aici Opgective Materia REQUIRED To verify that the relation R in the set A piece of plywood, some pieces of L of all lines in a plane, defined by wires (8), nails, white paper, glue etc. R={(,m):1L m)} is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. Meron or ConstRuctION ‘Take a piece of plywood and paste a white paper on it, Fix the wires randomly on the plywood with the help of nails such that some of them are parallel, some are perpendicular to each other and some are inclined as shown in Fig. Fig. 1 DEMONSTRATION 1 8 Ly dy Ly. [see Fig. 1] 1. Let the wires represent the lines /,, 2. 1, is perpendicular to each of the lines 2004s3. I, is perpendicular to 1, 4. 1, is parallel to /,, /, is parallel to /, and /, is parallel to /,. 5. G1) G4), Gs 1), Uy Le R OBSERVATION 1. In Fig. 1, no line is perpendicular to itself, so the relation R={(1,m): lL m}____ reflexive (is/is not). 2. In Fig. 1, f1d,. Is 1,112? (Yes/No) (i, Le R= (ly L) __R (/e) Similarly, 1, 11, . Is f, 1,2 (Yes/No) (iy hye R>(1,1) RR (€/e) Also, ,[Link]?_ -N (Yes/No) (pe R3 (ld R (€/e) The relation R .... symmetric (is/is not) 3, In Fig. 1, J, 11, and 1.1, . Is , L1,2 ... (Yes/No) ie, (Le Rand (I, Le RS (1) R(¢/e) The relation R .... transitive (is/is not). APPLICATION This activity can be used to check whether a 1. In this case, the relation is given relation is an equivalence relation or notan equivalence relation, not. 2. The activity can be repeated by taking some more wire in different positions. we Tapia Mama 24048eects Osjyective To draw the graph of sin“ x, using the graph of sin x and demonstrate the concept of mirror reflection (about the line y = x). MetHop oF ConstRUCTION Mareriat ReQuirepD Cardboard, white chart paper, ruler, coloured pens, adhesive, pencil, eraser, cutter, nails and thin wires. 1. Take a cardboard of suitable dimensions, say, 30 cm x 30 cm. 2. On the cardboard, paste a white chart paper of size 25 cm x 25 cm (say). 3. On the paper, draw two lines, perpendicular to each other and name them X’OX and YOY’ as rectangular axes [see Fig. 5] 24/04/18. Graduate the axes approximately as shown in Fig. 5.1 by taking unit on X-axis = 1.25 times the unit of Y-axis. . Mark approximately the points (i point fix a nail. qk {Eoin 5) in the coordinate plane and at each . Repeat the above process on the other side of the x-axis, marking the points —m . -m\) (—" . 0 tn (Zain +), (sin), os {[Link] epproximatey and fix nails on these points as N,’, N,’, N,’, N’. Also fix a nail at O. . Join the nails with the help of a tight wire on both sides of x-axis to get the \h of sin x from — to = graph of sin x from "0 5, . Draw the graph of the line y = x (by plotting the points (1,1), (2,2), (3, 3), etc, and fixing a wire on these points). . From the nails N,, N,,.N,,N,, draw perpendicular on the line y=. and produce these lines such that length of perpendicular on both sides of the line y = x are equal. At these points fix nails, I,,L,L,L,. 10. Repeat the above activity on the other side of X- axis and fix nails at I,’JL/1/1,. 11, Join the nails on both sides of the line y =x by a tight wire that will show the graph of y=sin7! x. DEMONSTRATION Put a mirror on the line y = x. The image of the graph of sin x in the mirror will represent the graph of sin” 'y showing that sin“! x is mirror reflection of sin x and vice versa. 