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Ç *QKTH2t
Ĝ 1tKTH2, 9 Y kB
Ç GQ;B+H
Ĝ hrQ TQbbB#H2 pHm2b, h_l1 M/ 6Ga1
Ĝ uQm +M HbQ mb2 h M/ 6- #mi i?Bb Bb MQi `2+QKK2M/2/X
Ĝ L Bb HbQ +QMbB/2`2/ HQ;B+HX
Ç *?`+i2`
Ĝ 1tKTH2b, ]]- ]aiiBbiB+b]- ]R THmb kX]

jXk .i ai`m+im`2b

_ HbQ ?b  MmK#2` Q7 #bB+ /i bi`m+im`2bX  /i bi`m+im`2 Bb 2Bi?2` ?QKQ;2@
M2Qmb UHH 2H2K2Mib `2 Q7 i?2 bK2 /i ivT2V Q` ?2i2`Q;2M2Qmb U2H2K2Mib +M
#2 Q7 KQ`2 i?M QM2 /i ivT2VX

kR
kk *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

.BK2MbBQM >QKQ;2M2Qmb >2i2`Q;2M2Qmb

R o2+iQ` GBbi
k Ji`Bt .i 6`K2
jY ``v

jXkXR o2+iQ`b

JMv QT2`iBQMb BM _ KF2 ?2pv mb2 Q7 p2+iQ`bX o2+iQ`b BM _ `2 BM/2t2/

bi`iBM; i RX h?i Bb r?i i?2 (R) BM i?2 QmiTmi Bb BM/B+iBM;- i?i i?2 }`bi
2H2K2Mi Q7 i?2 `Qr #2BM; /BbTHv2/ Bb i?2 }`bi 2H2K2Mi Q7 i?2 p2+iQ`X G`;2`
p2+iQ`b rBHH bi`i //BiBQMH `Qrb rBi? ( ) r?2`2 Bb i?2 BM/2t Q7 i?2 }`bi
2H2K2Mi Q7 i?2 `QrX
SQbbB#Hv i?2 KQbi +QKKQM rv iQ +`2i2  p2+iQ` BM _ Bb mbBM; i?2 +UV 7mM+iBQM-
r?B+? Bb b?Q`i 7Q` dz+QK#BM2XǴ b i?2 MK2 bm;;2bib- Bi +QK#BM2b  HBbi Q7 2H2K2Mib
b2T`i2/ #v +QKKbX

+UR- j- 8- d- 3- NV

OO (R) R j 8 d 3 N

>2`2 _ bBKTHv QmiTmib i?Bb p2+iQ`X A7 r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ biQ`2 i?Bb p2+iQ` BM 
p`B#H2- r2 +M /Q bQ rBi? i?2 bbB;MK2Mi QT2`iQ` 4X AM i?Bb +b2 i?2
p`B#H2 t MQr ?QH/b i?2 p2+iQ` r2 Dmbi +`2i2/- M/ r2 +M ++2bb i?2 p2+iQ`
#v ivTBM; tX

t 4 +UR- j- 8- d- 3- NV
t

OO (R) R j 8 d 3 N

b M bB/2- i?2`2 Bb  HQM; ?BbiQ`v Q7 i?2 bbB;MK2Mi QT2`iQ` BM _- T`iBHHv

/m2 iQ i?2 F2vb pBH#H2 QM i?2 F2v#Q`/b Q7 i?2 +`2iQ`b Q7 i?2 a HM;m;2X
Uq?B+? T`2+2/2/ _XV 6Q` bBKTHB+Biv r2 rBHH mb2 4- #mi FMQr i?i Q7i2M vQm rBHH
b22 I@ b i?2 bbB;MK2Mi QT2`iQ`X
h?2 T`Qb M/ +QMb Q7 i?2b2 irQ `2 r2HH #2vQM/ i?2 b+QT2 Q7 i?Bb #QQF- #mi
FMQr i?i 7Q` Qm` Tm`TQb2b vQm rBHH ?p2 MQ Bbbm2 B7 vQm bBKTHv mb2 4X A7 vQm
`2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM i?2 r2B`/ +b2b r?2`2 i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 Kii2`b- +?2+F Qmi h?2 _
AM72`MQX
A7 vQm rBb? iQ mb2 I@- vQm rBHH biBHH M22/ iQ mb2 4- ?Qr2p2` QMHv 7Q` `;mK2Mi
TbbBM;X aQK2 mb2`b HBF2 iQ F22T bbB;MK2Mi UI@V M/ `;mK2Mi TbbBM; U4V
b2T`i2X LQ Kii2` r?i vQm +?QQb2- i?2 KQ`2 BKTQ`iMi i?BM; Bb i?i vQm
jXkX .h ah_l*hl_1a kj

biv +QMbBbi2MiX HbQ- B7 rQ`FBM; QM  H`;2` +QHH#Q`iBp2 T`QD2+i- vQm b?QmH/

mb2 r?i2p2` bivH2 Bb H`2/v BM TH+2X
"2+mb2 p2+iQ`b Kmbi +QMiBM 2H2K2Mib i?i `2 HH i?2 bK2 ivT2- _ rBHH m@
iQKiB+HHv +Q2`+2 iQ  bBM;H2 ivT2 r?2M ii2KTiBM; iQ +`2i2  p2+iQ` i?i
+QK#BM2b KmHiBTH2 ivT2bX

+U9k- ]aiiBbiB+b]- h_l1V

OO (R) ]9k] ]aiiBbiB+b] ]h_l1]

+U9k- h_l1V

OO (R) 9k R

6`2[m2MiHv vQm Kv rBb? iQ +`2i2  p2+iQ` #b2/ QM  b2[m2M+2 Q7 MmK#2`bX

h?2 [mB+F2bi M/ 2bB2bi rv iQ /Q i?Bb Bb rBi? i?2 , QT2`iQ`- r?B+? +`2i2b 
b2[m2M+2 Q7 BMi2;2`b #2ir22M irQ bT2+B}2/ BMi2;2`bX

Uv 4 R,RyyV

OO (R) R k j 9 8 e d 3 N Ry RR Rk Rj R9 R8 Re Rd R3
OO (RN) RN ky kR kk kj k9 k8 ke kd k3 kN jy jR jk jj j9 j8 je
OO (jd) jd j3 jN 9y 9R 9k 9j 99 98 9e 9d 93 9N 8y 8R 8k 8j 89
OO (88) 88 8e 8d 83 8N ey eR ek ej e9 e8 ee ed e3 eN dy dR dk
OO (dj) dj d9 d8 de dd d3 dN 3y 3R 3k 3j 39 38 3e 3d 33 3N Ny
OO (NR) NR Nk Nj N9 N8 Ne Nd N3 NN Ryy

>2`2 r2 b22 _ H#2HBM; i?2 `Qrb 7i2` i?2 }`bi bBM+2 i?Bb Bb  H`;2 p2+iQ`X HbQ-
r2 b22 i?i #v TmiiBM; T`2Mi?2b2b `QmM/ i?2 bbB;MK2Mi- _ #Qi? biQ`2b i?2
p2+iQ` BM  p`B#H2 +HH2/ v M/ miQKiB+HHv QmiTmib v iQ i?2 +QMbQH2X
LQi2 i?i b+H`b /Q MQi 2tBbi BM _X h?2v `2 bBKTHv p2+iQ`b Q7 H2M;i? RX

OO (R) k

hQ +`2i2  b2[m2M+2 i?i Bb MQi HBKBi2/ iQ +QMb2+miBp2 BMi2;2`b- mb2 i?2 b2[UV
7mM+iBQM iQ /2}M2  b2[m2M+2 #v Bib bi`i- 2M/- M/ BM+`2K2MiX
k9 *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

b2[U7`QK 4 RX8- iQ 4 9Xk- #v 4 yXRV

OO (R) RX8 RXe RXd RX3 RXN kXy kXR kXk kXj kX9 kX8 kXe kXd kX3 kXN jXy jXR jXk jXj
OO (ky) jX9 jX8 jXe jXd jX3 jXN 9Xy 9XR 9Xk

q2 rBHH /Bb+mbb 7mM+iBQMb BM /2iBH Hi2`- #mi MQi2 ?2`2 i?i i?2 BMTmi H#2Hb
7`QK- iQ- M/ #v `2 QTiBQMHX

b2[URX8- 9Xk- yXRV

OO (R) RX8 RXe RXd RX3 RXN kXy kXR kXk kXj kX9 kX8 kXe kXd kX3 kXN jXy jXR jXk jXj
OO (ky) jX9 jX8 jXe jXd jX3 jXN 9Xy 9XR 9Xk

MQi?2` +QKKQM QT2`iBQM iQ +`2i2  p2+iQ` Bb `2TUV- r?B+? +M `2T2i 

bBM;H2 pHm2  MmK#2` Q7 iBK2bX

`2TU]]- iBK2b 4 RyV

OO (R) ]] ]] ]] ]] ]] ]] ]] ]] ]] ]]

h?2 `2TUV 7mM+iBQM +M #2 mb2/ iQ `2T2i  p2+iQ` bQK2 MmK#2` Q7 iBK2bX

`2TUt- iBK2b 4 jV

OO (R) R j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d 3 N

q2 ?p2 MQr b22M 7Qm` /Bz2`2Mi rvb iQ +`2i2 p2+iQ`b,

Ç +UV
Ç ,
Ç b2[UV
Ç `2TUV

aQ 7` r2 ?p2 KQbiHv mb2/ i?2K BM BbQHiBQM- #mi i?2v `2 Q7i2M mb2/ iQ;2i?2`X

+Ut- `2TUb2[UR- N- kV- jV- +UR- k- jV- 9k- k,9V

OO (R) R j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d N R j 8 d N R j 8 d N R k j 9k
OO (ke) k j 9

h?2 H2M;i? Q7  p2+iQ` +M #2 Q#iBM2/ rBi? i?2 H2M;i?UV 7mM+iBQMX

jXkX .h ah_l*hl_1a k8

H2M;i?UtV

OO (R) e

H2M;i?UvV

OO (R) Ryy

jXkXRXR am#b2iiBM;

hQ bm#b2i  p2+iQ`- r2 mb2 b[m`2 #`+F2ib- ()X

t

OO (R) R j 8 d 3 N

t(R)

OO (R) R

t(j)

OO (R) 8

q2 b22 i?i t(R) `2im`Mb i?2 }`bi 2H2K2Mi- M/ t(j) `2im`Mb i?2 i?B`/ 2H2K2MiX

t(@k)

OO (R) R 8 d 3 N

q2 +M HbQ 2t+Hm/2 +2`iBM BM/2t2b- BM i?Bb +b2 i?2 b2+QM/ 2H2K2MiX

t(R,j)

OO (R) R j 8

t(+UR-j-9V)

OO (R) R 8 d

GbiHv r2 b22 i?i r2 +M bm#b2i #b2/ QM  p2+iQ` Q7 BM/B+2bX

HH Q7 i?2 #Qp2 `2 bm#b2iiBM;  p2+iQ` mbBM;  p2+iQ` Q7 BM/2t2bX U_2K2K#2` 
bBM;H2 MmK#2` Bb biBHH  p2+iQ`XV q2 +QmH/ BMbi2/ mb2  p2+iQ` Q7 HQ;B+H pHm2bX
ke *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

x 4 +Uh_l1- h_l1- 6Ga1- h_l1- h_l1- 6Ga1V

x

OO (R) h_l1 h_l1 6Ga1 h_l1 h_l1 6Ga1

t(x)

OO (R) R j d 3

jXkXk o2+iQ`BxiBQM

PM2 Q7 i?2 #B;;2bi bi`2M;i?b Q7 _ Bb Bib mb2 Q7 p2+iQ`Bx2/ QT2`iBQMbX U6`2[m2MiHv

i?2 H+F Q7 mM/2`biM/BM; Q7 i?Bb +QM+2Ti H2/b iQ  #2HB27 i?i _ Bb bHQrX _ Bb
MQi i?2 7bi2bi HM;m;2- #mi Bi ?b  `2TmiiBQM 7Q` #2BM; bHQr2` i?M Bi `2HHv
BbXV

t 4 R,Ry
t Y R

OO (R) k j 9 8 e d 3 N Ry RR

k t

OO (R) k 9 e 3 Ry Rk R9 Re R3 ky

k  t

OO (R) k 9 3 Re jk e9 Rk3 k8e 8Rk Ryk9

b[`iUtV

OO (R) RXyyyyyy RX9R9kR9 RXdjky8R kXyyyyyy kXkjeye3 kX99N9Ny kXe98d8R kX3k39kd

OO (N) jXyyyyyy jXRekkd3

HQ;UtV

OO (R) yXyyyyyyy yXeNjR9dk RXyN3eRkj RXj3ekN99 RXeyN9jdN RXdNRd8N8 RXN98NRyR

OO (3) kXydN99R8 kXRNdkk9e kXjyk838R

q2 b22 i?i r?2M  7mM+iBQM HBF2 HQ;UV Bb +HH2/ QM  p2+iQ` t-  p2+iQ` Bb

`2im`M2/ r?B+? ?b TTHB2/ i?2 7mM+iBQM iQ 2+? 2H2K2Mi Q7 i?2 p2+iQ` tX
jXkX .h ah_l*hl_1a kd

jXkXj GQ;B+H PT2`iQ`b

PT2`iQ` amKK`v 1tKTH2 _2bmHi

t I v t H2bb i?M v j I 9k h_l1
t = v t ;`2i2` i?M v j = 9k 6Ga1
t I4 v t H2bb i?M Q` 2[mH iQ v j I4 9k h_l1
t =4 v t ;`2i2` i?M Q` 2[mH iQ v j =4 9k 6Ga1
t 44 v t2[mH iQ v j 44 9k 6Ga1
t 54 v t MQi 2[mH iQ v j 54 9k h_l1
5t MQi t 5Uj = 9kV h_l1
t % v t Q` v Uj = 9kV % h_l1 h_l1
t  v t M/ v Uj I 9V  U 9k = RjV h_l1

AM _- HQ;B+H QT2`iQ`b `2 p2+iQ`Bx2/X

t 4 +UR- j- 8- d- 3- NV

t = j

OO (R) 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1

t I j

OO (R) h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1

t 44 j

OO (R) 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1

t 54 j

OO (R) h_l1 6Ga1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1

t 44 j  t 54 j

OO (R) 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1

t 44 j % t 54 j

OO (R) h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1

h?Bb Bb 2ti`2K2Hv mb27mH 7Q` bm#b2iiBM;X

k3 *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

t(t = j)

OO (R) 8 d 3 N

t(t 54 j)

OO (R) R 8 d 3 N

bmKUt = jV

OO (R) 9

bXMmK2`B+Ut = jV

OO (R) y y R R R R

>2`2 r2 b22 i?i mbBM; i?2 bmKUV 7mM+iBQM QM  p2+iQ` Q7 HQ;B+H h_l1 M/ 6Ga1
pHm2b i?i Bb i?2 `2bmHi Q7 t = j `2bmHib BM  MmK2`B+ `2bmHiX _ Bb }`bi miQ@
KiB+HHv +Q2`+BM; i?2 HQ;B+H iQ MmK2`B+ r?2`2 h_l1 Bb R M/ 6Ga1 Bb yX h?Bb
+Q2`+BQM 7`QK HQ;B+H iQ MmK2`B+ ?TT2Mb 7Q` KQbi Ki?2KiB+H QT2`iBQMbX A7
vQm `2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM KQ`2 /2iBH- +?2+F Qmi /pM+2/ _X

r?B+?Ut = jV

OO (R) j 9 8 e

t(r?B+?Ut = jV)

OO (R) 8 d 3 N

KtUtV

OO (R) N

r?B+?Ut 44 KtUtVV

OO (R) e
jXkX .h ah_l*hl_1a kN

r?B+?XKtUtV

OO (R) e

jXkX9 JQ`2 o2+iQ`BxiBQM

t 4 +UR- j- 8- d- 3- NV
v 4 R,Ryy

t Y k

OO (R) j 8 d N Ry RR

t Y `2TUk- eV

OO (R) j 8 d N Ry RR

t = j

OO (R) 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1

t = `2TUj- eV

OO (R) 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1

t Y v

OO q`MBM; BM t Y v, HQM;2` Q#D2+i H2M;i? Bb MQi  KmHiBTH2 Q7 b?Q`i2` Q#D2+i

OO H2M;i?

OO (R) k 8 3 RR Rj R8 3 RR R9 Rd RN kR R9 Rd ky kj k8 kd
OO (RN) ky kj ke kN jR jj ke kN jk j8 jd jN jk j8 j3 9R 9j 98
OO (jd) j3 9R 99 9d 9N 8R 99 9d 8y 8j 88 8d 8y 8j 8e 8N eR ej
OO (88) 8e 8N ek e8 ed eN ek e8 e3 dR dj d8 e3 dR d9 dd dN 3R
OO (dj) d9 dd 3y 3j 38 3d 3y 3j 3e 3N NR Nj 3e 3N Nk N8 Nd NN
OO (NR) Nk N8 N3 RyR Ryj Ry8 N3 RyR Ry9 Ryd
jy *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

H2M;i?UtV

OO (R) e

H2M;i?UvV

OO (R) Ryy

H2M;i?UvV f H2M;i?UtV

OO (R) ReXeeeed

Ut Y vV @ v

OO q`MBM; BM t Y v, HQM;2` Q#D2+i H2M;i? Bb MQi  KmHiBTH2 Q7 b?Q`i2` Q#D2+i

OO H2M;i?

