w = v w cosθ , where θ is the angle between v and w

Angle between two v1w1 + v2 w2 + v3 w3

cosθ = v w
vectors

H3.14 Vector equation of a line r = a + λb

Parametric form of the x = x0 + λl, y = y0 + λm, z = z0 + λn

equation of a line

Cartesian equations of a x − x0 y − y0 z − z0
line l = m = n

H3.16 ( v2 w3 − v3 w2 ) ( v1 ) ( w1 )
Vector product v × w = v w − v w , where v = v , w = w
3 1 1 3 2 2
vw − v w v w
1 2 2 1 ) 3 ) 3 )

v × w = v w sinθ , where θ is the angle between v and w

A = v × w where v and w form two adjacent sides of a

Area of a parallelogram
parallelogram

H3.17 Vector equation of a plane r = a + λb + µ c

Equation of a plane r⋅n=a⋅n

(using the normal
vector)
ax + by + cz = d
Cartesian equation of a
plane

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula 8

 Topic 4: Probability and statistics – SL and HL

k
S4.1
Population parameters Let n = ∑f
i =1
i

∑ fx i i

Mean µ µ= i=1
n
k 2 k

∑ f( x −µ) ∑ fx i i i i
2

2
Variance σ σ2= i =1
= i =1
−µ2
n n

∑ f(x −µ)
2

i i
Standard deviation σ σ= i =1
n

S4.5 n ( A)
Probability of an event A P( A) =
n (U )

Complementary events P( A) + P( A′) = 1

S4.6 Combined events P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P(B) − P( A ∩ B)

Mutually exclusive P( A ∩ B) = 0 ⇒ P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P(B)

events P( A ∩ B)
P( A B) = P(B)

Conditional probability P( A ∩ B) = P( A) P(B)

Independent events
S4.7 Expected value of a E( X ) = µ = ∑ x P( X = x)
discrete random variable
X
n
S4.9 X ~ B (n , p) ⇒ P( X = x) = C px (1 − p)n− x , x = 0, 1, …, n
Binomial distribution x

Mean E( X ) = np

Variance Var ( X ) = np (1 − p)

S4.12 Standardized normal x−µ

variable z= σ

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula 9

 Topic 4: Probability and statistics – HL only

H4.13 P(B) P( A | B)
Bayes’ theorem P(B | A) = P(B) P( A | B) + P(B′) P( A | B′)

P(B ) P( A | B )
P(Bi | A) = P(B ) P( A | B ) + P(Bi ) P( A | Bi ) + P(B ) P( A | B )
1 1 2 2 3 3

∞
H4.14 Expected value of
a continuous E( X ) = µ = ∫ x f (x) dx
−∞
random variable X

2
Var ( X ) = E( X − µ) = E( X ) − [E(X )]
2 2
Variance

Variance of a discrete Var ( X ) = ∑ (x − µ) P( X = x) = ∑ x P( X = x) − µ

2 2 2

random variable X

∞ ∞
Variance of a
Var ( X ) = ∫ (x − µ) f (x) dx = ∫ x f (x) dx − µ
2 2 2
continuous random −∞ −∞
variable X

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula 1

 Topic 5: Calculus – SL and HL

S5.3 Derivative of x
n n
f (x) = x ⇒ f ′(x) = nx
n−1

S5.5 b
Area under a curve
y = f (x), f (x) > 0 A = ∫ y dx
a

Derivative of cos x f (x) = cos x ⇒ f ′(x) = − sin x

x x
Derivative of e
x f (x) = e ⇒ f ′(x) = e

1
f (x) = ln x ⇒ f ′(x) =
Derivative of ln x x
dy dy du
Chain rule y = g (u) , where u = f (x) ⇒ = ×
dx du dx
dy dv du
Product rule y = uv ⇒ =u +v
dx dx dx

du
u dyv − u dx
Quotient rule dv y = ⇒ =
dx
2
v dx v
t
S5.9 Total distance travelled
∫
2
distance = v(t) dt
from t1 to t 2 t1

S5.10 Standard integrals

n+1
xn dx = x + C , n ≠ −1
∫ n+1

1
∫ x dx = ln x + C

∫ sin x dx = −cos x + C

∫ cos x dx = sin x + C

∫e
x x
dx = e + C

S5.11 b
Area of region enclosed
by a curve and x-axis A = ∫ y dx
a

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula 1

 Topic 5: Calculus – HL only

H5.12 Derivative of f (x) from dy ( f (x + h) − f (x) )

y = f (x) ⇒ = f ′(x) = h→0
lim
first principles dx h
)

H5.15 Derivative of tan x f (x) = tan x ⇒ f ′(x) = sec x

2

Derivative of sec x f (x) = sec x ⇒ f ′(x) = sec x tan x

Derivative of cosec x f (x) = cosec x ⇒ f ′(x) = −cosec x cot x

2
Derivative of cot x f (x) = cot x ⇒ f ′(x) = −cosec
x x
x x f (x) = a ⇒ f ′(x) = a (ln a)
Derivative of a
1
f (x) = loga x ⇒ f ′(x) =
Derivative of loga x x ln a

1
f (x) = arcsin x ⇒ f ′(x) =
Derivative of arcsin x 1−x
2

1
f (x) = arccos x ⇒ f ′(x) = −
Derivative of arccos x 1−x
2

1
f (x) = arctan x ⇒ f ′(x) =
Derivative of arctan x 1+x
2

1
∫ a dx = ln a a
x x
x +C
Standard integral of a

Standard integral of 1 1 (x)

∫ + xdx =
2
arctan +Ca
arctan x 2
a a)

Standard integral of 1 (x)

arcsin x
∫ a −x
2 2
dx = arcsin
a)
+C, x<a

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula 1

H5.16 dv du
Integration by parts ∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx
dx or
∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du
b b
H5.17
Area of region enclosed A = ∫ y dx or A = ∫ x dy
by a curve and x or y- a a

axes
b b

V = ∫ πy dx or V = ∫ πx dy
2 2
Volume of revolution
a a
(rotation)

H5.18 Euler’s method yn+1 = yn + h × f (xn , yn ) ; xn+1 = xn + h , where h is a constant

(step length)

Integrating factor for

e∫
P ( x)dx

y′ + P (x) y = Q (x)

H5.19 x2
Maclaurin series f (x) = f (0) + x f ′(0) + f ′(0) + …
2!

Maclaurin series for 2

special functions e x = 1 + x +x + ...
2!

2 3
ln (1 + x) = x −x + x − ...
2 3

3 5
sin x = x − x + x − ...
3! 5!

2 4
cos x = 1 −x + x − ...
2! 4!

3 5
arctan x = x − x + x − ...
3 5

Mathematics: analysis and approaches formula 1