24/04/18OBSERVATION The image of point N, in the mirror (the line y = x) is The image of point N, in the mirror (the line y = x) is The image of point N, in the mirror (the line y = x) is The image of point N, in the mirror (the line y = x) is The image of point Ny in the mirror (the line y = x) is The image point of Nj in the mirror (the line y = x) is The image point of Nj in the mirror (the line y = x) is The image point of Nj, in the mirror (the line y = x) is The image of the graph of six x in ) image of the graph of sinx in y = = xis the graph of , and the the graph of : APPLICATION Similar activity can be performed for drawing the graphs of cos~'x, tan”! x, etc. Maem 24/04/18i ° 9 Opsective MarertAt ReQuirep To find analytically the limit of a Paper, pencil, calculator. function f(x) at x= c and also to check the continuity of the function at that point. MErHop oF CONSTRUCTION + ta . Consider the function given by fOO=) x-4 10, x=4 2. Take some points on the left and some points on the right side of c (= 4) which are very near toc. 3. Find the corresponding values of f (x) for each of the points considered in step 2 above. 4. Record the values of points on the left and right side of c as x and the corresponding values of f (x) in a form of a table. DEMONSTRATION 1. The values of x and f (x) are recorded as follows: Table 1 : For points on the left of c (= 4). x 3.9 | 3.99 | 3.999 | 3.9999 | 3.99999 | 3.999999] 3.9999999 £()} 7.9 | 7.99 | 7.999 | 7.9999 | 7.99999) 7.999999) 7.9999999 2404182. Table 2: For points on the right of c (= 4). x [4.1 [4.01[4.001 | 4.0001 | 4.00001 | 4.000001 | 4.000001 F(]8.1 [8.01]8.001 | 8.0001 | 8.00001 | 8.000001 | 8.000001 OBSERVATION 1. The value of f(x) is approaching to 2. The value of f (x) is approaching to 3. So, lim f(x) = , as x4 from the left. » as x44 from the right. and lim f (x)= 4, Therefore, lim f (x)= fA)= ‘ 5. ts lims(x) = (4) 2 (Yes/No) 6. Since f (c)#lim f(x), so, the funetion is at x = 4 (continuous/ = not continuous). APPLICATION This activity is useful in understanding the concept of limit and continuity of a function at a point. Mathematics 24/048mcistivity 18 Onective Materia Requiren To verify that amongst all the rect- Chart paper, paper cutter, scale, angles of the same perimeter, the pencil, eraser cardboard, glue. square has the maximum area. Metnop or Construction 1. Take a cardboard of a convenient size and paste a white paper on it. 2. Make rectangles each of perimeter say 48 cm on a chart paper. Rectangles of different dimensions are as follows: ty) ™ wb wil) Fig. 18 R, di)R, : 16cm x 8 cm, R,: 1S em x 9 cm R,: 14emx 10cm, Ry: 13. emx Il em R,: 12emx 12cm, Rs 12.5 em x 11.5 cm R,: 10.5 cm x 13.5 em 3. Cut out these rectangles and paste them on the white paper on the cardboard (see Fig. 18 (i) to (vii). 4, Repeat step 2 for more rectangles of different dimensions each having perimeter 48 cm. 5. Paste these rectangles on cardboard, DEMONSTRATION 1. Area of rectangle of R, = 16 cm x 8 cm= 128 cm* Area of rectangle R, = 15 em x 9 em = 135 em? Area of R, = 140 cm? Area of R, = 143 cm? Area of R, = 144 cm? Area of R, = 143.75 cm* Area of R, = 141.75 cm* 2. Perimeter of cach rectangle is same but their area are different. Area of rectangle R, is the maximum, It is a square of side 12 cm. This can be verified using theoretical description given in the note, OBSERVATION 1, Perimeter of each rectangle R,, R,, Ry. Ry, Ry, Ry. R, is 2. Area of the rectangle R, than the area of rectangle R,.than the area of rectangle R,. and hence it is a 3. Area of the rectangle R, 4. The rectangle R, has the diamensions * 5. Of all the rectangles with same perimeter, the ‘has the maximum area, APPLICATION ‘This activity is useful in explaining the idea of Maximum of a function. The result is also useful in preparing economical packages, Let the length and breadth of rectangle be x and y. ‘The perimeter of the rectangle P = 48 em. 2ivtyy= 48 oo x+y=24 oF ye2—x Let A(x) be the area of rectangle, then AWsay =x(24—1) slr" A’ (x) = 24-20 A’ (= = 4 -2e= Des Fe 12 AY = -2 A” (12) =~ 2, which is negative ‘Therefore, area is maximum when x = 12 yexe2-12=12 So, r=y= 12 Hence, amongst all rectangles, the square has the maximum area,