2023

2023
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Erudite

Research Journal

Bayugan National Comprehensive High School

Bayugan City, Agusan del Sur, Caraga, Philippines Copyright

2023

Published by BNCHS STE - 10 S.Y. 2022-2023

Development Team of the Research Journal

Authors: Grade 10- Tesla S.Y 2022-2023
Editors: Alliyah Jen D. Atupan, Gracely Mar P. Sunjay, Daniel
P. Piamonte, Arabella T. Valenzona, Vinsie Rian Rich R.
Servado

Printed in the Philippines by:

 2023

ERUDITE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The partnership of the 38 students from Tesla SY 2022-2023 is an example of
teamwork, hard work, and in unison. Without the guidance of our research adviser, Mr.
Vincent Butch Embolode, our ideas would have remained nothing more than idle speculation.
We are also thankful for his invaluable guidance, mentorship, and support throughout the
research process his expertise and insightful feedback greatly enhanced the quality of this
work. We are grateful for the support of the entire STE faculty, including Ms. Mariam Avila
Judicpa, our classroom adviser, who has been there for us from the start and has helped us
with every research assignment. We value their willingness to listen to our concerns.

The panelists, Mr. Kenn Louren Montera, Mrs. Crystelle Anne Montera, Mr. Marvin
Fernandez, Mrs. Gregie Tampon, Mrs. Loren Anunciado, and Mrs. Angela Gamalo, also have
our sincere gratitude. Their insightful knowledge exchange has helped to further our research.
We appreciate their constructive criticism, their expertise, and knowledge which has
motivated us to pay more attention to specific details in the future.

We would also like to express our deepest gratitude to our families and friends for
their unwavering support, encouragement, and understanding throughout this research
endeavor. Their love and encouragement were vital in sustaining our motivation and belief in
the importance of this work. We have been inspired to persevere through the difficulties we
have encountered by their compassion and encouragement.

We have accomplished it for the entire class. This publication is the result of our
combined efforts, a reflection of our creative thinking and unified efforts. This achievement
is due to our efforts to make sure that nobody is left behind.

The researchers conclude by expressing their sincere gratitude to the Almighty God
for giving them the knowledge, direction, and courage they needed to complete this voyage
 2023

LIFE
SCIENCE
 2023
Comparative Analysis of Selected Bamboo species leaves Ethanolic
Extract against Mosquito Larvae

*Asio, J., Dajao, J.L., Echin, E.F., Lacorte, M.T.,

Bayugan National Comprehensive High School

ABSTRACT
Bamboo has been prominent in the Philippines with its valuable traits such as
strength, flexibility, a robust root system, and overall durability. Thus, the researchers were
drawn to the convenience of bamboo and recognized its potential as a larvicide after
extensive exploration of its properties. The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of
selected bamboo species as larvicides against mosquito larvae. This was done by utilizing
three treatments (100, 500, and 1000 ppm) of ethanolic leaf extracts of the bamboo species
Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa blumeana, and Schizostachyum lumampao. Ten (10) mosquito
larvae were added to the 10 mL diluted test solution, and the surviving mosquito larvae were
counted every hour for 24 hours. Using the Probit Analysis, the lethality concentration LC50
was determined. After a 24-hour exposure, the results revealed that all the selected bamboo
species exhibited larvicidal activity against the mosquito larvae. The 500 ppm and 1000 ppm
concentrations displayed the highest larvicidal effect, while the 100 ppm concentration
showed relatively weaker activity among treatments. Thus, the treatment with 1000 ppm and
500 ppm concentrations was preferable to 100 ppm. In addition, the LC50 of the different
bamboo species Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa blumeana, and Schizostachyum lumampao leaf
extract exhibited 2.19 ppm, 2.25 ppm, and 2.00 ppm, respectively. Mosquitoes are common
vectors of diseases such as dengue, malaria, and filariasis. The collated data on these
selected bamboo species as larvicides is highly beneficial. Utilization of natural larvicides
can aid in controlling mosquito populations, subsequently reducing the transmission of
diseases that pose significant health risks to humans.

Keywords: Bamboo, Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa blumeana, Schizostachyum lumampao,

Larvicidal Activity, Mosquito-borne diseases, ppm (parts per million), Probit Analysis, LC50

1. INTRODUCTION virus, Chikungunya virus, dengue fever,

Mosquitoes are common, flying malaria, and filariasis (National Institute
insects that live in furthermost parts of the for Occupational Safety and Health, 2016).
world. Mosquitoes are regarded as one of A virus called dengue fever is transmitted
the most dangerous insects on the planet, to people by mosquito bites. Mosquitoes
this spreads diseases that are fatal to carrying the Aedes aegypti virus are the
humans. Mosquito-borne infections spread main carriers of the disease, with Aedes
to people such as Zika virus, West Nile albopictus mosquitoes playing a less
 2023
significant role. (World Health There are 3,500 species of
Organization, 2022). Malaria is another mosquitoes that are classified in the world.
mosquito-borne disease that is prevalent in Not every mosquito bite people or pets.
the country. It is a fatal disease carried by Itching and swelling are the most common
mosquito bites infected with tiny parasites reactions to mosquito bites in humans.
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Next is Zika Some mosquitos can act as vectors. A
Virus, in tropical and subtropical areas, vector is a type of animal, insect, or tick
this virus is primarily spread via the bite of that transmits pathogens (germs) to
an infected mosquito from the Aedes humans and animals. Mosquitoes can
genus, namely Aedes aegypti. Aedes transmit germs (viruses and parasites) that
mosquitoes typically bite during the day, can make you sick. Some mosquitos bite
with maximum biting times in the early but do not transmit disease. These
morning and late afternoon/evening. mosquitoes are known as nuisance
Yellow fever, chikungunya, and dengue are mosquitoes (Centers for Disease Control
all diseases spread by the same mosquito. and Prevention, 2020).
It can also be passed from mother to fetus
during pregnancy, by sexual contact, blood
and blood product transfusion, and organ Dengue is a common problem in

donation (World Health Organization, the Philippines, it is a viral infection

2018). There is another sickness known as spread by mosquitoes that primarily affects

West Nile virus, which may be transferred children. Approximately 35 thousand

by contact with other afflicted animals, dengue cases were reported in the

their blood, or other tissues (World Health Philippines during the first half of 2022

Organization, 2017). In addition to these is (Statista Research Department, 2022).

chikungunya, it is a viral infection spread

In the year 2019, the Department of
to humans by infected mosquitoes. It is
Health (DOH) reported that the Dengue
most commonly transmitted to humans by
cases in the CARAGA region have risen to
the same mosquitoes that spread dengue
5,800, with 17 deaths since January of the
fever (WHO, 2019). Lastly, there is
year, up from the same period in 2018. The
Lymphatic filariasis, also known as
Bayugan City Health Office stated that
Elephantiasis. It is considered a neglected
there were cases of Malaria, but these
tropical disease (NTD), a parasitic illness
cases were resolved through Malaria
caused by tiny, thread-like worms (Centers
control. The Culex mosquito is one of the
for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018).
 2023
common mosquito species in Bayugan larvicidal activity of selected species of
City and it can transmit infections like bamboo against mosquito larvae. This
Filariasis and Japanese encephalitis, study also contained three replicates in
though these infections are quite rare. each treatment.
Also, according to the City Health Office,
there are only 16 known Dengue cases in 2.2 Materials
the year 2021 and there have been 12 The materials and equipment that
reported cases from January up to October were used by the researchers are 360 of
2022. Mosquito Larvae, 36 pieces of Plastic
Containers, 1kg of selected Bamboo
Because of these reasons, it was the
species leaves, 6 Liters of Distilled Water,
call for the researchers to investigate the
a Cylindrical Tube, a Stirring Rod, a
larvicidal activity of selected species of
Beaker, a Rotary Evaporator, 3 pieces of
Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa
Injection Syringe, Banana, Strainer,
blumeana, Schizostachyum lumampao)
Bucket, Spoon, Gloves and Sock.
against Mosquito Larvae. The researchers
would find out if Bamboo species leaves
2.3 Data Gathering Procedure
extract is effective against mosquito
larvae. By conducting this, people may
2.3.1 Research Setting
know how to control the population of
The selected Bamboo species
mosquitoes, and infections from it would
leaves, the Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa
be reduced.
blumeana, and Schizostachyum lumampao
were collected in New Salem, Agusan del
2. METHODOLOGY
Sur. One (1) kilogram of Bamboo
(Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa blumeana,
2.1 Research Design
Schizostachyum lumampao) leaves was
A quantitative experimental design
collected.
was used for this study. Three
experimental treatments utilized the
Bambusa vulgaris was identified
selected species of bamboo leaves’
according to its culms that are brilliant
ethanolic extract (Bambusa vulgaris,
green, glossy, erect below, arching above,
Bambusa blumeana, Schizostachyum
and range in height from 10 to 20 meters.
lumampao) and the mosquito larvae. These
Internodes measure 25 to 35 cm in length
treatments were used for testing the
and often have a diameter of 4 to 10 cm.
 2023
Wall thicknesses vary from 7 to 15 mm. ascending to erect, reaching a height of 10-
There are numerous noticeable nodes, the 15 meters and a diameter of 4-8 cm. The
lower ones of which frequently have a internodes are smooth and green,
small ring of roots and are covered in measuring 25-50(-80) cm in length. The
brown hairs. Several to many clustered culm sheath is continuous and coated with
branches with 1-3 bigger dominating sharp, yellowish hairs. The linear-
branches. Branches are frequently found lanceolate leaf blades are 30-36
from the middle of the culm to the top. centimeters long and 2.5-3.0 cm broad.
Narrow leaves that are 15-25 cm long and Flowering branches develop from the
2-4 cm broad. (Guadua Bamboo, 2022). nodes at the top, bearing linear-lanceolate
spikelets with two empty glumes and one
Bambusa blumeana is a thorny fertile floret. The caryopsis, or fruit, is
bamboo with green culms that grow 15-25 brown and oblong in shape, measuring 6-8
meters tall. The internodes are 25–35 cm millimeters in length and 1-1.5 millimeters
in length, 8–15 cm in diameter, and have in width (PROSEA, 2016). Bambusa
walls that are typically 2–3 cm thick. The vulgaris, Bambusa blumeana, and
wall thickness at the base of the culms is Schizostachyum lumampao all belong to
usually solid, especially in dry areas or in the Poaceae family, which is commonly
poor soils. A ring of aerial roots can be known as the grass family. However, there
observed around the lower culm nodes, is a difference in the genus names for these
and a gray or brown ring surrounds the species. Bambusa vulgaris and Bambusa
sheath scar. Branches often grow from the blumeana both share the same genus
center of the culm to the top and are name, which is Bambusa. On the other
clustered several to many times, with one hand, Schizostachyum lumampao belongs
to three larger dominating branches that to the genus Schizostachyum. Despite
are noticeably thicker and longer. Lower being in the same family, these species
node branches are solitary and covered in a have distinct genus names that
dense web of hard, sharp thorns. The differentiate them from one another.
lance-shaped leaves are typically 10–20
cm long and 12–25 mm broad (Guadua 2.3.2 Source of Bamboo Samples
Bamboo, 2010). The selected species of bamboo is
Schizostachyum lumampao is situated in Purok 4, Barangay New Salem,
identified according to its dense tufts and it Bayugan City, Agusan del Sur. Bambusa
grows sympodially. The culms are vulgaris is located at approximately
 2023
8.772753 degrees latitude and 125.857957 months. During the experiment, the extract
degrees longitude. Bambusa blumeana is was serially diluted.
found at around 8.772275 degrees latitude
and 125.857570 degrees longitude.
Schizostachyum lumampao can be
observed at approximately 8.772298 2.3.5 Serial Dilution
degrees latitude and 125.857582 degrees 10 mL of the selected Bamboo species
longitude. These latitude and longitude ethanolic extract was diluted to 1000 ppm.
coordinates specify the geographic Then 10mL from the 1000 ppm was
positions of each plant species. diluted to 100 ppm. For the 500 ppm,
another 10mL extract of the Bamboo
2.3.4 Preparation of Selected Bamboo species ethanolic extract was diluted in
Species another container of 1000 ppm. After that,
The leaves were washed and cleaned 50 mL was taken from the 1000 ppm to be
thoroughly using running water and then diluted to the 500 ppm.
air-dried at room temperature for a period
of 24 hours within 5 days. After the leaves 2.3.6 Culture-base Mosquito
were dried thoroughly, the researchers Prepare a dump of old water from
went to the DOST for the extraction of the rain, and then pour it into a large
selected bamboo species leaves. The container with a volume of 10 Liters, 23
DOST took between 300 and 500 grams cm width on the top, 19 cm width on the
from a kilogram of the selected bamboo bottom, and 25.5 cm height. One to two
species. bananas are peeled once the old water has
been poured. After that, get a sock, stuff
2.3.4 Extraction Process the banana inside, and submerge it in
After the extraction using the water. Then squeeze it until the banana
Rotary Evaporator by the experts in essence drips out. Place the huge container
DOST, the researchers got the extract in in a dim, dry area after the extract and
the month of December 2022 and water have been combined, and cover the
preserved the extract in a refrigerator at top half of the container. After waiting 3–4
3°C until it was used. According to (Pers days for the larvae to be harvested, check
Comm from DOST), the extract lasts for 3 the container every day. However, it relies
to 6 months of preservation. Thus, the on the environment of the location where
researchers preserved the extract for 2
 2023
you are creating the culture basis and the treatments: 100, 500, and 1000 parts per
season. million (ppm). Each type of bamboo
contained three (3) replicates.
2.3.7 Collection of Mosquito Larvae
Once the cultured base container
has been in a basin for 3–4 days, begin Plant Treatmen Concentration Total
straining the larvae with a fine mesh Extract t ppm no. of
strainer. After gathering the larvae, put larvae
them in a fresh, clean container with fresh introdu
dump water. The larvae are taken out of ced

the container and used as test subjects in

1 100 10
the investigation. Unfortunately, the larvae
were not identified by the researchers. 2 500 10
Bambusa
vulgaris 3 1000 10
2.3.8 Data Gathering (leaf)
Control 10
After the experiment was
Variable
completed, the mosquito larvae were
(Water
monitored. According to the World Health
only)
Organization (2005), dead larvae are those
Table 1: Larvicidal Activity Set-up of
that do not move when a needle is inserted
Bambusa vulgaris
into the siphon or the cervical region. The
mortality percentage is calculated
following a 24-hour larvicidal exposure. Plant Treatment Concentrati Total

Using the formula below, the mortality rate Extract on ppm no. of

for each setup was determined. larvae

introdu
Mortality Rate =
ced
number of dead mosquitolarvae
x 100
number of mosquito larvae tested
1 100 10

2.4 Larvicidal Activity Set-up 2 500 10

Bambusa
The selected Bamboo species were blumeana 3 1000 10
shown in this setup (Bambusa vulgaris, (leaf)
Control 10
Bambusa blumeana, Schizostachyum
Variable
lumampao). There were three different
 2023
(Water using variance. When the data does not

only) match the ANOVA assumptions or is not

normally distributed, perform the Kruskal-
Table 2: Larvicidal Activity Set-up of
Wallis Test. The Kruskal-Wallis test is a
Bambusa blumeana
nonparametric method for calculating one-
way ANOVA. The approach is used to
Plant Extract Treatmen Concentration Total
compare three or more groups on a
t ppm no. of
dependent variable with at least an ordinal
larvae
level of measurement. The researchers
introdu
will also use Probit Analysis to determine
ced
the Lethal Concentration of the plant
1 100 10 extracts that keeps 50% of the population

2 500 10 (LC50) of the mosquito larvae.

Schizostachyu
2.6 Waste Disposal
m lumampao 3 1000 10
After applying and extracting
(leaf)
Control 10 bamboo leaves, the materials were washed.
Variable Other important apparatus, equipment, and
(Water hazardous materials that were beyond the
only) researcher's responsibility must be
Table 3: Larvicidal Activity Set-up of disposed of properly by the laboratory aide
Schizostachyum lumampao or custodian. The dead larvae were
disposed of with a needle.
2.5 Data Analysis
One Way ANOVA was used to 3. RESULTS
analyze the data that were collected from
the study of larvicidal activity against 3.1 Introduction
mosquito larvae of selected bamboo
species (Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa The results of the qualitative data analysis
blumeana, Schizostachyum lumampao). An and the quantitative findings and outcomes
ANOVA test was used to evaluate whether are all examined in this study. It acts as the
there was a statistically significant primary subject of all research. The goal of
difference between two or more category the study establishes the investigation's
groups by testing for mean differences framework and formulates the issues that it
tries to resolve. This chapter primarily
focuses on the study's title, an operational
definition of the important concepts used in
the title (both theoretically and practically),
 2023
of the study, and its limitations. In
summary, this chapter presents the detailed
syntax of the researcher's investigation.

3.2 Results of the Mortality Rate

The mortality rate of mosquito larvae
against selected Bamboo species
(Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa blumeana,
Bambusa schizostachyum lumampao)
ethanolic extract in terms of 100 ppm, 500
ppm, and 1000 ppm.

The Bambusa vulgaris leaf

Table 4. Results of the larvicidal activity ethanolic extract showed that the control
of Bambusa vulgaris leaf extract against variable has no effect as there were no
mosquito larvae within 24 hours. dead larvae observed. The 100-ppm extract
concentration showed that in the first and
second replicates, there were no dead
larvae, which makes the mortality rate 0
while in the third replicate, only one (1)
larva died which corresponds to a 10% of
mortality rate. The mean value for all
replicates indicated that 100 ppm has the
least mortality rate. On the other hand, in
the 500-ppm extract concentration, first
and third replicates, eight (8) larvae died
making the mortality rate 80% while in the
second replicate, ten (10) larvae died,
which has a mortality rate of 100%. The
mean value indicates that the average
death rate of 500 ppm is efficient and
useful for reducing mosquito populations.
Moreover, for the concentration of 1000
ppm, ten (10) larvae died for all replicates
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which makes the mortality rate 100%. This variable, there were no larvae dead, which
entails that the 1000 ppm concentration of makes the mortality rate 0.  Extracts with
Bambusa vulgaris extracts with the highest 100 ppm concentration showed that in the
death rate among treatments is effective to first replicate, only one (1) larva died
kill all larvae. which makes the mortality rate 10%. In the
second replicate, six (6) larvae died, which
Table 5. Results of the larvicidal activity corresponds to a mortality rate of 60%, and
of Bambusa blumeana leaf extract against in the third replicate, only two (2) larvae
died with a mortality rate of 20%. The
mean value of all replicates showed that
100ppm has the least mortality rate.
Whereas the 500-ppm extract
concentration showed eight (8) larvae died
which makes the mortality rate 80%. In the
second and third replicates, ten (10) larvae
died making up the mortality rate 100%.
The mean showed that 500 ppm has an
average mortality rate. Lastly, 1000 ppm
concentration showed that in the first,
second, and third replicates, there were ten
(10) larvae died which makes the mortality
rate 100%. The mean value indicated that
1000 ppm has the highest mortality rate
among the concentrations tested.

mosquito larvae within 24 hours.

