General Mathematics – Grade 11

Quarter 1 – Module 1: Functions

I.
INTRODUCTION

In mathematics, function is defined as “a relation in which each element of the

domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range. In this lesson, you will
evaluate, perform the four fundamental operations and composition of functions, and
solve problems involving functions and represent real life situations using such.

II.
OBJECTIVES

 Represents real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise functions;

(M11GM-la-1)
 Evaluates a function; (M11GM-la-2)
 Performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and composition of
functions; (M11GM-la-3)
 Solves problems involving functions; (M11GM-la-4)

III.
VOCABULARY LIST

For your better understanding of the lesson , here is the list of words and
their meanings. Read and understand them carefully.

 Relation-set of ordered pairs

 Function-relation in which each element of the domain corresponds to exactly
one element of the range.
 Ordered pairs- pair of elements (𝒙, 𝒚)
 Domain- set of first coordinates in an ordered pairs, (𝒙). Also called “input”.
 Range- set of second coordinates in an ordered pairs, (𝒚). Also called “output”.

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  Vertical line test- simplest way of determining whether or not a graph
represents a function.
 Linear function- a function 𝑓 is a linear function if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, where
𝑚 and 𝑏 are real numbers, and 𝑚 and 𝑓(𝑥) are not both equal to zero.
 Quadratic function- any function of the form 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 where
𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are real numbers and 𝑎 ≠ 0.
 Piecewise or Compound Function- function defined by multiple
subfunctions, where each subfunction applies to a certain interval of the main
function’s domain.
 Even function- the function 𝑓 is an even function if and only if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥),
for all 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓.
 Odd function- the function 𝑓 is an even function if and only if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥),
for all 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓.
 Composition of functions- compositon of the function 𝒇 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒈 is denoted by
𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 and is defined by the equation (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)).

IV.
PRE - TEST

Direction: Read each question carefully, then choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write your answer in your Mathematics notebook.

1. Which of the following relation is a function?

A. 𝑚 = {(1,3), (2,5), (3,7), (4,8) C. 𝑡 = {(1,2), (3,4), (3,5), (6,7)
B. 𝑎 = {(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5) D. ℎ = {(1,7), (2,7), (3,7), (4,7)
2. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 − 2 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3, what is the value of (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)?
A. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 5 C. −𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 5
B. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 5 D. 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 5
3. Given (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 − 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 4 , find (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥).
A. 2𝑥 2 − 11 C. 4𝑥 2 + 11
B. 3𝑥 2 + 7 D. 5𝑥 2 − 18
4. Let 𝑛 = 15, what will be the value of 30 − 4𝑛?
A. −30 C. 25
B. 30 D. −25

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 5. Which of the following is a one-to-one function?

A. 𝑥 𝑦 C.

Input Output
Kath Dj
2
Liza Enrique
1 4
Kim Xian
6

𝑥
B. D. 𝑥 𝑦

Bea
𝑦 Gerald
Kim
Julia

V.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Learning Activity 1. Entry Card!

Directions: Determine whether or not each relation is a
function or not. Put a check () on the space that
corresponds your answer.
Note: You will write your answers in your Mathematics notebook.

Relation Function Not a function

1. {(1,2), (2,5), (3,10), (4, 17)}

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 2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1

3.

Input Output
1 2
2 4
1 6

4.

5. D = {(2, a), (3, b), (2, c), (4, d)}

To easily answer the learning activity 1, keep in mind the definition

of function from the vocabulary list.

1. How did you determine if the given relation is a

function or not?
2. How did you identify if the graph is a function or
not?
3. What is the difference between relation and
function?

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Learning Activity 2. Fill the Box!
Direction: Find the value of each
expression and write it
in the box.
Note: You will write your answers

2𝑛 − 11
in your Mathematics notebook.

𝑛
+ 20
5
𝑛 = 13
(𝑛 − 3)2

Use the 1. How did you evaluate the given expression?

“LAW OF 2. Did the “law of substitution” help you in
SUBSTITUTION” finding the value of the expression?

Learning Activity 3. Problem Solving!

