SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
EA
MODULE 3
THERMOCHEMISTRY
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES (MELCs)
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. demonstrate an understanding of energy changes in chemical reactions;
2. distinguish between enthalpy and entropy;
3. distinguish between exothermic and endothermic processes;
4. explain the first law of thermodynamics and;
5. describe and explains how heat reactions are determined by calorimetry;
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
EA
After going through the lessons, you should be able to:
1. explain the energy changes during chemical reactions;
2. demonstrate enthalpy and entropy;
3. distinguish between exothermic and endothermic processes;
4. discuss the first law of thermodynamics and;
5. perform calculations involving heat, specific heat, temperature and calorimetry.
Modern society depends on energy for its existence. Energy is used to drive our machinery and
appliances, to power our transportation vehicles, and to keep us
warm in the winter and cool in the summer. It is not just modern
society that depends on energy. Energy is necessary for all life.
Plants use solar energy to carry out photosynthesis, allowing plants
to grow. Plants in turn, provide food, from which humans derive the
energy needed to move, to maintain body temperature and carry
out bodily functions.
In this module, you will learn that changes in matter are usually accompanied by absorption and
evolution of energy. In an endothermic process, energy is absorbed, while in an exothermic process,
energy is evolved.
Can you identify which of the following processes is endothermic or exothermic?
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SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
EA
Nearly all of the energy on which we depend is derived from chemical reactions whether
associated with combustion of fuels, discharge of a battery or the metabolism of food. If we are to properly
understand chemistry, we must also understand the energy changes that accompany chemical reactions.
(Brown, Bursten and Lemay 7th ed 2009)
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations (Greek”thermo”- heat and
“dynamis”-power). Thermochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry that deals with thermal changes
accompanying chemical and physical transformations. Its aims are the determination of the quantities of
energy emitted or absorbed as heat in various processes, as well as the development of methods for
calculating these thermal adjustments without recourse to experiment.
To thoroughly study Chemical thermodynamics, you must be familiar with and understand the
concepts of spontaneity, entropy, and enthalpy.
Spontaneity is generally associated with natural occurrences or those that proceed even without an
external triggering factor.
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic quantity which is equal to the total heat content of a system.
Entropy in simple terms means lack of order or certainty or the degree of disorder or randomness in the
system. The phrase “the more, the merrier” can certainly be applied to entropy.
Explain why a big family has a higher entropy than a small family.
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SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
EA
Heat is the name of energy that is transferred from one object to another because of temperature
difference. Heat measurements always involve the flow of heat and is expressed in terms of calorie(cal),
Joule (J), kilocalorie(kcal), kilojoule(KJ), British thermal unit(Btu). The measurement of heat flow is called
calorimetry and the device used to measure is a calorimeter.
Energy changes invariably accompanying chemical reactions. Nearly all of the energy on which we
depend is derived from chemical reactions. To properly understand chemistry, we must understand the
energy changes that accompany chemical reactions.
Fuels such as oil and wood release energy to warm our homes or power our vehicles.
In the melting of ice, a physical change, some of that heat is absorbed when lower energy ice
becomes higher energy water
In a thunderstorm, the changes in energy are reversed: lower energy N2 and O2 absorb energy
from lighting to form high energy NO and higher energy water vapor releases energy as it
condenses to lower energy liquid water that falls as rain.
The interplay of matter and energy has an enormous impact on society. Any reaction proceeds
spontaneously toward equilibrium; most release energy (exothermic reaction) but some absorb it
(endothermic reaction)
All matter contains energy, so whenever matter undergoes a change, the quantity of energy that the
matter contains also change. Energy is often converted from one form to another during transfers as
described in the 1st law of thermodynamics. There is an interplay between potential
and kinetic energy; between the different forms of energy: solar; heat and light, chemical, mechanical,
atomic or nuclear, electrical.
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SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
EA
Units of Energy
The SI unit of energy is the joule (pronounced as “jool”), J, in honor of James Joule, a British
scientist who investigated work and heat. 1 J = 1 kg-m2/s2 (a mass of 2 Kg moving at a speed of 1 m/s
possesses a kinetic energy of 1 J:
Another unit of energy is the calorie, cal – quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of
one gram of water by 1oC (i.e. 14.5oC – 15.5oC).
1 cal = 4.184 J (exactly)
The “calorie” in connection with nutrition and dieting is actually a kilocalorie (kcal) and is usually
represented with a capital C. Ex. A breakfast cereal that gives 100 Calories of nutritional energy provides
100 kcal = 100,000 cal
1 Cal = 1 kcal 1 kcal = 1000 cal
Sample problem:
A single fritos snack chip has a food energy of 5.0 Cal. What is this energy in units of joules?
E = 5.0 Cal x 1 kcal x 1000 cal x 4.184 J = 2.1 x 104 J
1 Cal 1 kcal 1 cal
The British thermal unit, Btu – the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1
o
F; 1 Btu = 1055 J
- used for the energy output of appliances
Problem solving practice:
1. The label on the packet of non-sugar sweetener indicates that it provides 16 kJ of nutritional
energy. Express this in kilocalories.
2. If you eat a hot dog, it will provide 160 Calories of energy. Express this energy in joules.
The law of Energy Conservation – also known as the first law of thermodynamics
The potential energy of a system can be converted into kinetic energy and vice versa. Also energy
can be transferred back and forth between a system and its surroundings in the form of work and heat.