The Bambusa blumeana leaf

ethanolic extract showed that in the control
 2023
30%, and in the third replicate, no larvae
died, making the mortality rate 0. The
mean shows that 100 ppm has the lowest
mortality rate. For the 500-ppm extract
concentration, in the first replicate, seven
(7) larvae died, and the mortality rate is
70%. In the second replicate, eight (8)
larvae died, which makes the mortality rate
80%, and in the third replicate, six (6)
larvae died with a mortality rate of 60%.
The mean showed that 500 ppm has an
average mortality rate. In contrast, 1000
ppm extract concentration showed that all
larvae died for all replicates which
corresponds to a 100% mortality rate. The
mean value of this concentration has the
highest mortality rate.

Overall, among the three ppm,

1000 ppm yields the highest mortality rate
whilst 500 ppm yields an average mortality
Table 6. Results of the larvicidal rate, and 100 ppm yields the least mortality
activity of Schizostachyum lumampao leaf rate.
extract against mosquito larvae within 24
hours. 3.3 Data Analysis

The Schizotachyum lumampao leaf The significant difference in the

ethanolic extract showed that the control mortality rate of mosquito larvae against
variable has no larvae dead, which makes selected Bamboo species (Bambusa
the mortality rate 0. In the first replicate of vulgaris, Bambusa Blumeana,
100 ppm, there were two (2) dead larvae, schizostachyum lumampao) extracts in
which makes the mortality rate 20%. In the terms of 100 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000
second replicate, there were three (3) ppm.
larvae died, making the mortality rate
 2023
effectiveness between the concentrations
of 100 ppm and 1000 ppm. This indicates
Table 7. The result of the Kruskal-Wallis that the concentration of 1000 ppm was
Test of Bambusa vulgaris in terms of more effective in eliminating larvae
ppm.  compared to the concentration of 100 ppm.
Whilst the concentrations of 100 ppm and
Test Sig.
500 ppm did not show a significant
Bambus vulgaris Independent- .032 difference in their effectiveness. This
in terms of Sample means that when using either 100 ppm or
different Kruskal- 500 ppm of the extract, the results in terms
concentrations Wallis Test of larval elimination were similar.
 *The significance level is 0.05 Similarly, there was no significant
difference in effectiveness between the
The Independent-Sample Kruskal- concentrations of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm
Wallis Test showed a significance value of and this suggests that both 500 ppm and
0.032 which is less than the significance 1000 ppm of the extract performed closely
level of 0.05. This interprets that there is a in terms of eliminating larvae. Although
significant difference of the different there was no significant difference
concentrations of Bambusa vulgaris. between the 100 ppm and 500 ppm, the
results of their death rates show that the
100 ppm shows 3.33% and the 500 ppm
shows 86.67%, indicating that the two still
differ from one another in terms of the
mortality rate.

Based on these findings, the range

of 500 to 1000 ppm appears to be
preferable since the two have no
significant difference and it was effective
Table 8. Pairwise Comparison of Bambusa in eliminating the larvae. It is important to
vulgaris in terms of ppm. note that the choice between the two
Among the various concentrations, concentrations depends on the availability
there was a significant difference in and cost of the extract, as using 1000 ppm
requires a greater amount of the extract
 2023
compared to 500 ppm. In summary, the Table 9. The result of the Kruskal-Wallis
study suggests that concentrations between Test of Bambusa blumeana in terms of
500 ppm and 1000 ppm of Bambusa
vulgaris extract are effective in eliminating Test Sig.

larvae.
Bambus Blumeana Independent- .035

This result is similar to the study in terms of different Sample

conducted by Oliveira et al. in 2013, it was concentrations Kruskal-Wallis

found that the mortality rate differed Test

ppm.
among different concentrations of a
larvicidal substance. The results indicated
that a concentration of 100 ppm resulted in
the lowest mortality rate compared to 500
ppm and this interprets that 500 ppm has a
stronger larvicidal effect than 100 ppm in
terms of their mortality rates. Additionally,
a significant difference was observed
between the mortality rates of 100 ppm
and 1000 ppm. The concentration of 1000
ppm resulted in a 100% mortality rate,
whereas a concentration of 100 ppm Based on the Independent-Sample
resulted in 30% mortality. This indicates Kruskal-Wallis Test, the significant value
that 1000 ppm has a stronger larvicidal shows 0.035, thus it is less than the
effect compared to 100 ppm. On the other significance level of 0.05. Therefore, there
hand, no significant difference was is a significant difference among the
observed between the mortality rates of different concentrations of Bambusa
500 ppm and 1000 ppm because both blumeana leaf ethanolic extract.
concentrations resulted in a 100%
mortality rate within 24 hours. This Table 10. Pairwise Comparison of
suggests that both 500 ppm and 1000 ppm Bambusa blumeana in terms of ppm.
have similarly strong larvicidal effects. Bambusa blumeana ethanolic
extract concentrations of 100 and 500 and
100 and 1000 ppm displayed a significant
difference. 500 ppm has a higher
 2023
performance in comparison to the 100 ppm Groups
because based on the results the 500 ppm
is shown to be much more effective in Total 113.556 8

killing the larvae. The 100 ppm showed

poor results as it killed the least larvae Based on the p-value of this table,
whilst the 1000 ppm performed it shows that the significance value is
exceptionally as it successfully killed all of
the larvae. Whereas 500 and 1000 ppm had
no significant difference since both of the
samples are statistically the same so that
concludes that 500 ppm and 1000 ppm are
effective. However, 500 ppm is
recommended since it can already control
the population of larvae as a standard
amount of extract can be used.

0.000 which is less than the significance

This result is similar to the study of
level of 0.05. This interprets that there is a
(Amit et al., 2021) that at 1000 ppm and
significant difference in terms of different
500 ppm concentrations, the ethanolic
concentrations of Schizostachyum
crude extract of Duranta leaves kills all
lumampao.
instars (Culex pipiens) larvae.

Table 12. Post-hoc Test of One-way

Table 11. Statistical analysis of One-way
ANOVA of Schizostachyum lumampao in
ANOVA of Schizostachyum lumampao in
terms of ppm.
terms of ppm.
All extract concentrations tested of
Schizostachyum lumampao showed
Sum of df Mean F Sig. significant differences against all
Squares square treatments. The comparison of 100 ppm
and 500 ppm are statistically significant
Betwee 106.889 2 53.444 48.10 .00
since 100 ppm has the least deceased
n 0 0
larvae and 500 ppm has the average
Groups
deceased larvae and the same goes with
Within 6.667 6 1.111 the 100 ppm and 1000 ppm. Furthermore,
 2023
the 500 ppm and 1000 ppm have the least when contrasting the selected bamboo
significant difference since 500 ppm can species since the significance value is
kill the majority of the larvae and 1000 0.103, which is greater than the
ppm can kill all of the larvae. To sum up, significance level of 0.05. Similarly, there
500 and 1000 ppm are the most effective. is no significant difference at 1000 ppm in
However, 500 ppm is recommended since comparison to the selected bamboo species
it can already control the population of since the significance value of 1000 ppm is
larvae as a standard amount of extract can 1.000, which exceeds the significance
be used. level of 0.05.
Table 13. The hypothesis test summary of
Kruskal-Wallis of selected Bamboo Among the three selected Bamboo
species (Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa species, there is no significant difference
blumeana, Schizostachyum lumampao) in terms of different concentrations (100
ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm) because all of
the three selected Bamboo species have
Concentration Test Sig.
similar effectiveness. Therefore, all the
1 100 ppm Independent- .197 samples have the potential as a larvicide. It
Samples Kruskal- is advantageous that there is no significant
Wallis Test difference among the selected bamboo

2 500 ppm Independent- .103

Samples Kruskal-
Wallis Test

3 1000 ppm Independent- 1.000

Samples Kruskal-
Wallis Test

At 100 ppm, there is no significant

difference when comparing all of the species, as this ensures that none of the

selected bamboo species since the species are vulnerable or prone to

significance value is 0.197, which is more exploitation, which is not a factor

than the significance level of 0.05. At 500 contributing to the reduction of their

ppm, there is no significant difference population.

 2023
Table 14. Summary of results of the mosquito larvae mortality after 12 hours of
larvicidal lethality assay of ethanolic treatment.
extract of Bambusa vulgaris after 12 hours a. A heterogeneity factor is used.
post-treatment. The LC50 result shows that 2.188 ppm
The table presents data on various is the fatal concentration that kills 50% of
concentrations, total deaths, mortality the population. According to Meyer
percentages, and the LC50 result, toxicity test guidelines, a value of
LC50<1000 ppm indicates that the
Bambusa vulgaris extract is toxic.

Table 17. Summary of results of the

indicating that a concentration of 2.188

ppm is the lethal dose causing a 50%
mortality rate in the population. According
to the Meyer toxicity test criteria, if the
LC50 value is below 1000 ppm, it can be
concluded that the Bambusa vulgaris
larvicidal lethality assay of ethanolic
extract exhibits toxicity.
extract of Bambusa blumeana after 12
hours post-treatment.
Table 15. Parameter estimates of the probit
The table displays various
analysis (Bambusa vulgaris)
concentrations, total deaths, mortality
The table shows a significant value
of 0.000, with a margin of error of less
than 0.05. This implies that the
concentrations have a considerable
influence on mosquito larvae mortality.

Table 16. Median lethal concentration and

95% confidence limits of the extract
(Bambusa vulgaris) by probit analysis of percentages, and the resulting LC50,
 2023
indicating that a concentration of 2.247
ppm is lethal, causing a 50% mortality rate The LC50 results show that 2.247 ppm
is the fatal concentration that kills 50% of
the population. According to Meyer
toxicity test guidelines, a value of
LC50<1000 ppm indicates that the
Bambusa blumeana extract is toxic.

Table 20. Summary of results of the

larvicidal lethality assay of ethanolic
in the population. Based on the Meyer
extract of Schizostachyum lumampao after
toxicity test criteria, if the LC50 value is
less than 1000 ppm, it can be inferred that
the Bambusa blumeana extract is
considered toxic.

Table 18. Parameter estimates of the probit

analysis (Bambusa blumeana).

12 hours post-treatment.
The table shows a significant value
The table shows the varied
of 0.000, showing that the concentrations
had a significant impact on the mortality
rate of mosquito larvae. This finding is
further supported by the fact that the
margin of error is less than 0.05.

Table 19. Median lethal concentration and

95% confidence limits of the extract
(Bambusa blumeana) by probit analysis of
concentrations, total death, mortality
mosquito larvae mortality after 12 hours of
percentage, and LC50 results, which reveal
treatment.
that 2.004 ppm is the fatal concentration
a. A heterogeneity factor is used.
 2023
that kills 50% of the population. According
to Meyer toxicity test guidelines, a value Table 22. Median lethal concentration and
of LC50<1000 ppm indicates that the 95% confidence limits of the extract
Schizostachyum lumampao extract is toxic. (Schizostachyum lumampao) by probit
analysis of mosquito larvae mortality after
12 hours of treatment.
a. A heterogeneity factor is used.

The LC50 results show that 2.004 ppm

Table 21. Parameter estimates of the probit is the fatal concentration that kills 50% of
analysis (Schizostachyum lumampao). the population. According to Meyer
toxicity test guidelines, a value of
LC50<1000 ppm indicates that the
Schizostachyum lumampao extract is toxic.

Moreover, when comparing the LC50

values of the three ethanolic extracts from
bamboo species, it is evident that
Schizostachyum lumampao exhibits the
highest toxicity. This is demonstrated by
The table displays a highly
the fact that only 2.004 ppm of the extract
significant value of 0.000, showing that the
is required to cause 50% mortality in the
larvae. Similarly, both Bambusa vulgaris
and Bambusa blumeana display
considerable toxicity, as they require 2.188
ppm and 2.247 ppm of extract,
respectively, to achieve the same mortality
rate. Therefore, there is a difference in the
LC50 results among these selected
bamboo species, indicating their varying
concentrations have a considerable impact levels of toxicity. It is important to note
on mosquito larvae mortality. The margin that all three plants are toxic.
of error is less than 0.05, which supports
this conclusion even more. 4. CONCLUSION
 2023
Mosquitoes are a common larvicides. However, when comparing the
encounter for humans, but they pose selected Bamboo species (Bambusa
significant risks to both people and the vulgaris, Bambusa blumeana, and
environment. Aedes aegypti and Aedes Schizostachyum lumampao), there are no
albopictus are particularly concerning as single species that stands out as the most
they are the primary carriers of dangerous effective because the three plants show
diseases like the Dengue virus. This issue potential as larvicides. In addition, the
is prevalent in our neighborhood, and if bamboo species that have been chosen for
left untreated, Dengue can be fatal. In this study possess toxic components, as
Bayugan City, Aedes albopictus, Aedes evidenced by their low LC50 values. Even
aegypti, and Culex mosquito species are a small amount of the extracted compound
visible. However, Culex mosquitoes are from these species can prove lethal to
less worrisome as they mainly transmit approximately 50% of the larvae
Filariasis and Japanese encephalitis, which population, according to the results
are very rare infections in our city. On a obtained from the LC50 tests. This
different note, the eventual development of indicates the potent toxicity of these
human society was greatly aided by the selected bamboo species and highlights
use of bamboo. Bayugan City is blessed their potential as effective natural control
with various bamboo species, found both agents against the targeted larvae
in urban areas and the countryside. In population.
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Bacteriological Analysis of the Drinking Water Fountains in Bayugan

National Comprehensive High School, Agusan del Sur
*Alburo, M.D., Ballos, A.M., Javier, K.L., Piamonte, D.
Bayugan National Comprehensive High School, Agusan del Sur

ABSTRACT
Drinking fountains, designed to provide people with clean drinking water, can,
unfortunately, serve as a means for spreading viral infections. To assess the safety and
quality of water from two specific water fountains at Bayugan National Comprehensive High
School, a study was conducted. The objectives of the study were threefold: (i) to evaluate the
presence of total coliform and fecal coliform parameters in the water from the fountains, (ii)
to compare the total coliform and fecal coliform parameters between the two water fountains,
and (iii) to determine if the bacteriological testing results of the drinking water complied with
the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water. Upon analyzing the qualitative data
gathered, it was discovered that students had concerns about using the drinking fountains
due to their unattractive appearance, the smell of chlorine emanating from the water, and the
unusual taste. As a result, many students opted to bring their water bottles to avoid potential
health risks and contamination arising from unsanitary conditions
In contrast, the quantitative analysis of water samples collected from the two different
fountains revealed that all water samples tested negative for both total coliforms and fecal
coliforms, satisfying the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW)
standards. The study's findings corroborated the concerns expressed by the students,
reassuring them that the water from the fountains at BNCHS is safe for consumption.
Consequently, the study suggests that the water fountains are not a potential source of
bacterial contamination, thereby alleviating students’ concerns about falling ill from drinking
water from these fountains.
In conclusion, while drinking fountains can potentially contribute to the transmission
of viral infections, the study conducted at Bayugan National Comprehensive High School
demonstrates that the water from their fountains meets the necessary standards for safe
drinking water. By addressing the students' concerns and providing evidence of water quality,
 2023
the study affirms that students can confidently utilize the school's drinking fountains without
worrying about their health.
Keywords: Drinking fountains, Water quality, Bacteriological testing, Students' concerns,
Safe drinking water
1. INTRODUCTION
Water is necessary for life, but public health concern related to water
many people lack access to clean, safe quality in the country, and it may be
drinking water, and many of them essential to further improve water
eventually die from bacterial diseases management and treatment to prevent the
contracted from water (Freitas et al., spread of these diseases.
2017). Diseases like cholera, diarrhea,
dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio One of the primary concerns for
can spread because of contaminated water many water utilities is the growth of
and poor sanitation. coliform bacteria in the pipe network,
which can lead to biofilms in drinking
water systems. Biofilms can endanger
Individuals are exposed to avoidable
public health by protecting pathogenic
health risks when water and sanitation
microbes from disinfection (Rose, 2016).
services are absent, insufficient, or
Bacterial biofilms are a serious global
improperly managed (World Health
health concern due to their ability to
Organization, 2022). Improper
tolerate antibiotics, host defense systems,
management of water may result in the
and other external stresses, contributing to
development of water-borne diseases,
persistent chronic infections (Sharma, D.
which can be fatal.
et al., 2019).

In the Philippines, there were

Drinking fountains, created
50,058 cases of water-borne infections
specifically to serve as a source of
reported each year between 2010 and
drinking water for people, can also be a
2019, caused by inadequate sanitation and
source of viral infection (The Berkey,
polluted water. Cholera, typhoid fever, and
2018). Although the microbial
hepatitis A are among the diseases caused
communities observed in various types of
by these infections (Philippine Statistics
fountains vary significantly, ecosystem
Authority, 2021). The high number of
aging may make it more likely for some
cases reported indicates a substantial
 2023
bacteria to develop disinfection resistance, claims that they do not remove all harmful
contributing to persistent chronic bacteria and viruses from the water. This
infections. Therefore, frequent has led many students to bring their water
examination of samples from specific bottles or purchase bottled water from the
locations is imperative to determine the canteen.
microbiological quality (Blyth et al.,
2022). Access to safe drinking water at
school is critical for children's overall
BNCHS has five drinking water health, and schools play a crucial role in
fountains, although only two of them are their success and development (American
functional and are regularly used by Heart & Stroke Association, 2015).
students. To address this issue, the Ensuring adequate resources and support
researchers developed a survey to evaluate for testing and mitigation, and cooperation
and improve student safety. between numerous individuals and
departments is essential to efficiently and

According to a survey conducted fairly handle issues with school drinking

by researchers at Bayugan National water.

