BURGOS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – ( GENERAL CADEMIC STRAND)

BURGOS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – ( GENERAL CADEMIC STRAND)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In the Philippines, corn is the second-most important agricultural crop and

the main source of income for most small farmers in the country. Yellow corn

is the most significant variety of maize, and it is largely utilized as a source of

nutrition for animals, particularly for pigs and poultry. We have witnessed the

movement of hundreds and even thousands of maize sacks from the farms to

the marketplace, where farmers sell their goods to businessmen. Corn cob is

considered an agricultural waste. The big question is, what happens to the

corn cob after the seeds or kernels are harvested? Do they still have uses? Or

are they just left in the fields, waiting to be disposed of, especially when the

next planting is due?

The methods for disposing of the corn cob left in the fields after seeds or

kernels that has been harvested are mostly composting or using corn cob as

the fire starter. In fact, wasted corn cob was not only for fire starter. They can

also be used as for grilling and smoking, pot scrubbers and poaching (Vinton,

2019). Due to the laborious process of composting, the amount of space

required for composting, and the amount of time farmers spend composting,

burning remains the primary disposal method for the majority of Corn Stove

residue because it is efficient, effective, and inexpensive.

This practice of simply getting the wasted and burned corn cob, prompting

yours truly, the researchers, to investigate the recycling of corn cob ash to

produce sustainable lightweight cementitious -straw bricks. As corn harvesting

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season is upon us once more, there will be a great deal of Corn Stover on the

farm that will go to waste once more. This is why we, the researchers, have

chosen this topic. Our goal is to give an alternative to wasting these raw

materials by converting them into something useful, in this case a brick, which

is also a common product in Ilocos Sur.

This research entitled, “Corn (Zhea Mays) cob ash as alternative

bricks”, in the duration of the research, We will be conducting an

experimental and analytical study on the mechanical properties and

sustainability of the produced bricks and will be tested against the

commercialized Vigan Bricks sold in the market. Several proportions of corn

cob ash will be examined in the production of the brick to reach the best mix

proportions to achieve standard strengths that is at par with the

commercialized bricks available in MC Marble and Granite Supply at a

cheaper cost.

If this research will be successful, this will be beneficial to the people of

Ilocos Region, particularly the farmers, and of course the small-scale

entrepreneurs who wants to pursue this business of selling bricks out of corn

cob ash.

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Objectives of the Study

This study aims to know the effectiveness of corncob ash as brick

hardener.

Specifically it aimed to;

1. Determine the significant differences of bricks out of corn cob ash

compared to commercially available bricks in terms of:

a) Strength,

b) Durability,

c) Cost.

2. Determine the capacity of corn cob ash and clay in order to maximize the

strength of the bricks.

3. Determine the relationship between the corn cob ash and the clay in

making bricks.

Importance of the Study

The study contributed to the decrease of corn cob waste products and the

helpful benefits to daily life if these wastes are converted into something

useful. Therefore, the result of the study will be beneficial to the following:

Students. The outcome of the study will give wider knowledge about Corn

Cob Ash use and effectiveness.

Farmers. May be able to establish a new source of income as a result of this

research.

Small Entrepreneurs. They will be able to sell stronger bricks at a lesser cost

since the cost of production is lower.

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Landscapers. They will have an option for new brick designs since the corn

cob ash in the bricks will alter the design of the conventional

bricks.

Homeowner. Who are developing their houses who looking for stronger and

most affordable bricks.

Future Researchers. They will have a reference that will guide them in

improving this research.

Time and Place of the Study

The study was conducted in the field of Macaoayan , Burgos, Ilocos Sur

from May to July 2020.

Definition of Terms

For a clearer and better understanding of the study, the following terms are

defined in the context of the study:

Agricultural waste. This refers to the unwanted waste produced as a result

of agricultural activities.

Burnay. Unglazed earthen jar.

Brick Mixture. This refers to a heavy, coarse building material made of

broken stone or gravel, sand, cement, and water that is

distributed or poured into molds and solidifies into a brick-like

mass.

CCA. Corn Cob Ash

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Corn Cob Ash. It refers to the burned corn cob after the seed or kernel is

harvested.

Corn Cob Ash Bricks. It refers to the new brick produced by adding corn cob

ash brick in the clay before baked to be hardened.

Corn Stover. To stalks, leaves and cobs that remain in fields after the corn.

harvest.

Pugon. This refers to the oven used in baking bricks.