OO (R) R j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d 3 N R
OO (j3) j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d 3 N R j
OO (d8) 8 d 3 N R j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d 3 N R j 8 d

v 4 R,ey
t Y v

OO (R) k 8 3 RR Rj R8 3 RR R9 Rd RN kR R9 Rd ky kj k8 kd ky kj ke kN jR jj ke
OO (ke) kN jk j8 jd jN jk j8 j3 9R 9j 98 j3 9R 99 9d 9N 8R 99 9d 8y 8j 88 8d 8y 8j
OO (8R) 8e 8N eR ej 8e 8N ek e8 ed eN

H2M;i?UvV f H2M;i?UtV

OO (R) Ry

`2TUt- RyV Y v

OO (R) k 8 3 RR Rj R8 3 RR R9 Rd RN kR R9 Rd ky kj k8 kd ky kj ke kN jR jj ke
OO (ke) kN jk j8 jd jN jk j8 j3 9R 9j 98 j3 9R 99 9d 9N 8R 99 9d 8y 8j 88 8d 8y 8j
OO (8R) 8e 8N eR ej 8e 8N ek e8 ed eN
jXkX .h ah_l*hl_1a jR

HHUt Y v 44 `2TUt- RyV Y vV

OO (R) h_l1

B/2MiB+HUt Y v- `2TUt- RyV Y vV

OO (R) h_l1

O \Mv
O \HHX2[mH

t 4 +UR- j- 8V
v 4 +UR- k- 9V
t 44 v

OO (R) h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1

HHUt 44 vV

OO (R) 6Ga1

MvUt 44 vV

OO (R) h_l1

q?BH2 HH `2im`Mb h_l1 QMHv r?2M HH Q7 Bib `;mK2Mib `2 h_l1- Mv `2im`Mb
h_l1 r?2M i H2bi QM2 Q7 Bib `;mK2Mib Bb h_l1X

t 4 +URy  U@3VV
v 4 +URy  U@NVV
HHUt 44 vV

OO (R) 6Ga1

HHX2[mHUt- vV

OO (R) h_l1

h?2 HHX2[mH 7mM+iBQM i2bib dzM2` 2[mHBivǴ rBi?  /27mHi iQH2`M+2 pHm2
`QmM/ RX82@3 M/ `2im`Mb h_l1 B7 HH Q7 Bib `;mK2Mib ?p2 /Bz2`2M+2b bKHH2`
i?M i?2 iQH2`M+2X
jk *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

jXkX8 Ji`B+2b

_ +M HbQ #2 mb2/ 7Q` Ki`Bt +H+mHiBQMbX Ji`B+2b ?p2 `Qrb M/ +QHmKMb
+QMiBMBM;  bBM;H2 /i ivT2X AM  Ki`Bt- i?2 Q`/2` Q7 `Qrb M/ +QHmKMb Bb
BKTQ`iMiX Uh?Bb Bb MQi i`m2 Q7 /i 7`K2b- r?B+? r2 rBHH b22 Hi2`XV
Ji`B+2b +M #2 +`2i2/ mbBM; i?2 Ki`Bt 7mM+iBQMX

t 4 R,N
t

OO (R) R k j 9 8 e d 3 N

s 4 Ki`BtUt- M`Qr 4 j- M+QH 4 jV

s

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) R 9 d
OO (k-) k 8 3
OO (j-) j e N

LQi2 ?2`2 i?i r2 `2 mbBM; irQ /Bz2`2Mi p`B#H2b, HQr2` +b2 t- r?B+? biQ`2b 
p2+iQ` M/ +TBiH s- r?B+? biQ`2b  Ki`BtX U6QHHQrBM; i?2 mbmH Ki?2KiB+H
+QMp2MiBQMXV q2 +M /Q i?Bb #2+mb2 _ Bb +b2 b2MbBiBp2X
"v /27mHi i?2 Ki`Bt 7mM+iBQM `2Q`/2`b  p2+iQ` BMiQ +QHmKMb- #mi r2 +M HbQ
i2HH _ iQ mb2 `Qrb BMbi2/X

u 4 Ki`BtUt- M`Qr 4 j- M+QH 4 j- #v`Qr 4 h_l1V

u

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) R k j
OO (k-) 9 8 e
OO (j-) d 3 N

q2 +M HbQ +`2i2  Ki`Bt Q7  bT2+B}2/ /BK2MbBQM r?2`2 2p2`v 2H2K2Mi Bb i?2
bK2- BM i?Bb +b2 yX

w 4 Ki`BtUy- k- 9V
w

OO (-R) (-k) (-j) (-9)

OO (R-) y y y y
OO (k-) y y y y
jXkX .h ah_l*hl_1a jj

GBF2 p2+iQ`b- Ki`B+2b +M #2 bm#b2ii2/ mbBM; b[m`2 #`+F2ib- ()X >Qr2p2`-
bBM+2 Ki`B+2b `2 irQ@/BK2MbBQMH- r2 M22/ iQ bT2+B7v #Qi?  `Qr M/  +QHmKM
r?2M bm#b2iiBM;X

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) R 9 d
OO (k-) k 8 3
OO (j-) j e N

s(R- k)

OO (R) 9

>2`2 r2 ++2bb2/ i?2 2H2K2Mi BM i?2 }`bi `Qr M/ i?2 b2+QM/ +QHmKMX q2 +QmH/
HbQ bm#b2i M 2MiB`2 `Qr Q` +QHmKMX

s(R- )

OO (R) R 9 d

s(- k)

OO (R) 9 8 e

q2 +M HbQ mb2 p2+iQ`b iQ bm#b2i KQ`2 i?M QM2 `Qr Q` +QHmKM i  iBK2X >2`2
r2 bm#b2i iQ i?2 }`bi M/ i?B`/ +QHmKM Q7 i?2 b2+QM/ `QrX

s(k- +UR- jV)

OO (R) k 3

Ji`B+2b +M HbQ #2 +`2i2/ #v +QK#BMBM; p2+iQ`b b +QHmKMb- mbBM; +#BM/- Q`

+QK#BMBM; p2+iQ`b b `Qrb- mbBM; `#BM/X

t 4 R,N
`2pUtV

OO (R) N 3 d e 8 9 j k R
j9 *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

`2TUR- NV

OO (R) R R R R R R R R R

`#BM/Ut- `2pUtV- `2TUR- NVV

OO (-R) (-k) (-j) (-9) (-8) (-e) (-d) (-3) (-N)

OO t R k j 9 8 e d 3 N
OO N 3 d e 8 9 j k R
OO R R R R R R R R R

+#BM/U+QHnR 4 t- +QHnk 4 `2pUtV- +QHnj 4 `2TUR- NVV

OO +QHnR +QHnk +QHnj

OO (R-) R N R
OO (k-) k 3 R
OO (j-) j d R
OO (9-) 9 e R
OO (8-) 8 8 R
OO (e-) e 9 R
OO (d-) d j R
OO (3-) 3 k R
OO (N-) N R R

q?2M mbBM; `#BM/ M/ +#BM/ vQm +M bT2+B7v dz`;mK2MiǴ MK2b i?i rBHH #2
mb2/ b +QHmKM MK2bX
_ +M i?2M #2 mb2/ iQ T2`7Q`K Ki`Bt +H+mHiBQMbX

t 4 R,N
v 4 N,R
s 4 Ki`BtUt- j- jV
u 4 Ki`BtUv- j- jV
s

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) R 9 d
OO (k-) k 8 3
OO (j-) j e N

u
jXkX .h ah_l*hl_1a j8

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) N e j
OO (k-) 3 8 k
OO (j-) d 9 R

s Y u

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) Ry Ry Ry
OO (k-) Ry Ry Ry
OO (j-) Ry Ry Ry

s @ u

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) @3 @k 9
OO (k-) @e y e
OO (j-) @9 k 3

s u

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) N k9 kR
OO (k-) Re k8 Re
OO (j-) kR k9 N

s f u

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) yXRRRRRRR yXeeeeeed kXjjjjjj
OO (k-) yXk8yyyyy RXyyyyyyy 9Xyyyyyy
OO (j-) yX9k38dR9 RX8yyyyyy NXyyyyyy

LQi2 i?i s u Bb MQi Ki`Bt KmHiBTHB+iBQMX Ai Bb 2H2K2Mi #v 2H2K2Mi KmH@

iBTHB+iBQMX UaK2 7Q` s f uVX AMbi2/- Ki`Bt KmHiBTHB+iBQM mb2b W WX Pi?2`
Ki`Bt 7mM+iBQMb BM+Hm/2 iUV r?B+? ;Bp2b i?2 i`MbTQb2 Q7  Ki`Bt M/ bQHp2UV
r?B+? `2im`Mb i?2 BMp2`b2 Q7  b[m`2 Ki`Bt B7 Bi Bb BMp2`iB#H2X

s W W u

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) Ny 89 R3
OO (k-) RR9 eN k9
OO (j-) Rj3 39 jy
je *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

iUsV

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) R k j
OO (k-) 9 8 e
OO (j-) d 3 N

w 4 Ki`BtU+UN- k- @j- k- 9- @k- @j- @k- ReV- j- #v`Qr 4 h_l1V

w

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) N k @j
OO (k-) k 9 @k
OO (j-) @j @k Re

bQHp2UwV

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) yXRkNjRyj9 @yXy8eyj993 yXyRdk9Rj3
OO (k-) @yXy8eyj993 yXkNyN93k3 yXyk83ekyd
OO (j-) yXyRdk9Rj3 yXyk83ekyd yXye3Ne88k

hQ p2`B7v i?i bQHp2UwV `2im`Mb i?2 BMp2`b2- r2 KmHiBTHv Bi #v wX q2 rQmH/

2tT2+i i?Bb iQ `2im`M i?2 B/2MiBiv Ki`Bt- ?Qr2p2` r2 b22 i?i i?Bb Bb MQi i?2
+b2 /m2 iQ bQK2 +QKTmiiBQMH Bbbm2bX >Qr2p2`- _ HbQ ?b i?2 HHX2[mHUV
7mM+iBQM r?B+? +?2+Fb 7Q` 2[mHBiv- rBi? bQK2 bKHH iQH2`M+2 r?B+? ++QmMib
7Q` bQK2 +QKTmiiBQMH Bbbm2bX h?2 B/2MiB+HUV 7mM+iBQM Bb mb2/ iQ +?2+F 7Q`
2t+i 2[mHBivX

bQHp2UwV W W w

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) RXyyyyyy2Yyy @eXk98yy82@Rd yXyyyyyy2Yyy
OO (k-) 3Xjkeedj2@Rd RXyyyyyy2Yyy 8X88RRR82@Rd
OO (j-) kXdd88832@Rd yXyyyyyy2Yyy RXyyyyyy2Yyy

/B;UjV

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) R y y
OO (k-) y R y
OO (j-) y y R
jXkX .h ah_l*hl_1a jd

HHX2[mHUbQHp2UwV W W w- /B;UjVV

OO (R) h_l1

_ ?b  MmK#2` Q7 Ki`Bt bT2+B}+ 7mM+iBQMb 7Q` Q#iBMBM; /BK2MbBQM M/ bmK@
K`v BM7Q`KiBQMX

s 4 Ki`BtUR,e- k- jV
s

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) R j 8
OO (k-) k 9 e

/BKUsV

OO (R) k j

`QramKbUsV

OO (R) N Rk

+QHamKbUsV

OO (R) j d RR

`QrJ2MbUsV

OO (R) j 9

+QHJ2MbUsV

OO (R) RX8 jX8 8X8

h?2 /B;UV 7mM+iBQM +M #2 mb2/ BM  MmK#2` Q7 rvbX q2 +M 2ti`+i i?2
/B;QMH Q7  Ki`BtX

/B;UwV

OO (R) N 9 Re

P` +`2i2  Ki`Bt rBi? bT2+B}2/ 2H2K2Mib QM i?2 /B;QMHX UM/ y QM i?2

Qz@/B;QMHbXV
j3 *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

/B;UR,8V

OO (-R) (-k) (-j) (-9) (-8)

OO (R-) R y y y y
OO (k-) y k y y y
OO (j-) y y j y y
OO (9-) y y y 9 y
OO (8-) y y y y 8

P`- HbiHv- +`2i2  b[m`2 Ki`Bt Q7  +2`iBM /BK2MbBQM rBi? R 7Q` 2p2`v 2H2K2Mi
Q7 i?2 /B;QMH M/ y 7Q` i?2 Qz@/B;QMHbX

/B;U8V

OO (-R) (-k) (-j) (-9) (-8)

OO (R-) R y y y y
OO (k-) y R y y y
OO (j-) y y R y y
OO (9-) y y y R y
OO (8-) y y y y R

*H+mHiBQMb rBi? o2+iQ`b M/ Ji`B+2b

*2`iBM QT2`iBQMb BM _- 7Q` 2tKTH2 W W ?p2 /Bz2`2Mi #2?pBQ` QM p2+iQ`b M/

Ki`B+2bX hQ BHHmbi`i2 i?Bb- r2 rBHH }`bi +`2i2 irQ p2+iQ`bX

np2+ 4 +UR- k- jV
#np2+ 4 +Uk- k- kV

LQi2 i?i i?2b2 `2 BM/22/ p2+iQ`bX h?2v `2 MQi Ki`B+2bX

+UBbXp2+iQ`Unp2+V- BbXp2+iQ`U#np2+VV

OO (R) h_l1 h_l1

+UBbXKi`BtUnp2+V- BbXKi`BtU#np2+VV

OO (R) 6Ga1 6Ga1

jXkX .h ah_l*hl_1a jN

q?2M i?Bb Bb i?2 +b2- i?2 W W QT2`iQ` Bb mb2/ iQ +H+mHi2 i?2 /Qi T`Q/m+i-
HbQ FMQrM b i?2 BMM2` T`Q/m+i Q7 i?2 irQ p2+iQ`bX
h?2 /Qi T`Q/m+i Q7 p2+iQ`b Ԑ  <Ԑφ Ԑϵ ੈ Ԑ։ > M/ ԑ  <ԑφ ԑϵ ੈ ԑ։ > Bb /2}M2/ iQ
#2

։
Ԑ ੁ ԑ  ం Ԑք ԑք  Ԑφ ԑφ  Ԑϵ ԑϵ  ੈ Ԑ։ ԑ։ 
քφ

np2+ W W #np2+ O BMM2` T`Q/m+i

OO (-R)
OO (R-) Rk

np2+ WQW #np2+ O Qmi2` T`Q/m+i

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) k k k
OO (k-) 9 9 9
OO (j-) e e e

h?2 WQW QT2`iQ` Bb mb2/ iQ +H+mHi2 i?2 Qmi2` T`Q/m+i Q7 i?2 irQ p2+iQ`bX
q?2M p2+iQ`b `2 +Q2`+2/ iQ #2+QK2 Ki`B+2b- i?2v `2 +QHmKM p2+iQ`bX aQ 
p2+iQ` Q7 H2M;i? ԝ #2+QK2b M ԝ ੎  Ki`Bt 7i2` +Q2`+BQMX

bXKi`BtUnp2+V

OO (-R)
OO (R-) R
OO (k-) k
OO (j-) j

A7 r2 mb2 i?2 W W QT2`iQ` QM Ki`B+2b- W W ;BM T2`7Q`Kb i?2 2tT2+i2/ Ki`Bt

KmHiBTHB+iBQMX aQ vQm KB;?i 2tT2+i i?2 7QHHQrBM; iQ T`Q/m+2 M 2``Q`- #2+mb2
i?2 /BK2MbBQMb `2 BM+Q``2+iX

bXKi`BtUnp2+V W W #np2+

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) k k k
OO (k-) 9 9 9
OO (j-) e e e
9y *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

i 7+2 pHm2 i?Bb Bb   ੎  Ki`Bt- KmHiBTHB2/ #v   ੎  Ki`BtX >Qr2p2`-

r?2M #np2+ Bb miQKiB+HHv +Q2`+2/ iQ #2  Ki`Bt- _ /2+B/2/ iQ KF2 Bi  dz`Qr
p2+iQ`-Ǵ   ੎  Ki`Bt- bQ i?i i?2 KmHiBTHB+iBQM ?b +QM7Q`K#H2 /BK2MbBQMbX
A7 r2 ?/ +Q2`+2/ #Qi?- i?2M _ rQmH/ T`Q/m+2 M 2``Q`X

bXKi`BtUnp2+V W W bXKi`BtU#np2+V

MQi?2` rv iQ +H+mHi2  /Qi T`Q/m+i Bb rBi? i?2 +`QbbT`Q/UV 7mM+iBQMX :Bp2M
irQ p2+iQ`b- i?2 +`QbbT`Q/UV 7mM+iBQM +H+mHi2b i?2B` /Qi T`Q/m+iX h?2 7mM+@
iBQM ?b  `i?2` KBbH2/BM; MK2X

+`QbbT`Q/Unp2+- #np2+V O BMM2` T`Q/m+i

OO (-R)
OO (R-) Rk

i+`QbbT`Q/Unp2+- #np2+V O Qmi2` T`Q/m+i

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) k k k
OO (k-) 9 9 9
OO (j-) e e e

h?2b2 7mM+iBQMb +QmH/ #2 p2`v mb27mH Hi2`X q?2M mb2/ rBi? Ki`B+2b ԍ M/ Ԏ
b `;mK2Mib- Bi +H+mHi2b

ԍસԎ 

q?2M /2HBM; rBi? HBM2` KQ/2Hb- i?2 +H+mHiBQM

ԍસԍ

Bb mb2/ `2T2i2/HvX

*nKi 4 Ki`BtU+UR- k- j- 9- 8- eV- k- jV

.nKi 4 Ki`BtU+Uk- k- k- k- k- kV- k- jV

h?Bb Bb mb27mH #Qi? b  b?Q`i+mi 7Q`  7`2[m2Mi +H+mHiBQM M/ b  KQ`2 2{+B2Mi
BKTH2K2MiiBQM i?M mbBM; iUV M/ W WX
jXkX .h ah_l*hl_1a 9R

+`QbbT`Q/U*nKi- .nKiV

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) e e e
OO (k-) R9 R9 R9
OO (j-) kk kk kk

iU*nKiV W W .nKi

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) e e e
OO (k-) R9 R9 R9
OO (j-) kk kk kk

HHX2[mHU+`QbbT`Q/U*nKi- .nKiV- iU*nKiV W W .nKiV

OO (R) h_l1

+`QbbT`Q/U*nKi- *nKiV

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) 8 RR Rd
OO (k-) RR k8 jN
OO (j-) Rd jN eR

iU*nKiV W W *nKi

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) 8 RR Rd
OO (k-) RR k8 jN
OO (j-) Rd jN eR

HHX2[mHU+`QbbT`Q/U*nKi- *nKiV- iU*nKiV W W *nKiV

OO (R) h_l1

jXkXe GBbib
 HBbi Bb  QM2@/BK2MbBQMH ?2i2`Q;2M2Qmb /i bi`m+im`2X aQ Bi Bb BM/2t2/ HBF2 
p2+iQ` rBi?  bBM;H2 BMi2;2` pHm2- #mi 2+? 2H2K2Mi +M +QMiBM M 2H2K2Mi Q7
Mv ivT2X
9k *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

O +`2iBQM
HBbiU9k- ]>2HHQ]- h_l1V

OO ((R))
OO (R) 9k
OO
OO ((k))
OO (R) ]>2HHQ]
OO
OO ((j))
OO (R) h_l1

2tnHBbi 4 HBbiU
 4 +UR- k- j- 9V-
# 4 h_l1-
+ 4 ]>2HHQ5]-
/ 4 7mM+iBQMU`; 4 9kV &T`BMiU]>2HHQ qQ`H/5]V'-
2 4 /B;U8V
V

GBbib +M #2 bm#b2i mbBM; irQ bvMit2b- i?2 0 QT2`iQ`- M/ b[m`2 #`+F2ib ()X
h?2 0 QT2`iQ` `2im`Mb  MK2/ 2H2K2Mi Q7  HBbiX h?2 () bvMit `2im`Mb 
HBbi- r?BH2 i?2 (()) `2im`Mb M 2H2K2Mi Q7  HBbiX

Ç 2tnHBbi(R) `2im`Mb  HBbi +QMiBMBM; i?2 }`bi 2H2K2MiX

Ç 2tnHBbi((R)) `2im`Mb i?2 }`bi 2H2K2Mi Q7 i?2 HBbi- BM i?Bb +b2-  p2+iQ`X

O bm#b2iiBM;
2tnHBbi02

OO (-R) (-k) (-j) (-9) (-8)