Comprehensive High School, only a To ensure the safety of the school's

fraction of students regularly uses the drinking water, further testing is needed to
school's water fountains. Out of 213 determine the presence of other
participants, many reported concerns about microorganisms and contaminants.
the safety and quality of the water, with Investing in improved water infrastructure
some even detecting an unusual taste. and education on proper hygiene and
While the school nurse claims that there sanitation practices can also help to
have been no reports of students becoming alleviate concerns.
sick from drinking the water, many
students remain hesitant to use the The research premise asserts the
fountains due to a perceived risk of current use of water fountains. Given that
contamination. drinking from water fountains cannot
always be safe, through water testing,
Despite the school's water filtering people can be certain that their water is
system, some students are still wary of devoid of any microorganisms that pose a
using the fountains, as OnitHome, (2020) risk to their health.
 2023
from the fountains. This could include
2. METHODOLOGY laboratory analysis of the water samples to
measure the presence of harmful bacteria
or other microorganisms.
2.1 Research Design

2.2 Research Instrument

The research design for this study is
a mixed methods research design. This
design integrates both qualitative and 2.2.1 Quantitative
quantitative research methods to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the Several supplies are needed in this
bacteriological water quality parameters study to collect and analyze water samples
and the safety of the water samples from from the BNCHS school water fountains.
the fountains at Bayugan National Four containers are required to
Comprehensive High School (BNCHS). function as water sample receptacles.
These containers will keep the samples
Qualitative research involves safe throughout shipment. To ensure
gathering non-numerical data to explore correct organization and stability, the
and understand phenomena in-depth. In the plastic tube containers are stored in a
context of this study, qualitative research storage box.
methods can be employed to explore the Four waterproof label stickers are
perceptions, experiences, and attitudes of also required for identifying the containers,
students regarding the water quality and allowing for unambiguous identification
safety of the fountains. This could involve without being destroyed by water.
conducting surveys to gather rich and Ice is utilized as a cooler within the
nuanced insights. storage box to retain the integrity of the
water samples throughout transit. To
Quantitative research, on the other prevent contamination, the ice is crushed
hand, involves collecting and analyzing to fit within the storage compartment. To
numerical data to quantify and measure keep the ice from melting, salt is added,
specific variables. In this study, which helps to keep the temperature low.
quantitative research methods can be used Four little Ziplock bags are used to
to assess the bacteriological water quality seal and store the samples after
parameters of the water samples collected sterilization for protection and
 2023
sterilization. The 500ml solution of Zonrox researchers to determine public perception
Blossom Fresh Bleach Color is used to of the water fountain's drinking water.
clean the surface of the water fountains,
effectively battling any bacteria present. 2.3 Procedures
Cotton balls are used to clean and disinfect A set of critical processes are
surfaces as a soft fiber. included in the procedures that ensure the
Four pairs of gloves are provided to precision and accuracy of the chosen
protect the hands during the process to method. The first step involves selecting
ensure personal safety. Tweezers are used the appropriate approach based on the
to grip cotton balls that have been soaked requirements. Next, it is important to
in ethyl alcohol and are then applied to inspect and ensure the laboratory and
specific locations for sterilization. sampling equipment are suitable for the
Throughout the water fountain sterilization task. Necessary supplies are obtained, and
process, ethyl alcohol functions as a the collection process is carefully
disinfectant. executed, taking into account factors such
A lighter is used to fire the cotton as the cleanliness of the sampling site and
balls that have been soaked in alcohol, personal protective equipment. The
which aids in the sterilizing process. samples are then labeled and analyzed
Finally, a steamer is used to sterilize all of using validated processes, and a detailed
the materials used in the tests. This report is produced summarizing the
complete set of resources is intended to aid findings.
in the systematic collection, sterilization, 2.4 Data Analysis
and analysis of water samples collected
from the school's water fountains.
The data were analyzed
descriptively. The descriptive method is
2.2.2 Qualitative used to summarize data on the drinking
safety of water fountains for students,
Survey questions will be used in teachers, and others who consume it at
this study to assess students' opinions of Bayugan National Comprehensive High
the drinking water fountains and the School. The results of the selected
weekly water purchases made by the parameter are expressed in terms of tables.
chosen classrooms at BNCHS. The
purpose of this survey is to allow the 3. RESULTS
 2023
samples. The researchers categorized the
Location Results of Bacteriological Remarks
Analysis samples as Undisinfected and Disinfected,
Total Fecal Coliforms
NOT/ Coliforms MPN/100 mL acquired at different locations. We used the
DISINFECT MPN/100mL
water fountains near the Commission on
ED
SPJ < 1.1 < 1.1 NEGATIVE Audit Office (Fountain 1) and at the SPJ
(UNDISINF
ECTED) Building (Fountain 2). These are the
SPJ < 1.1 < 1.1 NEGATIVE
(DISINFEC identifications for each sample; Sample 1
TED) (near the Commission on Audit Office and
NEAR < 1.1 < 1.1 NEGATIVE
COMMISSI Undisinfected), Sample 2 (near the
ON ON
AUDIT Commission on Audit Office and
(UNDISINF
ECTED)
Disinfected), Sample 3 (at SPJ Building
NEAR < 1.1 < 1.1 NEGATIVE and Undisinfected), Sample 4 (at SPJ
COMMISSI
ON ON Building and Disinfected).
AUDIT
(DISINFEC Table 1. Bacteriological Water Results of
TED)
the water fountains in BNCHS
3.1 Introduction
The study evaluated the bacteriological
This chapter reviews the results and
properties of the water samples collected
analysis of the qualitative data and the
from two water fountains at BNCHS. A
results and analysis of the quantitative
total of four samples were collected from
findings of the study. The findings are also
two stations, with each fountain providing
discussed in light of previous research
an undisinfected and disinfected sample.
findings and available literature, where
An undisinfected sample has not been
applicable, to identify similarities and
through a process that eliminates or
differences between this study and
eliminates the total number of
previous studies and literature.
microorganisms in the sample. A
disinfected sample, on the other hand, has
3.2 Results and Analysis of the been submitted to a process that eliminates
Quantitative Data or prevents the total number of
microorganisms present in the sample. The
The bacteriological analysis was samples were analyzed for two
performed to determine the presence or bacteriological parameters, namely, total
absence of coliform bacteria in the water coliforms and fecal coliforms. The results
of the bacteriological testing showed that
 2023
all four samples had total coliform and results of the analysis revealed that no
fecal coliform counts of less than 1.1 traces of fecal coliform or total coliform
MPN/100 mL. These values indicate that were detected in any of the water samples
the water samples were negative for total taken from the fountains.
coliforms and fecal coliforms, and
therefore, safe for drinking. The findings of this study suggest
that the drinking water from the two water
3.3 An Evaluation of the Study's fountains at BNCHS is safe for
Findings and Their Alignment with consumption, as it is free from bacterial
Student Concerns contamination. The results are in line with
the PNSDW, which specifies the

Based on the survey conducted by maximum allowable limits for total

the researchers, which involved 213 coliforms and fecal coliforms in drinking

participants, it was found that a majority of water.

the students, specifically 139 students,

have used the water fountains at Bayugan These results have important
National Comprehensive High School implications for the school administration
(BNCHS), while 74 students have not and students. The study provides evidence
utilized them. Despite the higher number that the school's water fountains are not a
of students who have used the fountains, a potential source of bacterial
significant portion of them expressed contamination, and therefore, students can
concerns about the unusual taste of the drink from them without fear of getting
water. This raised the need for further sick. Moreover, the study highlights the
investigation to address the students' importance of regular monitoring of water
concerns. quality in schools to ensure that drinking
water is safe for consumption. In

To address these concerns, the conclusion, the study's results show that

researchers conducted a bacteriological the water from the two water fountains at

analysis of the water from the fountains. BNCHS is safe for drinking and meets the

This analysis aimed to identify the PNSDW's bacteriological standards. The

presence of total coliform and fecal study's findings provide reassurance to the

coliforms in the water, which are school administration and students that

indicators of potential contamination. The

 2023
they can drink from the water fountains It is essential to remember that
without fear of getting sick. this is only one study and does not
necessarily imply that the water will

3.4 Evaluation of the findings' public remain safe in the future. As a result, it's

health implications and the need for important to regularly check and monitor

corrective measures or additional the water quality to guarantee that it

monitoring remains safe for consumption. This is

crucial because the microbial composition
of water can change as water sources and
The study's undisinfected sample
ambient factors do throughout time.
results, which show that the water in the
two different sampling stations is safe to
drink and meets the Philippine National 4. CONCLUSION

Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW), The investigation yielded results

are reassuring from a public health indicating that the two water fountains
standpoint. This means that people who located near the Commission on Audit and
drink water from these sources are less SPJ building at Bayugan National
likely to get waterborne illnesses caused Comprehensive High School tested
by microbial pollution, like diarrhea, negative for harmful microorganisms,
cholera, typhoid fever, etc. indicating that they are safe for
consumption. While this finding assures

Corrective measures are required in that the water fountains are safe, it is

the case that the study identifies sources of important to note that regular cleaning and

contamination or regions of concern. It is maintenance of the fountains are still

necessary to work to find and address the necessary to prevent potential health risks.

cause of the pollution if a polluted water Due to the possibility of water

sample has been found. It might be contamination from inadequate sanitation

necessary to conduct research and analysis practices, proper handling and

to identify the source of the contamination, maintenance of the fountains are crucial to

then take the necessary remedial measures, ensure the continued safety of the drinking

such as treating the water source, to water provided by the fountains.

address the issue.

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 2023
Comparative Analysis of the Perceived Therapeutic Properties Phytochemical Analysis,
and Cytotoxicity Activity of Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae, and Parameria laevigata
*Bañosia, K.C., Goloran, P.J., Ondap, J.R.,

Bayugan National Comprehensive High School

ABSTRACT
Natural alternatives have gained recognition as potent remedies, despite the
lack of robust scientific evidence supporting their efficacy. However, it is important to note
that using these remedies carries potential risks due to the absence of rigorous testing and
regulation. To ensure both safety and efficacy, consumers should exercise caution and consult
healthcare professionals before trying such remedies. Informed decision-making requires a
balanced, evidence-based approach. Recognizing the need for more information, a survey
was conducted in Saguma, Bayugan City. The survey aimed to identify the plants that are
commonly traded and three specific plants were selected for further study. These three plants,
namely Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae, and Parameria laevigata, are widely traded and
hold ethnomedicinal significance in Saguma Bayugan City. Through testing and analysis, this
study aims to provide insights into the properties and potential benefits of these plants. The
primary objective of this research is to assess the phytochemical composition and toxicity of
these plants through phytochemical screening and the implementation of the brine shrimp
lethality assay. The conducted phytochemical screening successfully identified the presence
of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, steroids, and saponins in Avverhoa bilimbi,
Ficus minahassae, and Parameria laevigata, thus confirming the existence of bioactive
compounds within these plants. Moreover, the brine shrimp lethality assay yielded LC50
values of 3.24 ppm, 3.21 ppm, and 3.16 ppm for Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae, and
Parameria laevigata, respectively. These findings hold considerable significance for the local
community as they provide concrete evidence of the presence of bioactive compounds and
cytotoxic activity within these plants. However, it is important to exercise caution and
acknowledge the limitations inherent in natural alternatives. This research significantly
contributes to our comprehension of Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae, and Parameria
laevigata by investigating their phytochemical composition and potential toxicity. The
presence of flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and alkaloids substantiates their perceived
therapeutic properties. Moreover, their cytotoxic activity, as evidenced by the brine shrimp
lethality assay, validates their potential as natural remedies. These findings enhance our
understanding of their medicinal potential; however, further investigation is imperative to
assess the efficacy and establish appropriate guidelines for utilization.
Keywords: Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae, Parameria laevigata, Brine Shrimp
Lethality Assay, ppm (parts per million), Probit Analysis, LC50
1. INTRODUCTION
Over millennia, humans have source of phytochemical compounds with
acknowledged the immense medicinal therapeutic potential. Scientists have
properties of plants, which provide a rich delved into the utilization of medicinal
 2023
herbs to create innovative herbal In various areas of Bayugan City,
medications (Shakya, A., 2016). Medicinal particularly Barangay Saguma, the practice
plants are those that possess distinct of alternative medicine is prevalent,
medical characteristics and exert positive wherein residents rely on medicinal plants
pharmacological effects on humans and instead of purchasing pharmaceutical
animals (Natural Products and Drug drugs. The plants Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus
Discovery, 2018). Traditional cultures minahassae, and Parameria laevigata are
worldwide have embraced the use of frequently utilized in the area and are
medicinal plants and plant-derived claimed to have anti-inflammatory and
medicines, with contemporary society anti-diarrheal properties. This research
increasingly turning to them as natural aims to investigate the secondary
alternatives or supplements to synthetic metabolites, phytochemical composition,
drugs (Wyk, B., Wink, M., 2017). and potential toxicity of these three
commonly used plants sold in Bayugan
Plants contain a myriad of
City, specifically in Barangay Saguma.
biochemical compounds known as
phytochemicals, which are bioactive and
2. METHODOLOGY
offer numerous health benefits.
2.1 Research Design
Phytochemicals encompass substances
such as terpenes, polyphenols, and
An experimental design is used in
alkaloids. Alkaloids, for instance,
this study. There were three experimental
demonstrate significant pharmacological
treatments that utilized the selected species
activities, including anti-asthmatic and
of Dugtong ahas (Parameria laevigata),
anti-cancer properties (Alotaibi et al.,
Hagimit (Ficus minahassae), Iba
2021). Despite the advantages associated
(Averrhoa bilimbi), and brine shrimp. The
with medicinal plants, some concern arises
treatments will be used for testing the
regarding the potential negative
toxicity of the selected species. This study
consequences or side effects due to
will also contain three replicates in each
overdosing or the presence of toxic
treatment. This research study contains
components. This could lead to acute
descriptive, explanatory, and experimental
toxicity and endanger the lives of patients
designs. A formal descriptive study
(Schultz et al., 2020).
involves collecting, analyzing, preparing,
and presenting data and it examines one or
more variables using various research
 2023
methods. Explanatory research designs are minahassae, and Parameria laevigata
used to study understudied or inadequately woods were washed thoroughly using
clarified events.  running water and then air-dried at room
temperature for a period of 5 days.
2.2 Materials
Extraction Process (ROTOVAP) and
The materials that are used in this
Phytochemical Screening. The plant
experiment are 300g of Hagimit, Iba, and
samples were sent for ROTOVAP and
Dugtong Ahas. The researchers also used
Phytochemical Screening at the
distilled water, a beaker, a palette, 30g of
Department of Science and Technology
brine shrimp powder, 100w bulb, salt, and
(DOST), CARAGA State University
oxygen.
(CSU), Ampayon, Butuan City. The
laboratory test tube method, the
2.3 Data Gathering Procedure
preliminary assay, and the confirmatory
2.3.1 Research Setting
test will be utilized to identify alkaloids.
On December 4, 2022, the Dugtong
The Keller-Kalain Test is used to detect 2-
ahas (Parameria laevigata) were collected
doesysugars in the presence of steroids,
at Saguma, Bayugan City. And on January
whereas the Liebermann-Burchard Test is
13, 2023, Iba (Averrhoa bilimbi) and
used to detect unsaturated steroids. The
Hagimit (Ficus minahassae) were also
test tube screening method and the test for
collected at Saguma, Bayugan City. Three
leucoanthocyanins are Base-Smith and
hundred (300) grams of Dugtong Ahas
Metcalf Method. The froth test will be
(Parameria laevigata), Iba (Averrhoa
utilized to obtain saponins. Tannins will
bilimbi), and Hagimit (Ficus minahassae)
employ the ferric chloride test and the test
were identified according to their unique
tube.
wood textures. This experiment will
subsequently be subjected to
Cytotoxicity Test
phytochemical analysis and will focus on
these three species. In order to determine Hatching. The researchers measured 3
whether the plants we collect are in danger Liters of distilled water using a graduated
or not, it is necessary to get a permit after cylinder and poured it into a container.
the species have been collected. After measuring, 27 grams of table salt
was added to 1000 mL of distilled water,
Preparation for extraction. Before
then mixed with a stirring rod. The
Extraction, the Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus
researchers placed the tip of an airline tube
 2023
from an air pump into the bottom of the keeps 50% of the population (LC50) of the
aquarium to maintain proper aeration. 15 brine shrimp nauplii.
grams of brine shrimp eggs were placed
onto the dark side of the aquarium. An
incandescent bulb was placed a few inches
away from the transparent side of the jar.
Disposal. All containers submitted for
After 24 hours, the nauplii hatched. The
disposal were clearly labeled with the
researchers observed the eggs and the
complete chemical name(s) of all waste in
nauplii were collected. The hatched nauplii
the container. All containers were in good
were separated from the empty egg. This
condition without leaks, the outside of the
was done by turning off the aerator, and
container was free from contamination,
the lamp. The empty egg floated while the
and lids or covers were securely in place.
hatched brine shrimp concentrated where
Original Containers were used whenever
the source of light was nearest. Then
possible.
transferred 15 sets of 20 nauplii to an
empty watercolor palette using a dropper. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(Quazi Sahely Sarah, 2017).

Lethality assay. Fifteen (15) sets of 20

nauplii were exposed to different
concentrations of the plant extract. No. of
nauplii, survivors were counted every hour
in each treatment. The mortality rate of
each treatment was calculated.
Table 1. Perceived Therapeutic Properties
of Avverhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae,
Data Collection and Data Analysis. The
and Parameria laevigata.
nauplii were observed every hour for 24
hours, counting the live nauplii of every Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae,
treatment. The mortality rate for each and Parameria laevigata have been
setup was calculated using the formula traditionally ascribed with distinct
above. The researchers will also use Probit therapeutic properties, based on empirical
Analysis to determine the Lethal knowledge. Averrhoa bilimbi and
Concentration of the plant extracts that Parameria laevigata are reputed to possess
anti-diarrheal attributes, potentially
 2023
contributing to the amelioration of Alkaloids are known for their therapeutic
symptoms associated with diarrhea. properties such as anesthesia,
Meanwhile, Ficus minahassae is believed cardioprotection, and anti-inflammatory
to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, which effects, which could potentially benefit
could potentially mitigate inflammatory conditions like asthma and eczema.
processes within the body.  Flavonoids, steroids, and saponins are
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS bioactive compounds recognized for their
RESULTS anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic,
antidiarrheal, blood sugar-lowering, and
insulin-increasing properties, as supported
by previous research (Ullah, A., et al.,
2018). The presence of these
phytochemical compounds further
validates the claims made by medicinal
plant vendors in Saguma, Bayugan City.

According to Hasanussaman et al.

(2013), Averrhoa bilimbi's fruit extract
contains a wide range of bioactive
compounds, including alkaloids, tannins,
saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides,
triterpenes, phenols, and carbohydrates.
These compounds offer diverse health
Table 2. Phytochemical Results of benefits, such as antimalarial, analgesic,
Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae, and anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant,
Parameria laevigata. cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory,
immune-enhancing, and cardiovascular
The phytochemical analysis of
protective effects. The presence of
three plants revealed the presence of
prominent bioactive compounds like
similar bioactive compounds even in
steroids, flavonoids, and saponins in this
different parts of the plants. The common
plant further enhances its therapeutic
compounds found in the extracts were
potential. Steroids, in particular, have
steroids, flavonoids, and saponins, while
significant effects on brain function and
only Ficus minahassae exhibited alkaloids.
play a crucial role in growth, development,
 2023
and reproduction. Another medicinal plant, Figure 1. Mortality of brine shrimp
Parameria laevigata, has been studied by nauplii exposed to four concentrations of
Muharrami et al. (2020), confirming the A. bilimbi extract and control at different
presence of flavonoids, saponins, and time intervals.
steroids in its stem. These findings align The findings indicate that the set-
with previous research, reinforcing our up with a concentration of 1000 ppm has
understanding of the chemical composition the highest average mortality rate among
and medicinal properties of Parameria the five set-ups. This is followed by the
laevigata.  set-up with a concentration of 100 ppm, 10
The lush branches of Ficus ppm, and 1 ppm, respectively. The set-up
minahassae. The leafy branches of Ficus with the negative control has the lowest
minahassae possess antirheumatic average mortality rate. This shows that the
properties when applied topically. A study mortality rate of the nauplii increases with
conducted by Uy and Lagunay in 2015 the concentration of the A. bilimbi extract.
confirmed the presence of various
compounds such as steroids, cardiac Table 3. Summary of results of the brine
glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and shrimp lethality assay of ethanolic extract
tannins. These phytochemicals, known for of A. bilimbi after 12 hours post-treatment.
their anti-inflammatory properties, may
contribute to the plant's ability to alleviate
rheumatoid inflammation. Rheumatoid
arthritis, an inflammatory disease that can
affect multiple organs, is characterized by
this type of inflammation.
BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY
ASSAY RESULTS The table presents data on various
AVERRHOA BILIMBI concentrations, total deaths, mortality
percentages, probit values, and the LC50.
Based on the results, it can be concluded
that a concentration of 3.24 ppm is lethal
to 50% of the population. According to the
Meyer toxicity test criteria, when the LC50
value is below 1000 ppm, it indicates that
 2023
Averrhoa bilimbi extract is considered
toxic. 