(Brown, Bursten and Lemay)
Energy is converted from one form to another during transfers. Energy forms but does not simply
appear or disappear – energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can ony be transformed or trnasferred
from one form to another as stated in the Law of Conservation of Energy. Energy is conserved; the total
energy of the system plus the surroundings remain constant. The first law of thermodynamics -restates
this observation: the total energy of the universe is constant.
For example, Solar cell panels do not create energy but harness solar energy and convert it into electrical
energy. Further, electrical energy can be converted into light and heat energy in our [Link] is
therefore continually being changed so that it can be used, but the overall amount of energy will not
change.
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SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
EA
QUANTITATIVE MEASURMENTS OF HEAT TRANSFER
SPECIFIC HEAT
The specific heat, Cp, of the substance is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1.0 oC.
*** Cp of water :1.0 cal/g oC
4.184 J/g K
4.184 J/g oC
4.187 kJ/kg K
4182 J/kg°C
1 cal = 4.184 J
q
Cp = m ∆T
Where: Cp = specific heat
q = amount of heat
m = mass of sample
ΔT= temperature change
ΔT= Tfinal(Tf) - Tinitial(Ti)
q = mCp∆T
q = mCp(Tf - Ti)
Sample Problems
1. Exactly 150.0 cal of heat will raise the temperature of 18.5 g of a liquid from 22 oC to 44oC.
Calculate the specific heat of the liquid.
Solution:
q
Cp = m ∆T
150.0 cal
=
(18.5 g)¿ ¿
= 0.369 cal/g oC
2. Find the heat release (in J) when 5.50 L of ethylene glycol (d = 1.11g/mL) in a car radiator
from 37.0oC to 25.0oC. Cp of ethylene glycol = 2.46 J/g K
Solution:
q = mCpΔT = mCp(Tf - Ti)
mass of ethylene glycol = vol. ethylene glycol x density ethylene glycol
1000 mL
= 5.50 L x 1 L x 1.11g = 6105 g
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SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
EA
J
q = 6105 g x 2. 46 x (298 - 310 )K = -1.8 x 105 J
gK
CALORIMETRY
Calorimetry is the science of measuring heat based on the change in temperature of an
observed body when it releases or absorbs heat. Heats of reaction are measured in a
calorimeter.
Common types of calorimeter:
1. Constant pressure calorimeter - a device used to find the specific heat of a solid that
does not react with or dissolve in water
Example: coffee cup calorimeter (styrofoam cup)
2. Constant volume calorimeter (bomb calorimeter) - used for measuring heat evoled in the
combustion of a substance under constant volume conditions
It is commonly used to determine the heat of combustion of a compound, that I, the heat
released when a particular quantity of a compound is burned in oxygen.
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SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
EA
Sample problems
1. A 45.0 g sample of an alloy was heated to 90.0 oC and then dropped into a beaker containing
82.0 g of water at 23.50oC. The temperature of the water rose to a final 26.25 oC. What is the
specific heat of the alloy?
Solution:
Heat lost alloy = Heat gained water
-qalloy = +qwater
- (CpmΔT)alloy = (CpmΔT)water
-[Cpm (Tf - Ti)]alloy = [cpm (Tf - Ti)]water
*** Tf alloy = Tf water + alloy
Tf water = Tf water + alloy
- [Cp(45.0g)(26.25oC - 90.0oC)] = [1.00 cal/g oC ( 82.0 g)
(26.25oC - 23.50oC)]
- [Cp (45.0g) (- 63.75 C] = [1.00 cal/g C ( 82.0 g)(2.75oC)]
o o
2868.75 Cp = 225.5 cal /g oC
Cp = 0.0786 cal /goC
2. Determine the final temperature of a system after 100.0 g of zinc at 95 oC is immersed into
50.0 g of water at 15oC
Solution:
Heat lost zinc = Heat gained water
- q zinc = + q water
- (Cpm ΔT)zinc = (Cpm ΔT)water
-[Cpm(Tf - Ti)]zinc = [Cpm (Tf - Ti)]water
-[0.0927cal/goC(100.0g) (Tf - 95oC)] = [(1.00 cal/goC(50.0g)(Tf - 15oC]
- 9.27 (Tf - 95oC) = 50 (Tf - 15oC)
- 9.27 Tf + 880.65oC = 50Tf - 750oC
- 9.2Tf - 50Tf = - 750oC - 880.65oC
-59.27 Tf = -1630.65oC
Tf = 27.51oC = 28oC
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SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
EA
Solve the following problems. Show all pertinent calculations.
1. The specific heat of aluminum is 0.214 cal/g oC. Calculate the heat necessary to raise the
temperature or 40.0 g of aluminum to 20.0 to 32.3 oC.
2. Calculate the specific heat in cal/g oC and J/kg K if 6.00 kcal of heat energywill raise the
temperature of 2.00 lb of a metal from 25.0 oF to 52.0oF.
3. The specific heat of silver is 0.0565 cal/g oC. Assuming no loss of heat to the surroundings or to the
container, calculate the final temperature when 100 g of silver at 40.0oC is immersed in 60.0 g of
water at 10.0oC.
4. A 10-g solid was heated in a test tube to 100oC in boiling water and added to the coffee cup calorimeter
with 50 g of water. The water temperature increased from 25.1 to 28.5oC. What is the specific heat of
the solid?
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