Vigan Bricks. It refers to the locally available bricks without corn cob ash,

made in the locality of Vigan City.

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Review of Literature

To further understand the study, the researchers pointed to relevant

literature and studies associated with the present study which served as the

foundation, backbone, and strength in the realization of positive results and

outcomes of this worthy endeavor.

On Agriculture

On study of Praburaj (2018), concluded that the agricultural sector plays a

strategic role of being the backbone of an economy that provides the essential

ingredients to humankind and now raw material for industrialization. In

addition, the agricultural sector also serves as the primary source of food,

income, and employment to the rural populations (Walsh Medical Media,

2014)[Link] As studied by Praburaj (2018),

Agriculture is the basic source of the food supply of all the countries of the

world—whether underdeveloped, developing or even developed. Due to the

heavy pressure of population in underdeveloped and developing countries

and its rapid increase, the demand for food is increasing at a fast

[Link]://[Link]/publication/334645070_Role_of_Agriculture

_in_the_Economic_Development_of_a_Country

With the continuous increase of the human population, the demand for a

higher production rate in the agricultural sector has become apparent to

suffice the needs of the people. Nonetheless, it must be noted that almost all

agricultural activities generate solid agricultural wastes, which can pose a

threat to the environment and its people (Adejumo et. Al, 2020)

[Link]

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hl=en&lr=&id=gaotEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA139&dq=Adejumo+et.+al,

+2020&ots=7ryFuSav_n&sig=P- . As a result, a growth in human population

also means an increase in agricultural waste products. As mentioned by The

World Bank (n.d.), Agriculture can help reduce poverty, raise incomes and

improve food security for 80% of the world's poor, who live in rural areas and

work mainly in farming. [Link]

/agriculture/overview

As studied by Mamo and Zewide (2022), Agricultural wastes are defined as

the residues from the growing and processing of raw agricultural products

such as fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry, dairy products, and crops. They also

mentioned that the agricultural waste otherwise called agro-waste is

comprised of animal waste (manure, animal carcasses), food processing

waste (only 20% of maize is canned and 80% is waste), crop waste (corn

stalks, sugarcane bagasse, drops and culls from fruits and vegetables,

prunings) and hazardous and toxic agricultural waste (pesticides, insecticides

and herbicides,etc). Estimates of agricultural waste arising are rare, but they

are generally thought of as contributing a significant proportion of the total

waste matter in the developed world. As studied by Mamo and Zewide(2022)

revealed that, Agricultural wastes are residues from the growing and

processing of raw agricultural products are nonproductive outputs of

production and processing and may contain material that can benefit man.

These residues are generated from a number of agricultural activities and

they include cultivation, livestock production and aquaculture. It is important to

not from the findings so far that proper waste collection, storage, treatment,

transfer, and utilization is a panacea to a healthy environment. Proper waste

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utilization will assist in developing our agricultural sector and provide viable

biofuel resource for many. Mamo and Zewide (2022) also mentioned that, The

waste generated is dependent on the type of agricultural activities carried out.

While tropical climate is favorable for growing crops, it also supports the

generation and development of insects and weeds. This situation creates a

high demand for pesticides in order to kill insects and protect against the

spread of epidemic diseases; this need often lead to the abuse of pesticides

by farmers. [Link]

content/uploads/[Link]&sa=U&ved-

=2ahUKEwiE5rD7kN3AhXabd4KHabdDHsQFnoECAoQAg&usg=AOvVaw1Z

OkMofZkJ 1z2HdqzLYqw6

As indicated by Kamau J., Ahmed A., et al. (2016), Industrial and

agricultural waste products such as PFA, GGBS, SF, RHA and CCA

unnecessarily occupy space when stored or create environmental hazards

when dumped in landfill. Their utilization in the construction industry reduces

the overall cost of construction, mitigates on the technical and environmental

nuisance that is associated with the production of cement, reduces solid

waste, cuts on greenhouse gas emissions and conserves existing natural

resources, thereby enhancing sustainability as well as improving the

properties of fresh and hardened concrete.

[Link] Suitability-of-Corncob-

Ash-as-a-Supplementary-Cementitious-Material

On Corn Cob

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Corn cob is the hard thick cylindrical central core of maize on which are

borne the grains or kernels of an ear of corn. Raheem A.A. (2010) described

Corn cob as the agricultural waste product obtained from maize or corn; which

is the most important cereal crop in Sub-Saharan Africa.

[Link] /article/abs/pii/S0950061807003091.