Table 4. Parameter estimates of the probit

analysis.
Figure 2. Linear regression analysis of
Log concentration vs. probits obtained
from the percent mortality at 12 hours
post-treatment.

Table 4 displays a significant value

of 0.000, which has a margin of error
lower than 0.05. This implies that the
concentrations have a significant effect on
the mortality rate of brine shrimp nauplii.
With a coefficient of determination
(R2) =0.8958, the result shows that 90% of
the variance in Probit Values is predictable
Table 5. Median lethal concentration and
from Log Concentration. This means that
95% confidence limits of the extract by
90% of the variance of the mortality rate is
probit analysis of brine shrimp mortality
predictable with its concentration.
after 12 hours of treatment.

FICUS MINAHASSAE
 2023
Figure 3. Mortality of brine shrimp
nauplii exposed to four concentrations of
F. minahassae extract and control at
different time intervals.
The findings indicate that the set-
up with a concentration of 1000 ppm has
the highest average mortality rate among
the five set-ups. This is followed by the
set-up with a concentration of 100 ppm, 10
ppm, this concludes that the Ficus
ppm, and 1 ppm, respectively. The set-up
minahassae extract is toxic.
with the negative control has the lowest
average mortality rate. This shows that the
mortality rate of the nauplii increases with
the concentration of the F. minahassae
extract.

Table 6. Summary of results of the brine

Table 7. Parameter estimates of the probit
shrimp lethality assay of ethanolic extract
analysis.
of F. minahassae after 12 hours post-
Table 7 shows a highly significant
treatment.
value of 0.000, indicating that the
concentrations have a significant impact
on the mortality rate of brine shrimp
nauplii. The margin of error is below 0.05,
further supporting this conclusion.
Table 8. Median lethal concentration and

The table shows the different

concentrations, total death, mortality
percentage, and probit values, and the
LC50 result shows that 3.210 ppm is the
lethal concentration that kills 50% of the
95% confidence limits of the extract by
population. According to Meyer toxicity
test criteria, when the value of LC50<1000
 2023
probit analysis of brine shrimp mortality
after 12 hours of treatment.

Figure 4.  Linear regression analysis of average mortality rate. This shows that the

Log concentration vs. probits obtained mortality rate of the nauplii increases with

from the percent mortality at 12 hours the concentration of the P. laevigata

post-treatment. extract.

With a coefficient of determination

(R2) =0.9128, the result shows that 91% of
the variance in Probit Values is predictable
from Log Concentration. This means that
91% of the variance of the mortality rate is Table 9. Summary of results of the brine

predictable with its concentration. shrimp lethality assay of ethanolic extract

of P. laevigata after 12 hours post-
PARAMERIA LAEVIGATA
treatment.
The table shows the different
concentrations, total death, mortality
percentage, probit values, and LC50. The
result shows that 3.155 ppm is the lethal
concentration that kills 50% of the
population. According to Meyer toxicity
test criteria, when the value of LC50<1000
Figure 5. Mortality of brine shrimp
ppm, this concludes that the Parameria
nauplii exposed to four concentrations of
laevigata extract is toxic.
P. laevigata extract and control at different
Table 10. Parameter estimates of the
time intervals.
probit analysis.

The findings indicate that the set-

up with a concentration of 1000 ppm has
the highest average mortality rate among
the five set-ups. This is followed by the
set-up with a concentration of 100 ppm, 10
Table 10 reveals a notable value of
ppm, and 1 ppm, respectively. The set-up
0.000, indicating a significant impact of
with the negative control has the lowest
the concentrations on the mortality rate of
 2023
brine shrimp nauplii. The margin of error, The phytochemical analysis
which is less than 0.05, further confirms revealed the presence of steroids,
this finding. flavonoids, and saponins in Averrhoa
bilimbi (Iba), Ficus minahassae (Hagimit),
and Parameria laevigata (Dugtong-ahas).
Table 11. Median lethal concentration and Only Ficus minahassae exhibited
95% confidence limits of the extract by alkaloids. The LC50 values were
probit analysis of brine shrimp mortality determined as 3.24 ppm, 3.21 ppm, and
after 12 hours of treatment. 3.16 ppm, respectively. The margin of
error (p<0.05) indicates a significant
difference in the mortality rate of brine
shrimp nauplii among the different
concentrations. The findings are consistent
with the assertions put forth by the vendor,
as Averrhoa bilimbi and Parameria

Figure 6. Linear regression analysis of laevigata demonstrated the presence of

Log concentration vs. probits obtained flavonoids, which are scientifically

from the percent mortality at 12 hours recognized for their anti-diarrheal

properties, while Ficus minahassae
exhibited the presence of alkaloids, which
are known for their anti-inflammatory
effects. Hence, there is potential for the
utilization of these plants in the treatment
of diverse diseases.
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disposition=inline%3B+filename
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re=UcvpBHfhVU4JYW3jP- ulcerogenic effects of Ginseng flower
qXToVK~nwFlELa- saponins in the rat Zhongyao Tongbao 10:
J5V8VBxqyp2aLlveg7kpmTf606n~FicFd 331. In Chem Abstr (Vol. 104, p. 512).
AU1wDJgIQir0PUT-
jf~NF6S0HLJ7c1D6WPHcgzxYKnJ1vqk
Bf2G1hM4rj9EXdnUTLpgp-
1OpdHEFgjIi8jgEdK-AY6-
fwW8a23fR9X3iXNWlOu7yni7ryHUAT
GGK66lo2W2262l~oEZAnTP~XWiNdiD
4yAQK3MwsvWl85GuXomwnWiNMv~
WXQduamvIxe3ysyRtlzX4rSWKDxRB6
K74QusjuhDX-
OZLBV2Rwn6eHvhxSyCTs2HpRpg6FtD
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 2023

PLANT
SCIENCE
 2023

SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY OF TREES IN BAYUGAN

NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
*Heramis, G., Improso, S., Sunjay G.M.
Bayugan National Comprehensive Highschool, Agusan del Sur

ABSTRACT

Trees in academic environments are considered urban trees, which are essential to the
functioning of biodiversity. Assessing the species composition and diversity of an area can
yield vital information for its conservation and protection. The study was carried out on the
campus of Bayugan National Comprehensive High School. A total of 252 individual trees
from 30 species and 16 families were found. The richest species is Moringa oleifera.
Moraceae is the most represented family. (15) species were found to be least concerned; only
1 species is endangered or vulnerable based on the data from IUCN. Based on the DAO
2017–11, 27 out of 30 species are considered OWS or other wildlife species. Only (1) species
are found to be threatened and (2) vulnerable.
The endemicity was based on data from Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines. The
most represented classification is native; 11 species out of 30 were found to be native in the
Philippines, and 7 are naturalized, followed by 5 species that are considered not native but
naturalized. Most of the individual trees that grew inside the study area were classified as
mature. The diameter breast height (DBH) and height were acquired. The DBH of all
individual trees is 191 centimeters, and the highest measurement of height is 12 meters. The
Shannon-Wiener diversity index is 2.584, which is considered moderately diverse; the
Simpsons diversity index is 0.885, which is highly diverse; and the evenness index is 0.4416,
which is considered moderately diverse. The school management must conduct conservation
measures to protect the diversity of the campus.
Keywords: Diversity, Species Composition, Urban Trees, Endemicity, School Campus.

1. INTRODUCTION needs to be recognized more. Trees and

The genetic diversity of trees is
green areas are important for urban
great. Mankind benefits a lot from trees.
planning, mental and physical health,
The contribution that trees play in
leisure activities, heat mitigation, and
regulating the temperature, filtering air
many other variables (Robertson I.,2023).
pollutants, and providing food, fiber, and
However, urban trees often encounter a
fuel are just a few of the ways that humans
wide range of issues, including drought-
benefit from trees (Cavender-Bares J.
like conditions, high winds, invasive pests,
2022). Given that most people now live in
road salts, and air pollution. Certain trees
cities, the benefit of trees in urban settings
are better suited than others to withstand
 2023
the strains of the city. There is biodiversity and the state of wildlife
broadconsensus that social and economic conservation are accurate, current, and
advancement and the preservation and appraised. It is also critical
conservation of natural resources must that the conservation status of existing
coexist. Trees are crucial for resource species be reviewed on a regular basis to
management and conservation in both take into account new information. The
urban and rural settings, and educational study also seeks to identify the diversity of
settings are not exempt from this. Since tree species that exist in the study's area.
trees on university campuses and in Each tree's endemicity and geographic
academic settings are regarded to be urban location will also be determined. It is
trees, it is vital to keep track of the trees crucial to assess the current status of
there. For this reason, tree conservation species variety, composition, and
efforts and tree assessments are important. abundance in order to prevent trees from
The total number of different species in a diminishing. Such data on
given biome or ecosystem is referred to as trees is helpful for tree managers who want
the species composition. Knowing the to maximize species composition and the
species variety and composition of various advantages that trees have for the
species, in particular trees, not just in ecosystem.
forests but also in other habitats, is
essential. Knowing the fundamentals of 2. METHODOLOGY
the tree is one method to protect its
diversity. In this study, the taxonomic 2.1 Research Design
classification of trees as well as the species The parameters used in this study's
composition and diversity of trees on the quantitative descriptive, a non-
campus of Bayugan National experimental type of research, are
Comprehensive High School is to be measured in numerical terms. Quantitative
gathered. The Philippines is one of the descriptive research uses two
most important conservation areas in the methodologies namely observational
world because it is home to over 700 research and survey research
endangered species (Fran 2022). As a methodologies, this study uses
result, one of the primary goals of this observational research methods to get the
study is to identify the risk of extinction or species composition and the total number
the status of tree conservation. It is of species and all individual trees found in
essential that the monitoring of
 2023
the school campus of Bayugan National After that, the growth
Comprehensive High School. The process classification of each tree gathered was
of data collection is through observation acquired as well as the total number of
and the data gathered is translated into a individual trees in each species that are
numeric form such as frequency, matured, pole, sapling, and wildling. The
percentage, etc, which is mainly used in conservation status was determined based
getting the number of individual trees in on the data found in IUCN and DAO 2017,
each species. the endemicity of each tree was then
2.2 Research Locale identified using the Co’s Digital Flora of
The study was conducted inside the the Philippines. The researchers also
school campus of Bayugan National obtained the frequency of each tree in
Comprehensive High School located at terms of taxonomic classification,
Narra Avenue Poblacion Bayugan City, conservation status and endemicity.
Agusan del Sur, Philippines. The Next, the researchers asked
observation was conducted inside the CENRO personnel to create a map of
school campus where the trees were Bayugan National Comprehensive High
planted. The conduct of the study was School containing all the tree species and
done with the guidance of the CENRO the other map containing all the growth
personnel. classification. On the second attempt of
surveying the whole campus after 3
2.3 Data Gathering Procedure months since the first survey, the
The researchers surveyed the whole researchers listed the trees that were gone
campus of Bayugan National in the campus and also identified the
Comprehensive High School, the diameter breast height or DBH as well as
taxonomic classification of each tree was the height of all the trees present. Lastly
identified with the help of City of the diversity indices was then obtained by
Environment and Natural Resources the researchers.
Office (CENRO) personnel who are
experts in this field, specifically foresters. 2.4 Instrument
The mentioned data were gathered In getting the GPS coordinates of
together with the GPS coordinates of each each tree, the researchers used the
tree using an aAndroidapplication “Timestamp Camera Enterprise” android
specifically "Timestamp Camera app. The measuring tape was used to get
Enterprise '' the DBH of each tree.
 2023

2.5 Data Analysis

Biodiversity Analysis Software and the
Paleontological Statistics (PAST) software
package for data analysis and education
were usedto calculate diversity indices.
For the species evenness, the Shannon
Wiener and Simpson's Diversity indices
were obtained.

3. RESULTS
Figure 1. Bayugan National

3.1 Introduction Comprehensive High School map

containing all species  on the first

This chapter shows the results, evaluation

findings of the study, and its discussion. Species inside the Bayugan

These are presented through tables. National Comprehensive High School on

the first evaluation in February 2023. The

3.2 Map collected GPS coordinates of each tree

were used as a guide for creating the map.
On the right  are the legends of the map
which vary in color and appearance to
classify the different species found in a
certain area of the map. The legends
contain all 34 species that were gathered
on the first evaluation of the researchers.
However, on the second attempt of
conduct there were changes in the number
of species and individual trees.  The
following table that will be shown in this
chapter will be based on the second
conduct.
2023
 2023
Table 1. Taxonomic list, endemicity and conservation status of tree species found in Bayugan
National Comprehensive High School 

FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME ENDIMICITY CONSERVATION STATUS

IUCN DAO 2017-11

Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Mangga Naturalized Data Deficient OWS

Annonaceae Annona muricata Rabana Cultivated, Not naturalized Least Concern OWS

Byttneriaceae Theobroma cacao Cacao Not native, Not Threatened OWS

Combretaceae Terminalia cattapa Talisay Native Not Threatened OWS

Cupressaceae Platycladus Orientalis Oriental Arborvitae Not Native, Cultivated not naturalzed Least Concern
OWS

Dombeyaceae Pterospermum diversifolium Bayug Native Not Threatened OWS

Durionaceae Durio Zibethinus Durian Naturalized Vulnerable OWS

Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas Tuba-tuba Cultivated,Not Naturalized Least Concern OWS

Fabaceae Leucaena leucocephala Ipil-ipil Not native, Naturalized Not Threatened OWS

Fabaceae Pterocarpus Indicus Narra Naturalized Endangered Vulnerable

Lamiaceae Premna odorata Abgao Native Least Concern OWS

Lamiaceae Gmelina arborea Gmelina Naturalized Least Concern OWS

Lamiaceae Vitex negundo Lagundi Native Least Concern OWS

Lauraceae Persea americana Avocado Not native, Cultivated Not naturalized Least Concern OWS
 2023

Meliaceae Swietenia mahagoni Mahogany Not native, Naturalized Near Threatened OWS

Meliaceae Sandoricum koetjape Santol Native Least Concern OWS

Meliaceae Lansium domesticum Lanzones Native Not Threatened OWS

Moraceae Artocarpus altilis Breadfruit Naturalized Near Threatened OWS

Moraceae Ficus septica Lagnob Native Least Concern OWS

Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Nangka Naturalized Not Threatened OWS

Moraceae Broussonetia papyrifera Paper mulberry Not native, Naturalized Least Concern OWS

Moraceae Ficus variegata Tangisang Bayawak Native Least Concern OWS

Moraceae Ficus nota Tibig Native Least Concern OWS

Moringaceae Moringa oleifera Kamunggay Cultivated, Not naturalized Not Threatened OWS

Myrtaceae Psidium guajava Bayabas Not Native, Naturalized Least Concern OWS

Myrtaceae Syzygium samarangense Makupa Naturalized Not Threatened OWS

Oxalidaceae Averrhoa carambola Balingbing Not native, Naturalized Not Threatened OWS

Phyllanthacea Flueggea Flexuosa Anislag Native Not Threatened Threatened

e

Rutaceae Citrus maxima Boongon Cultivated, Not Naturalized Least Concern OWS

Sapindaceae Nephelium lappaceum Rambutan Native Least Concern Vulnerable

3.3 Tree species composition  followed by Pterocarpus indicus that

A total of 252 individual trees from contains 45 individual trees, followed by
30 species and 19 families were found. Terminalia catappa that has 29 individual
The richest species is Moringa oleifera trees. Out of 19 families, Moraceae is the
which consist of 55 individual trees, most represented one with (6) species,
 2023
followed by Lamiaceae, Meliaceae which found threatened, which is the anislag
contain (3) species each.  (Flueggea flexuosa). However it is
considered as not threatened in the IUCN.
3.4 Conservation Status Based on the DAO 2017-11, narra
(Pterocarpus indicus) is vulnerable
International Union for Conservation of however it is endangered in the world wide
Nature (IUCN)  scale or the IUCN Red List. Rambutan
The Philippines are home to (Nephelium lappaceum) is also found
different critically important species. In vulnerable, however it is considered as
the data gathered from the International least concern in the IUCN Red List. 
Union for Conservation of Nature 3.5 Endemicity
(IUCN),  (15) species were found to be              The endemicity was based on the
least concerned as  It is followed by not data from Co's Digital Flora of the
threatened species that is composed of (10) Philippines. The most represented
species. Only the narra (Pterocarpus classification is the native, 11 species out
indicus) is found to be endangered, and of 30 were found to be native in the
Durian (Durio zibethinus) is the only Philippines. This findings is the same in
species considered as vulnerable.  the study of Susilowati, A et al (2021)
wherein the most represented species in
DAO 2017-11 the university campus are native. Based on
 The data shown from DAO 2017- the findings 7 species in Bayugan National
11 revealed that there are 27 out of 30 Comprehensive High School are
species that are considered as OWS or naturalized, followed by 5 species which
other wildlife species. Only (1) species is are considered as not native, naturalized.
3.6 Trees measurement

Table 2: Shows where the measurements ranges in DBH and Height of each species
in different growth classification

DBH Height
Species
Matured Pole Sapling Wild Matured Pole Sapling Wildling
Abgao 54cm 7m
11cm-
Anislag 3m-4m
13cm
Avocado 50cm 5m
Balingbing 20cm 5m
Bayabas 63cm 7cm 3cm-5cm 6m 3m 0.95m-
 2023
2m
Bayug 46cm 7cm-30cm 6cm-11cm 5m-7m 3m-4m 1m-2m
Boongon 9cm-48cm 23cm 2cm 5m 4m 2cm
Breadfruit 142cm 20cm 11m 4m
Cacao 42cm 3m
Durian 37cm 6cm
Gmelina 38cm-95cm 6cm-9cm 5m-10m 1m-2m
10cm- 2cm-
Ipil-ipil 1cm-6cm 3m-4m 1m 0.5m-1m
11cm 3cm
Kamunggay 15cm-77cm 6cm-28cm 3cm-19cm 5m-7m 3m-4m 1m-2m
Lagnob 6cm 6cm 2m 2m
Lagundi 15cm 15cm 5m 2m
Lanzones 25cm-64cm 5m
mahogany 114cm 9m
Makupa 7cm 2m
74cm-
Mangga 3cm-9cm 1cm 5m-12m 0.5m-1m 0.9m
146cm
Nangka 46cm-90cm 25cm 4cm 5m-6m 4m 2m
42cm- 15cm-
Narra 2m-5m 5m-12m 4m 1m-2m
191cm 50cm
44cm-
Oriental Arborvitae 4m
46cm
Paper mulberry 73cm 8cm-23cm 4cm-27cm 7m 3m-4m 1m-2m
Rambutan 33cm-58cm 5m-7m
Rarbana 30cm 5m
Santol 81cm 8cm 11m 4m
40cm- 14cm- 2.5cm- 2cm- 0.75m-
Talisay 5m-12m 3m-4m 0.5m-2m
137cm 28cm 10cm 3cm 0.8m
Tangisang Bayawak 19cm 4m
Tibig 30cm-32cm 5m
Tuba-tuba 32cm 5m