Directions: Read, understand, and solve what is being asked in the given problem.
Show the complete solution.
Note: You will write your answers in your Mathematics notebook.

Problem: You plan to sell cupcakes to raise funds. A bakery

charges you P15.00 for the first 100 cupcakes. After the first
100 cupcakes, if you purchase up to 150 cupcakes, the bakery
will lower the price to P13.50 per cupcake. After you purchase
150 cupcakes, the price will decrease to P10.00 per cupcake.
Write the piecewise function that represents this situation.

How did you represent the function of the given problem?

5
 Representation of Function

Let’s start here:

A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set
of first coordinates. The range is the set of second coordinates.

The list and set of ordered pairs below shows relation. Each letter is paired with
a number.

Letter( 𝑥) Number(𝑦)
I 2 {(𝐼, 2), (𝐿, 8), (𝑂, 3), (𝑉, 4), (𝐸, 7), (𝑀, 9), (𝐴, 1), (𝑇, 5), (𝐻, 7)}
L 8
O 3
V 4 The domains are {𝐼, 𝐿, 𝑂, 𝑉, 𝐸, 𝑀, 𝐴, 𝑇, 𝐻}
E 7 and the range are {2, 8, 3, 4, 7, 9, 1, 5, 7}.
M 9 Note that for each letter there
A 1 corresponds exactly one number. This
T 5 special kind of relation is called function.
H 7

A function is a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds

to exactly one element of the range.
Note: 𝑓(𝑥 ) is used to denote a function.

The members of the domain can be called “input” and the member of the
range can be called “output”. Arrows can be used to describe correspondence in the
function.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A FUNCTION
If we are given a set of ordered pairs, we can easily determine whether the relation
is a function or not by simply looking if each first element is used only once in the given
set. The following characteristics of a function will help us decide when we test for a
function when two sets of numbers are given:
1. Each element of the domain(𝒙) must be matched with exactly one element
of the range(𝒚).
2. Some elements in (𝒚) may not be matched with any elements in (𝒙).
3. Two or more elements in (𝒙) may be matched with same element in (𝒚).

A relation is a “function” if and only if the elements of the

domain (𝒙) is not repeated.

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 WAYS TO REPRESENT A FUNCTION

1. Mapping diagram

Example 1. Example 2.

Input,(𝒙) Output,(𝒚)
Input,(𝒙) Output,(𝒚)

1 2
A 2
2 5
E 5
3 10
I 7
4 17

2. Table of values

Example 1. Example 2.

Input,(𝒙) 1 2 3 4 Input( 𝑥) Output(𝑦)

A 2
Input,(𝒚) 2 5 10 17 E 5
U 7

3. Graph

Example:

(2,5)

To graph, just plot the

(1,2) coordinates in the
Cartesian coordinate
plane.

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4. Rule or correspondence

Example:

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑥 = 1, 2, 3, 4
Notice that the set of ordered pairs of numbers, the mapping diagram,
the table of values and the graph clearly shows that each value of 𝑦 is
obtained by adding 1 to the square of 𝑥. Hence, this is the rule or in words
for the said relation.

We can also describe the correspondence as the following:

A. One-to-one correspondence
Input,(𝒙) Output,(𝒚)

One element of (𝒙) to

1 2
exactly one element of (𝒚).
2 5 This correspondence shows
“function”
3 10

B. Many-to-one correspondence

Input,(𝒙) Output,(𝒚)

Different elements of (𝒙) to

1 2
exactly one element of (𝒚).
2 5 This correspondence shows
“function”
3 10

C. One-to-many correspondence

Input,(𝒙) Output,(𝒚)

One element of (𝒙) to

1 2 different elements of (𝒚).
Since the element of (𝒙) is
2 5
repeated, thus the
3 10 correspondence is “not a
function”

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 5. Equation
The rule or correspondence can be described by the equation 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏.
For you to be able to represent the function through an equation, your goal
is to think or make an equation that will satisfy the values of domain and
range.

 VERTICAL LINE TEST

-simplest way of determining whether or not a graph represents a

function.
-a graph represents a function if and only if no vertical line intersects
the graph in more than one point.

Example 1. Example 2.