According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data, 589 million tons

of maize were produced worldwide in the year 2000 (FAO Records; 2002).

The United States was the largest maize producer having 43% of world

production. Africa produced 7% of the world’s maize (IITA Records; 2002).

Nigeria was the second largest producer of maize in Africa in the year 2001

with 4.62 million tons. South Africa has the highest production of 8.04 million

tons (FAO Records; 2002). [Link] [Link]

Corn cob is the hard core portion of the corn and base of the ke rnel —

Maize (corn crop) — is the third most important cereal crop in the world

(Murthi, 2022). In India, Telangana state is the second largest leading

producer of maize which is about 16% next to the leading producer Karnataka

about 18% as per the production statistics of the year 2017. More than 30

Million MT maize being produced in India every year and simultaneously an

equal amount of corn cob waste was generated. The corn cob is generally

used as fire wood in various industries. The ash generated from this corn cob

is then dumped in low-level arrears or land filling which causes the

environmental problems particularly the habitat in nearby areas.

[Link] As studied by Kamau J.,

Ahmed A. .,et al. (2016), Corn is the main staple food in the Eastern and

Southern Sahara Africa, accounting for more than 20% of domestic food
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production. Corncob is the hard central core of corn which bears the grain of

the ear cob, while CCA is the remnant of incinerated corncob.

On Corn Cob Ash

There had been various research efforts on the use of corn cob ash (CCA)

and other pozzolan as a replacement for cement in concrete. Olutoge et al

(2012)presented a comparative study on fly ash and ground granulated blast

furnace slag (GGBS) high performance concrete.

[Link] 277312562 Strength-Properties-of-

Corn-Cob-Ash- Concrete , Ogunfolami (1995), considered mixing of the CCA

with Ordinary Portland cement at the point of need (i.e. on site). Adesanya

and Raheem (2010)[Link] /science/article /abs/pii/

S0950061807003091 ; studied the workability and compressive strength

characteristics of Corn cob ash (CCA) blended cement concrete. Adesanya

and Raheem (2009) [Link] /science/article/abs

/pii/S0950061807003042; also assessed the development of Corn cob ash

(CCA) Blended Cement. This present while investigating the strength of corn-

cob ash concrete, also attempted an examination of split tensile and high

strength properties of such concrete.

As Murthi (2020) study revealed that, Corn Cob Ash (CCA) is one among

the agricultural by-products. This can be considered for recycling or reusing in

to various ways. One of the opportunity is reusing as pozzolanic material in

cement or concrete. It is rich in silica similar to BA and RHA and can be used

as SCM in cement and concrete. The CCA was considered as pozzolanic

material during manufacturing of blended cement by adding with cement

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clinkers during grinding process and also added as partial replacement of

OPC while making concrete or mortar. Murthi (2020) also mention that,

Researchers are doing investigation from the few decades for suitability of

CCA as pozzolanic materials and finding the behaviour of CCA blended

cement concrete. In this background this paper is intended to highlight the

result published by various authors across the globe.

[Link]

As mentioned by Kamau J., Ahmed A, et al. (2016), CCA has neither been

widely studied nor applied in practice. It was termed by (Bapat) as one of the

remotely known but potentially useful admixture. Even though Bapat , Shetty ,

Rao, et al. and Zhou, et al., reported that SCMs improve the workability of

fresh concrete, Olafusi and Olutoge , Adesanya and Raheem and Udoeyo

and Abubakar, recorded a decrease in workability with an increase in the

content of CCA, and attributed the behavior to a high water demand that is

caused by the large amounts of silica that are present in CCA. This is not

consistent with the behaviour of SCMs and hence calls for further

investigations. Previous studies have also looked at blending CCA with

cement at the factory and not mixing at the point of need. There is generally a

shortage of portable tap water for mixing concrete, especially in the

developing world. [Link]

On Bricks

There are wide methods of bricks production available, which include firing,

cementing, and geo-polymerization. In Vigan City, a non-metallic mineral

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resource known as Bantog Clay, is a clay used to produce what we know as

Vigan Bricks.

According to Lianyang Zhang (2013), “A wide variety of waste materials

have been researched for production of bricks, including mainly fly ash and

slags. Methods for producing bricks from waste materials can be divided into

3 categories: firing, cementing and geopolymerization”.

[Link] production-of-bricks-from-waste-

materials-a-review

Concrete is the most versatile heterogeneous Construction material and

the impetus of infrastructural development of any nation. Civil Engineering

practice and construction works around the world depend to a very large

extent on concrete (Augustine A. S. and Michael T., 2012).