OO (R-) R y y y y
OO (k-) y R y y y
OO (j-) y y R y y
OO (9-) y y y R y
OO (8-) y y y y R

2tnHBbi(R,k)

OO 0
OO (R) R k j 9
OO
OO 0#
OO (R) h_l1
jXkX .h ah_l*hl_1a 9j

2tnHBbi(R)

OO 0
OO (R) R k j 9

2tnHBbi((R))

OO (R) R k j 9

2tnHBbi(+U]2]- ]]V)

OO 02
OO (-R) (-k) (-j) (-9) (-8)
OO (R-) R y y y y
OO (k-) y R y y y
OO (j-) y y R y y
OO (9-) y y y R y
OO (8-) y y y y R
OO
OO 0
OO (R) R k j 9

2tnHBbi(]2])

OO 02
OO (-R) (-k) (-j) (-9) (-8)
OO (R-) R y y y y
OO (k-) y R y y y
OO (j-) y y R y y
OO (9-) y y y R y
OO (8-) y y y y R

2tnHBbi((]2]))

OO (-R) (-k) (-j) (-9) (-8)

OO (R-) R y y y y
OO (k-) y R y y y
OO (j-) y y R y y
OO (9-) y y y R y
OO (8-) y y y y R
99 *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

2tnHBbi0/

OO 7mM+iBQMU`; 4 9kV &T`BMiU]>2HHQ qQ`H/5]V'

2tnHBbi0/U`; 4 RV

OO (R) ]>2HHQ qQ`H/5]

jXkXd .i 6`K2b

q2 ?p2 T`2pBQmbHv b22M p2+iQ`b M/ Ki`B+2b 7Q` biQ`BM; /i b r2 BMi`Q/m+2/
_X q2 rBHH MQr BMi`Q/m+2  /i 7`K2 r?B+? rBHH #2 i?2 KQbi +QKKQM rv
i?i r2 biQ`2 M/ BMi2`+i rBi? /i BM i?Bb +Qm`b2X

2tKTH2n/i 4 /iX7`K2Ut 4 +UR- j- 8- d- N- R- j- 8- d- NV-

v 4 +U`2TU]>2HHQ]- NV- ]:QQ/#v2]V-
x 4 `2TU+Uh_l1- 6Ga1V- 8VV

lMHBF2  Ki`Bt- r?B+? +M #2 i?Qm;?i Q7 b  p2+iQ` `2``M;2/ BMiQ `Qrb M/
+QHmKMb-  /i 7`K2 Bb MQi `2[mB`2/ iQ ?p2 i?2 bK2 /i ivT2 7Q` 2+?
2H2K2MiX  /i 7`K2 Bb  HBbi Q7 p2+iQ`bX aQ- 2+? p2+iQ` Kmbi +QMiBM i?2
bK2 /i ivT2- #mi i?2 /Bz2`2Mi p2+iQ`b +M biQ`2 /Bz2`2Mi /i ivT2bX

2tKTH2n/i

OO t v x
OO R R >2HHQ h_l1
OO k j >2HHQ 6Ga1
OO j 8 >2HHQ h_l1
OO 9 d >2HHQ 6Ga1
OO 8 N >2HHQ h_l1
OO e R >2HHQ 6Ga1
OO d j >2HHQ h_l1
OO 3 8 >2HHQ 6Ga1
OO N d >2HHQ h_l1
OO Ry N :QQ/#v2 6Ga1

lMHBF2  HBbi r?B+? ?b KQ`2 ~2tB#BHBiv- i?2 2H2K2Mib Q7  /i 7`K2 Kmbi HH
#2 p2+iQ`b- M/ ?p2 i?2 bK2 H2M;i?X
jXkX .h ah_l*hl_1a 98

2tKTH2n/i0t

OO (R) R j 8 d N R j 8 d N

HHX2[mHUH2M;i?U2tKTH2n/i0tV-
H2M;i?U2tKTH2n/i0vV-
H2M;i?U2tKTH2n/i0xVV

OO (R) h_l1

bi`U2tKTH2n/iV

OO ^/iX7`K2^, Ry Q#bX Q7 j p`B#H2b,

OO 0 t, MmK R j 8 d N R j 8 d N
OO 0 v, +?` ]>2HHQ] ]>2HHQ] ]>2HHQ] ]>2HHQ] XXX
OO 0 x, HQ;B h_l1 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1 XXX

M`QrU2tKTH2n/iV

OO (R) Ry

M+QHU2tKTH2n/iV

OO (R) j

/BKU2tKTH2n/iV

OO (R) Ry j

h?2 /iX7`K2UV 7mM+iBQM #Qp2 Bb QM2 rv iQ +`2i2  /i 7`K2X q2 +M
HbQ BKTQ`i /i 7`QK p`BQmb }H2 ivT2b BMiQ _- b r2HH b mb2 /i biQ`2/ BM
T+F;2bX
h?2 2tKTH2 /i #Qp2 +M HbQ #2 7QmM/ ?2`2 b  X+bp }H2X hQ `2/ i?Bb
/i BMiQ _- r2 rQmH/ mb2 i?2 `2/n+bpUV 7mM+iBQM 7`QK i?2 `2/` T+F;2X
LQi2 i?i _ ?b  #mBHi@BM 7mM+iBQM `2/X+bpUV i?i QT2`i2b p2`v bBKBH`HvX
h?2 `2/` 7mM+iBQM `2/n+bpUV ?b  MmK#2` Q7 /pMi;2bX 6Q` 2tKTH2- Bi
Bb Km+? 7bi2` `2/BM; H`;2` /iX Ai HbQ mb2b i?2 iB##H2 T+F;2 iQ `2/ i?2
/i b  iB##H2X
9e *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

HB#``vU`2/`V
2tKTH2n/in7`QKn+bp 4 `2/n+bpU]/if2tKTH2@/iX+bp]V

h?Bb T`iB+mH` HBM2 Q7 +Q/2 bbmK2b i?i i?2 }H2 2tKTH2n/iX+bp 2tBbib BM 
7QH/2` +HH2/ /i BM vQm` +m``2Mi rQ`FBM; /B`2+iQ`vX

2tKTH2n/in7`QKn+bp

OO O  iB##H2, Ry t j
OO t v x
OO I/#H= I+?`= IH;H=
OO R R >2HHQ h_l1
OO k j >2HHQ 6Ga1
OO j 8 >2HHQ h_l1
OO 9 d >2HHQ 6Ga1
OO 8 N >2HHQ h_l1
OO e R >2HHQ 6Ga1
OO d j >2HHQ h_l1
OO 3 8 >2HHQ 6Ga1
OO N d >2HHQ h_l1
OO Ry N :QQ/#v2 6Ga1

 iB##H2 Bb bBKTHv  /i 7`K2 i?i T`BMib rBi? bMBivX LQiB+2 BM i?2 QmiTmi
#Qp2 i?i r2 `2 ;Bp2M //BiBQMH BM7Q`KiBQM bm+? b /BK2MbBQM M/ p`B#H2
ivT2X
h?2 bniB##H2UV 7mM+iBQM +M #2 mb2/ iQ +Q2`+2  `2;mH` /i 7`K2 iQ 
iB##H2X

HB#``vUiB##H2V
2tKTH2n/i 4 bniB##H2U2tKTH2n/iV
2tKTH2n/i

OO O  iB##H2, Ry t j
OO t v x
OO I/#H= I+?`= IH;H=
OO R R >2HHQ h_l1
OO k j >2HHQ 6Ga1
OO j 8 >2HHQ h_l1
OO 9 d >2HHQ 6Ga1
OO 8 N >2HHQ h_l1
OO e R >2HHQ 6Ga1
OO d j >2HHQ h_l1
OO 3 8 >2HHQ 6Ga1
jXkX .h ah_l*hl_1a 9d

OO N d >2HHQ h_l1
OO Ry N :QQ/#v2 6Ga1

Hi2`MiBp2Hv- r2 +QmH/ mb2 i?2 dzAKTQ`i .ib2iǴ 72im`2 BM _aim/BQ r?B+?

+M #2 7QmM/ BM i?2 2MpB`QMK2Mi rBM/QrX U"v /27mHi- i?2 iQT@`B;?i TM2 Q7
_aim/BQXV PM+2 +QKTH2i2/- i?Bb T`Q+2bb rBHH miQKiB+HHv ;2M2`i2 i?2 +Q/2 iQ
BKTQ`i  }H2X h?2 `2bmHiBM; +Q/2 rBHH #2 b?QrM BM i?2 +QMbQH2 rBM/QrX AM `2+2Mi
p2`bBQMb Q7 _aim/BQ- `2/n+bpUV Bb mb2/ #v /27mHi- i?mb `2/BM; BM  iB##H2X
1`HB2` r2 HQQF2/ i BMbiHHBM; T+F;2b- BM T`iB+mH` i?2 ;;THQik T+F;2X
U T+F;2 7Q` pBbmHBxiBQMX q?BH2 MQi M2+2bb`v 7Q` i?Bb +Qm`b2- Bi Bb [mB+FHv
;`QrBM; BM TQTmH`BivXV

HB#``vU;;THQikV

AMbB/2 i?2 ;;THQik T+F;2 Bb  /ib2i +HH2/ KT;X "v HQ/BM; i?2 T+F;2
mbBM; i?2 HB#``vUV 7mM+iBQM- r2 +M MQr ++2bb KT;X
q?2M mbBM; /i 7`QK BMbB/2  T+F;2- i?2`2 `2 i?`22 i?BM;b r2 rQmH/ ;2M2`@
HHv HBF2 iQ /Q,

Ç GQQF i i?2 `r /iX

Ç lM/2`biM/ i?2 /iX Uq?2`2 /B/ Bi +QK2 7`QK\ q?i `2 i?2 p`B#H2b\
1i+XV
Ç oBbmHBx2 i?2 /iX

hQ HQQF i i?2 /i- r2 ?p2 irQ mb27mH +QKKM/b, ?2/UV M/ bi`UVX

?2/UKT;- M 4 RyV

OO O  iB##H2, Ry t RR
OO KMm7+im`2` KQ/2H /BbTH v2` +vH i`Mb /`p +iv ?rv 7H +Hbb
OO I+?`= I+?`= I/#H= IBMi= IBMi= I+?`= I+?`= IBMi= IBMi= I+?`= I+?`=
OO R m/B 9 RX3 RNNN 9 miQ 7 R3 kN T +QKT
OO k m/B 9 RX3 RNNN 9 KMm 7 kR kN T +QKT
OO j m/B 9 k kyy3 9 KMm 7 ky jR T +QKT
OO 9 m/B 9 k kyy3 9 miQ 7 kR jy T +QKT
OO 8 m/B 9 kX3 RNNN e miQ 7 Re ke T +QKT
OO e m/B 9 kX3 RNNN e KMm 7 R3 ke T +QKT
OO d m/B 9 jXR kyy3 e miQ 7 R3 kd T +QKT
OO 3 m/B 9 [mii`Q RX3 RNNN 9 KMm 9 R3 ke T +QKT
OO N m/B 9 [mii`Q RX3 RNNN 9 miQ 9 Re k8 T +QKT
OO Ry m/B 9 [mii`Q k kyy3 9 KMm 9 ky k3 T +QKT
93 *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

h?2 7mM+iBQM ?2/UV rBHH /BbTHv i?2 }`bi M Q#b2`piBQMb Q7 i?2 /i 7`K2X h?2
?2/UV 7mM+iBQM rb KQ`2 mb27mH #27Q`2 iB##H2bX LQiB+2 i?i KT; Bb  iB##H2
H`2/v- bQ i?2 QmiTmi 7`QK ?2/UV BM/B+i2b i?2`2 `2 QMHv Ry Q#b2`piBQMbX
LQi2 i?i i?Bb TTHB2b iQ ?2/UKT;- M 4 RyV M/ MQi KT; Bib2H7X HbQ MQi2 i?i
iB##H2b T`BMi  HBKBi2/ MmK#2` Q7 `Qrb M/ +QHmKMb #v /27mHiX h?2 Hbi HBM2 Q7
i?2 T`BMi2/ QmiTmi BM/B+i2b r?B+? `Qrb M/ +QHmKMb r2`2 QKBii2/X

KT;

OO O  iB##H2, kj9 t RR
OO KMm7+im`2` KQ/2H /BbTH v2` +vH i`Mb /`p +iv ?rv 7H +Hbb
OO I+?`= I+?`= I/#H= IBMi= IBMi= I+?`= I+?`= IBMi= IBMi= I+?`= I+?`=
OO R m/B 9 RX3 RNNN 9 miQ 7 R3 kN T +QKT
OO k m/B 9 RX3 RNNN 9 KMm 7 kR kN T +QKT
OO j m/B 9 k kyy3 9 KMm 7 ky jR T +QKT
OO 9 m/B 9 k kyy3 9 miQ 7 kR jy T +QKT
OO 8 m/B 9 kX3 RNNN e miQ 7 Re ke T +QKT
OO e m/B 9 kX3 RNNN e KMm 7 R3 ke T +QKT
OO d m/B 9 jXR kyy3 e miQ 7 R3 kd T +QKT
OO 3 m/B 9 [mii`Q RX3 RNNN 9 KMm 9 R3 ke T +QKT
OO N m/B 9 [mii`Q RX3 RNNN 9 miQ 9 Re k8 T +QKT
OO Ry m/B 9 [mii`Q k kyy3 9 KMm 9 ky k3 T +QKT
OO O XXX rBi? kk9 KQ`2 `Qrb

h?2 7mM+iBQM bi`UV rBHH /BbTHv i?2 dzbi`m+im`2Ǵ Q7 i?2 /i 7`K2X Ai rBHH /BbTHv
i?2 MmK#2` Q7 Q#b2`piBQMb M/ p`B#H2b- HBbi i?2 p`B#H2b- ;Bp2 i?2 ivT2 Q7
2+? p`B#H2- M/ b?Qr bQK2 2H2K2Mib Q7 2+? p`B#H2X h?Bb BM7Q`KiBQM +M
HbQ #2 7QmM/ BM i?2 dz1MpB`QMK2MiǴ rBM/Qr BM _aim/BQX

bi`UKT;V

OO iB##H2 (kj9 t RR) Uaj, i#Hn/7fi#Hf/iX7`K2V

OO 0 KMm7+im`2`, +?` (R,kj9) ]m/B] ]m/B] ]m/B] ]m/B] XXX
OO 0 KQ/2H , +?` (R,kj9) ]9] ]9] ]9] ]9] XXX
OO 0 /BbTH , MmK (R,kj9) RX3 RX3 k k kX3 kX3 jXR RX3 RX3 k XXX
OO 0 v2` , BMi (R,kj9) RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 XXX
OO 0 +vH , BMi (R,kj9) 9 9 9 9 e e e 9 9 9 XXX
OO 0 i`Mb , +?` (R,kj9) ]miQUH8V] ]KMmHUK8V] ]KMmHUKeV] ]miQUpV] XXX
OO 0 /`p , +?` (R,kj9) ]7] ]7] ]7] ]7] XXX
OO 0 +iv , BMi (R,kj9) R3 kR ky kR Re R3 R3 R3 Re ky XXX
OO 0 ?rv , BMi (R,kj9) kN kN jR jy ke ke kd ke k8 k3 XXX
OO 0 7H , +?` (R,kj9) ]T] ]T] ]T] ]T] XXX
OO 0 +Hbb , +?` (R,kj9) ]+QKT+i] ]+QKT+i] ]+QKT+i] ]+QKT+i] XXX
jXkX .h ah_l*hl_1a 9N

Ai Bb BKTQ`iMi iQ MQi2 i?i r?BH2 Ki`B+2b ?p2 `Qrb M/ +QHmKMb- /i 7`K2b
UiB##H2bV BMbi2/ ?p2 Q#b2`piBQMb M/ p`B#H2bX q?2M /BbTHv2/ BM i?2 +QMbQH2
Q` pB2r2`- 2+? `Qr Bb M Q#b2`piBQM M/ 2+? +QHmKM Bb  p`B#H2X >Qr2p2`
;2M2`HHv bT2FBM;- i?2B` Q`/2` /Q2b MQi Kii2`- Bi Bb bBKTHv  bB/2@2z2+i Q7 ?Qr
i?2 /i rb 2Mi2`2/ Q` biQ`2/X
AM i?Bb /ib2i M Q#b2`piBQM Bb 7Q`  T`iB+mH` KQ/2H@v2` Q7  +`- M/ i?2
p`B#H2b /2b+`B#2 ii`B#mi2b Q7 i?2 +`- 7Q` 2tKTH2 Bib ?B;?rv 7m2H 2{+B2M+vX
hQ mM/2`biM/ KQ`2 #Qmi i?2 /i b2i- r2 mb2 i?2 \ QT2`iQ` iQ TmHH mT i?2
/Q+mK2MiiBQM 7Q` i?2 /iX

\KT;

_ ?b  MmK#2` Q7 7mM+iBQMb 7Q` [mB+FHv rQ`FBM; rBi? M/ 2ti`+iBM; #bB+ BM@
7Q`KiBQM 7`QK /i 7`K2bX hQ [mB+FHv Q#iBM  p2+iQ` Q7 i?2 p`B#H2 MK2b-
r2 mb2 i?2 MK2bUV 7mM+iBQMX

MK2bUKT;V

OO (R) ]KMm7+im`2`] ]KQ/2H] ]/BbTH] ]v2`] ]+vH]

OO (e) ]i`Mb] ]/`p] ]+iv] ]?rv] ]7H]
OO (RR) ]+Hbb]

hQ ++2bb QM2 Q7 i?2 p`B#H2b b  p2+iQ`- r2 mb2 i?2 0 QT2`iQ`X

KT;0v2`

OO (R) RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3
OO (Re) RNNN kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 RNNN kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 kyy3
OO (jR) RNNN RNNN RNNN kyy3 RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 RNNN
OO (9e) RNNN kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3
OO (eR) kyy3 RNNN kyy3 RNNN kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 RNNN RNNN
OO (de) RNNN kyy3 RNNN RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN RNNN RNNN RNNN kyy3 RNNN kyy3
OO (NR) RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN RNNN RNNN RNNN kyy3
OO (Rye) kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 kyy3
OO (RkR) kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN
OO (Rje) RNNN kyy3 RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3
OO (R8R) RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 kyy3
OO (Ree) RNNN RNNN RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN
OO (R3R) RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 RNNN RNNN
OO (RNe) RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3
OO (kRR) kyy3 RNNN RNNN RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN RNNN RNNN RNNN RNNN
OO (kke) kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3 kyy3 RNNN RNNN kyy3
8y *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