The graphs in example 1 and 2 are both “function” because there is only one
point of intersection between the graph (black line) and the vertical line (red line).

Example 1. Example 2.

The graphs in example 3 and 4 are not “function” because there is more than
one point of intersection between the graph (black line/circle) and the vertical line (red
line).

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  TYPES OF FUNCTION

A. Linear function

A function 𝑓 is a linear function if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, where 𝑚 and 𝑏 are real

numbers, and 𝑚 and 𝑓(𝑥) are not both equal to zero.

Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2

The figure shows the graph of the

linear function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 2.
The graph of a linear function is
a “line”.

For you to graph, you need to

assign values for 𝑥 to find the
values of 𝑦, so that you will a
set of ordered pairs, then plot
the ordered pairs in the
Cartesian coordinate plane.

Remember: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2

Let 𝑥 = −2 Let 𝑥 = 1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 2 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3(−2) + 2 Substitute 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3(1) + 2 Substitute
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −6 + 2 Simplify 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3 + 2 Simplify
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −4 Answer 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5 Answer
Thus, if 𝑥 = −2, then 𝑦 = −4 Thus, if 𝑥 = 1, then 𝑦 = 5

Do the same in finding

other ordered pairs.

Therefore:
𝒙 −𝟐 −1 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐

𝒚 −𝟒 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖

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 B. Quadratic function

any function of the form 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are real

numbers and 𝑎 ≠ 0.

Note: 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 or 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 is a quadratic function where 𝑏 and 𝑐 are both to 0 and

𝑎 is equal to1.
The graph of any quadratic function is called a parabola. Hence, the graph
of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 is a parabola.

Parabola
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐
(Opens
upward)

Line of Symmetry
-divides the parabola in
The point where the line
two equal parts/portion.
crosses the parabola is
called the vertex.

The point where the line

crosses the parabola is
𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒂𝒙𝟐 called the vertex.

Parabola
(Opens Line of Symmetry
downward) -divides the parabola in
two equal parts/portion.

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  If the value of 𝑎 (in the 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 or in
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 ) is positive, the parabola opens
upward and the vertex is the minimum point.
 If the value of 𝑎 (in the 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 or in
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 ) is negative, the parabola opens
downward and the vertex is the maximum point.

C. PIECEWISE FUNCTION

A function defined by multiple subfunctions, where each subfunction

applies to a certain interval of the main function’s domain.

The following are examples of piecewise functions:

𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1 In example no. 1, you have 2 sub-functions of the

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = {
−𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1 piecewise function. The first one is 𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1
and the second is −𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1.

To graph, first you have to find the set of ordered pairs. In finding the values
of 𝑓(𝑥 ) or 𝑦, you must consider the given condition of each sub-function.
To find the set of ordered pairs, assigned values for 𝒙, , then solve for the
values of 𝒚.
Use table of values.
First sub-function states that
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1 if the values of 𝑥 is less than
1, then you will use 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥 −2 −1 0
𝑥 + 1 to find the values of 𝑦.
𝑦 −1 0 1 −2, −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 are less than 1
Solution:

Let 𝑥 = −2 Let 𝑥 = −1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −2 + 1 Substitute 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −1 + 1 Substitute
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −1 Simplify 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0 Simplify
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −1 Answer 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0 Answer
Thus, if 𝑥 = −2, then 𝑦 = −1 Thus, if 𝑥 = −1, then 𝑦 = 0

12
 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1 Second sub-function states
that if the values of 𝑥 is
𝑥 1 2 3
greater than or equal to 1,
𝑦 1 0 −1 then you will use 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
−𝑥 + 2 to find the values of 𝑦.
1, 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 are greater than or
Solution: equal to 1

Let 𝑥 = 1 Let 𝑥 = 2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 + 2 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 + 2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −1 + 2 Substitute 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −2 + 2 Substitute
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1 Simplify 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0 Simplify
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1 Answer 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0 Answer
Thus, if 𝑥 = 1, then 𝑦 = 1 Thus, if 𝑥 = 2, then 𝑦 = 0

To the left of 𝑥 = 1, the graph

is given by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1. To
the right of 𝑥 = 1 and
𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒙 + 𝟐 including𝑥 = 1, the graph is
𝒇 (𝒙 ) = 𝒙 + 𝟏 given by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 + 2
The graph has two where
initial points or endpoints are
(1,2) and (1,1). Notice that in
the graph, an open dot is used
in the point (1,2) to emphasize
that the given point is not
included in the elements of 𝑥
because the given condition of
the first function is that 𝑥 < 1.