[Link] /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/[Link]. Concrete

is a synthetic construction material made by mixing of cement, fine

aggregates, coarse aggregate and water in the proper proportions. Each of

these components contribute to the strength their concrete possesses

(Gambir, 2004). [Link] /document /366021802/232315985-

Concrete-Technology-by-Gambhir-pdf

As studied by Zhang Z., Wong Y. C., et al. (2018) stated, Bricks have been

playing a significant role in building and construction for thousands of years.

Despite the reliable workability and accessibility, it is widely known that the

production of fired clay brick has always been a rather energy- and resource-

intensive process [Link] . As

eloquently stated by Fernandes F. C.(2019) ,Clay bricks were amongst the

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first artificial materials produced by men for building purposes that proved to

be easy to produce, resistant, and durable, as attested by the numerous

examples that can be seen all around the world that endured centuries of

rough climacteric conditions and wars . Clay bricks are simply produced by

mixing clay and water. Hardening methods evolved from sun drying to

industrial ovens, which allowed strength and durability to increase

[Link] . According to Kadir A.

A. and Sarani N. A. (2012) stated, Brick is one of the most demanding

masonry units. It has the widest range of products, with its unlimited

assortment of patterns, textures and colours.

[Link] -An-Overview-of-Wastes-

Recycling-in-Fired-Clay-Bricks

As studied by Kadir A. A. & Sarani N. A., Brick is durable and has

developed with time. It remains highly competitive, technically and

economically, with other systems of structure and field. The main raw material

for bricks is clay besides clayey soils, soft slate and shale, which are usually

obtained from open pits with the attendance of disruption of drainage,

vegetation and wildlife habitat (Hendry and Khalaf, 2001)

[Link]

9780415232821 .html . Clay bricks are also noncombustible and poor

conductors (Mamlouk and Zaniewski, 2006). [Link]

content/uploads/2020/08 /Materials-for-Civil-and-Construction-

[Link]. Clays as raw material for clay bricks are most valued due to

their ceramic characteristics (Lynch, 1994; Christine, 2004).

[Link]
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6447/full/html . According to Wikipedia (2018), “the sedimentary and

metamorphic rocks that are present in the city are alluvium, fluviatile,

lacuatine, pludal and beach deposits such as coral, stools, and beach rock.

These are predominantly found along the coastal areas of Vigan. An important

non-metallic mineral resource found in Vigan is the kind of clay that is used in

making earthen jars locally called burnay. Earthenware of different uses and

sizes are made of this kind of clay. Known as Bantog clay, the mineral is the

basic material in making bricks. These bricks are the original materials in

building the Hispanic houses of Vigan.” [Link]

Related literatures for researchers’ chosen topic include published studies

on Vigan Bricks and how it started as a product that was also unique to Vigan

City. What were the predominant bricks used before Vigan Brick was

introduced? I will also try to investigate on other brick products available if

there are. I will also connect in the literature on the common practice of the

farmers in building tobacco barn furnace (Pugon), where Corn cob ash are

used in combination with clay to build a strong furnace, even without the use

of modern building materials like cement, iron, and hollow blocks.

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CHAPTER II

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

The materials needed and used in the experiments were Corn (Zhea

Mays) Cob Ash, clay, water, measuring tools, knife, scissor, and brick block

molder.

Methods

Research Design

The experimental method was employed in this study for it aims to know

the potential of Corn Cob Ash and Clay as components of bricks.

The treatments are the following:

Treatment Commercialize Clay Bricks

0

Treatment 6 cups CCA(Corn Cob Ash) + 500g of Clay

1

Treatment 4 cups of CCA(Corn Cob Ash) + 1000g of Clay

2

Treatment 2 cups of CCA(Corn Cob Ash) +1500g of Clay

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3
Experimental Procedure

The following are the procedures in determining the effectiveness of

Corncob ash as alternative bricks:

1. Gathering of Materials

2. Preparation and cleaning of Corn Cob Ash

3. Chopping of Corn Cob Ash

4. Creation of brick blocks

5. Curing/drying of the brick blocks.

6. Test and Evaluation

Data Gathering Instrument

Experimentation and Observation are the main tool used to gather data.

Data Collection has started when the corncob were collected at the

researchers’ community at Macaoayan, Burgos, Ilocos Sur. After the harvest

of corn, the cobs were left alone in the field and dried. The researchers

collected corn cob for the purpose of this study. Later on, the corn cob will be

burned and turn into ash.