KT;0?rv

OO (R) kN kN jR jy ke ke kd ke k8 k3 kd k8 k8 k8 k8 k9 k8 kj ky R8 ky Rd Rd ke kj
OO (ke) ke k8 k9 RN R9 R8 Rd kd jy ke kN ke k9 k9 kk kk k9 k9 Rd kk kR kj kj RN R3
OO (8R) Rd Rd RN RN Rk Rd R8 Rd Rd Rk Rd Re R3 R8 Re Rk Rd Rd Re Rk R8 Re Rd R8 Rd
OO (de) Rd R3 Rd RN Rd RN RN Rd Rd Rd Re Re Rd R8 Rd ke k8 ke k9 kR kk kj kk ky jj
OO (RyR) jk jk kN jk j9 je je kN ke kd jy jR ke ke k3 ke kN k3 kd k9 k9 k9 kk RN ky
OO (Rke) Rd Rk RN R3 R9 R8 R3 R3 R8 Rd Re R3 Rd RN RN Rd kN kd jR jk kd ke ke k8 k8
OO (R8R) Rd Rd ky R3 ke ke kd k3 k8 k8 k9 kd k8 ke kj ke ke ke ke k8 kd k8 kd ky ky
OO (Rde) RN Rd ky Rd kN kd jR jR ke ke k3 kd kN jR jR ke ke kd jy jj j8 jd j8 R8 R3
OO (kyR) ky ky kk Rd RN R3 ky kN ke kN kN k9 99 kN ke kN kN kN kN kj k9 99 9R kN ke
OO (kke) k3 kN kN kN k3 kN ke ke ke

q2 +M mb2 i?2 /BKUV- M`QrUV M/ M+QHUV 7mM+iBQMb iQ Q#iBM BM7Q`KiBQM
#Qmi i?2 /BK2MbBQM Q7 i?2 /i 7`K2X

/BKUKT;V

OO (R) kj9 RR

M`QrUKT;V

OO (R) kj9

M+QHUKT;V

OO (R) RR

>2`2 M`QrUV Bb HbQ i?2 MmK#2` Q7 Q#b2`piBQMb- r?B+? BM KQbi +b2b Bb i?2
bKTH2 bBx2X
am#b2iiBM; /i 7`K2b +M rQ`F Km+? HBF2 bm#b2iiBM; Ki`B+2b mbBM; b[m`2
#`+F2ib- (-)X >2`2- r2 }M/ 7m2H 2{+B2Mi p2?B+H2b 2`MBM; Qp2` j8 KBH2b T2`
;HHQM M/ QMHv /BbTHv KMm7+im`2`- KQ/2H M/ v2`X

KT;(KT;0?rv = j8- +U]KMm7+im`2`]- ]KQ/2H]- ]v2`]V)

OO O  iB##H2, e t j
OO KMm7+im`2` KQ/2H v2`
OO I+?`= I+?`= IBMi=
OO R ?QM/ +BpB+ kyy3
OO k ?QM/ +BpB+ kyy3
jXjX S_P:_JJAL: "aA*a 8R

OO j iQvQi +Q`QHH kyy3

OO 9 pQHFbr;2M D2ii RNNN
OO 8 pQHFbr;2M M2r #22iH2 RNNN
OO e pQHFbr;2M M2r #22iH2 RNNN

M Hi2`MiBp2 rQmH/ #2 iQ mb2 i?2 bm#b2iUV 7mM+iBQM- r?B+? ?b  Km+? KQ`2
`2/#H2 bvMitX

bm#b2iUKT;- bm#b2i 4 ?rv = j8- b2H2+i 4 +U]KMm7+im`2`]- ]KQ/2H]- ]v2`]VV

GbiHv- r2 +QmH/ mb2 i?2 7BHi2` M/ b2H2+i 7mM+iBQMb 7`QK i?2 /THv` T+F;2
r?B+? BMi`Q/m+2b i?2 W=W QT2`iQ` 7`QK i?2 K;`Bii` T+F;2X h?Bb Bb MQi
M2+2bb`v 7Q` i?Bb +Qm`b2- ?Qr2p2` i?2 /THv` T+F;2 Bb bQK2i?BM; vQm b?QmH/
#2 r`2 Q7 b Bi Bb #2+QKBM;  TQTmH` iQQH BM i?2 _ rQ`H/X

HB#``vU/THv`V
KT; W=W 7BHi2`U?rv = j8V W=W b2H2+iUKMm7+im`2`- KQ/2H- v2`V

HH i?`22 TT`Q+?2b T`Q/m+2 i?2 bK2 `2bmHibX q?B+? vQm mb2 rBHH #2 H`;2Hv
#b2/ QM  ;Bp2M bBimiBQM b r2HH b mb2` T`272`2M+2X
q?2M bm#b2iiBM;  /i 7`K2- #2 r`2 Q7 r?i Bb #2BM; `2im`M2/- b bQK2iBK2b
Bi Kv #2  p2+iQ` BMbi2/ Q7  /i 7`K2X HbQ MQi2 i?i i?2`2 `2 /Bz2`2M+2b
#2ir22M bm#b2iiBM;  /i 7`K2 M/  iB##H2X  /i 7`K2 QT2`i2b KQ`2 HBF2
 Ki`Bt r?2`2 Bi Bb TQbbB#H2 iQ `2/m+2 i?2 bm#b2i iQ  p2+iQ`X  iB##H2 QT2`i2b
KQ`2 HBF2  HBbi r?2`2 Bi Hrvb bm#b2ib iQ MQi?2` iB##H2X

jXj S`Q;`KKBM; "bB+b

jXjXR *QMi`QH 6HQr

AM _- i?2 B7f2Hb2 bvMit Bb,

B7 UXXXV &
bQK2 _ +Q/2
' 2Hb2 &
KQ`2 _ +Q/2
'

6Q` 2tKTH2-
8k *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

t 4 R
v 4 j
B7 Ut = vV &
x 4 t v
T`BMiU]t Bb H`;2` i?M v]V
' 2Hb2 &
x 4 t Y 8 v
T`BMiU]t Bb H2bb i?M Q` 2[mH iQ v]V
'

OO (R) ]t Bb H2bb i?M Q` 2[mH iQ v]

OO (R) Re

_ HbQ ?b  bT2+BH 7mM+iBQM B72Hb2UV r?B+? Bb p2`v mb27mHX Ai `2im`Mb QM2 Q7
irQ bT2+B}2/ pHm2b #b2/ QM  +QM/BiBQMH bii2K2MiX

B72Hb2U9 = j- R- yV

OO (R) R

h?2 `2H TQr2` Q7 B72Hb2UV +QK2b 7`QK Bib #BHBiv iQ #2 TTHB2/ iQ p2+iQ`bX

7B# 4 +UR- R- k- j- 8- 3- Rj- kRV

B72Hb2U7B# = e- ]6QQ]- ]"`]V

OO (R) ]"`] ]"`] ]"`] ]"`] ]"`] ]6QQ] ]6QQ] ]6QQ]

LQr  7Q` HQQT 2tKTH2-

t 4 RR,R8
7Q` UB BM R,8V &
t(B) 4 t(B) k
'

OO (R) kk k9 ke k3 jy

LQi2 i?i i?Bb 7Q` HQQT Bb p2`v MQ`KH BM KMv T`Q;`KKBM; HM;m;2b- #mi
MQi BM _X AM _ r2 rQmH/ MQi mb2  HQQT- BMbi2/ r2 rQmH/ bBKTHv mb2  p2+iQ`Bx2/
QT2`iBQMX
jXjX S_P:_JJAL: "aA*a 8j

t 4 RR,R8
t 4 t k
t

OO (R) kk k9 ke k3 jy

jXjXk 6mM+iBQMb

aQ 7` r2 ?p2 #22M mbBM; 7mM+iBQMb- #mi ?p2MǶi +imHHv /Bb+mbb2/ bQK2 Q7 i?2B`
/2iBHbX

7mM+iBQMnMK2U`;R 4 Ry- `;k 4 kyV

hQ mb2  7mM+iBQM- vQm bBKTHv ivT2 Bib MK2- 7QHHQr2/ #v M QT2M T`2Mi?2bBb-
i?2M bT2+B7v pHm2b Q7 Bib `;mK2Mib- i?2M }MBb? rBi?  +HQbBM; T`2Mi?2bBbX
M `;mK2Mi Bb  p`B#H2 r?B+? Bb mb2/ BM i?2 #Q/v Q7 i?2 7mM+iBQMX aT2+B7vBM;
i?2 pHm2b Q7 i?2 `;mK2Mib Bb 2bb2MiBHHv T`QpB/BM; i?2 BMTmib iQ i?2 7mM+iBQMX
q2 +M HbQ r`Bi2 Qm` QrM 7mM+iBQMb BM _X 6Q` 2tKTH2- r2 Q7i2M HBF2 iQ dzbiM@
/`/Bx2Ǵ p`B#H2b- i?i Bb- bm#i`+iBM; i?2 bKTH2 K2M- M/ /BpB/BM; #v i?2
bKTH2 biM/`/ /2pBiBQMX

ԧ ਷ ԧ‫۽‬
Ԣ

AM _ r2 rQmH/ r`Bi2  7mM+iBQM iQ /Q i?BbX q?2M r`BiBM;  7mM+iBQM- i?2`2 `2

i?`22 i?BM;b vQm Kmbi /QX

Ç :Bp2 i?2 7mM+iBQM  MK2X S`272`#Hv bQK2i?BM; i?i Bb b?Q`i- #mi /2@
b+`BTiBp2X
Ç aT2+B7v i?2 `;mK2Mib mbBM; 7mM+iBQMUVX
Ç q`Bi2 i?2 #Q/v Q7 i?2 7mM+iBQM rBi?BM +m`Hv #`+2b- &'X

biM/`/Bx2 4 7mM+iBQMUtV &

K 4 K2MUtV
bi/ 4 b/UtV
`2bmHi 4 Ut @ KV f bi/
`2bmHi
'

>2`2 i?2 MK2 Q7 i?2 7mM+iBQM Bb biM/`/Bx2- M/ i?2 7mM+iBQM ?b  bBM;H2
`;mK2Mi t r?B+? Bb mb2/ BM i?2 #Q/v Q7 7mM+iBQMX LQi2 i?i i?2 QmiTmi Q7
89 *>Sh1_ jX .h L. S_P:_JJAL:

i?2 }MH HBM2 Q7 i?2 #Q/v Bb r?i Bb `2im`M2/ #v i?2 7mM+iBQMX AM i?Bb +b2 i?2
7mM+iBQM `2im`Mb i?2 p2+iQ` biQ`2/ BM i?2 p`B#H2 `2bmHiX
hQ i2bi Qm` 7mM+iBQM- r2 rBHH iF2  `M/QK bKTH2 Q7 bBx2 M 4 Ry 7`QK  MQ`KH
/Bbi`B#miBQM rBi?  K2M Q7 k M/  biM/`/ /2pBiBQM Q7 8X

Ui2binbKTH2 4 `MQ`KUM 4 Ry- K2M 4 k- b/ 4 8VV

OO (R) @yXyykeRN3N8 NXNkdyRkdR3 @9Xy99R38dN8 9Xyy98j333k eXy33jk3dk8

OO (e) RXekej3NRkk @RXyjN98NN8N @kXee9d3eedN yXdNReNjdNN @eXjdy99jyNN

biM/`/Bx2Ut 4 i2binbKTH2V

OO (R) @yXRdR9j33ke RX3eNye8k83 @RXyyRNeekyj yXe8kyR3yyN RXy3ykkNj3N

OO (e) yXRejjRedRe @yXj398y8deR @yXdR38y9ey8 @yXyy3kRyRNe @RX93yyyjd3k

h?Bb 7mM+iBQM +QmH/ #2 r`Bii2M Km+? KQ`2 bm++BM+iHv- bBKTHv T2`7Q`KBM; HH i?2
QT2`iBQMb QM QM2 HBM2 M/ BKK2/Bi2Hv `2im`MBM; i?2 `2bmHi- rBi?Qmi biQ`BM;
Mv Q7 i?2 BMi2`K2/Bi2 `2bmHibX

biM/`/Bx2 4 7mM+iBQMUtV &

Ut @ K2MUtVV f b/UtV
'

q?2M bT2+B7vBM; `;mK2Mib- vQm +M T`QpB/2 /27mHi `;mK2MibX

TQr2`nQ7nMmK 4 7mM+iBQMUMmK- TQr2` 4 kV &

MmK  TQr2`
'

G2iǶb HQQF i  MmK#2` Q7 rvb i?i r2 +QmH/ `mM i?Bb 7mM+iBQM iQ T2`7Q`K i?2
QT2`iBQM Ryk `2bmHiBM; BM RyyX

TQr2`nQ7nMmKURyV

OO (R) Ryy

TQr2`nQ7nMmKURy- kV

OO (R) Ryy
jXjX S_P:_JJAL: "aA*a 88

TQr2`nQ7nMmKUMmK 4 Ry- TQr2` 4 kV

OO (R) Ryy

TQr2`nQ7nMmKUTQr2` 4 k- MmK 4 RyV

OO (R) Ryy

LQi2 i?i rBi?Qmi mbBM; i?2 `;mK2Mi MK2b- i?2 Q`/2` Kii2`bX h?2 7QHHQrBM;
+Q/2 rBHH MQi 2pHmi2 iQ i?2 bK2 QmiTmi b i?2 T`2pBQmb 2tKTH2X

TQr2`nQ7nMmKUk- RyV

OO (R) Ryk9

HbQ- i?2 7QHHQrBM; HBM2 Q7 +Q/2 rQmH/ T`Q/m+2 M 2``Q` bBM+2 `;mK2Mib rBi?Qmi
 /27mHi pHm2 Kmbi #2 bT2+B}2/X

TQr2`nQ7nMmKUTQr2` 4 8V

hQ 7m`i?2` BHHmbi`i2  7mM+iBQM rBi?  /27mHi `;mK2Mi- r2 rBHH r`Bi2  7mM+iBQM

i?i +H+mHi2b bKTH2 p`BM+2 irQ rvbX
"v /27mHi- Bi rBHH +H+mHi2 i?2 mM#Bb2/ 2biBKi2 Q7 ᅼϵ - r?B+? r2 rBHH +HH Ԣϵ X

։

Ԣϵ  ం ԧ ਷ ԧ
‫ ۽‬ϵ
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Ai rBHH HbQ ?p2 i?2 #BHBiv iQ `2im`M i?2 #Bb2/ 2biBKi2 U#b2/ QM KtBKmK
HBF2HB?QQ/V r?B+? r2 rBHH +HH ᅼࣞ ϵ X

 ։
ᅼࣞ ϵ  ం ԧ ਷ ԧ
‫ ۽‬ϵ
ԝ քφ

;2inp` 4 7mM+iBQMUt- #Bb2/ 4 6Ga1V &

M 4 H2M;i?UtV @ R 5#Bb2/
UR f MV bmKUUt @ K2MUtVV  kV
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;2inp`Ui2binbKTH2V

OO (R) kjXe3y8j

;2inp`Ui2binbKTH2- #Bb2/ 4 6Ga1V

OO (R) kjXe3y8j

p`Ui2binbKTH2V

OO (R) kjXe3y8j

q2 b22 i?2 7mM+iBQM Bb rQ`FBM; b 2tT2+i2/- M/ r?2M `2im`MBM; i?2 mM#Bb2/
2biBKi2 Bi Ki+?2b _Ƕb #mBHi@BM 7mM+iBQM p`UVX 6BMHHv- H2iǶb 2tKBM2 i?2 #Bb2/
2biBKi2 Q7 ᅼϵ X

;2inp`Ui2binbKTH2- #Bb2/ 4 h_l1V

OO (R) kRXjRk93
*?Ti2` 9

amKK`BxBM; .i

9XR amKK`v aiiBbiB+b

_ ?b #mBHi@BM 7mM+iBQMb 7Q`  H`;2 MmK#2` Q7 bmKK`v biiBbiB+bX 6Q` MmK2`B+
p`B#H2b- r2 +M bmKK`Bx2 /i rBi? i?2 +2Mi2` M/ bT`2/X q2ǶHH ;BM HQQF
i i?2 KT; /ib2i 7`QK i?2 ;;THQik T+F;2X

HB#``vU;;THQikV

*2Mi`H h2M/2M+v

J2bm`2 _ _2bmHi
J2M K2MUKT;0+ivV ReX383Nd99
J2/BM K2/BMUKT;0+ivV Rd

aT`2/

J2bm`2 _ _2bmHi
o`BM+2 p`UKT;0+ivV R3XRRjydje
aiM/`/ .2pBiBQM b/UKT;0+ivV 9Xk88N98d
AZ_ AZ_UKT;0+ivV 8
JBMBKmK KBMUKT;0+ivV N
JtBKmK KtUKT;0+ivV j8
_M;2 `M;2UKT;0+ivV N- j8

8d
83 *>Sh1_ 9X alJJ_AwAL: .h

*i2;Q`B+H

6Q` +i2;Q`B+H p`B#H2b- +QmMib M/ T2`+2Mi;2b +M #2 mb2/ 7Q` bmKK`vX

i#H2UKT;0/`pV

OO
OO 9 7 `
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i#H2UKT;0/`pV f M`QrUKT;V

OO
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9Xk SHQiiBM;

LQr i?i r2 ?p2 bQK2 /i iQ rQ`F rBi?- M/ r2 ?p2 H2`M2/ #Qmi i?2
/i i i?2 KQbi #bB+ H2p2H- Qm` M2ti ibF Bb iQ pBbmHBx2 i?2 /iX P7i2M- 
T`QT2` pBbmHBxiBQM +M BHHmKBMi2 72im`2b Q7 i?2 /i i?i +M BM7Q`K 7m`i?2`
MHvbBbX

q2 rBHH HQQF i 7Qm` K2i?Q/b Q7 pBbmHBxBM; /i i?i r2 rBHH mb2 i?`Qm;?Qmi
i?2 +Qm`b2,

Ç >BbiQ;`Kb
Ç "`THQib
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9XkXR >BbiQ;`Kb

q?2M pBbmHBxBM;  bBM;H2 MmK2`B+H p`B#H2-  ?BbiQ;`K rBHH #2 Qm` ;Q@iQ

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?BbiUKT;0+ivV
9XkX SGPhhAL: 8N

Histogram of mpg$cty
80
60
Frequency

40
20
0

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

mpg$cty

h?2 ?BbiQ;`K 7mM+iBQM ?b  MmK#2` Q7 T`K2i2`b r?B+? +M #2 +?M;2/ iQ

KF2 Qm` THQi HQQF Km+? MB+2`X lb2 i?2 \ QT2`iQ` iQ `2/ i?2 /Q+mK2MiiBQM
7Q` i?2 ?BbiUV iQ b22  7mHH HBbi Q7 i?2b2 T`K2i2`bX

?BbiUKT;0+iv-
tH# 4 ]JBH2b S2` :HHQM U*BivV]-
KBM 4 ]>BbiQ;`K Q7 JS: U*BivV]-
#`2Fb 4 Rk-
+QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
#Q`/2` 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]V
ey *>Sh1_ 9X alJJ_AwAL: .h

Histogram of MPG (City)

40
30
Frequency

20
10
0

10 15 20 25 30 35

Miles Per Gallon (City)