2. You are a crew at 7/11 Convenience store that pays an hourly wage of
P45.00/hour if you work for 40 hours a week, and 1.5 times the hourly wage per
hour for the extra hours if you work for more than 40 hours a week. Write a
piecewise function that gives the weekly pay P in terms of the number of hours
h you work.
Solution:
For up to 40h, your pay is given by P45.00(40h)
For over 40h, your pay is given by: Thus, the piecewise function is
45(40) + 1.5(45)(ℎ − 40) 45ℎ, 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ ℎ ≤ 1
= 1,800 + 67.5(ℎ − 40) Distributive Property 𝑃 (ℎ ) = {
67.5ℎ − 900, 𝑖𝑓 ℎ > 1
= 1,800 + 67.5ℎ − 2,700 Combine like terms
= 67.5ℎ − 900 Answer

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D. Even function

The function 𝑓 is an even function if and only if 𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥), for all 𝑥 in
the domain of 𝑓.
Every term in the right-hand side of the equation of an even function
does not change even if 𝑥 is replaced with – 𝑥.

Example:

Given: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2
Sol’n: 𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 3(−𝑥)4 − 2(−𝑥)2
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 3(−𝑥 )(−𝑥)(−𝑥 )(−𝑥 ) − 2(−𝑥)(−𝑥) Replace 𝑥 with −𝑥
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2
The right hand-side of the equation of the given function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2
did not change when 𝑥 was replaced by – 𝑥. Since 𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓 is an
even function.

E. Odd function

-the function 𝑓 is an odd function if and only if 𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = −𝑓(𝑥), for all 𝑥
in the domain of 𝑓.
-every term in the right-hand side of the equation of an odd function
changes sign if 𝑥 is replaced with – 𝑥.

Example:

Given: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3
Sol’n: 𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 2(−𝑥)5 + (−𝑥)3
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 2(−𝑥 )(−𝑥)(−𝑥 )(−𝑥 )(−𝑥) + (−𝑥)(−𝑥)(−𝑥) Replace 𝑥 with −𝑥
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = −2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3
Every term of the right hand-side of the equation of the given function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 changes when 𝑥 was replaced by – 𝑥. Since 𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = −𝑓(𝑥),
𝑓 is an odd function.

14
 Evaluation of Function

Let’s start here:

Law of Substitution

If 𝑎 + 𝑥 = 𝑏 and 𝑥 = 𝑐, then 𝑎+𝑐 = 𝑏

Example 1: If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 8, evaluate the following:

a. 𝑓 (4) b. 𝑓 (−2)
Solution:

a. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 8 b. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 8
𝑓 (4) = 4 + 8 𝑓 (−2) = (−2) + 8
𝑓 (4) = 12 𝑓 (−2) = 6

𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
Example 2: If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { evaluate the following
5𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0

a. 𝑓 (−4) b. 𝑓 (3)
Solution:

a. To find 𝑓 (−4), we let 𝑥 = −4. Since −4 is less than 0, you will use the
first equation of the function.
Thus, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2 = (−4)2 + 2 = 18
b. To find 𝑓 (3), we let 𝑥 = 3. Since 3 is greater than 0, you will use the
second equation of the function.
Thus, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 + 2 = 5(3) + 2 = 17
Example 3: If 𝑚 = 10, evaluate the following:

𝑚3
a. 3𝑚 − 15 b. 20

Solution:
𝑚3
a. = 3𝑚 − 15 b. = 20
103
= 3(10) − 15 = 20
1000
= 30 − 15 = 20
= 15 = 50

15
 Operations on Functions

Let’s start here:

Sum, Difference, Product and Quotient of Functions
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be any two functions.
The sum 𝑓 + 𝑔, difference 𝑓 − 𝑔, product 𝑓𝑔
𝑓
and quotient 𝑔 are functions whose domains are the set
of all real numbers common to the domain of 𝑓 and 𝑔.