Table 2 shows the measurements where the DBH and height range from. The highest DBH
measurement of all individual trees is 191 centimeters and the highest measurement of tree
height is 12 meters
3.7 Growth Classification  matured, pole, sapling, and wildling. Most
of the individual trees that grew inside the
              Table 3 shows the total number of
study area were classified as mature. There
individual trees in each species that belong
are 136 individual trees out of 252 that
to each growth classification. The tree
belong to matured growth classifications,
species found in the study area were
and the most represented species in this
classified into 4 growth classifications:
growth classification is the narra
 2023
(Pterocarpus indicus), which consists of 38 the most represented species, which
matured individual trees. The pole growth consists of 11 sapling individual trees. The
classification consists of 59 individual last growth classification is the wildling,
trees out of 252. The most represented which only consists of 8 individual trees
species in this growth classification is the out of 252 and the most represented
kamunggay (Moringa oleifera) which species in this growth classification is the
consists of 15 pole individual trees. The mangga (Mangifera indica) which consists
sapling growth classification consists of 49 of 3 wildling individual trees.
individual trees, and the kamunggay is still

Table 3. Total number of individual trees

on each species belonging to each growth
classification 

COMMON SCIENTIFIC NAME Growth classification Frequen Percentage

NAME cy (%)
Matured POLE Sapling  Wildling

Abgao Premna odorata 1 1 0.4

Anislag Flueggea Flexuosa 3 3 1.2

Avocado Persea americana 1 1 0.4

Bayug Pteruspermum 7 11 6 24 9.5

heterophyllum

Balingbing Averrhoa Carambola 1 1 0.4

Bayabas  Psidium guajava  1 1 3 5 2

Boongon Citrus maxima 2 1 1 4 1.6

Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis 1 1 2 0.8

Cacao Theobroma cacao 1 1 0.4

Durian Durio Zibethinus 1 1 0.4

Gmelina Gmelina arborea 2 3 5 2

 2023
Ipil-ipil Leucaena leucocephala 3 8 2 13 5.2

Kamunggay  Moringa oleifera 29 15 11 55 21.8

Lagnob Ficus septica 1 1 2 0.8

Lagundi Vitex negundo 1 1 2 0.8

Lanzones Lansium domesticum 2 2 0.8

Mahogany Swietenia mahagoni 1 1 0.4

Makupa Syzygium samarangense 1 1 0.4

Mangga Mangifera indica 11 2 3 16 6.3

Nangka Artocarpus 4 1 1 6 2.4

heterophyllus

Narra Pterocarpus Indicus 38 4 3 45 17.9

Oriental Platycladus Orientalis  4 4 1.6

Arbovitae

Paper Broussonetia papyrifera 1 7 3 11 4.4

mulberry

Rabana Annona muricata 1 1 0.4

Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum 10 10 4

Santol Sandoricum koetjape 1 1 2 0.8

Talisay  Terminalia cattapa 17 5 5 2 29 11.5

Tangisan Ficus variegata 1 1 0.4

Bayawak

Tibig Ficus nota 2 2 0.8

Tuba-tuba Jatropha curcas 1 1 0.4

TOTAL:   59 49 8 252 100

 2023

3.8 Diversity campus can achieve a high diversity of tree

species, which is essential to our
Table 4 shows the indices value including
biodiversity. The most prevalent species is
the Shannon Wiener diversity index, which
Moringa Oleifera, indicating that DepEd
has a value of 2.584, this is considered as
Memorandum No. 234, s., is followed on
moderate in the descriptions proposed by
the campus of Bayugan National
Fernando (1998). The evenness is also
Comprehensive High School. 2008's
considered as moderate. The Simpson's
"Planting of Malunggay Trees in Schools"
value index has a value of 0.8856 which is
calls on all school administrators to
considered as diverse. 
support the planting of Malunggay or
moringa trees on school grounds and

Table 4. Diversity Indices Values and communities by incorporating them into

interpretation  science lessons and school community

outreach initiatives.
Diversity value  Interpretation
Indices 
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 2023
Species Account and Conservation Status of Ornamental Plants 
Being Sold in the Bayugan City Market
*Atupan, A.J., Nalam, K., Perez, K.K.
Bayugan National Comprehensive High School

ABSTRACT
Ornamental plants play a vital role in sustaining life on Earth, with its distinct
qualities and a wide array of species. However, due to ongoing threats, there were species
that become threatened. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate and gather background
information on these plants to develop effective management strategies in the Bayugan City
Market. The study aimed to determine the taxonomic classifications, scientific and common
names of ornamental plants. Additionally, it assessed the conservation status, necessary
conservation measures for threatened species, and the endemicity of these plants. Data
collection for the study involved direct inquiries with sellers, as well as the use of
applications, websites, and lists from conservation authorities. A total of 101 ornamental
plants from 16 families were analyzed, with Araceae being the most dominant family. Among
these total species, 16 were native to the Philippines, while 85 were exotic. In terms of
conservation status, there were five threatened species identified, the vulnerable species such
as Anthurium plowmanii (Wave of Love Anthurium), Dendrobium victoriae-reginae
(Dendrobium Sirin Peach), Dendrobium victoriae-reginae (Dendrobium Sonia), Dendrobium
victoriae-reginae (Dendrobium Queen Victoria), and Saintpaulia ionantha (African Violet).
These plants fall under the threatened category, emphasizing the need to protect it according
to R.A. 9147 Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act. The study's findings
emphasize the need for conservation measures to safeguard these ornamental plants. By
providing background information on these species, the study plays a crucial role in raising
awareness among the community and informing conservation authorities about the at-risk
plants in need of preservation.
Keywords: Ornamental Plants, Species Account, Conservation Status, Bayugan City Market
1. INTRODUCTION of potential as a business because more
people are purchasing plants to keep the
Ornamental plants were essential to
people occupied while working from home
maintaining life on Earth (Zeaiter, 2016).
or because people must limit its outside
It has been proposed that ornamental
activities (Suminah., et al., 2021).
plants be used to rehabilitate damaged
Ornamental plants were identified for its
landscapes, stop erosion, consume less
distinctive qualities and numerous species,
water and energy, and enhance the
however, there were threatened species
aesthetic appeal of indoor and outdoor
that were facing extinction as a result of
living spaces (Francini, A., et al., 2022).
ongoing threats. The effect of threatened
Due to the high demand of the public for
ornamental plants was a serious issue in
ornamental plants during the pandemic,
the world. Not only because it would ruin
ornamental plant commodities have a lot
 2023
the natural environments of the planet, but plants in order to regulate this species. In
also because it affects plant diversity in this way, the study would be beneficial
many countries. that would help city residents and
The ornamental plant species that conservation authorities in maintaining the
could be found in the Philippines were necessary ornamental plants that were
Calathea, Sansevieria, Dumb Canes, etc., being sold in Bayugan City Market.
(Rey, 2019). However, there were also Species account and conservation status
endangered ornamental plants in the evaluation was crucial for the community
Philippines including Kibatalia puberula, to understand the problem and could make
Phalaenopsis lindenii, Cycas wadei, etc., understand that these specific ornamental
(Suico, 2019). plants should be protected. It hoped to gain
Within the country, the community new insights into the problem in this
would be affected if there were threatened manner.
ornamental plants being sold which lead to
a shortage of these particular plants in its 2. METHODOLOGY
endemicity. Established on the previous
studies, the location conducted was based 2.1 Research Design
on a natural environment. That was why, A descriptive quantitative design
the researchers would conduct the study in was applied in this study. A descriptive
a market setting by determining the quantitative approach is a type of non-
taxonomic classification of ornamental experimental research methodology in
plants so that the researcher would grasp which variables are measured using
information about its conservation status numerical terms (Mbuva, n.d.). This would
and endemicity. In this study, Bayugan help analyze the background information
City Market would be the basis for and determine the total number of
conducting the study because it is a ornamental plants.
common place for selling and purchasing Through the use of descriptive
ornamental plants. statistics, it would summarize the collected
The researchers conducted this data. Descriptive statistics would arrange
study so that the community would be the data through the use of pie graphs and
aware of the conservation status of tables which was relevant to the study.
ornamental plants. Additionally, the
researchers provided conservation 2.2 Research Instrument
measures for the threatened ornamental
 2023
The researchers employed several
resources to enhance the data collection of 2.3 Research Procedure
ornamental plants within the market. The In conducting the study, the
researchers directly inquired the sellers researchers interviewed the sellers first in
and gathered information about the Bayugan City Market from November 11,
common names of the ornamental plants 2022, to January 13, 2023, every weekend.
being sold. In addition, the researchers When interviewing, the researchers
used various applications and websites acquired information about the common
specialized in plant identification. These names of the plant being sold, the
tools, including Picture This!, Plant researchers also took the plants’ photos. In
Identifier, Plant Snap, Pl@ntNet, and Co’s determining the plant taxonomy, the
Digital Flora of the Philippines, provided researchers used various apps and
valuable assistance to verify the common websites. The researchers used Picture
names and other information of This!, Plant Identifier, Plant Snap, and
ornamental plants. By utilizing these Pl@ntNet Identify for the Scientific Name
resources, the researchers were able to and Family Name. On the other hand, the
obtain accurate information regarding the researchers used Co’s Digital Flora in
plants' background information. To assess identifying its variety. After assessing its
the conservation status of the ornamental taxonomic classifications, the researchers
plants, the researchers relied on the IUCN then classified its conservation status with
website. Furthermore, the researchers the help of the IUCN Red List and the
consulted the lists provided by the Forest conservation lists provided by the Forest
Management Bureau of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources
(FMB-DENR) and Wildlife Resources
Division - Biodiversity Management
Bureau (BMB). The researchers also
Management Bureau - Department of identify the ornamental plants that needed
Environment and Natural Resources to be conserved. Furthermore, the
(FMB-DENR) and Wildlife Resources researchers still used Co’s Digital Flora in
Division - Biodiversity Management identifying the plants’ endemicity whether
Bureau (BMB). These helped the the plant is endemic or exotic. The
researchers to ensure the accuracy of the researchers then classified the ornamental
study’s findings. plants based on its taxonomic
 2023
classification, likewise to its endemicity. Table 1. Taxonomic Classification,
Lastly, the researchers classified the Conservation Status, and Endemicity of

ornamental plants based on its Ornamental Plants

conservation status and identified the ARACEAE

threatened species that need to be

BACKGROU FIGURE
protected. ND
INFORMATI
ON 

Scientific Name:
Aglaonema
commutatum
Common Name:
2.4 Data Analysis Pink Lady 
Family Name:
The taxonomic classifications were Araceae
Conservation
identified through the use of the apps and Status: Not
Evaluated
websites such as Picture This!, Plant Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
Identifier, Plant Snap, and a website called
Scientific Name:
Pl@ntnet Identify. On the other hand, the Aglaonema
commutatum
plant’s conservation status was classified Common Name:
Pink Legacy
using the IUCN Red List, FMB-DENR, Family Name:
Araceae
and BMB. Meanwhile, the endemicity was Conservation
Status: Not
determined using websites such as Co's Evaluated
Endemicity:
Digital Flora. Endemic/Native

Using descriptive statistics, it Scientific Name:

Aglaonema
would be used in analyzing the acquired commutatum
Common Name:
data. Descriptive Statistics was used to Pink Lipstick
Family Name:
summarize the data of ornamental plants Araceae
Conservation
being sold in Bayugan City Market. Status: Not
Evaluated
Through the use of tables and pie graphs, Endemicity:
Endemic/Native
the researchers would arrange the data of
Scientific Name:
ornamental plants according to its Aglaonema
commutatum
taxonomic classification, categories in Common Name:
Silver Queen 
conservation status, and endemicity as Family Name:
Araceae
well. Conservation
Status: Least
Concern
Endemicity:
3. RESULTS Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Aglaonema sp. Aglaonema sp.
Common Name: Common Name:
Big Roy Pink Itarus
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Endemic/Native Endemic/Native

Scientific Name: Scientific Name:

Aglaonema sp. Aglaonema sp.
Common Name: Common Name:
Black Legacy Siam Pearl
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Endemic/Native Endemic/Native

Scientific Name: Scientific Name:

Aglaonema sp. Aglaonema sp.
Common Name: Common Name:
Manila Pride Snow Dream
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Endemic/Native Foreign/Exotic

Scientific Name: Scientific Name:

Aglaonema sp. Aglaonema sp.
Common Name: Common Name:
Pink Panama Stardust 
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Endemic/Native Endemic/Native

Scientific Name: Scientific Name:

Aglaonema sp. Anthurium
Common Name: hookeri
Pink Dalmatian  variegata
Family Name: Common Name:
Araceae Anthurium
Conservation Foliage
Status: Not Variegated
Evaluated Family Name:
Endemicity: Araceae
Endemic/Native Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Anthurium Caladium sp.
plowmanii Common Name:
Common Name: Black Mamba
Wave of Love Family Name:
Anthurium Araceae
Family Name: Conservation
Araceae Status: Not
Conservation Evaluated
Status: Endemicity:
Vulnerable Foreign/Exotic
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Scientific Name:
Caladium sp.
Scientific Name: Common Name:
Anthurium Doble Kara
superbum Family Name:
Common Name: Araceae
Superbum Conservation
Family Name: Status: Not
Araceae Evaluated
Conservation Endemicity:
Status: Not Foreign/Exotic
Evaluated
Endemicity: Scientific Name:
Foreign/Exotic Dieffenbachia
seguine
Common Name:
Scientific Name: Dumb Canes
Caladium bicolor
Family Name:
Common Name: Araceae
Elephant’s Ear
Conservation
Family Name: Status: Not
Araceae
Evaluated
Conservation Endemicity:
Status: Not
Foreign/Exotic
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Scientific Name:
Foreign/Exotic
Dieffenbachia
seguine
Scientific Name:
Common Name:
Caladium bicolor Leopard Lily
Common Name:
Family Name:
Red Beret Araceae
Family Name:
Conservation
Araceae Status: Not
Conservation
Evaluated
Status: Not Endemicity:
Evaluated
Foreign/Exotic
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
Scientific Name:
Epipremnum
aureum
Scientific Name: Common Name:
Caladium Devil’s Ivy
lindenii Family Name:
Common Name: Araceae
Angel Wings Conservation
Family Name: Status: Not
Araceae Evaluated
Conservation Endemicity:
Status: Not Foreign/Exotic
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Excoecaria Philodendron
cochinchinensis bipennifolium
Common Name: Common Name:
Pink Cochin Burle Marx
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Least Status: Not
Concern Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Endemic/Native Foreign/Exotic

Scientific Name:
Homalomena
rubescens
Common Name:
Maggie
Family Name: Scientific Name:
Araceae Philodendron
Conservation bipennifolium
Status: Not Common Name:
Evaluated Green Violin
Endemicity: Family Name:
Foreign/Exotic Araceae
Conservation
Scientific Name: Status: Not
Monstera Evaluated
adansonii Endemicity:
Common Name: Foreign/Exotic
Swiss Cheese
Vine Scientific Name:
Family Name: Philodendron
Araceae domesticum
Conservation Common Name:
Status: Not Golden Calkins
Evaluated Family Name:
Endemicity: Araceae
Foreign/Exotic Conservation
Status: Not
Scientific Name: Evaluated
Philodendron Endemicity:
billietiae Foreign/Exotic
Common Name:
Emerald Vine Scientific Name:
Family Name: Philodendron
Araceae erubescens
Conservation Common Name:
Status: Not Blushing
Evaluated Philodendron
Endemicity: Family Name:
Foreign/Exotic Araceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Philodendron Philodendron
erubescens hastatum
Common Name: Common Name:
Pink Princess Silver Sword
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Least
Evaluated Concern
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Foreign/Exotic

Scientific Name: Scientific Name:

Philodendron Philodendron
erubescens hederaceum
Common Name: Common Name:
Prince of Orange Dwarf Lime
Family Name: Moonlight
Araceae Family Name:
Conservation Araceae
Status: Not Conservation
Evaluated Status: Least
Endemicity: Concern
Foreign/Exotic Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
Scientific Name:
Philodendron Scientific Name:
erubescens Philodendron
Common Name: martianum
Red Emerald Common Name:
Family Name: Pacová
Araceae Family Name:
Conservation Araceae
Status: Least Conservation
Concern Status: Least
Endemicity: Concern
Foreign/Exotic Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
Scientific Name:
Philodendron Scientific Name:
erubescens Philodendron
Common Name: melanochrysum
White Knight Common Name:
Family Name: Melano
Araceae Family Name:
Conservation Araceae
Status: Not Conservation
Evaluated Status: Least
Endemicity: Concern
Foreign/Exotic Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
Scientific Name:
Philodendron Scientific Name:
erubescens Philodendron sp.
Common Name: Common Name:
White Princess Birkin
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Philodendron sp. Philodendron
Common Name: tatei
Cherry Red Common Name:
Family Name: Dwarf Red
Araceae Congo
Conservation Family Name:
Status: Not Araceae
Evaluated Conservation
Endemicity: Status: Least
Foreign/Exotic Concern
Endemicity:
Scientific Name: Foreign/Exotic
Philodendron sp.
Common Name: Scientific Name:
Choco Cardinal Philodendron
Family Name: tatei
Araceae Common Name:
Conservation Giant Red Congo
Status: Not Family Name:
Evaluated Araceae
Endemicity: Conservation
Foreign/Exotic Status: Not
Evaluated
Scientific Name: Endemicity:
Philodendron sp. Foreign/Exotic
Common Name:
Jungle Boogie Scientific Name:
Family Name: Philodendron
Araceae tatei
Conservation Common Name:
Status: Least Green Congo
Concern Family Name:
Endemicity: Araceae
Foreign/Exotic Conservation
Status: Not
Scientific Name: Evaluated
Philodendron sp. Endemicity:
Common Name: Foreign/Exotic
Paraiso Verde
Family Name: Scientific Name:
Araceae Schismatoglottis
Conservation wallichii
Status: Not Common Name:
Evaluated Drop Tongue
Endemicity: Family Name:
Foreign/Exotic Araceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Scientific Name: Foreign/Exotic
Philodendron
squamiferum  Scientific Name:
Common Name: Scindapsus
Red Bristle pictus 
Philodendron Common Name:
Family Name: Satin Pothos
Araceae Family Name:
Conservation Araceae
Status: Least Conservation
Concern Status: Not
Endemicity: Evaluated
Foreign/Exotic Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Spathiphyllum Thaumatophyllu
sp. m xanadu
Common Name: Common Name:
Dwarf Sensation Xanadu
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Foreign/Exotic

Scientific Name: Scientific Name:

Syngonium Zamioculcas
chiapense zamiifolia
Common Name: Common Name:
Arrowhead Welcome
Syngonium Variegated
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Foreign/Exotic