AKTQ`iMiHv- vQm b?QmH/ Hrvb #2 bm`2 iQ H#2H vQm` t2b M/ ;Bp2 i?2 THQi 
iBiH2X h?2 `;mK2Mi #`2Fb Bb bT2+B}+ iQ ?BbiUVX 1Mi2`BM; M BMi2;2` rBHH ;Bp2
 bm;;2biBQM iQ _ 7Q` ?Qr KMv #`b iQ mb2 7Q` i?2 ?BbiQ;`KX "v /27mHi _ rBHH
ii2KTi iQ BMi2HHB;2MiHv ;m2bb  ;QQ/ MmK#2` Q7 #`2Fb- #mi b r2 +M b22 ?2`2-
Bi Bb bQK2iBK2b mb27mH iQ KQ/B7v i?Bb vQm`b2H7X

9XkXk "`THQib

aQK2r?i bBKBH` iQ  ?BbiQ;`K-  #`THQi +M T`QpB/2  pBbmH bmKK`v Q7 

+i2;Q`B+H p`B#H2- Q`  MmK2`B+ p`B#H2 rBi?  }MBi2 MmK#2` Q7 pHm2b- HBF2 
`MFBM; 7`QK R iQ RyX

#`THQiUi#H2UKT;0/`pVV
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100
80
60
40
20
0

4 f r

#`THQiUi#H2UKT;0/`pV-
tH# 4 ].`Bp2i`BM U7 4 6q.- ` 4 _q.- 9 4 9q.V]-
vH# 4 ]6`2[m2M+v]-
KBM 4 ].`Bp2i`BMb]-
+QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
#Q`/2` 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]V
ek *>Sh1_ 9X alJJ_AwAL: .h

Drivetrains

100
80
Frequency

60
40
20
0

4 f r

Drivetrain (f = FWD, r = RWD, 4 = 4WD)

9XkXj "QtTHQib

hQ pBbmHBx2 i?2 `2HiBQMb?BT #2ir22M  MmK2`B+H M/ +i2;Q`B+H p`B#H2- r2

rBHH mb2  #QtTHQiX AM i?2 KT; /ib2i- i?2 /`p p`B#H2 iF2b  bKHH- }MBi2
MmK#2` Q7 pHm2bX  +` +M QMHv #2 7`QMi r?22H /`Bp2- 9 r?22H /`Bp2- Q` `2`
r?22H /`Bp2X

mMB[m2UKT;0/`pV

OO (R) ]7] ]9] ]`]

6B`bi MQi2 i?i r2 +M mb2  bBM;H2 #QtTHQi b M Hi2`MiBp2 iQ  ?BbiQ;`K 7Q`
pBbmHBxBM;  bBM;H2 MmK2`B+H p`B#H2X hQ /Q bQ BM _- r2 mb2 i?2 #QtTHQiUV
7mM+iBQMX

#QtTHQiUKT;0?rvV
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45
40
35
30
25
20
15

>Qr2p2`- KQ`2 Q7i2M r2 rBHH mb2 #QtTHQib iQ +QKT`2  MmK2`B+H p`B#H2 7Q`
/Bz2`2Mi pHm2b Q7  +i2;Q`B+H p`B#H2X

#QtTHQiU?rv  /`p- /i 4 KT;V

45
40
35
30
hwy

25
20
15

4 f r

drv
e9 *>Sh1_ 9X alJJ_AwAL: .h

>2`2 r2 mb2/ i?2 #QtTHQiUV +QKKM/ iQ +`2i2 bB/2@#v@bB/2 #QtTHQibX >Qr2p2`-

bBM+2 r2 `2 MQr /2HBM; rBi? irQ p`B#H2b- i?2 bvMit ?b +?M;2/X h?2 _
bvMit ?rv  /`p- /i 4 KT; `2/b dzSHQi i?2 ?rv p`B#H2 ;BMbi i?2 /`p
p`B#H2 mbBM; i?2 /ib2i KT;XǴ q2 b22 i?2 mb2 Q7   Ur?B+? bT2+B}2b  7Q`KmHV
M/ HbQ  /i 4 `;mK2MiX h?Bb rBHH #2  bvMit i?i Bb +QKKQM iQ KMv
7mM+iBQMb r2 rBHH mb2 BM i?Bb +Qm`b2X

#QtTHQiU?rv  /`p- /i 4 KT;-

tH# 4 ].`Bp2i`BM U7 4 6q.- ` 4 _q.- 9 4 9q.V]-
vH# 4 ]JBH2b S2` :HHQM U>B;?rvV]-
KBM 4 ]JS: U>B;?rvV pb .`Bp2i`BM]-
T+? 4 ky-
+2t 4 k-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]-
#Q`/2` 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]V

MPG (Highway) vs Drivetrain

45
40
Miles Per Gallon (Highway)

35
30
25
20
15

4 f r

Drivetrain (f = FWD, r = RWD, 4 = 4WD)

;BM- #QtTHQiUV ?b  MmK#2` Q7 //BiBQMH `;mK2Mib r?B+? ?p2 i?2 #BHBiv
iQ KF2 Qm` THQi KQ`2 pBbmHHv TT2HBM;X

9XkX9 a+ii2`THQib

GbiHv- iQ pBbmHBx2 i?2 `2HiBQMb?BT #2ir22M irQ MmK2`B+ p`B#H2b r2 rBHH mb2 
b+ii2`THQiX h?Bb +M #2 /QM2 rBi? i?2 THQiUV 7mM+iBQM M/ i?2  bvMit r2
9XkX SGPhhAL: e8

Dmbi mb2/ rBi?  #QtTHQiX Uh?2 7mM+iBQM THQiUV +M HbQ #2 mb2/ KQ`2 ;2M2`HHvc
b22 i?2 /Q+mK2MiiBQM 7Q` /2iBHbXV

THQiU?rv  /BbTH- /i 4 KT;V

45
40
35
30
hwy

25
20
15

2 3 4 5 6 7

displ

THQiU?rv  /BbTH- /i 4 KT;-

tH# 4 ]1M;BM2 .BbTH+2K2Mi UBM GBi2`bV]-
vH# 4 ]JBH2b S2` :HHQM U>B;?rvV]-
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T+? 4 ky-
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ee *>Sh1_ 9X alJJ_AwAL: .h

MPG (Highway) vs Engine Displacement

45
40
Miles Per Gallon (Highway)

35
30
25
20
15

2 3 4 5 6 7

Engine Displacement (in Liters)

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T`Q##BHBbiB+ bii2K2Mib #b2/ QM i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQMX
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Ç h?2 /2MbBiv UT/7V i  T`iB+mH` pHm2X

Ç h?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM U+/7V i  T`iB+mH` pHm2X
Ç h?2 [mMiBH2 pHm2 +Q``2bTQM/BM; iQ  T`iB+mH` T`Q##BHBivX
Ç  `M/QK /`r Q7 pHm2b 7`QK  T`iB+mH` /Bbi`B#miBQMX

h?Bb mb2/ iQ #2 /QM2 rBi? biiBbiB+H i#H2b T`BMi2/ BM i?2 #+F Q7 i2ti#QQFbX
LQr- _ ?b 7mM+iBQMb 7Q` Q#iBMBM; /2MbBiv- /Bbi`B#miBQM- [mMiBH2 M/ `M/QK
pHm2bX
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Ç /MK2 +H+mHi2b /2MbBiv UT/7V i BMTmi tX

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LQi2 i?i MK2 `2T`2b2Mib i?2 MK2 Q7 i?2 ;Bp2M /Bbi`B#miBQMX

ed
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X ULQi2-
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hQ +H+mHi2 i?2 pHm2 Q7 i?2 T/7 i t 4 j- i?i Bb- i?2 ?2B;?i Q7 i?2 +m`p2 i t
4 j- mb2,

/MQ`KUt 4 j- K2M 4 k- b/ 4 8V

OO (R) yXyd3ky389

hQ +H+mHi2 i?2 pHm2 Q7 i?2 +/7 i t 4 j- i?i Bb- ԅ ԍ ମ 

- i?2 T`Q##BHBiv
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OO (R) RRXdNN3k

GbiHv- iQ ;2M2`i2  `M/QK bKTH2 Q7 bBx2 M 4 Ry- mb2,

`MQ`KUM 4 Ry- K2M 4 k- b/ 4 8V

OO (R) @jXj8jN3j9 @RX3RRe8Re dX9eR9jd9 @yXd9383j8 @yXek8e8k3 RyXy38djR9

OO (d) ReXk38dyk9 @yX3NyjjNe R9XjeNkede jXy3Nj833

h?2b2 7mM+iBQMb 2tBbi 7Q` KMv Qi?2` /Bbi`B#miBQMb- BM+Hm/BM; #mi MQi HBKBi2/ iQ,

*QKKM/ .Bbi`B#miBQM
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q?2`2 +M #2 /- T- [- M/ `X 1+? /Bbi`B#miBQM rBHH ?p2 Bib QrM b2i Q7
T`K2i2`b r?B+? M22/ iQ #2 Tbb2/ iQ i?2 7mM+iBQMb b `;mK2MibX 6Q` 2t@
KTH2- /#BMQKUV rQmH/ MQi ?p2 `;mK2Mib 7Q` K2M M/ b/- bBM+2 i?Qb2 `2
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MQi T`K2i2`b Q7 i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQMX AMbi2/  #BMQKBH /Bbi`B#miBQM Bb mbmHHv

T`K2i2`Bx2/ #v ԝ M/ ԟ- ?Qr2p2` _ +?QQb2b iQ +HH i?2K bQK2i?BM; 2Hb2X hQ
}M/ i?2 MK2b i?i _ mb2b r2 rQmH/ mb2 \/#BMQK M/ b22 i?i _ BMbi2/ +HHb
i?2 `;mK2Mib bBx2 M/ T`Q#X 6Q` 2tKTH2,

/#BMQKUt 4 e- bBx2 4 Ry- T`Q# 4 yXd8V

OO (R) yXR98NN3

HbQ MQi2 i?i- r?2M mbBM; i?2 /MK2 7mM+iBQMb rBi? /Bb+`2i2 /Bbi`B#miBQMb- i?2v
`2 i?2 TK7 Q7 i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQMX 6Q` 2tKTH2- i?2 #Qp2 +QKKM/ Bb ԅ Ԏ  

B7 Ԏ ୽ ԑ ԝ   ԟ  
X Uh?2 T`Q##BHBiv Q7 ~BTTBM; M mM7B` +QBM Ry iBK2b
M/ b22BM; e ?2/b- B7 i?2 T`Q##BHBiv Q7 ?2/b Bb yXd8XV

8Xk >vTQi?2bBb h2bib BM _

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i2biBM;X _2+HH i?2 #bB+ bi`m+im`2 Q7 ?vTQi?2bBb i2bib,

Ç M Qp2`HH KQ/2H M/ `2Hi2/ bbmKTiBQMb `2 K/2X Uh?2 KQbi +QKKQM
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Ç :Bp2M i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM M/ pHm2 Q7 i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+- b r2HH b i?2 7Q`K
Q7 i?2 Hi2`MiBp2 ?vTQi?2bBb- r2 +M +H+mHi2  T@pHm2 Q7 i?2 i2biX
Ç "b2/ QM i?2 T@pHm2 M/ T`2@bT2+B}2/ H2p2H Q7 bB;MB}+M+2- r2 KF2 
/2+BbBQMX PM2 Q7,
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q2ǶHH /Q bQK2 [mB+F `2pB2r Q7 irQ Q7 i?2 KQbi +QKKQM i2bib iQ b?Qr ?Qr i?2v
`2 T2`7Q`K2/ mbBM; _X

8XkXR PM2 aKTH2 i@h2bi, _2pB2r

amTTQb2 ԧք ୽ L ᅷ ᅼϵ
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/2;`22b Q7 7`22/QKX

8XkXk PM2 aKTH2 i@h2bi, 1tKTH2

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biQ`2/ BM i?2 /i 7`K2 +Tin+`BbTX

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h?2 +QKTMv i?i KF2b *TiBM *`BbT +2`2H +HBKb i?i i?2 p2`;2 r2B;?i
Q7  #Qt Bb i H2bi Re QmM+2bX q2 rBHH bbmK2 i?2 r2B;?i Q7 +2`2H BM  #Qt Bb
MQ`KHHv /Bbi`B#mi2/ M/ mb2  yXy8 H2p2H Q7 bB;MB}+M+2 iQ i2bi i?2 +QKTMvǶb
+HBKX
hQ i2bi ӽЈ ੃ ᅷ ଯ  p2`bmb ӽφ ੃ ᅷ  - i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+ Bb

ԧ ‫ ۽‬਷ ᅷЈ
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Ԣ ԝ

h?2 bKTH2 K2M ԧ‫ ۽‬M/ i?2 bKTH2 biM/`/ /2pBiBQM Ԣ +M #2 2bBHv +QKTmi2/
mbBM; _X q2 HbQ +`2i2 p`B#H2b r?B+? biQ`2 i?2 ?vTQi?2bBx2/ K2M M/ i?2
bKTH2 bBx2X

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b 4 b/U+Tin+`BbT0r2B;?iV
Kmny 4 Re
M 4 N

q2 +M i?2M 2bBHv +QKTmi2 i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+X

8XkX >uSPh>1aAa h1aha AL _ dR

i 4 Utn#` @ KmnyV f Ub f b[`iUMVV

i

OO (R) @RXk

lM/2` i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb- i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+ ?b  ԣ /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? ԝ ਷ 
/2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK- BM i?Bb +b2 3X
hQ +QKTH2i2 i?2 i2bi- r2 M22/ iQ Q#iBM i?2 T@pHm2 Q7 i?2 i2biX aBM+2 i?Bb Bb 
QM2@bB/2/ i2bi rBi?  H2bb@i?M Hi2`MiBp2- r2 M22/ i?2 `2 iQ i?2 H27i Q7 @RXk
7Q`  ԣ /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? 3 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QKX h?i Bb-

ԅ ԣ΅  ਷

TiUi- /7 4 M @ RV

OO (R) yXRjkkjje

q2 MQr ?p2 i?2 T@pHm2 Q7 Qm` i2bi- r?B+? Bb ;`2i2` i?M Qm` bB;MB}+M+2 H2p2H
UyXy8V- bQ r2 7BH iQ `2D2+i i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBbX
Hi2`MiBp2Hv- i?Bb 2MiB`2 T`Q+2bb +QmH/ ?p2 #22M +QKTH2i2/ mbBM; QM2 HBM2 Q7 _
+Q/2X

iXi2biUt 4 +Tin+`BbT0r2B;?i- Km 4 Re- Hi2`MiBp2 4 +U]H2bb]V- +QM7XH2p2H 4 yXN8V

OO
OO PM2 aKTH2 i@i2bi
OO
OO /i, +Tin+`BbT0r2B;?i
OO i 4 @RXk- /7 4 3- T@pHm2 4 yXRjkk
OO Hi2`MiBp2 ?vTQi?2bBb, i`m2 K2M Bb H2bb i?M Re
OO N8 T2`+2Mi +QM7B/2M+2 BMi2`pH,
OO @AM7 ReXy89Ne
OO bKTH2 2biBKi2b,
OO K2M Q7 t
OO R8XN

q2 bmTTHv _ rBi? i?2 /i- i?2 ?vTQi?2bBx2/ pHm2 Q7 ᅷ- i?2 Hi2`MiBp2- M/
i?2 +QM}/2M+2 H2p2HX _ i?2M `2im`Mb  r2Hi? Q7 BM7Q`KiBQM BM+Hm/BM;,

Ç h?2 pHm2 Q7 i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+X

Ç h?2 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK Q7 i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM mM/2` i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBbX
dk *>Sh1_ 8X S_P""AGAhu L. ahhAahA*a AL _

Ç h?2 T@pHm2 Q7 i?2 i2biX

Ç h?2 +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pH r?B+? +Q``2bTQM/b iQ i?2 i2biX
Ç M 2biBKi2 Q7 ᅷX

aBM+2 i?2 i2bi rb QM2@bB/2/- _ `2im`M2/  QM2@bB/2/ +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pHX A7

BMbi2/ r2 rMi2/  irQ@bB/2/ BMi2`pH 7Q` i?2 K2M r2B;?i Q7 #Qt2b Q7 *TiBM
*`BbT +2`2H r2 +QmH/ KQ/B7v Qm` +Q/2X

+Tini2bin`2bmHib 4 iXi2biU+Tin+`BbT0r2B;?i- Km 4 Re-

Hi2`MiBp2 4 +U]irQXbB/2/]V- +QM7XH2p2H 4 yXN8V

h?Bb iBK2 r2 ?p2 biQ`2/ i?2 `2bmHibX "v /QBM; bQ- r2 +M /B`2+iHv ++2bb TQ`iBQMb
Q7 i?2 QmiTmi 7`QK iXi2biUVX hQ b22 r?i BM7Q`KiBQM Bb pBH#H2 r2 mb2 i?2
MK2bUV 7mM+iBQMX

MK2bU+Tini2bin`2bmHibV

OO (R) ]biiBbiB+] ]T`K2i2`] ]TXpHm2] ]+QM7XBMi] ]2biBKi2]

OO (e) ]MmHHXpHm2] ]bi/2``] ]Hi2`MiBp2] ]K2i?Q/] ]/iXMK2]

q2 `2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM i?2 +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pH r?B+? Bb biQ`2/ BM +QM7XBMiX

+Tini2bin`2bmHib0+QM7XBMi

OO (R) R8Xdyd3j ReXyNkRd

OO ii`U-]+QM7XH2p2H]V
OO (R) yXN8

G2iǶb +?2+F i?Bb BMi2`pH dz#v ?M/XǴ h?2 QM2 TB2+2 Q7 BM7Q`KiBQM r2 `2 KBbbBM;
Bb i?2 +`BiB+H pHm2- ԣᆿϵӴ։਷φ  ԣ΅ 
- r?B+? +M #2 +H+mHi2/ BM _ mbBM; i?2
[iUV 7mM+iBQMX

[iUyXNd8- /7 4 3V

OO (R) kXjyeyy9

aQ- i?2 N8W *A 7Q` i?2 K2M r2B;?i Q7  +2`2H #Qt Bb +H+mHi2/ #v THm;;BM;
BMiQ i?2 7Q`KmH-

Ԣ
ԧ‫ ਻ ۽‬ԣᆿϵӴ։਷φ అ
ԝ
8XkX >uSPh>1aAa h1aha AL _ dj

+UK2MU+Tin+`BbT0r2B;?iV @ [iUyXNd8- /7 4 3V b/U+Tin+`BbT0r2B;?iV f b[`iUNV-

K2MU+Tin+`BbT0r2B;?iV Y [iUyXNd8- /7 4 3V b/U+Tin+`BbT0r2B;?iV f b[`iUNVV

OO (R) R8Xdyd3j ReXyNkRd

8XkXj hrQ aKTH2 i@h2bi, _2pB2r

amTTQb2 ԧք ୽ L ᅷ֓ ᅼϵ
M/ Ԩք ୽ L ᅷ֔ ᅼϵ

qMi iQ i2bi ӽЈ ੃ ᅷ֓ ਷ ᅷ֔  ᅷЈ p2`bmb ӽφ ੃ ᅷ֓ ਷ ᅷ֔ ଈ ᅷЈ 
bbmKBM; ᅼ Bb mMFMQrM- mb2 i?2 irQ@bKTH2 aim/2MiǶb ԣ i2bi biiBbiB+,