The clay was bought online (@josebalcueva). Four treatments were used

in the study. First, treatment 0 is the commercial brick or control group.

Second, treatment 1 consists of 6 cups corn cob ash and 500 grams of

clay. Third, treatment 2 consists of 4 cups corn cob ash and 1000 grams of

clay. And lastly, treatment 3 is consist of 2 cups of corn cob ash and 1500

grams of clay. The brick blocks produced were left under the sun for 7 days to

have it dried, hardened or cured.

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Data to Gather

Growth Performance

Durability of Bricks. This was taken after the Corn cob ash brick has

made. It was observed and tested by dropping the

Corn cob ash brick.

Size Variation. The size will also observe because clay shrink during both

drying and firing.

Color and Texture. The color and texture was observed when hardening

the Corn cob ash bricks.

Load Capacity of Brick. The weight is also observe when the Corn cob

ash is hard.

Statistical Tools and Analysis

All data gathered were recorded, tabulated and statistically analyze

through Analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) for Randomized Complete Block

Design. Frequency count was computed.

For the manufacture of bricks, the researchers conducted quantitative

study. Furthermore, the mean was used to determine the acceptability of the

bricks in terms of strength, cost, and durability.

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CHATPER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents data gathered and collected as well as the result of

the analysis and discussion of these results.

Findings

The following were the salient findings of the study.

Determine the significant differences of bricks out of corn cob ash

compared to commercially available bricks in terms of:

a) Strength,

b) Durability,

c) Cost.

The table below represent the significant differences of bricks out of corn

cob ash compared to commercially available bricks in terms of strength.

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Treatment Load Capacity (kilogram)

Treatment 0: Commercialized Brick 6.4

Treatment 1: 500g of clay + 6 cups of CCA 4.9

Treatment 2: 1000g of clay + 4 cups of

6.5
CCA

Treatment 3: 1500g of clay + 2 cups of

6.1
CCA

As seen clearly in the table, Treatment 2 has the highest recorded load

capacity of 6.5 kilogram which tests the strength of the brick. While Treatment

0 recorded the second highest load capacity of 6.4 kilogram. The third highest

record is Treatment 3 with the load capacity of 6.1 kilogram. And lastly, the

lowest record is Treatment 1 with the load capacity of 4.9 kilogram.

The table below represent the significant differences of bricks out of corn

cob ash compared to commercially available bricks in terms of durability.

Treatment Drop Test (meter)

Treatment 0: Commercialized Brick 1.1

Treatment 1: 500g of clay + 6 cups of CCA 1

Treatment 2: 1000g of clay + 4 cups of

1.3
CCA

Treatment 3: 1500g of clay + 2 cups of 1.2

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CCA

As seen clearly in the table, Treatment 2 has the highest record for drop

test (1.3 meters) which signifies the durability. While Treatment 3 recorded the

second highest drop test (1.2 meters). The third highest record is Treatment 0

or the commercialized bricks with drop test (1.1 meter) . And lastly, the lowest

record is Treatment 1 with drop test (1 meter).

Taken as a whole, the experimental group surpasses the commercial

product in terms of strength and durability. Taking the highest among the

three experimental treatments, Treatment 2 has a higher recorded data

compared to the commercial product which is Treatment 0.

The table below shows the significant differences of bricks out of corn cob ash

compared to commercially available bricks in terms of cost.

Treatment Cost

Experimental ₱17. 00

Commercial ₱20.00

According to the surveys and from the market vendors, the commercial

bricks cost around 20 pesos per piece. And costing the clay used in the

experiment, the clay alone cost about 25 pesos. The corn cob ash used in the

experiment are free of charge since it is locally available after the harvest of

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the fruit and is considered an agricultural waste so no amount of money was

used for this material.

And as seen in the table, the commercial brick cost ₱20.00 while the

experimental brick cost ₱17.00. An three (3) peso difference between the

commercial and experimental is a huge difference.

This implies that the experimental brick is much more affordable compared

to the commercial bricks.

Determine the capacity of corn cob ash and clay in order to maximize

the strength of the bricks?

As shown in the first table above, Treatment 2 , which is 4 cups of

CCA( Corn Cob Ash) and 1000 grams of clay, showed the highest durability,

while Treatment 1 , which is 6 cups of CCA and 500 grams of clay, displayed

the weakest.

