PHARM.
ANALYSIS 2 LEC-MODULE 1
Saffia A. Abu-shendi
1. Define terms related to spectrometry.
2. Review conversions and energy problems.
3. Recall the Beer’s law and other related laws to
spectrometry.
4. Perform calculations related to spectrometric
analysis.
5. Differentiate the branches of spectrometry as to
principles, instruments and applications.
§Spectroscopy is the study
of radiated energy and
LESSON 1: matter to determine their
interaction.
INTRODUCTION
§Spectrometry is the
TO application of spectroscopy
SPECTROMETRY so that there are
quantifiable results that can
be assessed.
§ SPECTROMETRY is a method of
analysis that deals with the measurement
of spectra.
§ A “spectra (spectrum)” is a continuum
of color formed when a beam of white
light is dispersed (passage through a
prism) so that its component wavelengths
are arranged in order based on the
different degrees of refraction according
to wavelength.
§ The spectrum includes the
electromagnetic spectrum and color
spectrum.
• Electromagnetic spectrum – it
refers to the entire frequency range
of electromagnetic waves that
includes the cosmic rays, gamma
rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible
rays, infrared rays, microwaves,
radar and radiowaves.
• The most important components of
the electromagnetic spectrum that
finds use in spectrometry are
ultraviolet, visible and infrared
radiations.
• Color spectrum – is also
known as the visible
spectrum, it refers to the
distribution of colors produced
when light is dispersed by a
prism, it includes the colors of
the rainbow.
[Link] is used in the determination of the identity of
a compound.
[Link] is used in the determination of the quantity of
the active ingredient.
§ It refers to the length of a
complete wave or cycle from
the peak of one wave to the
peak of the next
§ The units of wavelength include the
following:
• 1 micrometer (um) = 10-4 centimeters
• 1 nanometer (nm) = 10-7 centimeters
• 1 Angstrom = 10-8 centimeters
§Far UV - <180nm
§Near UV - 200 to 380 nm
§Visible - 380 to 780 nm
§Near IR - 780 to 3000 nm
§Mid IR - 3 to 15 um
§Far IR - 15 to 300 um
§ The symbol is “v”
§ It refers to the number
of complete cycles
which pass a given
point per second (cps)
§ It is expressed in cps
and hertz (1 cps = 1
Hz)
𝒄
𝒗=
𝝀
§ 𝑣 → 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐻𝑧 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑘 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 "𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑛"
§ 𝜆 → 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 10!" 𝑐𝑚 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑘 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 "𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑑𝑎“
#$ %&
§ 𝑐 → 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑐 = 3 𝑥 10 )
'
§ Wavelength and frequency are INVERSELY related.
§ Shorter wavelength à Higher frequency
𝒄
𝚫𝑬 = 𝒉
𝝀
§ 𝐸 → 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
§ ℎ → 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑘 ( 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (ℎ = 6.6 𝑥 10!)* 𝑒𝑟𝑔 M 𝑠)
§ Wavelength and energy are INVERSELY related.
§ Shorter wavelength à Higher frequency à Higher
energy
Shortest wavelength,
Highest energy
Spectrometric Method of Analysis of Drug 13
§It refers to the number of waves per
centimeter
§ṽ =1/l
§Units of Wavenumber
§ 1 um- = 104 cm-
§ 1 nm- = 107 cm-
§ A functional group which absorbs radiant energy in
the UV and visible regions of the spectrum.
§ Examples:
§ Ethylene C=C
§ Ketones C=O
§ Acetylene CºC
§ Organic acids -COOH
§ Aldehydes HC=O
§ Azomethine HC=N
§It refers to the energy in the
electromagnetic spectrum that is
propagated in waveform
§ First theory states that radiant energy occurs in
bundles called “photon” or “quanta”.
§ E = hv
§ Where:
• E = energy = erg
• h = Planck’s constant = 6.62 x 10-27 erg x sec
• v = frequency = cps or Hz
§ Second theory states that energy in the
electromagnetic spectrum is propagated in wave
form.
§ c = lv
§ Where:
• C = velocity = 3.0 x 1010 cm/s
• λ = wavelength = cm, um, nm
• v = frequency = cps or Hz
§ E = hv using the frequency
§ E = hc/l using the wavelength
§ E = hcṽ using the wavenumber
§ For Wavelength
§ 1 nm = 10-7cm
§ 1 um = 10-4 cm
§ For Wavenumber
§ 1 nm- = 107cm-
§ 1 um- = 104 cm-
§300 um to ___ cm
§280 nm to ___ cm
§380 nm to ___ um
§15 um to ___ nm
§ Solution:
300 um x 10-4 cm = 0.03 cm
1 um
§ Solution:
280 nm x 10-7 cm = 2.8 x 10-5 cm
1 nm
§ Solution:
380 nm x 10-7 cm x 1 um = 0.38 um
1 nm 10-4 cm
§ Solution:
15 um x 10-4 cm x 1 nm = 15,000 nm
1 um 10-7cm
§300 um to ___ um-
§280 nm to ___ nm-
§380 nm to ___ um-
§15 um to ___ nm-
§ Solution:
V = 1/l = 1/300 um = 3.3 x 10-3 um-
§ Solution:
v = 1/l = 1/280 nm = 3.6 x 10-3 nm-
§ Solution:
380 nm x 10-7 cm x 1 um = 0.38 um
1 nm 10-4 cm
§ Then:
v = 1/l = 1/0.38 um = 2.63 um-
§ Solution:
15 um x 10-4 cm x 1 nm = 15,000 nm
1 um 10-7cm
§ Then:
v = 1/l = 1/15,000 nm = 6.7 x 10-5 nm-
§Calculate the energy in erg
associated with the radiant
energy at
§200 nm
§400 nm
§780 nm
§ Solution:
E = hc/l
= (6.62 x 10-27 erg-s)(3.00 x 1010cm/s)
200 nm x 10-7 cm/1 nm
= 9.93 x 10-12 erg
§ E = hc/l
= (6.62 x 10-27 erg-s)(3.00 x 1010cm/s)
400 nm x 10-7 cm/1 nm
= 4.97 x 10-12 erg
§ E = hc/l
= (6.62 x 10-27 erg-s)(3.00 x 1010cm/s)
780 nm x 10-7 cm/1 nm
= 2.55 x 10-12 erg
• Convert the following as
wavenumbers and calculate
the energy in erg associated
with the radiant energy at
200 nm
400 nm
780 nm
§ ṽ =1/l
§ 1/200nm = 0.005 nm-
§ E = hcv
= (6.62 x10-27erg-s)(3.00 x 1010cm/s)
(0.005 nm- x 107 cm-/1 nm-)
= 9.93 x 10-12 erg
§ ṽ =1/l
§ 1/400nm = 0.0025 nm-
§ E = hcv
= (6.62 x10-27erg-s)(3.00 x 1010cm/s)
(0.0025 nm- x 107 cm-/1 nm-)
= 4.97 x 10-12 erg
§ ṽ =1/l
§ 1/780nm = 0.00128 nm-
§ E = hcv
= (6.62 x10-27erg-s)(3.00 x 1010cm/s)
(0.00128 nm- x 107 cm-/1 nm-)
= 2.54 x 10-12 erg