ԧ‫ ۽‬਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬਷ ᅷЈ
ԣ ୽ ԣ։ֈ਷ϵ
Ԣ֋ ఊ ։φ  φ
ֈ

։ ֈ
௴քφ ԧք ௴ Ԩք ԝ ਷ 
Ԣϵ֓  Ԝ ਷ 
Ԣϵ֔
r?2`2 ԧ‫ ۽‬ - Ԩ ‫  ۽‬քφ - M/ Ԣϵ֋  X
ԝ Ԝ ԝԜ਷
   ਷ ᅫ
W *A 7Q` ᅷ֓ ਷ ᅷ֔ Bb ;Bp2M #v

ԧ‫ ۽‬਷ Ԩ
‫ ਻ ۽‬ԣᆿϵӴ։ֈ਷ϵ ঁԢ֋ ఊ ։φ  φ
ֈং

r?2`2 ԣᆿϵӴ։ֈ਷ϵ Bb i?2 +`BiB+H pHm2 bm+? i?i ԅ ५ԣ  ԣᆿϵӴ։ֈ਷ϵ ६  ᅫX

8XkX9 hrQ aKTH2 i@h2bi, 1tKTH2

bbmK2 i?i i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQMb Q7 ԍ M/ Ԏ `2 L ᅷφ ᅼϵ

M/ L ᅷϵ ᅼϵ
- `2bT2+@
iBp2HvX :Bp2M i?2 ԝ   Q#b2`piBQMb Q7 ԍ-

t 4 +Udy- 3k- d3- d9- N9- 3kV

M 4 H2M;i?UtV

M/ i?2 Ԝ   Q#b2`piBQMb Q7 Ԏ -

v 4 +Ue9- dk- ey- de- dk- 3y- 39- e3V

K 4 H2M;i?UvV

r2 rBHH i2bi ӽЈ ੃ ᅷφ  ᅷϵ p2`bmb ӽφ ੃ ᅷφ  ᅷϵ X

6B`bi- MQi2 i?i r2 +M +H+mHi2 i?2 bKTH2 K2Mb M/ biM/`/ /2pBiBQMbX
d9 *>Sh1_ 8X S_P""AGAhu L. ahhAahA*a AL _

tn#` 4 K2MUtV
bnt 4 b/UtV
vn#` 4 K2MUvV
bnv 4 b/UvV

q2 +M i?2M +H+mHi2 i?2 TQQH2/ biM/`/ /2pBiBQMX

ԝ ਷ 
Ԣϵ֓  Ԝ ਷ 
Ԣϵ֔
Ԣ֋  ఌ
ԝԜ਷

bnT 4 b[`iUUUM @ RV bnt  k Y UK @ RV bnv  kV f UM Y K @ kVV

h?mb- i?2 `2H2pMi ԣ i2bi biiBbiB+ Bb ;Bp2M #v

ԧ‫ ۽‬਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬਷ ᅷЈ
ԣ 
Ԣ֋ ఊ ։φ  φ
ֈ

i 4 UUtn#` @ vn#`V @ yV f UbnT b[`iUR f M Y R f KVV

i

OO (R) RX3kjjeN

LQi2 i?i ԣ ୽ ԣ։ֈ਷ϵ  ԣφϵ - bQ r2 +M +H+mHi2 i?2 T@pHm2- r?B+? Bb

ԅ ԣφϵ  


R @ TiUi- /7 4 M Y K @ kV

OO (R) yXy9eeRNeR

"mi- i?2M ;BM- r2 +QmH/ ?p2 bBKTHv T2`7Q`K2/ i?Bb i2bi BM QM2 HBM2 Q7 _X

iXi2biUt- v- Hi2`MiBp2 4 +U];`2i2`]V- p`X2[mH 4 h_l1V

OO
OO hrQ aKTH2 i@i2bi
OO
OO /i, t M/ v
OO i 4 RX3kj9- /7 4 Rk- T@pHm2 4 yXy9eek
OO Hi2`MiBp2 ?vTQi?2bBb, i`m2 /B772`2M+2 BM K2Mb Bb ;`2i2` i?M y
8XkX >uSPh>1aAa h1aha AL _ d8

OO N8 T2`+2Mi +QM7B/2M+2 BMi2`pH,

OO yXR3yk98R AM7
OO bKTH2 2biBKi2b,
OO K2M Q7 t K2M Q7 v
OO 3y dk

_2+HH i?i  irQ@bKTH2 ԣ@i2bi +M #2 /QM2 rBi? Q` rBi?Qmi M 2[mH p`BM+2
bbmKTiBQMX >2`2 p`X2[mH 4 h_l1 i2HHb _ r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ T2`7Q`K i?2 i2bi
mM/2` i?2 2[mH p`BM+2 bbmKTiBQMX
#Qp2 r2 +``B2/ Qmi i?2 MHvbBb mbBM; irQ p2+iQ`b t M/ vX AM ;2M2`H- r2 rBHH
?p2  T`272`2M+2 7Q` mbBM; /i 7`K2bX

ini2bin/i 4 /iX7`K2UpHm2b 4 +Ut- vV-

;`QmT 4 +U`2TU]]- H2M;i?UtVV- `2TU]"]- H2M;i?UvVVVV

q2 MQr ?p2 i?2 /i biQ`2/ BM  bBM;H2 p`B#H2b UpHm2bV M/ ?p2 +`2i2/ 
b2+QM/ p`B#H2 U;`QmTV r?B+? BM/B+i2b r?B+? dzbKTH2Ǵ i?2 pHm2 #2HQM;b iQX

ini2bin/i

OO pHm2b ;`QmT
OO R dy 
OO k 3k 
OO j d3 
OO 9 d9 
OO 8 N9 
OO e 3k 
OO d e9 "
OO 3 dk "
OO N ey "
OO Ry de "
OO RR dk "
OO Rk 3y "
OO Rj 39 "
OO R9 e3 "

LQr iQ T2`7Q`K i?2 i2bi- r2 biBHH mb2 i?2 iXi2biUV 7mM+iBQM #mi rBi? i?2 
bvMit M/  /i `;mK2MiX

iXi2biUpHm2b  ;`QmT- /i 4 ini2bin/i-

Hi2`MiBp2 4 +U];`2i2`]V- p`X2[mH 4 h_l1V

OO
de *>Sh1_ 8X S_P""AGAhu L. ahhAahA*a AL _

OO hrQ aKTH2 i@i2bi

OO
OO /i, pHm2b #v ;`QmT
OO i 4 RX3kj9- /7 4 Rk- T@pHm2 4 yXy9eek
OO Hi2`MiBp2 ?vTQi?2bBb, i`m2 /B772`2M+2 BM K2Mb #2ir22M ;`QmT  M/ ;`QmT " Bb ;`2
OO N8 T2`+2Mi +QM7B/2M+2 BMi2`pH,
OO yXR3yk98R AM7
OO bKTH2 2biBKi2b,
OO K2M BM ;`QmT  K2M BM ;`QmT "
OO 3y dk

8Xj aBKmHiBQM
aBKmHiBQM M/ KQ/2H }iiBM; `2 `2Hi2/ #mi QTTQbBi2 T`Q+2bb2bX

Ç AM bBKmHiBQM- i?2 /i ;2M2`iBM; T`Q+2bb Bb FMQrMX q2 rBHH FMQr i?2

7Q`K Q7 i?2 KQ/2H b r2HH b i?2 pHm2 Q7 2+? Q7 i?2 T`K2i2`bX AM
T`iB+mH`- r2 rBHH Q7i2M +QMi`QH i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM M/ T`K2i2`b r?B+?
/2}M2 i?2 `M/QKM2bb- Q` MQBb2 BM i?2 /iX
Ç AM KQ/2H }iiBM;- i?2 /i Bb FMQrMX q2 rBHH i?2M bbmK2  +2`iBM 7Q`K
Q7 KQ/2H M/ }M/ i?2 #2bi TQbbB#H2 pHm2b Q7 i?2 T`K2i2`b ;Bp2M i?2
Q#b2`p2/ /iX 1bb2MiBHHv r2 `2 b22FBM; iQ mM+Qp2` i?2 i`mi?X P7i2M r2
rBHH ii2KTi iQ }i KMv KQ/2Hb- M/ r2 rBHH H2`M K2i`B+b iQ bb2bb r?B+?
KQ/2H }ib #2biX

6B;m`2 8XR, aBKmHiBQM pb JQ/2HBM;

P7i2M r2 rBHH bBKmHi2 /i ++Q`/BM; iQ  T`Q+2bb r2 /2+B/2- i?2M mb2  KQ/2H@
BM; K2i?Q/ b22M BM +HbbX q2 +M i?2M p2`B7v ?Qr r2HH i?2 K2i?Q/ rQ`Fb- bBM+2
r2 FMQr i?2 /i ;2M2`iBM; T`Q+2bbX
PM2 Q7 i?2 #B;;2bi bi`2M;i?b Q7 _ Bb Bib #BHBiv iQ +``v Qmi bBKmHiBQMb mbBM;
#mBHi@BM 7mM+iBQMb 7Q` ;2M2`iBM; `M/QK bKTH2b 7`QK +2`iBM /Bbi`B#miBQMbX
8XjX aAJlGhAPL dd

q2ǶHH HQQF i irQ p2`v bBKTH2 2tKTH2b ?2`2- ?Qr2p2` bBKmHiBQM rBHH #2  iQTB+
r2 `2pBbBi b2p2`H iBK2b i?`Qm;?Qmi i?2 +Qm`b2X

8XjXR SB`2/ .Bz2`2M+2b

*QMbB/2` i?2 KQ/2H,

ԍφφ ԍφϵ w ԍφ։ ୽ ԃ ᅷφ ᅼϵ

ԍϵφ ԍϵϵ w ԍϵ։ ୽ ԃ ᅷϵ ᅼϵ

bbmK2 i?i ᅷφ  - ᅷϵ  - ᅼϵ   M/ ԝ  X

G2i

 ։
ԍ‫ ۽‬φ  ం ԍφք
ԝ քφ
 ։
ԍ‫ ۽‬ϵ  ం ԍϵք
ԝ քφ
ӹ  ԍ‫ ۽‬φ ਷ ԍ‫ ۽‬ϵ 

amTTQb2 r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ +H+mHi2 ԅ   ӹ  

X 6B`bi r2 rBHH M22/ iQ Q#iBM
i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 ӹX
_2+HH-

ϵ
ᅼ
ԍ‫ ۽‬φ ୽ ԃ ভᅷφ ম
ԝ

M/

ϵ
ᅼ
ԍ‫ ۽‬ϵ ୽ ԃ ভᅷϵ ম 
ԝ

h?2M-

ᅼϵ ᅼϵ  
ӹ  ԍ‫ ۽‬φ ਷ ԍ‫ ۽‬ϵ ୽ ԃ ভᅷφ ਷ ᅷϵ  ম  ԃ গ ਷   ঘ
ԝ ԝ  

aQ-

ӹ ୽ ԃ ᅷ   ᅼϵ  

d3 *>Sh1_ 8X S_P""AGAhu L. ahhAahA*a AL _

h?mb-

ԅ   ӹ  
 ԅ ӹ  
਷ ԅ ӹ  


h?Bb +M i?2M #2 +H+mHi2/ mbBM; _ rBi?Qmi  M22/ iQ }`bi biM/`/Bx2- Q` mb2
 i#H2X

TMQ`KUk- K2M 4 R- b/ 4 b[`iUyXjkVV @ TMQ`KUy- K2M 4 R- b/ 4 b[`iUyXjkVV

OO (R) yXNkkNyyR

M Hi2`MiBp2 TT`Q+?- rQmH/ #2 iQ bBKmHi2  H`;2 MmK#2` Q7 Q#b2`piBQMb

Q7 ӹ i?2M mb2 i?2 2KTB`B+H /Bbi`B#miBQM iQ +H+mHi2 i?2 T`Q##BHBivX
Pm` bi`i2;v rBHH #2 iQ `2T2i2/Hv,

Ç :2M2`i2  bKTH2 Q7 k8 `M/QK Q#b2`piBQMb 7`QK ԃ ᅷφ   ᅼϵ  

X
*HH i?2 K2M Q7 i?Bb bKTH2 ԧφ֎
‫ ۽‬X
Ç :2M2`i2  bKTH2 Q7 k8 `M/QK Q#b2`piBQMb 7`QK ԃ ᅷφ   ᅼϵ  
X
*HH i?2 K2M Q7 i?Bb bKTH2 ԧϵ֎‫ ۽‬X
Ç *H+mHi2 i?2 /Bz2`2M+2b BM i?2 K2Mb- ԓ֎  ԧφ֎ ‫ ۽‬X
‫ ۽‬਷ ԧϵ֎

q2 rBHH `2T2i i?2 T`Q+2bb  H`;2 MmK#2` Q7 iBK2bX h?2M r2 rBHH mb2 i?2
/Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2 bBKmHi2/ Q#b2`piBQMb Q7 ԓ֎ b M 2biBKi2 7Q` i?2 i`m2
/Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 ӹX

b2iXb22/U9kV
MmKnbKTH2b 4 Ryyyy
/B772`2M+2b 4 `2TUy- MmKnbKTH2bV

"27Q`2 bi`iBM; Qm` 7Q` HQQT iQ T2`7Q`K i?2 QT2`iBQM- r2 b2i  b22/ 7Q` `2T`Q@
/m+B#BHBiv- +`2i2 M/ b2i  p`B#H2 MmKnbKTH2b r?B+? rBHH /2}M2 i?2 MmK#2`
Q7 `2T2iBiBQMb- M/ HbiHv +`2i2  p`B#H2b /B772`2M+2b r?B+? rBHH biQ`2 i?2
bBKmHi2 pHm2b- ԓ֎ X
"v mbBM; b2iXb22/UV r2 +M `2T`Q/m+2 i?2 `M/QK `2bmHib Q7 `MQ`KUV 2+?
iBK2 bi`iBM; 7`QK i?i HBM2X

7Q` Ub BM R,MmKnbKTH2bV &

tR 4 `MQ`KUM 4 k8- K2M 4 e- b/ 4 kV
tk 4 `MQ`KUM 4 k8- K2M 4 8- b/ 4 kV
/B772`2M+2b(b) 4 K2MUtRV @ K2MUtkV
'
8XjX aAJlGhAPL dN

hQ 2biBKi2 ԅ   ӹ  
r2 rBHH }M/ i?2 T`QTQ`iBQM Q7 pHm2b Q7 ԓ֎ UKQM;
i?2 Κ pHm2b Q7 ԓ֎ ;2M2`i2/V i?i `2 #2ir22M y M/ kX

K2MUy I /B772`2M+2b  /B772`2M+2b I kV

OO (R) yXNkkk

_2+HH i?i #Qp2 r2 /2`Bp2/ i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 ӹ iQ #2 ԃ ᅷ   ᅼϵ  

A7 r2 HQQF i  ?BbiQ;`K Q7 i?2 /Bz2`2M+2b- r2 }M/ i?i Bi HQQFb p2`v Km+? HBF2
 MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQMX

?BbiU/B772`2M+2b- #`2Fb 4 ky-

KBM 4 ]1KTB`B+H .Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 .]-
tH# 4 ]aBKmHi2/ oHm2b Q7 .]-
+QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
#Q`/2` 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]V

Empirical Distribution of D
1400
1000
Frequency

600
200
0

-1 0 1 2 3

Simulated Values of D

HbQ i?2 bKTH2 K2M M/ p`BM+2 `2 p2`v +HQb2 iQ r?i r2 rQmH/ 2tT2+iX

K2MU/B772`2M+2bV

OO (R) RXyyR9kj
3y *>Sh1_ 8X S_P""AGAhu L. ahhAahA*a AL _

p`U/B772`2M+2bV

OO (R) yXjkjyR3j

q2 +QmH/ ?p2 HbQ ++QKTHBb?2/ i?Bb ibF rBi?  bBM;H2 HBM2 Q7 KQ`2 dzB/BQKiB+Ǵ
_X

b2iXb22/U9kV
/B77b 4 `2THB+i2URyyyy- K2MU`MQ`KUk8- e- kVV @ K2MU`MQ`KUk8- 8- kVVV

lb2 \`2THB+i2 iQ iF2  HQQF i i?2 /Q+mK2MiiBQM 7Q` i?2 `2THB+i2 7mM+iBQM
M/ b22 B7 vQm +M mM/2`biM/ ?Qr i?Bb HBM2 T2`7Q`Kb i?2 bK2 QT2`iBQMb i?i
Qm` 7Q` HQQT #Qp2 2t2+mi2/X

K2MU/B772`2M+2b 44 /B77bV

OO (R) R

q2 b22 i?i #v b2iiBM; i?2 bK2 b22/ 7Q` i?2 `M/QKBxiBQM- r2 +imHHv Q#iBM
B/2MiB+H `2bmHib5

8XjXk .Bbi`B#miBQM Q7  aKTH2 J2M

6Q` MQi?2` 2tKTH2 Q7 bBKmHiBQM- r2 rBHH bBKmHi2 Q#b2`piBQMb 7`QK  SQBbbQM

/Bbi`B#miBQM- M/ 2tKBM2 i?2 2KTB`B+H /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2 bKTH2 K2M Q7 i?2b2
Q#b2`piBQMbX
_2+HH- B7

ԍ ୽ ԅ ԞԘԢ ᅷ

i?2M

Ӻ<ԍ>  ᅷ

M/

ԋ Ԑԡ<ԍ>  ᅷ

HbQ- `2+HH i?i 7Q`  `M/QK p`B#H2 ԍ rBi? }MBi2 K2M ᅷ M/ }MBi2 p`BM+2
ᅼϵ - i?2 +2Mi`H HBKBi i?2Q`2K i2HHb mb i?i i?2 K2M- ԍ‫ ۽‬Q7  `M/QK bKTH2 Q7
bBx2 ԝ Bb TT`QtBKi2Hv MQ`KH 7Q` H`;2 pHm2b Q7 ԝX aT2+B}+HHv- b ԝ ݂ ˜-
8XjX aAJlGhAPL 3R