Scientific Name:
Syngonium
ARALIACEAE
podophyllum
Common Name:
Scientific Name:
Arrowhead Plant
Polyscias
Family Name:
guilfoylei
Araceae
Common Name:
Conservation
Geranium-leaf
Status: Not
aralia
Evaluated
Family Name:
Endemicity:
Araliaceae
Foreign/Exotic
Conservation
Status: Not
Scientific Name:
Evaluated
Syngonium
Endemicity:
podophyllum
Foreign/Exotic
Common Name:
Arrowhead Vine
Family Name: ASPARAGACEAE
Araceae 
Conservation Scientific Name:
Status: Not Agave
Evaluated pachycentra
Endemicity: Common Name:
Foreign/Exotic Agave
Family Name:
Scientific Name: Asparagaceae
Thaumatophyllu Conservation
m xanadu Status: Least
Common Name: concern
Split-leaf Endemicity:
Philodendron Foreign/Exotic
Family Name:
Araceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Agave univittata  Sansevieria
Common Name: hyacinthoides
Thorn-crested Common Name:
agave Brown
Family Name: Sansevieria
Asparagaceae Snake Plant
Conservation Family Name:
Status: Least Asparagaceae
Concern Conservation
Endemicity: Status: Not
Foreign/Exotic Evaluated
Endemicity:
Endemic/Native
 2023
ASTERACEAE Scientific Name:
Begonia
Scientific Name: imperialis
Chrysanthemums Common Name:
indicum Imperial Begonia
Common Name: Family Name:
Indian Begoniaceae
Chrysanthemums Conservation
Family Name: Status: Not
Asteraceae Evaluated
Conservation Endemicity:
Status: Not Foreign/Exotic
Evaluated
Endemicity: Scientific Name:
Foreign/Exotic Begonia
masoniana
Common Name:
Iron Cross
Begonia
BEGONIACEAE Family Name:
Begoniaceae
Scientific Name: Conservation
Begonia bowerae Status: Not
Common Name: Evaluated
Eyelash begonia Endemicity:
Family Name: Foreign/Exotic
Begoniaceae
Conservation Scientific Name:
Status: Not Begonia rex
Evaluated Common Name:
Endemicity: Helen teupel
Foreign/Exotic Begonia
Family Name:
Scientific Name: Begoniaceae
Begonia Conservation
heracleifolia Status: Not
Common Name: Evaluated
Starleaf Begonia Endemicity:
Family Name: Foreign/Exotic
Begoniaceae
Conservation Scientific Name:
Status: Not Begonia rex
Evaluated Common Name:
Endemicity: Silver Queen
Foreign/Exotic Begonia
Family Name:
Scientific Name: Begoniaceae
Begonia Conservation
hydrocotylifolia Status: Not
Common Name: Evaluated
Fire King Endemicity:
Begonia Foreign/Exotic
Family Name:
Begoniaceae Scientific Name:
Conservation Begonia sp.
Status: Not Common Name:
Evaluated U400 Begonia
Endemicity: Family Name:
Foreign/Exotic Begoniaceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
 2023
BROMELIACEAE Conservation
Status: Not
Scientific Name: Evaluated
Cryptanthus Endemicity:
acaulis Foreign/Exotic
Common Name:
Sansevieria FABACEAE
Family Name:
Bromeliaceae Scientific Name:
Conservation Christia
Status: Not obcordata
Evaluated Common Name:
Endemicity: Green Butterfly
Foreign/Exotic plant
Family Name:
Scientific Name: Fabaceae
Cryptanthus Conservation
bivittatus Status: Not
Common Name: Evaluated
Earth Star Endemicity:
Family Name: Foreign/Exotic
Bromeliaceae
Conservation GESNERIACEAE
Status: Not
Evaluated Scientific Name:
Endemicity: Saintpaulia
Foreign/Exotic ionantha
Common Name:
CRASSULACEAE African Violet
Family Name:
Scientific Name: Gesneriaceae
Aeonium sp. Conservation
Common Name: Status:
Sunburst Vulnerable
Family Name: Endemicity:
Crassulaceae Foreign/Exotic
Conservation
Status: Not IRIDACEAE
Evaluated
Endemicity: Scientific Name:
Foreign/Exotic Gladiolus
gandavensis
Scientific Name: Common Name:
Kalanchoe Sword Lilies
orgyalis Family Name:
Common Name: Iridaceae
Copper Spoons Conservation
Family Name: Status: Not
Crassulaceae Evaluated
Conservation Endemicity:
Status: Not Foreign/Exotic
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic MALPIGHIACEAE

DEVALLIACEAE Scientific Name:

Malpighia
Scientific Name: coccigera
Nephrolepis Common Name:
cordifolia Singapore Holly
Common Name: Family Name:
Narrow Sword Malpighiaceae
Fern Conservation
Family Name: Status: Not
Devalliaceae Evaluated
 2023
Endemicity: MARANTACEAE
Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Foreign/Exotic
Calathea
roseopicta Scientific Name:
Common Name: Goeppertia
Manoa Blush rufibarba
Calathea  Common Name:
Family Name: Furry Feather
Marantaceae Calathea
Conservation Family Name:
Status: Not Marantaceae
Evaluated Conservation
Endemicity: Status: Not
Foreign/Exotic Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic

Scientific Name:
Scientific Name:
Goeppertia sp.
Calathea
Common Name:
roseopicta
Marion Calathea
Common Name:
Family Name:
Maria Calathea
Marantaceae
Family Name:
Conservation
Marantaceae
Status: Not
Conservation
Evaluated
Status: Not
Endemicity:
Evaluated
Foreign/Exotic
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
Scientific Name:
Scientific Name: Stromanthe
Calathea sp. thalia
Common Name: Common Name:
Calathea Rusco Tricolor
Family Name: Stromanthe
Marantaceae Family Name:
Conservation Marantaceae
Status: Not Conservation
Evaluated Status: Not
Endemicity: Evaluated
Foreign/Exotic Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
Scientific Name:
Goeppertia NEPHROLEPIDACEAE
makoyana
Common Name: Scientific Name:
Peacock Nephrolepis
Family Name: exaltata 
Marantaceae Common Name:
Conservation Boston Fern
Status: Not Family Name:
Evaluated Nephrolepidacea
Endemicity: e
Foreign/Exotic Conservation
Status: Least
Scientific Name: Concern
Goeppertia Endemicity:
roseopicta Foreign/Exotic
Common Name:
Dottie NYCTAGINACEAE
Family Name:
Marantaceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Bougainvillea Dendrobium
glabra nobile 
Common Name: Common Name:
Purple Dendrobium
Bougainvillea Violet
Family Name: Phalaenopsis
Nyctaginaceae Family Name:
Conservation Orchidaceae
Status: Least Conservation
Concern Status: Not
Endemicity: Evaluated
Foreign/Exotic Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
Scientific Name:
Bougainvillea Scientific Name:
glabra Dendrobium
Common Name: nobile 
Rosenka Common Name:
Bougainvillea  Dendrobium
Family Name: White
Nyctaginaceae Phalaenopsis
Conservation Family Name:
Status: Least Orchidaceae
Concern Conservation
Endemicity: Status: Not
Foreign/Exotic Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic

Scientific Name:
Dendrobium
ORCHIDACEAE nobile 
Common Name:
Scientific Name: Purple Moth
Dendrobium Orchid
closterium  Family Name:
Common Name: Orchidaceae
Dendrobium Conservation
Kalapana Sunset Status: Not
Family Name: Evaluated
Orchidaceae Endemicity:
Conservation Endemic/Native
Status: Least
Concern Scientific Name:
Endemicity: Dendrobium sp.
Foreign/Exotic Common Name:
Dendrobium
Scientific Name: Yellow Red Lip
Dendrobium Family Name:
closterium  Orchidaceae
Common Name: Conservation
Dendrobium Status: Not
Thongchai Gold Evaluated
Family Name: Endemicity:
Orchidaceae Foreign/Exotic
Conservation
Status: Least Scientific Name:
Concern Dendrobium
Endemicity: victoriae-reginae 
Foreign/Exotic Common Name:
Dendrobium
Sirin Peach 
Family Name:
Orchidaceae
Conservation
 2023
Status: Endemic/Native
Vulnerable
Endemicity: Scientific Name:
Endemic/Native Dendrobium
victoriae-reginae 
Scientific Name: Common Name:
Dendrobium Dendrobium
victoriae-reginae  Queen Victoria
Common Name: Family Name:
Dendrobium Orchidaceae
Sonia Conservation
Family Name: Status:
Orchidaceae Vulnerable
Conservation Endemicity:
Status: Endemic/Native
Vulnerable
Endemicity:

Table 2. No. of Species in Each Family

FAMILIES NO. OF SPECIES

Araceae 59

Araliaceae 1

Asparagaceae 3

Asteraceae 1

Begoniaceae 8

Bromeliaceae 2

Crassulaceae 2

Devalliaceae 1

Fabaceae 1

Gesneriaceae 1

Iridaceae 1

Malpighiaceae 1

Marantaceae 8

Nephrolepidaceae 1

Nyctaginaceae 2

Orchidaceae 9

TOTAL: 16 TOTAL: 101

There were one hundred-one (101) were sixteen (16) families in total. Fifty-
ornamental plants being sold in the nine (59) ornamental plants belong to the
Bayugan City Market. In terms of the family of Araceae (58.42%). This means
families of the ornamental plants, there that the species belonging to the arum
 2023
family, Araceae, were common and
Table 3. No. of Species in Each
popular in the market and were currently
Consevation Status Category
in high demand across the flora industry.
CONSERVATION STATUS NO. OF
Followed by the Orchidaceae family which SPECIES
consists of nine (9) species each (8.91%).
Not Evaluated 80
On the other hand, both Begoniaceae and
Data Deficient 0
Marantaceae families have eight (8)
Least Concern 16
species (7.92%), while the Asparagaceae
Nearly Threatened 0
family has three (3) species (2.97%). The
Vulnerable 5
families, Bromeliaceae, Crassulaceae, and
Endangered 0
Nyctaginaceae, had two (2) species each
Critically Endangered 0
(1.98%), and the families, Araliaceae,
Extinct in the Wild 0
Asteraceae, Devalliaceae, Fabaceae,
Extinct 0
Gesneriaceae, Iridaceae, Malpighiaceae,
TOTAL: 9 TOTAL: 101
and Nephrolepidaceae, have one (1)
species each (0.99%).  According to the International
According to a previous study Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
conducted by Rambey, R., Permana, J., Red List and Forest Management Bureau
2022, the researchers discovered that the of the Department of Environment and
most abundant families were Orchidaceae Natural Resources (FMB-DENR), eighty
and Araceae. The only difference is that in (80) species were Not Evaluated (79.21%),
this study’s findings, the most abundant while sixteen (16) ornamental plants were
family in the Bayugan City Market was categorized as Least Concern (15.84%).
Araceae with 59 species (58.42%) On the other hand, according to the
followed by Orchidaceae with 9 species Wildlife Resources Division - Biodiversity
(8.91%), on the other hand, in the previous Management Bureau (BMB), five (5)
study, Orchidaceae (up to 6 species or species belong to Vulnerable (4.95%).
31.57%) was the most abundant instead of However, there were no (0) ornamental
Araceae (up to 4 species or 21.05%) in plants classified as Data Deficient (DD),
Martelu Purba Nature Reserve, North Nearly Threatened (NT), Endangered
Sumatra. Nevertheless, these findings (EN), Critically Endangered (CR), Extinct
continue to support the idea that both in the Wild (EW), and Extinct (EX). This
Araceae and Orchidaceae were among the also means that most of the ornamental
most abundant families.
 2023
plants being sold at the Bayugan City taken by the authorities, and also, for the
Market were not yet evaluated by IUCN. vendors to not sell Vulnerable species.
In accordance with Republic Act 9147,
Table 4. No. of Species in Each Endemicity
also known as the Wildlife Resources Category
Conservation and Protection Act, it is ENDEMICITY NO. OF SPECIES
imperative to recognize the importance of
Endemic/Native 16
preserving endangered species. Although
Foreign/Exotic 85
the species in the findings were not
classified as endangered, it is still crucial TOTAL: 2 TOTAL: 101

to conserve these species as these were

threatened with extinction, and these Sixteen (16) of these ornamental

species must be regulated in the market. plants (15.84%) were Native/Endemic. On

Among the species mentioned, which the other hand, eighty-five (85) of these

comprised 4.95% of the total, there were species (84.16%) were Foreign/Exotic.

five species classified as Vulnerable (VU), This means the ornamental plants being

indicating its vulnerability to extinction. sold in the Bayugan City Market were

These species include Anthurium mostly Foreign/Exotic to the Philippines.

plowmanii (Wave of Love Anthurium), This suggests a preference for exotic plants

Dendrobium victoriae-reginae among consumers or a greater availability

(Dendrobium Sirin Peach), Dendrobium of such species in the market.

victoriae-reginae (Dendrobium Sonia), It is essential to consider the

Dendrobium victoriae-reginae implications of the predominance of exotic

(Dendrobium Queen Victoria), and ornamental plants since these species may

Saintpaulia ionantha (African Violet).  have the potential to become invasive,

Conservation measures must be where when being adapted to a new area, it

taken to ensure the safety of the reproduces and harms the native plants of

ornamental plants especially the threatened the region (Invasive Species, n.d.). It is

ones or species that belong to the crucial to promote the conservation and

Vulnerable category. Actions such as cultivation of native ornamental plants as it

banning Vulnerable species to be sold in was better adapted to local conditions

the market and regulating what ornamental (NatureAdmin, 2018).

plants are being sold in the market are

4. CONCLUSION
some conservation measures that must be
 2023
Araceae family members were market were not in danger right now,
prominently featured in the market in preventative action was still required to
Bayugan City, which had a broad selection keep it from going extinct. In order to
of ornamental plants. The majority of the avert a decline in its populations, the study
101 species found belonged to this well- highlighted five vulnerable species,
liked family, suggesting its prevalence and including Anthurium plowmanii (Wave of
appeal in the flora sector. Another finding Love Anthurium), Dendrobium victoriae-
was that a sizable majority of the reginae (Dendrobium Sirin Peach,
ornamental plants sold were exotic species, Dendrobium Sonia, and Dendrobium
with only 16 natives to the Philippines and Queen Victoria), and Saintpaulia ionantha
85 coming from other nations. This (African Violet). Given these results, the
implies that in order to satisfy consumer researchers emphasized the significance of
demand, plants may be imported from proactive conservation and protection
other nations. The IUCN Red List, FMB- initiatives by Philippine conservation
DENR, and the Wildlife Resources authorities, vendors, and the community to
Division BMB were also cited by the preserve the beauty of ornamental plants
researchers. These sources classified 80 and encourage conservation. The findings
species as Not Evaluated, 16 as Least of the study offer the people of Bayugan
Concern, and 5 as Vulnerable. Aglaonema City useful direction in its endeavors to
plowmanii, an Araceae species, was accomplish these aims.
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 2023

Assessment of Botanical and Taxonomical Characteristics of the Presumed Species of

Sapindaceae Family in Magkiangkang, Bayugan City
Valenzona, A., Oquilan, S., Oraliza, N.
Bayugan National Comprehensive High School

ABSRACT
The Sapindaceae family is a widely recognized and admired plant family known for
its diverse fruit-bearing and decorative species. However, with Magkiangkang in Bayugan
City's densely populated area, it is essential to study and understand the specific properties
of the Sapindaceae family species in the region. Therefore, this study took place with the aim
of analyzing the taxonomic and botanical characteristics of the Sapindaceae family's
 2023
specimens discovered in Purok 5, Magkiangkang, Bayugan City. The researchers spoke to
the owner of the trees and collected plant specimens, which were then studied, recognized,
and grouped using taxonomic keys and other botanical methods. The study investigated six
known species belonging to the Sapindaceae family, each containing unique properties such
as dimensions of the tree and twig, leaf size and shape, flower and fruit description, and
preferred climate and elevation. The outcome of the research provides a useful resource for
further research and conservation programs. The study's findings shed light on the crucial
botanical and taxonomic traits of the Sapindaceae family, especially those found in
Magkiangkang, Bayugan City. This info will help in future sustainability programs to better
understand the plants and their unique properties and biological characteristics. The
knowledge gained via this study will be essential to the conservation of these vital plant
species and their environment.

Keywords: Assessment, Botanical, Characteristics, Sapindaceae Family, Taxonomic,

Bayugan City

[Link]
The Sapindaceae was mostly trees eye fruit (Dube, 2022). The fruit rambutan,
and shrubs, and tendril-bearing vines or Nephelium lappaceum, is indigenous to
comprising about 140 genera and 1,500 Southeast Asia and is also one of the
species. (Menzel, 2003) One of its species species under the Sapindaceae.
is the Alupag, alupag trees are native to the It thrives well in tropical areas like
Philippines and are evergreen fruit-bearing those in Malaysia and Indonesia and can
plants with the scientific name grow in a tree up to 80 feet (27 meters)
Dimocarpus didyma. It bears scrumptious tall. The golf-ball-sized fruit, known as a
fruits and is closely related to litchi (Carr, rambutan, was named after the Malay
2015). Longan (Dimocarpus Longan), is a word for hair because its red and green
lychee-related fruit. On trees, longans shell was covered in hairs. Its distinctive
develop in groups (WebMD Editorial look is frequently contrasted with that of a
Contributors, 2022). When the shell is sea urchin. (Petre, 2018)
removed, a longan resembles an eyeball The solely found in Mindanao,
and has a grape-like flavor. The white Philippines, subspecies of Litchi chinensis,
flesh and black seed resemble a pupil. known as Mindanaensis, was also last
Consequently, it is also known as dragon observed in 1912 by Adolph Daniel
 2023
Edward Elmer in Mount Urdaneta, The aim is to provide sufficient
Cabadbaran, Agusan del Norte, Mindanao, information on the botanical and
Philippines. Since it was last seen a taxonomic characteristics of the species of
century ago, the current subspecies of Sapindaceae family currently inferred in
Litchi chinensis is presumed, the current Magkiangkang, Bayugan City.
subspecies is not grown and the fruits are Researchers had documented the botanical
not known to be consumed in the and taxonomic characteristics of a
Philippines. Based on one specimen, suspected lychee species in
which was furthermore sterilized, the Magkiangkang, Bayugan City.
former researcher was hesitant to consider
this as a part of the original region of
dispersion. (Petre, 2018)
Furthermore, this study will attest
if the tree is the presumed Sapindaceae 2.3 Research Materials

family’s species. The researchers are using

Collection of Plant Materials
different methods to acquire the botanical
and taxonomic characteristics of the       Healthy, mature, unbruised leaves and
presumed Sapindaceae species in P-5, twigs were collected from Purok 5,
Magkiangkang, Bayugan City. Magkiangkang, Bayugan City in the
presumed species of Sapindaceae family
2. METHODOLOGY are then used as samples to collect
2.1 Research Design measurements.