A. Sum of Functions: (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥)

Example: Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 5 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 + 4 , find (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥 ).
Solution:

(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥) Definition of sum of functions

= (𝑥 2 − 5) + (5𝑥 + 4) Substitute
= 𝑥 2 − 5 + 5𝑥 + 4 Add 𝑓 (𝑥 ) and 𝑔(𝑥)
= 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1 Combine like terms

B. Difference of Functions: (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥)

Example: Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 5 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 + 4 , find (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥 ).
Solution:

(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥) Definition of difference of functions

= (𝑥 2 − 5) − (5𝑥 + 4) Substitute
= 𝑥 2 − 5 − 5𝑥 − 4 Subtract 𝑓 (𝑥 ) and 𝑔(𝑥)
= 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 9 Combine like terms

C. Multiplication of Functions: (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)

Example: Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 5 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 + 4 , find (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥 )
Solution:
(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥) Definition of product of functions
2
= (𝑥 − 5)(5𝑥 + 4) Substitute
= 5𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 25𝑥 − 20 Multiply 𝑓 (𝑥 ) and 𝑔(𝑥)
using FOIL method

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 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
D. Quotient of Functions: (𝑥 ) = , where 𝑔(𝑥 ) ≠ 0
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓
Example: Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 , find 𝑔
(𝑥 )
Solution:
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
(𝑥 ) = Definition of quotient of functions
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥+𝑦
= 𝑥2 +2𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2 Substitute
𝑥+𝑦
= (𝑥+𝑦)(𝑥+𝑦) Factor out: 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑥+𝑦
= (𝑥+𝑦)(𝑥+𝑦) Divide 𝑓 (𝑥 ) and 𝑔(𝑥), cancel out the common factor.
1
= (𝑥+𝑦) Copy the remaining factors (ANSWER)

 To add two polynomials, write the sum and simplify

by combining like terms.
 To subtract an expression from another expression,
add its negative. That is, 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 + (−𝑏).
 To multiply polynomial by another polynomial, you can
use FOIL (First, Outer, Inner, Last) method. Also,
remember the laws of exponent.
 To divide polynomials, apply the different types of
factoring if it is factorable, also the rules of division
for exponents.

Composition of Functions

Let’s start here:

The composition of the function 𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑔 is denoted by 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 and is
defined by the equation.
The domain of the composition function 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 is the set of all 𝑥 such that:
1. 𝑥 is in the domain of 𝑔 ; and
2. 𝑔(𝑥) is in the domain of 𝑓.

Example:

Given: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 − 5 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 4 , find:

a. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) b. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)

Solution: a. Because (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) means 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )), we must replace each

occurrence of 𝑥 in the function 𝑓 by 𝑔(𝑥).

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 (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) Definition of composition of function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 − 5 Given equation for 𝑓
= 4(𝑔(𝑥 )) − 5 Replace 𝑥 by 𝑔(𝑥)
= 4(𝑥 2 + 4) − 5 Replace 𝑔(𝑥) by 𝑥 2 + 4
= 4𝑥 2 + 16 − 5 Apply the Law of distribution
= 4𝑥 2 + 11 Combine like terms
Thus, (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + 11

Solution: b. Because (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓) means 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥 )), we must replace each

occurrence of 𝑥 in the function 𝑔 by 𝑓(𝑥).

(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓 (𝑥 )) Definition of composition of function

𝑔 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 4 Given equation for 𝑔
2
= (𝑓(𝑥)) + 4 Replace 𝑥 by 𝑓(𝑥)
= (4𝑥 − 5)2 + 4 Replace 𝑓(𝑥) by 4𝑥 − 5
2
= 16𝑥 − 40𝑥 + 25 + 4 Square the binomial
2
= 16𝑥 − 40𝑥 + 29 Combine like terms
2
Thus, (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 16𝑥 − 40𝑥 + 29

Notice that (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥 ) is not the same as (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 )(𝑥 )

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