ϵ
տ ᅼ
ԍ‫ ݂ ۽‬ԃ ভᅷ ম 
ԝ

h?2 7QHHQrBM; p2`B}2b i?Bb `2bmHi 7Q`  SQBbbQM /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? ᅷ   M/ 
bKTH2 bBx2 Q7 ԝ  X

b2iXb22/URjjdV
Km 4 Ry
bKTH2nbBx2 4 8y
bKTH2b 4 Ryyyyy
tn#`b 4 `2TUy- bKTH2bV

7Q`UB BM R,bKTH2bV&
tn#`b(B) 4 K2MU`TQBbUbKTH2nbBx2- HK#/ 4 KmVV
'

tn#`n?Bbi 4 ?BbiUtn#`b- #`2Fb 4 8y-

KBM 4 ]>BbiQ;`K Q7 aKTH2 J2Mb]-
tH# 4 ]aKTH2 J2Mb]V

Histogram of Sample Means

8000
6000
Frequency

4000
2000
0

8 9 10 11 12

Sample Means

LQr r2 rBHH +QKT`2 bKTH2 biiBbiB+b 7`QK i?2 2KTB`B+H /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? i?2B`
FMQrM pHm2b #b2/ QM i?2 T`2Mi /Bbi`B#miBQMX
3k *>Sh1_ 8X S_P""AGAhu L. ahhAahA*a AL _

+UK2MUtn#`bV- KmV

OO (R) RyXyyyy3 RyXyyyyy

+Up`Utn#`bV- Km f bKTH2nbBx2V

OO (R) yXRN3Ndjk yXkyyyyyy

+Ub/Utn#`bV- b[`iUKmV f b[`iUbKTH2nbBx2VV

OO (R) yX99eye9R yX99dkRje

M/ ?2`2- r2 rBHH +H+mHi2 i?2 T`QTQ`iBQM Q7 bKTH2 K2Mb i?i `2 rBi?BM k
biM/`/ /2pBiBQMb Q7 i?2 TQTmHiBQM K2MX

K2MUtn#`b = Km @ k b[`iUKmV f b[`iUbKTH2nbBx2V 

tn#`b I Km Y k b[`iUKmV f b[`iUbKTH2nbBx2VV

OO (R) yXN89kN

h?Bb Hbi ?BbiQ;`K mb2b  #Bi Q7  i`B+F iQ TT`QtBKi2Hv b?/2 i?2 #`b i?i
`2 rBi?BM irQ biM/`/ /2pBiBQMb Q7 i?2 K2MXV

b?/BM; 4 B72Hb2Utn#`n?Bbi0#`2Fb = Km @ k b[`iUKmV f b[`iUbKTH2nbBx2V 

tn#`n?Bbi0#`2Fb I Km Y k b[`iUKmV f b[`iUbKTH2nbBx2V-
]/`FQ`M;2]- ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]V

tn#`n?Bbi 4 ?BbiUtn#`b- #`2Fb 4 8y- +QH 4 b?/BM;-

KBM 4 ]>BbiQ;`K Q7 aKTH2 J2Mb- hrQ aiM/`/ .2pBiBQMb]-
tH# 4 ]aKTH2 J2Mb]V
8XjX aAJlGhAPL 3j

Histogram of Sample Means, Two Standard Deviations

8000
6000
Frequency

4000
2000
0

8 9 10 11 12

Sample Means
39 *>Sh1_ 8X S_P""AGAhu L. ahhAahA*a AL _
*?Ti2` e

_ _2bQm`+2b

aQ 7`- r2 ?p2 b22M  HQi Q7 _- M/  HQi Q7 _ [mB+FHvX ;BM- i?2 T`2+2/BM;
+?Ti2`b r2`2 BM MQ rv K2Mi iQ #2  +QKTH2i2 `272`2M+2 7Q` i?2 _ HM;m;2-
#mi `i?2` M BMi`Q/m+iBQM iQ KMv Q7 i?2 +QM+2Tib r2 rBHH M22/ BM i?Bb i2tiX
h?2 7QHHQrBM; `2bQm`+2b `2 MQi M2+2bb`v 7Q` i?2 `2KBM/2` Q7 i?Bb i2ti- #mi vQm
Kv }M/ i?2K mb27mH B7 vQm rQmH/ HBF2  /22T2` mM/2`biM/BM; Q7 _,

eXR "2;BMM2` hmiQ`BHb M/ _272`2M+2b

Ç h`v _ 7`QK *Q/2 a+?QQHX
Ĝ M BMi2`+iBp2 BMi`Q/m+iBQM iQ i?2 #bB+b Q7 _X lb27mH 7Q` ;2iiBM; mT
iQ bT22/ QM _Ƕb bvMitX
Ç ZmB+F@_ #v _Q#2`i E#+QzX
Ĝ  ;QQ/ `272`2M+2 7Q` _ #bB+bX
Ç _ hmiQ`BH #v *?B umX
Ĝ  +QK#BMiBQM `272`2M+2 M/ imiQ`BH 7Q` _ #bB+bX
Ç _ S`Q;`KKBM; 7Q` .i a+B2M+2 #v _Q;2` S2M;
Ĝ  ;`2i i2ti 7Q` _ T`Q;`KKBM; #2;BMM2`bX .Bb+mbb2b _ 7`QK i?2
;`QmM/ mT- ?B;?HB;?iBM; T`Q;`KKBM; /2iBHb r2 KB;?i MQi /Bb+mbbX

eXk AMi2`K2/Bi2 _272`2M+2b

Ç _ 7Q` .i a+B2M+2 #v >/H2v qB+F?K M/ :``2ii :`QH2KmM/X

38
3e *>Sh1_ eX _ _1aPl_*1a

Ĝ aBKBH` iQ /pM+2/ _- #mi 7Q+mb2b KQ`2 QM /i MHvbBb- r?BH2 biBHH

BMi`Q/m+BM; T`Q;`KKBM; +QM+2TibX 1bT2+BHHv mb27mH 7Q` rQ`FBM; BM
i?2 iB/vp2`b2X
Ç h?2 `i Q7 _ S`Q;`KKBM; #v LQ`KM JiHQzX
Ĝ :2MiH2 BMi`Q/m+iBQM iQ i?2 T`Q;`KKBM; bB/2 Q7 _X Uq?2`2b r2 rBHH
7Q+mb KQ`2 QM i?2 /i MHvbBb bB/2XV  7`22 2H2+i`QMB+ p2`bBQM Bb
pBH#H2 i?`Qm;? i?2 AHHBMQBb HB#``vX

eXj /pM+2/ _272`2M+2b

Ç /pM+2/ _ #v >/H2v qB+F?KX
Ĝ 6`QK i?2 mi?Q` Q7 b2p2`H 2ti`2K2Hv TQTmH` _ T+F;2bX :QQ/
7QHHQr@mT iQ h?2 `i Q7 _ S`Q;`KKBM;X UM/ KQ`2 mT@iQ@/i2 K@
i2`BHXV
Ç h?2 _ AM72`MQ #v Si`B+F "m`MbX
Ĝ GBF2Mb H2`MBM; i?2 i`B+Fb Q7 _ iQ /2b+2M/BM; i?`Qm;? i?2 H2p2Hb Q7
?2HHX o2`v /pM+2/ Ki2`BH- #mi Kv #2 BKTQ`iMi B7 _ #2+QK2b 
T`i Q7 vQm` 2p2`v/v iQQHFBiX
Ç 1{+B2Mi _ S`Q;`KKBM; #v *QHBM :BHH2bTB2 M/ _Q#BM GQp2H+2
Ĝ .Bb+mbb2b #Qi? 2{+B2Mi _ T`Q;`Kb- b r2HH b T`Q;`KKBM; BM _
2{+B2MiHvX

eX9 ZmB+F *QKT`BbQMb iQ Pi?2` GM;m;2b

h?Qb2 r?Q `2 7KBHB` rBi? Qi?2` HM;m;2b Kv }M/ i?2 7QHHQrBM; dz+?2i@
b?22ibǴ ?2HT7mH 7Q` i`MbBiBQMBM; iQ _X

Ç JhG"- LmKSv- CmHB

Ç Svi?QM TM/b +QKT`BbQM rBi? _f_ GB#``B2b
Ç aii
Ç aa @ GQQF 7Q`  `2bQm`+2 biBHH5 am;;2biBQMb r2H+QK2X

eX8 _aim/BQ M/ _J`F/QrM oB/2Qb

h?2 7QHHQrBM; pB/2Q THvHBbib r2`2 K/2 b M BMi`Q/m+iBQM iQ _- _aim/BQ- M/
_J`F/QrM 7Q` ahh 9ky i lAl*X A7 vQm `2 +m``2MiHv mbBM; i?Bb i2ti 7Q` 
*Qm`b2` +Qm`b2- vQm +M HbQ }M/ mT/i2/ pB/2Qb i?2`2X
eXeX _J_E.PqL h1JSGh1 3d

Ç _ M/ _aim/BQ
Ç .i BM _
Ç _J`F/QrM

LQi2 i?i _aim/BQ M/ _J`F/QrM `2 +QMbiMiHv `2+2BpBM; 2t+2HH2Mi bmTTQ`i
M/ mT/i2b- bQ i?2b2 pB/2Qb Kv H`2/v +QMiBM bQK2 Qmi/i2/ BM7Q`KiBQMX
_aim/BQ T`QpB/2b i?2B` QrM imiQ`BH 7Q` _J`F/QrMX h?2v HbQ ?p2 M 2t+2HH2Mi
_aim/BQ dz+?2ib?22iǴ r?B+? pBbmHHv B/2MiB}2b KMv Q7 i?2 72im`2b pBH#H2 BM
i?2 A.1X uQm Kv HbQ 2tTHQ`2 bQK2 //BiBQMH dz+?2ib?22ibǴ QM i?2B` r2#bBi2X

eXe _J`F/QrM h2KTHi2

h?Bb XxBT }H2 +QMiBMb i?2 }H2b M2+2bb`v iQ T`Q/m+2 i?Bb `2M/2`2/ /Q+mK2MiX
h?Bb /Q+mK2Mi Bb  KQ`2 +QKTH2i2 p2`bBQM Q7  i2KTHi2 i?M r?i Bb b22M BM
i?2 #Qp2 pB/2QbX
33 *>Sh1_ eX _ _1aPl_*1a
*?Ti2` d

aBKTH2 GBM2` _2;`2bbBQM

dzHH KQ/2Hb `2 r`QM;- #mi bQK2 `2 mb27mHXǴ

ě :2Q`;2 1X SX "Qt

7i2` `2/BM; i?Bb +?Ti2` vQm rBHH #2 #H2 iQ,

Ç lM/2`biM/ i?2 +QM+2Ti Q7  KQ/2HX

Ç .2b+`B#2 irQ rvb BM r?B+? `2;`2bbBQM +Q2{+B2Mib `2 /2`Bp2/X
Ç 1biBKi2 M/ pBbmHBx2  `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H mbBM; _X
Ç AMi2`T`2i `2;`2bbBQM +Q2{+B2Mib M/ biiBbiB+b BM i?2 +QMi2ti Q7 `2H@rQ`H/
T`Q#H2KbX
Ç lb2  `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H iQ KF2 T`2/B+iBQMbX

dXR JQ/2HBM;
G2iǶb +QMbB/2`  bBKTH2 2tKTH2 Q7 ?Qr i?2 bT22/ Q7  +` z2+ib Bib biQTTBM;
/BbiM+2- i?i Bb- ?Qr 7` Bi i`p2Hb #27Q`2 Bi +QK2b iQ  biQTX hQ 2tKBM2 i?Bb
`2HiBQMb?BT- r2 rBHH mb2 i?2 +`b /ib2i- r?B+? Bb  /27mHi _ /ib2iX h?mb-
r2 /QMǶi M22/ iQ HQ/  T+F;2 }`bic Bi Bb BKK2/Bi2Hv pBH#H2X
hQ ;2i  }`bi HQQF i i?2 /i vQm +M mb2 i?2 oB2rUV 7mM+iBQM BMbB/2 _aim/BQX

oB2rU+`bV

q2 +QmH/ HbQ iF2  HQQF i i?2 p`B#H2 MK2b- i?2 /BK2MbBQM Q7 i?2 /i
7`K2- M/ bQK2 bKTH2 Q#b2`piBQMb rBi? bi`UVX

3N
Ny *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

bi`U+`bV

OO ^/iX7`K2^, 8y Q#bX Q7 k p`B#H2b,

OO 0 bT22/, MmK 9 9 d d 3 N Ry Ry Ry RR XXX
OO 0 /Bbi , MmK k Ry 9 kk Re Ry R3 ke j9 Rd XXX

b r2 ?p2 b22M #27Q`2 rBi? /i 7`K2b- i?2`2 `2  MmK#2` Q7 //BiBQMH
7mM+iBQMb iQ ++2bb bQK2 Q7 i?Bb BM7Q`KiBQM /B`2+iHvX

/BKU+`bV

OO (R) 8y k

M`QrU+`bV

OO (R) 8y

M+QHU+`bV

OO (R) k

Pi?2` i?M i?2 irQ p`B#H2 MK2b M/ i?2 MmK#2` Q7 Q#b2`piBQMb- i?Bb /i
Bb biBHH Dmbi  #mM+? Q7 MmK#2`b- bQ r2 b?QmH/ T`Q##Hv Q#iBM bQK2 +QMi2tiX

\+`b

_2/BM; i?2 /Q+mK2MiiBQM r2 H2`M i?i i?Bb Bb /i ;i?2`2/ /m`BM; i?2 RNkyb
#Qmi i?2 bT22/ Q7 +`b M/ i?2 `2bmHiBM; /BbiM+2 Bi iF2b 7Q` i?2 +` iQ +QK2
iQ  biQTX h?2 BMi2`2biBM; ibF ?2`2 Bb iQ /2i2`KBM2 ?Qr 7`  +` i`p2Hb #27Q`2
biQTTBM;- r?2M i`p2HBM; i  +2`iBM bT22/X aQ- r2 rBHH }`bi THQi i?2 biQTTBM;
/BbiM+2 ;BMbi i?2 bT22/X

THQiU/Bbi  bT22/- /i 4 +`b-

tH# 4 ]aT22/ UBM JBH2b S2` >Qm`V]-
vH# 4 ]aiQTTBM; .BbiM+2 UBM 622iV]-
KBM 4 ]aiQTTBM; .BbiM+2 pb aT22/]-
T+? 4 ky-
+2t 4 k-
+QH 4 ];`2v]V
dXRX JP.1GAL: NR

Stopping Distance vs Speed

100 120
Stopping Distance (in Feet)

80
60
40
20
0

5 10 15 20 25

Speed (in Miles Per Hour)

G2iǶb MQr /2}M2 bQK2 i2`KBMQHQ;vX q2 ?p2 TB`b Q7 /i- ԧք Ԩք

- 7Q` Ԙ 
  w ԝ- r?2`2 ԝ Bb i?2 bKTH2 bBx2 Q7 i?2 /ib2iX
q2 mb2 Ԙ b M BM/2t- bBKTHv 7Q` MQiiBQMX q2 mb2 ԧք b i?2 T`2/B+iQ` U2t@
THMiQ`vV p`B#H2X h?2 T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2 Bb mb2/ iQ ?2HT T`2/B+i Q` 2tTHBM
i?2 `2bTQMb2 Ui`;2i- Qmi+QK2V p`B#H2- Ԩք X
Pi?2` i2tib Kv mb2 i?2 i2`K BM/2T2M/2Mi p`B#H2 BMbi2/ Q7 T`2/B+iQ` M/
/2T2M/2Mi p`B#H2 BM TH+2 Q7 `2bTQMb2X >Qr2p2`- i?Qb2 KQMBF2`b BKTHv Ki?@
2KiB+H +?`+i2`BbiB+b i?i KB;?i MQi #2 i`m2X q?BH2 i?2b2 Qi?2` i2`Kb `2
MQi BM+Q``2+i- BM/2T2M/2M+2 Bb H`2/v  bi`B+iHv /2}M2/ +QM+2Ti BM T`Q##BHBivX
6Q` 2tKTH2- r?2M i`vBM; iQ T`2/B+i  T2`bQMǶb r2B;?i ;Bp2M i?2B` ?2B;?i- rQmH/
Bi #2 ++m`i2 iQ bv i?i ?2B;?i Bb BM/2T2M/2Mi Q7 r2B;?i\ *2`iBMHv MQi- #mi
i?i Bb M mMBMi2M/2/ BKTHB+iBQM Q7 bvBM; dzBM/2T2M/2Mi p`B#H2XǴ q2 T`272`
iQ biv rv 7`QK i?Bb MQK2M+Him`2X
AM i?2 +`b 2tKTH2- r2 `2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM mbBM; i?2 T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2 bT22/ iQ
T`2/B+i M/ 2tTHBM i?2 `2bTQMb2 p`B#H2 /BbiX
"`Q/Hv bT2FBM;- r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ KQ/2H i?2 `2HiBQMb?BT #2ir22M ԍ M/ Ԏ
mbBM; i?2 7Q`K

Ԏ  ԕ ԍ
 ᅯ

h?2 7mM+iBQM ԕ /2b+`B#2b i?2 7mM+iBQMH `2HiBQMb?BT #2ir22M i?2 irQ p`B#H2b-
M/ i?2 ᅯ i2`K Bb mb2/ iQ ++QmMi 7Q` 2``Q`X h?Bb BM/B+i2b i?i B7 r2 THm; BM 
Nk *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

;Bp2M pHm2 Q7 ԍ b BMTmi- Qm` QmiTmi Bb  pHm2 Q7 Ԏ - rBi?BM  +2`iBM `M;2 Q7

2``Q`X uQm +QmH/ i?BMF Q7 i?Bb  MmK#2` Q7 rvb,

Ç _2bTQMb2 4 S`2/B+iBQM Y 1``Q`

Ç _2bTQMb2 4 aB;MH Y LQBb2
Ç _2bTQMb2 4 JQ/2H Y lM2tTHBM2/
Ç _2bTQMb2 4 .2i2`KBMBbiB+ Y _M/QK
Ç _2bTQMb2 4 1tTHBM#H2 Y lM2tTHBM#H2

q?i bQ`i Q7 7mM+iBQM b?QmH/ r2 mb2 7Q` ԕ ԍ

7Q` i?2 +`b /i\
q2 +QmH/ i`v iQ KQ/2H i?2 /i rBi?  ?Q`BxQMiH HBM2X h?i Bb- i?2 KQ/2H
7Q` Ԩ /Q2b MQi /2T2M/ QM i?2 pHm2 Q7 ԧX UaQK2 7mM+iBQM ԕ ԍ
 ԒXV AM i?2
THQi #2HQr- r2 b22 i?Bb /Q2bMǶi b22K iQ /Q  p2`v ;QQ/ DQ#X JMv Q7 i?2 /i
TQBMib `2 p2`v 7` 7`QK i?2 Q`M;2 HBM2 `2T`2b2MiBM; ԒX h?Bb Bb M 2tKTH2 Q7
mM/2`}iiBM;X h?2 Q#pBQmb }t Bb iQ KF2 i?2 7mM+iBQM ԕ ԍ
+imHHv /2T2M/
QM ԧX

Stopping Distance vs Speed

100 120
Stopping Distance (in Feet)