Measuring of Plant Materials

The design of this study was a A scale tape and IOS app was used
descriptive study. Descriptive research to measure the average length and width of
aimed to accurately and systematically the plant’s leaves and the height of the tree
described a population, situation, or and the diameter of its trunk were
phenomenon. We had answered the what, determined using a tape measure.
where, when, and how questions, but not
the why. Descriptive research designs 2.3 Research Procedure

allow you to examine one or more

This study was conducted during the
variables using a variety of research
months of November to June and currently
methods.
on speculations. To study the Sapindaceae
 2023
tree in Purok 5 Magkiangkang Bayugan family grows to a height of 15.06 meters,
City, conduct an interview with the owner with twigs that are 22.86 centimeters long,
to gain insights into its history and and leaves that are 16.51 centimeters long.
significance. Identify botanical It is alternatively complex and oblong. In
characteristics, taxonomical terms of appearance, the flower is
characteristics, and conduct a comparative described as having small, apetalous,
analysis to determine its classification. discoidal flowers with a dischasial cyme
Continue observing until blooming and for an inflorescence.
fruiting to gain further insights into the Each fruit only contains one seed, which is
tree's lifecycle and behavior. either spherical or ellipsoid in shape. The
fruit is described as being red when it is
not quite ripe, tasting sour, and beginning

2.4 Data Analysis to have little hairs. The little hairs will be
gone but leave a mark, the color will turn
Descriptive statistics described, dark violet, and the flavor will become
showed, and summarized the basic features sweet if it is already ripe. The
of a data set found in a given study, Sapindaceae family prefers tropical
presented in a summary that describes the climates; the growth cycle is typically 11
data sampled and its measurements. to 24 weeks; the temperature ranges from
33°C to 39°C; the preferred season, or
By gathering and compiling all the
bearing or blooming time, is between
information:
January and March; the altitude is 799
The study determined the altitude meters above sea level; and the fruit can be
from sea level, the measurements, the leaf harvested when the color turns dark violet,
pattern, or the botanical characteristics of which indicates it is already ripe.
presumed species of Sapindaceae family
found in Purok-5, Magkiangkang, 3.2 Taxonomical Description

Bayugan City. The researchers were able to

identify the taxonomical characteristics of
3. RESULTS the species of the Sapindaceae family. It
3.1 Botanical Description has a noticeable kingdom Plantae; its
phylum or division is Magnoliophyta. 
In Magkiangkang Bayugan City, a This species also belongs to the
species said to belong to the Sapindaceae Magnoliopsida class, and it also belongs to
 2023
Sapindales in order. And it also belongs Magkiangkang, Bayugan City. Shreds of
clearly to Sapindaceae family with the evidence and observations of the fellow
genus Chinensis. And lastly, it is a Litchi species of Sapindaceae family, the
chinensis species. researchers have distinguished the correct
Furthermore, the taxonomic data for the species in Purok 5,
analysis also made it easier to classify and Magkiangkang, Bayugan City.
and identify the researched species. To Additionally, the scarce subspecies
identify the genus and species of each Mindanaensis is not either one of the tree
plant, the researchers used a variety of species in Purok 5, Magkiangkang,
taxonomic tools and procedures, such as Bayugan City.
botanical keys, morphological analysis,
and literature reviews.

3.3 Distribution of Habitat REFERENCES

In a single location in Magkiangkang
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Ethnobotanical Assessment and Phytochemical Screening of Medicinal Plants that are

Sold in Bayugan City Market
*Rebucas, H., Servado, V.R.R., Trazo, H.M, Tulang, M.R., Winfield, J.
Bayugan National Comprehensive High School, Agusan del Sur

ABSTRACT

Human life has always depended on plants. Medicines are mostly found in medicinal
plants. People from different cultures have experimented with and kept using plants that
proven useful throughout time. Medicinal plants have positive pharmacological effects on
both human and animal bodies. In order to prioritize research efforts and find novel plant-
based medicines, ethnobotanical studies are essential. A phytochemical is a non-nutritive
plant compound that may enhance well-being and reduce the chance of acquiring chronic
illnesses. Infections in humans, animals, and plants are prevented and treated with
antimicrobial medications. The objective of this project is to record and conserve local
knowledge about medicinal plants in the Bayugan City market, while also recognizing the
value of this information for future drug development, cultural traditions, biodiversity, and
community healthcare.
The study was done in the Market of Bayugan City and was finished within 10 weeks.
There was a total of 16 medicinal plants gathered by the researchers. There were 13 families
to treat 46 different health conditions. The Fabiaceae, Menispermaceae, and Sparmanniace
families have the most species, each having two. While the remaining ten families, namely,
Annonaceae, Araceae, Asteraceae, Lecythidaceae, Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, Lythraceae,
Poaceae, Rutaceae, and Smilacaceae, has contributed only one (1) specie each. 2 out of the
16 medicinal plants had their conservation status assessed. According to the IUCN List of
Threatened Species (2018), Cinnamomum mercadoi S. Vidal (Kaningag) was designated as a
Vulnerable (VU) species. Furthermore, Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC (Gabon) was designated
as one species of Least Concern (LC). The remaining fourteen (14) species were designated
as Not Evaluated (NE). The Phytochemical analysis of sixteen (16) medicinal plant extracts
in Bayugan City, Agusan Del Sur revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as Alkaloids,
Steroids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannis, and Terpenoids. Antibacterial and Antifungal are
found in Antimicrobial activity using agar disc diffusion, Agar well diffusion, and
Microdilution methods against Escherichia coli, S. Typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus
subtilis, Candida albicans, Escherichia Coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella
dysenteriae.
This whole ethnobotanical study assesses the entire city, to conclude it. Research on
ethnobotany may help to create a strong foundation for preservation and reenergize the
knowledge gap between older and more modern generations. Agusan del Sur's traditional
medicine is in addition to other modalities of therapy employed by the many cultures
throughout the world since medicinal plants have been the basis for the treatment of
numerous ailments in emerging towns like the City of Bayugan.
 2023
Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Conservation Status, Benefits of each Plants, Phytochemical,
Anti-Microbial

1. INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are becoming more well-

known in regions where healthcare is
Humans have always relied on
thought to be expensive, particularly in
plants for basic necessities and continued
Asia and Africa (Zhang et al., 2018).
survival. It is commonly known that native
plants are used in human medicine According to Alexiades (2018), the
Srivastava, (2018). People and cultures study of human-plant interactions,
have tested and kept using plants that were including how plants are seen, named, and
useful over time. categorized as well as the symbolic and
The earliest recorded knowledge of material elements of management,
medicinal plants as sources of sickness harvesting, processing, and usage, is
alleviation comes from China, India, and known as ethnobotany. Nevertheless,
the Near East based on the study of current usage of the term emphasizes the
Jamshidi-Kia (2018). The cultures have study of indigenous or traditional plant
developed as a result of the transmission of knowledge. It entails indigenous plant
ever-more complex plant knowledge and classification, cultivation, and use as food,
its applications from generation to medicine, and shelter.
generation. The earliest recorded knowledge of
Plant-based ingredients have a variety of medicinal plants as sources of sickness
therapeutic benefits according to (Wang, alleviation comes from China, India, and
2019). Around 60–80% of people the Near East based on the study of
worldwide use herbal medication for main Jamshidi-Kia (2018). The cultures have
healthcare needs (Silveira, 2018). developed as a result of the transmission of
Understanding the function of plants in ever-more complex plant knowledge and
past and present societies is necessary to its applications from generation to
examine human life on Earth. Even today, generation.
plants and vital pollinators support the The most commonly used part of
existence and survival. the plant is the leaves (Agapin, 2019)
Following this, there are now more Medicinal plants like Panyawan are
plants that are suggested for usage as commonly used due to its efficacy in
herbal remedies (Rathore and Aditi, 2018). illnesses like diabetes, constipation due to
 2023
liver problem, asthma, cough, sinus, skin protozoans, and fungi such as mold and
complexion and any related diseases due mildew (Wikipedia, 2018). Antimicrobial
to the problem of that organs. medicines can be grouped according to the
microorganisms act primarily against. For
The discovery of new plant-based
example, antibiotics are used against
medications may be facilitated by
bacteria, and antifungals are used against
ethnobotanical studies, which will help
fungi. Antimicrobials including antibiotics,
biomedical researchers focus its study
antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitic are
priorities (Balangcod, 2015). It may be
medicines used to prevent and treat
possible to stop additional habitat
infections in humans, animals and plants
degradation and species loss and improve
(Wikipedia, 2017).
villager attitudes toward plant conservation
through timely ethnobotanical The goal of this research study is to
documentation, identification of document local medicinal plant use
appropriate conservation projects, and traditions and encourage the preservation
identification of priority species for of the medicinal plants that are available in
conservation (Fiscal, 2017). Bayugan City Market.

Phytochemicals also known as

phytonutrients are chemical compounds
2. METHODOLOGY
produced by plants, generally to help resist
fungi, bacteria and plant virus infections, 2.1 Research Design

and also consumption by insects and other This research study is of the
animals. These substances are found in interview type. A research design known
plant-based foods such as fruits, as the qualitative technique involves open-
vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds and ended questions. The survey (interview
legumes. Phytochemicals can help the type) will be used to ensure a more
body by strengthening the immune system, accurate sample for gathering targeted
reducing inflammation, preventing DNA results from which to draw conclusions.
damage, and helping DNA repair The researchers will also conduct
(Anderson, 2016). interviews and provide additional

Antimicrobial products kill or slow information to netizens who sell medicinal

the spread of microorganisms. plants in Bayugan City Market. Applying

Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, this to the study enables to interview

 2023
people directly impacted by particular Examples of the application of
circumstances for first-hand information. snowball sampling in qualitative research
projects are given in the next section. The
2.2 Participants of the Study
following sections look at situations where
The vendors that sell medicinal snowball sampling stalls or fails to
plants in the public market in Bayugan produce volunteers and give two examples
City, Agusan del Sur, were chosen through of situations where researchers overcome
snowball sampling as the respondents met such challenges. The entry's conclusion
the criteria for the said research project. examines certain snowball sampling

Snowball sampling is one of the variations that have appeared as a result of

most often used sampling techniques in technology advancements.

qualitative research, snowball sampling is 2.3 Instrumentation

based on the principles of networking and
The researchers used a self - made
recommendation. Typically, the
qualitative survey, a survey type
researchers begin with a small group of
questionnaire by means of interviewing the
initial contacts (seeds) who meet the
participants with open-ended questions.
requirements for the study and are
Adding recorded audios and videos are an
requested to participate. The willing
instrumentation tool to gather clearer data.
participants are then requested to suggest
further contacts who meet the research 2.4 Validation of Research Instruments
criteria and may be willing participants, For comments, ideas,
who in turn suggest additional possible recommendations, and revisions, the
survey questionnaire was submitted to and
volunteers, and so on. evaluated by the experts,
In order to establish early links and 2.5 Gathering Procedures
build a sampling momentum that would
To gather responses from the
eventually capture a larger chain of
respondents, the researcher will send a
participants, researchers exploit the social
letter to the Principal of Bayugan National
networks. Once a specified sample size or
Comprehensive High School asking for
saturation point is reached, sampling often
permission to leave school in order to
comes to an end. This entry starts off by
conduct the study. After confirming the
outlining the benefits of snowball
validity and dependability of the research
sampling before moving on to various
tool, the researchers will request
criticisms and the method's limitations.
permission from the (head of the agency)
 2023
of Taglatawan, Bayugan City, to perform This chapter presents the results and
the study on the relevant individuals in the discussions of the gathered data. It
public market of Bayugan City. includes the list of medicinal plants that
are sold in Bayugan City Market, what
To ensure that the respondents
parts of it are used, the conservation status
were aware of the study's goal, the
of each identified medicinal plant, the
researchers employed a qualitative survey
preparation, and its administrations.
by interviewing the participants with open-
ended questions to collect data and
information from them. After the
3.2 Medicinal Plants that are Sold in
respondents have finished responding,
Bayugan City Market
recorded audio and videos are gathered.
The phytochemicals and antimicrobials The list of medicinal plant species

will be examined at the Department of available in Bayugan City Market is shown

Science and Technology (DOST) in in Table 3.1.1. According to the data, local

Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte. populations sell and employ sixteen (16)
medicinal species from thirteen (13)
2.6 Research Analysis Method
families to treat forty-six (46) different
health conditions. The Fabaceae,
The researchers will evaluate the
Menispermaceae, and Sparmanniaceae
data after all the recorded audios and
families have the most species, each
videos. The information gathered was
having two (2). Moreover, the remaining
arranged. The researchers will gather the
ten families, namely, Annonaceae,
data of the survey respondents and
Araceae, Asteraceae, Lecythidaceae,
identify the medicinal plant(s) that the
Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, Lythraceae,
vendors sell, the plant parts that used in
Poaceae, Rutaceae, Smilacaceae, has
treatments, and the specific procedures
contributed only one (1) species.
that used the medicinal plant for, and to
determine which plants contain Table 3.1.2, on the other hand,
phytochemicals and antimicrobials and reveals that just two (2) of the sixteen (16)
which do not. medicinal plant species found in Bayugan
City Market had its conservation status
3. Results
assessed. According to the IUCN List of
3.1 Introduction Threatened Species (2018), Cinnamomum
mercadoi S. Vidal (Kaningag) was
 2023
designated as a Vulnerable (VU) species.
Furthermore, Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC
(Gabon) was designated as one species of
Least Concern (LC). As shown in Table
4.1.2 below, the remaining fourteen (14)
species were designated as Not Evaluated
(NE).

Iinsert inyo table diri

 2023
On the other hand, the first
integumentary diseases are cuts and
wounds, of which there are six (6) species,
skin rashes and itchiness, boils scabies,
three (3) species, two (2) species; burns,
acne, skin eruption, and one (1) species;
ringworm, insect bites, allergy. A higher
use of plants for the treatment of digestive
issues has been reported in ethnobotanical
3.2 Medicinal Plants Used Categories
studies conducted by (Wahid Hussain,
According to Table 3.2.1, the locals
2018).
used medicinal herbs to treat forty-six (46)
different illnesses. The significant diseases Table 3.2.1 further illustrates the
were ulcer, fever, cuts and wounds, eight (4) different illnesses that are
diarrhea, cough, dysentery, skin rashes, classified as musculoskeletal problems,
and itchiness. There were twelve (12) along with the appropriate number of
different classifications for these illnesses plants that are utilized as treatments.
and its equivalent number of species used Following closely behind are urologic
for each ailment. disorders with five (2), nervous disorders
with four (4), respiratory disorders, and
Most plants were utilized to cure
dental conditions with three (3)
digestive and integumentary issues among
categorized ailments; circulatory disorders,
the illnesses. For the digestive order, there
endometriosis, nutritional issues and
are six (6) different species of Diarrhea,
tonics, and skeletal disorders with two (3);
five (5) different species of stomach
and finally, ophthalmic disorders, and
trouble, five (5) different species of ulcer,
endocrine disorders with one (1)
three (3) different species of flatulence,
categorized ailments. Nevertheless, among
three (3) different species of gas pain, two
the diseases mentioned, fever has the most
(2) different species of abdominal pain (2),
plant use with eight (8) species, followed
two (2) different species of dysmenorrhea,
by cough with seven (7) species, diarrhea
one (1) different species of vomiting, one
with nine (6) species, stomach trouble and
(1) different species of dysentery (1), and
ulcer with five (5) species; gas pain,
one (1) different species of sore throat.
flatulence with three (3) species,
abdominal pain and dysmenorrhea with
 2023
two (2) species, and then vomiting, different ways of preparing recipes were
dysentery, and sore throat with one (1) noted in the current study. It includes
species. direct application of remedies, decoction,
pounding, crushing, infusions, and heating.
3.3 Plant parts used to treat Human
(Figure 4.4.1).
ailments
In order to develop traditional
The treatments were made using
treatments for a range of ailments, locals
the entire plant, which included the roots,
employ a number of methods. Different
stem, branches, leaves, fruits, rhizomes,
preparations are utilized depending on the
bark, and sap. In (Fig. 3), the relative
type and location of the illness.
usage of these plant parts is shown. The
most often used plant components were Decoction accounted for fifteen
barks (36%) followed by leaves (19%), (15) preparations (48%) of remedies, with
roots (14%), sap (11%), stems (11%), direct application coming in second with
branches (6%), and fruits (3%). nine (9) preparations (29%), followed by
infusion with three (3) preparations (10%),
Parts Used pounding with three (3) preparations
Branches Fruits
6%
(10%), and heating with only one
Stems 3% Bark
11% 36% preparation (3%) of traditional medicines.
Sap Figure 4.4. Decoction was the main
11%
method of medication preparation, as
Roots
14% Leaves
19% revealed by Dapar (2020). This result

Bark Leaves Roots Sap

confirms that decoction is the most
Stems Branches Fruits common type of preparation. Megersa
(2018) revealed that crushing was the
Figure 3.1.1 Plant Parts Used
predominant method of remedy production
3.4 Preparation and Mode of in a study that was similar to the study of
Administration of Remedies Megersa.
It is crucial to gather information On the other hand, many methods
for the creation of treatments using of administration were used while using
medicinal plants. For the purpose of therapeutic plants. Figure 4.4.2 shows that
identifying the active ingredients and internal administration of prescriptions
consuming the proper dosage of the made up a significant majority of the
medication, this information is crucial. Six
 2023
study's prescriptions 50%, whereas Figure 3.4.1 Plant parts
external application made up 50%. This preparation

outcome is consistent with that of

(Megersa, 2018). Internal illnesses were
Administration of Plant Parts'
frequently treated by having the patient
drink herbal remedies; tooth infections
were treated by crushing and applying the External
50% Internal
healing plant portion to the tooth surface; 50%
and external skin diseases, including
ringworm, were treated by applying herbal
remedies to the affected area.
Internal External

Preparation of Plant Parts'

Figure 3.4.2 Mode of
Heating
3% Administration
Pounding
10%
Infusion
Decoction
10%
48%

Direct
Applica-
tion
29%
Decoction Direct Application Infusion
Pounding Heating

3.5 Report of the Phytochemical absent, as indicated by their negative

Analysis results.

The phytochemical analysis of This discovery sheds light on the

albutra bark provided intriguing findings. specific phytochemical composition of
The analysis revealed the presence of albutra bark, highlighting the presence of
Alkaloids and Steroids, indicating their Alkaloids and Steroids as the predominant
potential as active compounds within the constituents. Alkaloids are known for their
bark. However, it was observed that diverse biological activities and have been
flavonoids, saponins, and tannins were associated with various therapeutic effects.
Similarly, Steroids are a class of
 2023
compounds that often possess significant According to the data, local
pharmacological properties. populations sell and employ sixteen (16)
medicinal species from thirteen (13)
The absence of flavonoids,
families to treat forty-six (46) different
saponins, and tannins in albutra bark
health conditions. The Fabaceae,
indicates that these particular compounds
Menispermaceae, and Sparmanniaceae
may not contribute significantly to its
families have the most species, each
overall phytochemical profile. Flavonoids
having two (2). Moreover, the remaining
are renowned for their antioxidant and
eleven families, namely, Annonaceae,
anti-inflammatory properties, while
Araceae, Asteraceae, Lecythidaceae,
saponins exhibit various therapeutic
Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, Lythraceae,
effects, such as antimicrobial and
Poaceae, Rutaceae, Smilacaceae has
anticancer activities. Tannins, on the other
contributed only one (1) species.
hand, are known for their astringent
The conservation status of two
properties.
different species was assessed,
It is worth noting that the presence Cinnamomum mercadoi S. Vidal
or absence of specific phytochemicals in (Kaningag or Kalingag) was tagged as
albutra bark could influence its potential Vulnerable plant for its conservation status
applications in traditional medicine, and Blumea balsamifera Lumiaceae
pharmacology, or other fields. Further (Gabon) was tagged as Least concern.
research and investigations are warranted
4.1.2 Medicinal Plants used Categories
to fully understand the biological activities
and potential benefits associated with the
The locals used medicinal herbs to
detected Alkaloids and Steroids in albutra
treat forty-six (46) different illnesses, with
bark, as well as to explore the reasons
twelve (12) different classifications and
behind the absence of flavonoids,
species used for each ailment. Most plants
saponins, and tannins.
were utilized to cure digestive and
integumentary issues among the illnesses.
4. Conclusion

For the digestive order, there are

4.1.1 Medicinal Plants that are Sold in
six (6) different species of Diarrhea, five
Bayugan City Market
(5) different species of stomach trouble,
five (5) different species of ulcer, three (3)
 2023
different species of flatulence, three (3) various illnesses. Decoction was the
different species of gas pain, two (2) primary technique of remedy preparation,
different species of abdominal pain (2), followed by infusions, direct application,
two (2) different species of dysmenorrhea, pounding, crushing, and heating. Internal
one (1) different species of vomiting, one administration of prescriptions made up a
(1) different species of dysentery (1), and significant majority of the study's
one (1) different species of sore throat (1). prescriptions (50%), while external
A higher use of plants for the treatment of applications made up fifty percent (50%).
digestive issues has been reported in Internal illnesses were treated by drinking
ethnobotanical studies conducted by herbal remedies, tooth infections were
(Wahid Hussain, 2018). treated by crushing and applying the
healing plant portion to the tooth surface,
and external skin diseases were treated by
applying herbal remedies to the affected
area.