When the treatments were taken individually, Treatment 2 achieved a

maximum height (1.3 meters), while Treatment 1 (1 meters) obtained the least

height. Furthermore, Treatment 2 acquired the most weight of 6.5 kilograms,

while Set up C has the lowest of 4. 9 kilograms.

This implies that Treatment 2 , which is 4 cups of Corn Cob Ash and 1000

grams of clay, obtained the maximum strength of the brick. And it can also be

seen that Treatment 2 is comparable to the commercial bricks.

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Determine the relationship between the corn cob ash and the clay in

making bricks.

All data gathered were recorded, tabulated and statistically analyze

through Analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) for Randomized Complete Block

Design. Frequency count was computed.

This table shows that the relationship of corn cob ash and clay on size

variation is statistically significant (p-value 2.33).

Groups Average

Length 7.25

Width 4

Height 2.75

P-Value 2.33

Table1 : Represents the data gathered on size variation of corn cob ash.

This table shows that the relationship of corn cob ash and clay on

durability is not statistically significant (p-value 0.386704).

Groups Average

Test 1 1.15

Test 2 1.075

P-value 0.386704

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Table 2: Represents the data gathered on durability of corn cob ash.

This table shows that the relationship of corn cob ash and clay on load

capacity is not statistically significant (p-value 0.704624)

Groups Average

Test 1 5.975

Test 2 5.775

P-value 0.704624

Table 3 : Represents the data gathered on load capacity on corn cob ash.

Conclusions

From the aforementioned findings, the following findings were formulated.

1. The Corn Cob Ash serve as the skeleton that further strengthens the

bricks. When it comes to Corn Cob Ash to clay capacity, Treatment 2,

which 4 cups of Corn Cob Ash and 1000 grams of clay have the best

outcome. While treatment 3, which has 2 cups of Corn Cob Ash and

1500 grams of clay is close to being commercial brick. Moreover, 6

cups of Corn Cob Ash and 500 grams of clay have a weak strength

and durability because of the lacking of clay.

2. The experimental brick is comparable to the commercial brick when it

comes to cost. Commercial brick costs around 20 pesos while the

experimental cost 17 pesos. An three (3) peso difference is a huge

difference. Therefore, the experimental brick is at par with the

commercial brick, if not, a better one than the commercial brick.

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3. The size variation of corn cob ash bricks is statistically significant

relationship with an interpretation of (p-value 2.33). The durability and

load capacity of corn cob ash brick is not statistically significant

relationship with an interpretation of (p-value 0.386704) and

(0.704624).

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusion drawn, the following

recommendations are proposed.

1. It should be noted that additional testing, such as flexural strength,

tensile strength, splitting test, porosity, bond strength, and so on, is

required. A competent concrete testing laboratory is also required to

ensure the data is correct, accuracy, and precision.

2. The bricks were dried for seven days. However, modifications in curing

time, such as 2 days, 4 days, or 6 days, can be included to see if it

affects the performance of Corn Cob Ash in the combination.

3. Further study in materials science, such as potential combinations of

Corn Cob Ash and clay or other materials, should be considered.

Furthermore, future research should focus on discovering novel

compounds to further materials science while also protecting the

environment.

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REFERENCES

Adejumo et. Al, 2020. “Agricultural Solid Wastes: Causes, Effects, and
Effective Management”. [Link]
hl=en&lr=&id=gaotEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA139&dq=Adejumo+et.+al,
+2020&ots=7ryFuSav_n&sig=P-

Adesanya D.A., Raheem A.A. 2009. Development of Corn Cob Ash Blended
Cement, Construction and Building Materials, (Vol. 23, pp.347-352).
[Link]

Adesanya D.A., Raheem A.A. 2010. A study of the Workability and

compressive strength characteristics of corn cob ash blended cement
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APPENDICES
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Appendix A. Statistical Treatment

Size variation

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 43.16667 2 21.58333 129.5 2.33E-07 4.256495

Within Groups 1.5 9 0.166667

Total 44.66667 11

Durability of Corn Cob Ash Bricks

Source of
SS df MS F P-value F crit
Variation

Between Groups 0.01125 1 0.01125 0.870968 0.386704 5.987378

Within Groups 0.0775 6 0.012917

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Total 0.08875 7

Load Capacity of Corn Cob Ash Bricks

Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 0.08 1 0.08 0.158155 0.704624 5.987378

Within Groups 3.035 6 0.505833

Total 3.115 7        

Appendix B. Pictorials

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