4.1.3 Plant Part used to treat Human

Ailments 4.1.5 Phytochemical of Medicinal Plants

The treatments were made using Phytochemical analysis of sixteen

the entire plant, which included the roots, (16) medicinal plant extracts in Bayugan

stem, branches, leaves, fruits, bark, and City, Agusan Del Sur revealed the

sap. In (Fig. 3), the relative usage of these presence of phytochemicals such as

plant parts is shown. The most often used Alkaloids, Steroids, Flavonoids, Saponins,

plant components were barks (36%) Tannis, and Terpenoids. Alkaloids are a

followed by leaves (19%), roots (14%), class of basic, naturally occurring organic

sap (11%), stems (11%), branches (6%), compounds that contain at least one

and fruits (3%). nitrogen atom, including some related

compounds with neutral and even weakly
4.1.4 Preparation and Mode of
acidic properties (Salas, C. R., et al.,
Administration of Remedies
2017).
The current study found that local
Steroids are biologically active
people use a variety of methods for
organic compounds with four rings
making traditional remedies to treat
arranged in a specific molecular
 2023
configuration, steroid have two principal the treatment of hypercalciuria in humans,
biological functions: as important and as an antidote against acute lead
components of cell membranes that alter poisoning (Anderson, M. H,. et al., 2016).
membrane fluidity; and as signaling Tannins are a class of astringent,
molecules (Sunil, K., et al., 2016). Steroids polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and
can help the body with inflammatory precipitate proteins and various other
conditions such as asthma and eczema. organic compounds including amino acids
Steroids also reduce the activity of the and alkaloids. Many classes of tannins
immune system, which is the body's have antioxidant properties, which have
natural defense against illness and been found to lower total cholesterol,
infection (Hamdy, K. A., et al., 2018). lower blood pressure and stimulate the
immune system. Researchers also have
Flavonoids are water-soluble
antibacterial properties that, among other
phenolic compounds found in plant cell
things, fight tooth decay (Anderson, M. H,.
vacuoles and have significant antioxidant
et al., 2016).
activity (Monali, G. D., et al., 2017).
Anthocyanins, quercetin and catechins are Terpenoids also known as
all types of flavonoids. Flavonoids can isoprenoids, are a class of naturally
help the body in a variety of ways, such as occurring organic chemicals derived from
managing high blood pressure, inhibit the 5-carbon compound isoprene and its
tumor growth, reduce inflammation and derivatives called terpenes, diterpenes, etc.
boost immunity (Anderson, M. H,. et al., It has been said that studies in recent
2016). Saponins, also selectively referred decades have demonstrated that terpenes
to as triterpene glycosides, are bitter- exert anti-inflammatory effects by
tasting usually toxic plant-derived organic inhibiting various proinflammatory
chemicals that have a foamy quality when pathways in ear, bronchitis, chronic
agitated in water (Pawar, M. A., et al obstructive pulmonary disease, skin
2015). inflammation, and osteoarthritis
(Wikipedia, 2017).
Saponins can help the body by
decreasing blood lipids, lower cancer risks, The study found that 69% or 11 out
and lower blood glucose response. A high of 17 medicinal plants have alkaloids, 31%
saponin diet can be used in the inhibition or 5 out of 17 plants have steroids, 50% or
of dental caries and platelet aggregation, in 7 out of 17 plants have saponins, 47.06%
 2023
have tannins, 44% have terpenoids, and methods, were used to evaluate the
Flavonoids with 100% which is 15 out of antibacterial activity. The results
17 plants have flavonoids. The study's demonstrated significant inhibitory effects
findings indicate that the discovered of the plant extracts against the test
phytochemical compounds are bioactive organisms, including both gram-positive
components, and that these plants are and gram-negative bacteria. These findings
proving to be an increasingly important suggest that these medicinal plants have
reservoir of bioactive molecules with great potential applications in the development
medicinal value. of novel antibacterial treatments and can
contribute to combating infectious diseases
4.1.6 Anti-microbial of Medicinal Plants
caused by bacterial resistance.

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2023
 2023

PHYSICAL
SCIENCE
 2023
Reinforcing Concrete Bricks Tensile and Compressive Strength Through
the Implementation of Chicken Feathers
*Obrial, C.J., Palima, M.R., Sorio, B., Tamba, X.G
Bayugan National Comprehensive High School, Agusan del Sur

ABSTRACT
           Concrete is a durable construction material that is widely used but it is completely
lacking in tensile strength, this research will aim to find ways to utilize feathers as a
reinforcement material in order to compensate for the weak tensile strength that concrete
bricks have, and to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of utilizing feathers as a
reinforcement material in concrete construction, the methods that are implied to reinforce
concrete bricks is by arranging the feathers in a certain orientation whether it be randomly
oriented or aligned, the mass used for the concrete mix (more, less), and the feather length,
this research will be conducted through quantitative means and the results are gathered
through the use of ANOVA, after conducting the necessary tests and after gathering the
necessary data the researchers were able to organize the results, firstly the average of the
tensile results, (DLD:1.44 MPa, DLO:1.58 MPa, CLD:1.48 MPa, CLO:1.16 MPa,
DMD:1.12 MPa, DMO:0.98 MPa, CMD:0.83 MPa, CMO:1.01 MPa, C:1.30 MPa.), and
then the average of the compressive results (DLD:10.5 MPa, DLO:11.9 MPa, CLD:11.0
MPa, CLO:7.7 MPa, DMD:7.3 MPa, DMO:6.1 MPa, CMD:4.9 MPa, CMO:6.4 MPa, C:9.0
MPa). The researchers observed that feather reinforced concrete bricks increased the tensile
strength of the concrete bricks by 9% - 53.4% and has a 16.7% - 32.22% increase in
compressive strength when compared to the controlled bricks scoring 9 MPa in compressive
strength and 1.03 MPa in tensile strength.

Keywords: Concrete, Tensile Strength, Compressive Strength, Reinforced Concrete Bricks,

Feasibility and Effectiveness, Utilizing Feathers

1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a composite material time. Concrete is the most used building
composed of fine and coarse aggregates material and the world's second most used
that are bound together with a fluid cement substance after water. It is used twice as
(cement paste) that hardens (cure) over much as steel, wood, plastics, and
 2023
aluminum combined on a global scale. The future of concrete in a digital context
ready-mix concrete market, the largest (Wolfs et al, 2019).
segment of the global concrete market, is Concrete is susceptible to a range
expected to generate more than $600 of problems that might result from faulty
billion in sales by 2025 (Gagg, Colin R., construction or normal weathering. While
2014) certain flaws can be prevented through
The purpose of this concrete proper mixing and positioning, others are
reinforcement research, as described in the still likely to appear within a usual service
paper, is to determine the feasibility and life. Therefore, it is advised to conduct
effectiveness of utilizing chicken feathers routine inspections to identify and record
as a reinforcement material in concrete conditions throughout time (Lysett T.,
construction, ultimately to reinforce tensile 2021).
and compressive strength using chicken For the two halves of the
feathers, as well as the different categories construction to work together to withstand
such as the feather and concrete ratio, the the stresses, reinforced concrete is a type
feather length, and the feather orientation, of concrete that contains reinforcing steel
all of which will be used in collaboration.  injected into it. As bars, rods, or mesh, the
Concrete is the second-most-commonly- reinforcing steel in concrete constructions
used substance (after water) in carries the tensile and shear loads (Chahar,
construction. This is a result of concrete's A. et. al, 2019).  Although it has
inherent beneficial properties, including its exceptional compressive strength it is
capacity to transform from a fluid state however weak when it comes to tensile
where it can fill a mold to a solid state strength (only 300 to 700 psi which is only
where it can subsequently support a 10% of its compressive strength) (M Y
structural load. These properties include Yuhazri et al., 2020.
readily available raw ingredients that can This research study will investigate
be found wherever in the world. There is methods to increase the tensile strength of
simply no reason to anticipate that the concrete (bricks) by utilizing chicken
demand for concrete will decrease in the feathers.
future as developed countries refurbish
their own while developing nations such as 2. METHODOLOGY
China and India grow their infrastructure, 2.1 Research Design
as was noted by Van Damme in a      The design of this research study will
thorough, and general analysis of the be tested experimentally. A study that
 2023
carefully follows a scientific research plan 2nd time until the bricks reach its full
is called an experimental study. It contains effective strength. Lastly the researchers
a hypothesis, a controllable variable, and segregate the concrete bricks to their
variables that can be counted, calculated, respected classifications.
and compared.
Reinforced Concrete
2.2 Equipment and Instruments      With the same process, first the
     The materials and equipment that were researchers add the cement, other
used by the researchers are cement, gravel, aggregates in a container, and then the
shovel, crushed rocks, compressive test, researchers mix the cement and aggregates
chicken feathers and plywood.                 with water until homogenous, next the
researchers pour the concrete mix in the
2.3 Data Collection Method mold measures 4x4x8 to shape a brick, and
Preparation of Materials then the researchers apply the assorted
     The researchers prepare 3 ½ kg of feathers during the pouring process, next
gravel (4 parts), 1 ½ kg of crushed rocks (2 the researchers let the concrete cure for 28-
parts), 1 ¾ kg of cement (2 parts), 1 ¾ 48 hours, and then the researchers remove
liters of water (2 parts), then the feathers, the bricks from the molds and set in
1.04-2.87 grams for less group per brick, dry/controlled areas, next the researchers
3.98-5.04 grams for more group per brick, let the bricks cure for a 2nd time until the
and the plywood mold that measures bricks reach its full effective strength.
4x4x8. Lastly the researchers collect and
segregate the bricks to their respected
Making of Bricks classifications.
Controlled Concrete
     First the researchers add the cement and Testing of Bricks
aggregates with water until homogenous,      The two separate mixtures were then
next the researchers pour the concrete mix undergone to a compressive strength test.
in the mold measures 4x4x8 to shape a The researchers will place the concrete
brick, and then the researchers let the into the testing area, during which the
concrete cure for 28-48 hours, next the concrete will be put through a compressive
researchers remove the bricks from the strength test to conclude which concrete
molds and set in dry/controlled areas and mix (reinforced or controlled) yields better
then the researchers let the bricks cure for results, through the measurements of psi
 2023
and mpa, after finished with the testing the 3.1 Tensile Strength Results of
researchers wait an additional time of 1 Reinforced Concrete
week to gather the necessary data to
conclude the research. Once the data is
gathered the results will then be converted
to tensile strength.

2.4 Data Analysis Method

             
     After conducting the experiment, the
researchers will tabulate and analyze the
final data. The data gathered will be
organized into its own category. The
researchers will gather data about the
tensile strength of the animal fiber
reinforced concrete and the
traditional/controlled concrete using
ANOVA (analysis of variance is a
collection of statistical models and their
associated estimation procedures used to
analyze the differences among means.).
The researchers will then conclude the
results after gathering the data from the
experiment.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

INTRODUCTION

     This chapter indicates the result and

discussions of the study that is being
conducted, in this chapter the researcher
will explain the results of the study that is
conducted, and for its data analysis.
 2023
Sample  Tensile Strength

MPa  Psi

DLD  1.42  206.00

DLD  1.36  197.26

DLD  1.55  225.00

Average:  1.44  209.42

DLO  1.43  207.40

DLO  1.62  235.00

DLO  1.69  245.11

Average:  1.58  229.17

CLD  1.47  213.21

CLD  1.46  212.00

CLD  1.52  220.50

 2023
Average:  1.48  215.24

CLO  1.17  170.00

CLO  0.94  136.34

CLO  1.37  199.00

Average:  1.16  168.45

C  1.51  167

C  0.92  134

C  1.03  150

Average:  1.30  150.33

DMD  0.89  130 controlled concrete scoring over 1.30 mpa

or 188 psi on the tensile test we can start to
DMD  0.80  116
compare how the bricks compared against
DMD  1.00  145
the controlled bricks, taken into
Average:  1.12  130.33
consideration of the mass percentage of the
DMO  0.78  113 batches with the “less” batches containing
DMO  0.92  133 5% - 7% and the “more” batch containing
DMO  0.64  93 10% - 13%, it is seen in the DLD DLO and

Average:  0.98  113 the CLD batches that there is a 10.77% -

21.54% increase in both compressive and
CMO  0.85  124
tensile strength when compared to the
CMO  0.92  133
controlled bricks, although this increase is
CMO  0.65  94
only visible in these two batches as the rest
Average:  1.01  117 of the batches (CLO, DMD, DMO, CMD,
CMD  0.77  112 CMO) performed poorly compared to the
CMD  0.82  119 controlled bricks with a decrease of

CMD  0.37  54 10.77% - 36.15% in tensile and

compressive strength.
Average:  0.83  95
The researchers presume that the decrease
of the tensile strength and compressive
As demonstrated by the results provided it
strength is because of the random air
is clear which bricks performed well and
bubbles generated by the feathers, as these
which bricks performed poorly, with the
random hollow areas can easily ruin the
 2023
quality and durability of the concrete Tot 2 1,10 ,35 ,069 ,964 1,2
bricks. The researchers also presume that al  7  63  941  17  1  485

the other reason for its poor performance is

Note. * The mean difference is significant
the lack of concrete, it is shown in the data at  0.05 level 
gathered that the decrease is much more Top value: Mean difference
Bottom Value: Significant Difference
visible within the DMD, DMO, CMD, and
CMO batches, as more feather is
     As shown in Table 2 the test specified
implemented into the concrete the mass of
comparison by determining the
concrete to feather ratio is reduced.
significance between each group. Using a
3.2 Analysis and Interpretation of
p-value of 0.05, the Tukey method shows
Tensile Test
that only the DLO samples are
N  Mea Std.  Std.   95%   substantially different from the control; the
n    Erro Confiden
Devi r ce   other groups exceeded the p-value,
ation Interval implying that there is significant difference
for Mean
between the groups and the control. This
CL 3  1,16 ,21 ,124 ,625 1,6
O  00  517  23  5  945 means that even though the DMO and

CL 3  1,48 ,03 ,018 1,40 1,5

CMD results are marginally lower, they
D  33  215  56  35  632 are statistically comparable to the control.
DL 3  1,58 ,13 ,077 1,24 1,9 This demonstrates that the addition of
O  00  454  67  58  142
concrete with a diverse feather
DL 3  1,44 ,09 ,056 1,20 1,6 combination might be comparable to a
D  33  713  08  21  846
typical mixture.
C 3  ,653 ,24 ,142 ,040 1,2
M 3  664  40  6  660
D  4.3 Significant Difference of  
C 3  ,806 ,14 ,080 ,458 1,1      Compressive Test Result
M 7  012  90  6  547
O       The researchers used an independent

D 3  ,780 ,14 ,080 ,432 1,1 one-way ANOVA test to assess the
M 0  000  83  2  278 significant difference across all sample
O 
variations, including the control. This
D 3  ,896 ,10 ,057 ,647 1,1
M 7  017  83  8  455 would imply that the feather mass and
D  orientation provide a higher compressive
C 3  1,15 ,31 ,181 ,374 1,9 strength that varies significantly among
33  374  14  0  327
sample groups.
 2023
C  3  9,00 1,3 ,781 5,63 12,
     The ANOVA test once again showed 00  527 02  95  360
7  5
that the addition of the chicken feathers
To 2 8,31 2,6 ,506 7,27 9,3
has significant differences compared to the tal  7  48  331 76  32  565
controlled, now with its Compressive 8 

strength. The significant difference is 0

which shows significant difference to the Note. * The mean difference is significant
at 
control and in between groups.
             0.05 level 
Top value: Mean difference
3.4 Analysis and Interpretation of   Bottom Value: Significant
      Compressive Test Difference

N  Mea Std.  Std 95%  

n    .   Confidenc
Devi Erro e      As shown in Table 4 the test specified
ation r Interval comparison by determining the
for Mean
significance between each group. Using
CL 3  7,73 2,0 1,15 2,76 12,
the p-value at 0.05, the Tukey method
O  33  008 518  30  703
3  7 states that in comparison with control, only
CL 3  10,9 ,32 ,185 10,1 11, the DLO samples are significantly
D  333  146  59  348  731
different, the other group exceeded the p-
9
value, thus there is significant difference
DL 3  11,9 1,3 ,800 8,48 15,
O  333  868 69  82  378 between the groups and the control. This
4  4
means that even if the data of the DMO
DL 3  10,5 1,0 ,585 7,97 13, and CMD are slightly lower, it is still
D  000  148 95  89  021
9  1 comparable to the control, statistically

C 3  4,90 2,3 1,35 -,9 10, speaking.

M 00  516 769  41 741 This further supports the addition
D  0  7  7
of concrete with a mixture of assorted
C 3  6,36 1,4 ,851 2,70 10,
M 67  742 14  45  028 feathers that can be comparable to
O  2  8 traditional mixture. Based on the table,
D 3  6,10 1,5 ,866 2,37 9,8 comparison to the control results to only
M 00  000 03  38  262
O  0  DMO and CMD groups as the ones that

D 3  7,36 1,0 ,606 4,75 9,9 are significantly different. However,

M 67  504 45  73  760 within the variation groups there are
D  0 
significant differences that are observable.
 2023
increase in compressive strength, with the
average concrete brick strength being 9
3.5 Significant Difference of Tensile 
mpa in compressive strength and 1.03 mpa
     Test Result
in tensile strength though these increase
         
were mostly present in the “less” batches,
     An independent one-way ANOVA test
the researchers speculate that the
was done by the researchers to determine
implementation of more feathers leaves the
the significant difference across all sample
bricks hollower thus allowing it to be
variation including the control. This would
much more susceptible to damage/ stress,
state that the feather mass and its
the application of more feathers also
orientation produce a tensile strength that
lessens the concrete ratio in the molds as
is significantly different within the sample
more feathers take up more space than
groups.
usual.

     The ANOVA test once more

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