80
60
40
20
0

5 10 15 20 25

Speed (in Miles Per Hour)

q2 +QmH/ HbQ i`v iQ KQ/2H i?2 /i rBi?  p2`v dzrB;;HvǴ 7mM+iBQM i?i i`B2b iQ
;Q i?`Qm;? b KMv Q7 i?2 /i TQBMib b TQbbB#H2X h?Bb HbQ /Q2bMǶi b22K iQ
rQ`F p2`v r2HHX h?2 biQTTBM; /BbiM+2 7Q`  bT22/ Q7 8 KT? b?QmH/MǶi #2 Qz i?2
+?`i5 U1p2M BM RNkyXV h?Bb Bb M 2tKTH2 Q7 Qp2`}iiBM;X ULQi2 i?i BM i?Bb
2tKTH2 MQ 7mM+iBQM rBHH ;Q i?`Qm;? 2p2`v TQBMi- bBM+2 i?2`2 `2 bQK2 ԧ pHm2b
i?i ?p2 b2p2`H TQbbB#H2 Ԩ pHm2b BM i?2 /iXV
dXRX JP.1GAL: Nj

Stopping Distance vs Speed

100 120
Stopping Distance (in Feet)

80
60
40
20
0

5 10 15 20 25

Speed (in Miles Per Hour)

GbiHv- r2 +QmH/ i`v iQ KQ/2H i?2 /i rBi?  r2HH@+?Qb2M HBM2 `i?2` i?M QM2
Q7 i?2 irQ 2ti`2K2b T`2pBQmbHv ii2KTi2/X h?2 HBM2 QM i?2 THQi #2HQr b22Kb iQ
bmKK`Bx2 i?2 `2HiBQMb?BT #2ir22M biQTTBM; /BbiM+2 M/ bT22/ [mBi2 r2HHX b
bT22/ BM+`2b2b- i?2 /BbiM+2 `2[mB`2/ iQ +QK2 iQ  biQT BM+`2b2bX h?2`2 Bb biBHH
bQK2 p`BiBQM #Qmi i?Bb HBM2- #mi Bi b22Kb iQ +Tim`2 i?2 Qp2`HH i`2M/X
N9 *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

Stopping Distance vs Speed

100 120
Stopping Distance (in Feet)

80
60
40
20
0

5 10 15 20 25

Speed (in Miles Per Hour)

qBi? i?Bb BM KBM/- r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ `2bi`B+i Qm` +?QB+2 Q7 ԕ ԍ

iQ HBM2` 7mM+iBQMb
Q7 ԍX q2 rBHH r`Bi2 Qm` KQ/2H mbBM; ᅬφ 7Q` i?2 bHQT2- M/ ᅬЈ 7Q` i?2 BMi2`+2Ti-

Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԍ  ᅯ

dXRXR aBKTH2 GBM2` _2;`2bbBQM JQ/2H

q2 MQr /2}M2 r?i r2 rBHH +HH i?2 bBKTH2 HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H-

Ԏ ք  ᅬ Ј  ᅬ φ ԧք  ᅯ ք

r?2`2

ᅯք ୽ ԃ  ᅼϵ


h?i Bb- i?2 ᅯք `2 BM/2T2M/2Mi M/ B/2MiB+HHv /Bbi`B#mi2/ UBB/V MQ`KH `M/QK
p`B#H2b rBi? K2M  M/ p`BM+2 ᅼϵ X h?Bb KQ/2H ?b i?`22 T`K2i2`b iQ #2
2biBKi2/, ᅬЈ - ᅬφ - M/ ᅼϵ - r?B+? `2 }t2/- #mi mMFMQrM +QMbiMibX
q2 ?p2 bHB;?iHv KQ/B}2/ Qm` MQiiBQM ?2`2X q2 `2 MQr mbBM; Ԏք M/ ԧք - bBM+2
r2 rBHH #2 }iiBM; i?Bb KQ/2H iQ  b2i Q7 ԝ /i TQBMib- 7Q` Ԙ    w ԝX
dXRX JP.1GAL: N8

_2+HH i?i r2 mb2 +TBiH Ԏ iQ BM/B+i2  `M/QK p`B#H2- M/ HQr2` +b2
Ԩ iQ /2MQi2  TQi2MiBH pHm2 Q7 i?2 `M/QK p`B#H2X aBM+2 r2 rBHH ?p2 ԝ
Q#b2`piBQMb- r2 ?p2 ԝ `M/QK p`B#H2b Ԏք M/ i?2B` TQbbB#H2 pHm2b Ԩք X
AM i?2 bBKTH2 HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H- i?2 ԧք `2 bbmK2/ iQ #2 }t2/- FMQrM
+QMbiMib- M/ `2 i?mb MQii2/ rBi?  HQr2` +b2 p`B#H2X h?2 `2bTQMb2 Ԏք
`2KBMb  `M/QK p`B#H2 #2+mb2 Q7 i?2 `M/QK #2?pBQ` Q7 i?2 2``Q` p`B@
#H2- ᅯք X h?i Bb- 2+? `2bTQMb2 Ԏք Bb iB2/ iQ M Q#b2`p#H2 ԧք M/  `M/QK-
mMQ#b2`p#H2- ᅯք X
1bb2MiBHHv- r2 +QmH/ 2tTHB+BiHv i?BMF Q7 i?2 Ԏք b ?pBM;  /Bz2`2Mi /Bbi`B#miBQM
7Q` 2+? ԍք X AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- Ԏք ?b  +QM/BiBQMH /Bbi`B#miBQM /2T2M/2Mi QM i?2
pHm2 Q7 ԍք - r`Bii2M ԧք X .QBM; bQ- r2 biBHH KF2 MQ /Bbi`B#miBQMH bbmKTiBQMb Q7
i?2 ԍք - bBM+2 r2 `2 QMHv BMi2`2bi2/ BM i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2 Ԏք 7Q`  T`iB+mH`
pHm2 ԧք X

Ԏք ੮ ԍք ୽ ԃ ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք ᅼϵ

h?2 `M/QK Ԏք `2  7mM+iBQM Q7 ԧք - i?mb r2 +M r`Bi2 Bib K2M b  7mM+iBQM Q7
ԧք -

1<Ԏք ੮ ԍք  ԧք >  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք 

>Qr2p2`- Bib p`BM+2 `2KBMb +QMbiMi 7Q` 2+? ԧք -

o`<Ԏք ੮ ԍք  ԧք >  ᅼϵ 

h?Bb Bb pBbmHHv /BbTHv2/ BM i?2 BK;2 #2HQrX q2 b22 i?i 7Q` Mv pHm2 ԧ- i?2
2tT2+i2/ pHm2 Q7 Ԏ Bb ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧX i 2+? pHm2 Q7 ԧ- Ԏ ?b i?2 bK2 p`BM+2
ᅼϵ X
P7i2M- r2 /B`2+iHv iHF #Qmi i?2 bbmKTiBQMb i?i i?Bb KQ/2H KF2bX h?2v +M
#2 +H2p2`Hv b?Q`i2M2/ iQ GAL1X

Ç GBM2`X h?2 `2HiBQMb?BT #2ir22M Ԏ M/ ԧ Bb HBM2`- Q7 i?2 7Q`K ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧX

Ç AM/2T2M/2MiX h?2 2``Q`b ᅯ `2 BM/2T2M/2MiX
Ç LQ`KHX h?2 2``Q`b- ᅯ `2 MQ`KHHv /Bbi`B#mi2/X h?i Bb i?2 dz2``Q`Ǵ
`QmM/ i?2 HBM2 7QHHQrb  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQMX
Ç 1[mH o`BM+2X i 2+? pHm2 Q7 ԧ- i?2 p`BM+2 Q7 Ԏ Bb i?2 bK2- ᅼϵ X

q2 `2 HbQ bbmKBM; i?i i?2 pHm2b Q7 ԧ `2 }t2/- i?i Bb- MQi `M/QKX q2
/Q MQi KF2  /Bbi`B#miBQMH bbmKTiBQM #Qmi i?2 T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2X
b  bB/2 MQi2- r2 rBHH Q7i2M `272` iQ bBKTH2 HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM b aG_X aQK2
2tTHMiBQM Q7 i?2 MK2 aG_,
Ne *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

6B;m`2 dXR, aBKTH2 GBM2` _2;`2bbBQM JQ/2H AMi`Q/m+iQ`v aiiBbiB+b Ua?72` M/
w?M;V- l* .pBb aii qBFB

Ç aBKTH2 `272`b iQ i?2 7+i i?i r2 `2 mbBM;  bBM;H2 T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2X
Gi2` r2 rBHH mb2 KmHiBTH2 T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2bX
Ç GBM2` i2HHb mb i?i Qm` KQ/2H 7Q` Ԏ Bb  HBM2` +QK#BMiBQM Q7 i?2 T`2@
/B+iQ`b ԍX UAM i?Bb +b2 Dmbi i?2 QM2XV _B;?i MQr- i?Bb Hrvb `2bmHib BM 
KQ/2H i?i Bb  HBM2- #mi Hi2` r2 rBHH b22 ?Qr i?Bb Bb MQi Hrvb i?2 +b2X
Ç _2;`2bbBQM bBKTHv K2Mb i?i r2 `2 ii2KTiBM; iQ K2bm`2 i?2 `2H@
iBQMb?BT #2ir22M  `2bTQMb2 p`B#H2 M/ UQM2 Q` KQ`2V T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2bX
AM i?2 +b2 Q7 aG_- #Qi? i?2 `2bTQMb2 M/ i?2 T`2/B+iQ` `2 MmK2`B+ p`B@
#H2bX

aQ aG_ KQ/2Hb Ԏ b  HBM2` 7mM+iBQM Q7 ԍ- #mi ?Qr /Q r2 +imHHv /2}M2 

;QQ/ HBM2\ h?2`2 `2 M BM}MBi2 MmK#2` Q7 HBM2b r2 +QmH/ mb2- bQ r2 rBHH ii2KTi
iQ }M/ QM2 rBi? dzbKHH 2``Q`bXǴ h?i Bb  HBM2 rBi? b KMv TQBMib b +HQb2 iQ
Bi b TQbbB#H2X h?2 [m2biBQM MQr #2+QK2b- ?Qr /Q r2 }M/ bm+?  HBM2\ h?2`2
`2 KMv TT`Q+?2b r2 +QmH/ iF2X
q2 +QmH/ }M/ i?2 HBM2 i?i ?b i?2 bKHH2bi KtBKmK /BbiM+2 7`QK Mv Q7 i?2
TQBMib iQ i?2 HBM2X h?i Bb-

`;KBM Kt ]Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք

]
ᇀɱ Ӵᇀȯ

q2 +QmH/ }M/ i?2 HBM2 i?i KBMBKBx2b i?2 bmK Q7 HH i?2 /BbiM+2b 7`QK i?2
TQBMib iQ i?2 HBM2X h?i Bb-

։
`;KBM ం ]Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք
]
ᇀɱ Ӵᇀȯ քφ
dXkX G1ah aZl_1a SS_P*> Nd

q2 +QmH/ }M/ i?2 HBM2 i?i KBMBKBx2b i?2 bmK Q7 HH i?2 b[m`2/ /BbiM+2b 7`QK
i?2 TQBMib iQ i?2 HBM2X h?i Bb-

։
`;KBM ం Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք

ϵ 
ᇀɱ Ӵᇀȯ քφ

h?Bb Hbi QTiBQM Bb +HH2/ i?2 K2i?Q/ Q7 H2bi b[m`2bX Ai Bb 2bb2MiBHHv i?2
/2@7+iQ K2i?Q/ 7Q` }iiBM;  HBM2 iQ /iX UuQm Kv ?p2 2p2M b22M Bi #27Q`2
BM  HBM2` H;2#` +Qm`b2XV Aib TQTmH`Biv Bb H`;2Hv /m2 iQ i?2 7+i i?i Bi Bb
Ki?2KiB+HHv dz2bvXǴ Uq?B+? rb BKTQ`iMi ?BbiQ`B+HHv- b +QKTmi2`b `2 
KQ/2`M +QMi`TiBQMXV Ai Bb HbQ p2`v TQTmH` #2+mb2 KMv `2HiBQMb?BTb `2
r2HH TT`QtBKi2/ #v  HBM2` 7mM+iBQMX

dXk G2bi a[m`2b TT`Q+?

:Bp2M Q#b2`piBQMb ԧք Ԩք
- 7Q` Ԙ    w ԝ- r2 rMi iQ }M/ pHm2b Q7 ᅬЈ M/
ᅬφ r?B+? KBMBKBx2

։ ։
ԕ ᅬЈ ᅬφ
 ం Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք

ϵ  ం Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ ਷ ᅬφ ԧք
ϵ 
քφ քφ

q2 rBHH +HH i?2b2 pHm2b ᅬЈࣞ M/ ᅬφࣞ X

6B`bi- r2 iF2  T`iBH /2`BpiBp2 rBi? `2bT2+i iQ #Qi? ᅬЈ M/ ᅬφ X

։
ᆉԕ
 ਷ ం Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ ਷ ᅬφ ԧք

ᆉᅬЈ քφ
։
ᆉԕ
 ਷ ం ԧք
Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ ਷ ᅬφ ԧք

ᆉᅬφ քφ

q2 i?2M b2i 2+? Q7 i?2 T`iBH /2`BpiBp2b 2[mH iQ x2`Q M/ bQHp2 i?2 `2bmHiBM;
bvbi2K Q7 2[miBQMbX

։
ం Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ ਷ ᅬφ ԧք
 
քφ
։
ం ԧք
Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ ਷ ᅬφ ԧք
 
քφ

q?BH2 bQHpBM; i?2 bvbi2K Q7 2[miBQMb- QM2 +QKKQM H;2#`B+ `2``M;2K2Mi

`2bmHib BM i?2 MQ`KH 2[miBQMbX
N3 *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

։ ։
ԝᅬЈ  ᅬφ ం ԧք  ం Ԩք
քφ քφ
։ ։ ։
ᅬЈ ం ԧք  ᅬφ ం ԧϵք  ం ԧք Ԩք
քφ քφ քφ

6BMHHv- r2 }MBb? bQHpBM; i?2 bvbi2K Q7 2[miBQMbX

Փ Փ
։ ௴Վȯ ֓Վ
௴Վȯ ֔Վ

௴քφ ԧք Ԩք ਷ Ԉ֓֔
ᅬφࣞ  Փ
։

։ ϵ
௴քφ ԧք ਷
௴Վȯ ֓Վ
ɞ Ԉ֓֓
։

ᅬЈࣞ  Ԩ ‫ ۽‬਷ ᅬφࣞ ԧ‫۽‬

>2`2- r2 ?p2 /2}M2/ bQK2 MQiiBQM 7Q` i?2 2tT`2bbBQM r2Ƕp2 Q#iBM2/X LQi2
i?i i?2v ?p2 Hi2`MiBp2 7Q`Kb r?B+? `2 Km+? 2bB2` iQ rQ`F rBi?X Uq2 rQMǶi
/Q Bi ?2`2- #mi vQm +M i`v iQ T`Qp2 i?2 2[mHBiB2b #2HQr QM vQm` QrM- 7Q` dz7mMǴVX
q2 mb2 i?2 +TBiH H2ii2` Ԉ iQ /2MQi2 dzbmKKiBQMǴ r?B+? `2TH+2b i?2 +TBiH
H2ii2` ဋ r?2M r2 +H+mHi2 i?2b2 pHm2b #b2/ QM Q#b2`p2/ /i- ԧք Ԩք
X h?2
bm#b+`BTib bm+? b ԧԨ /2MQi2 Qp2` r?B+? p`B#H2b i?2 7mM+iBQM ԩ ਷ ԩ
‫ ۽‬Bb TTHB2/X

։ ։ ։
։
௴քφ ԧք
௴քφ Ԩք

Ԉ֓֔  ం ԧք Ԩք ਷  ం ԧք ਷ ԧ
Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ք ਷ Ԩ
‫۽‬
քφ
ԝ քφ
։ ։ ։
௴քφ ԧք
ϵ
Ԉ֓֓  ం ԧϵք ਷  ం ԧք ਷ ԧ
‫ ۽‬ϵ
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ԝ քφ
։ ։ ։
௴քφ Ԩք
ϵ
Ԉ֔֔  ం Ԩքϵ ਷  ం Ԩք ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ
քφ
ԝ քφ

LQi2 i?i i?2b2 bmKKiBQMb Ԉ `2 MQi iQ #2 +QM7mb2/ rBi? bKTH2 biM/`/
/2pBiBQM ԢX
"v mbBM; i?2 #Qp2 Hi2`MiBp2 2tT`2bbBQMb 7Q` Ԉ֓֔ M/ Ԉ֓֓ - r2 ``Bp2 i 
+H2M2`- KQ`2 mb27mH 2tT`2bbBQM 7Q` ᅬφࣞ X

։
Ԉ֓֔ ௴ ԧք ਷ ԧ
Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ք ਷ Ԩ
‫۽‬
ᅬφࣞ   քφ ։
Ԉ֓֓ ௴քφ ԧք ਷ ԧ
‫ ۽‬ϵ

h`/BiBQMHHv r2 rQmH/ MQr +H+mHi2 ᅬЈࣞ M/ ᅬφࣞ #v ?M/ 7Q` i?2 +`b /ib2iX
>Qr2p2` #2+mb2 r2 `2 HBpBM; BM i?2 kRbi +2Mim`v M/ `2 BMi2HHB;2Mi UQ` Hxv
Q` 2{+B2Mi- /2T2M/BM; QM vQm` T2`bT2+iBp2V- r2 rBHH miBHBx2 _ iQ /Q i?2 MmK#2`
+`mM+?BM; 7Q` mbX
hQ F22T bQK2 MQiiBQM +QMbBbi2Mi rBi? i?2 #Qp2 Ki?2KiB+b- r2 rBHH biQ`2 i?2
`2bTQMb2 p`B#H2 b v M/ i?2 T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2 b tX
dXkX G1ah aZl_1a SS_P*> NN

t 4 +`b0bT22/
v 4 +`b0/Bbi

q2 i?2M +H+mHi2 i?2 i?`22 bmKb Q7 b[m`2b /2}M2/ #Qp2X

atv 4 bmKUUt @ K2MUtVV Uv @ K2MUvVVV

att 4 bmKUUt @ K2MUtVV  kV
avv 4 bmKUUv @ K2MUvVV  kV
+Uatv- att- avvV

OO (R) 8j3dX9y RjdyXyy jk8j3XN3

h?2M }MHHv +H+mHi2 ᅬЈࣞ M/ ᅬφࣞ X

#2inRn?i 4 atv f att

#2inyn?i 4 K2MUvV @ #2inRn?i K2MUtV
+U#2inyn?i- #2inRn?iV

OO (R) @RdX8dNyN8 jXNjk9yN

q?i /Q i?2b2 pHm2b i2HH mb #Qmi Qm` /ib2i\

h?2 bHQT2 T`K2i2` ᅬφ i2HHb mb i?i 7Q` M BM+`2b2 BM bT22/ Q7 QM2 KBH2 T2`
?Qm`- i?2 K2M biQTTBM; /BbiM+2 BM+`2b2b #v ᅬφ X Ai Bb BKTQ`iMi iQ bT2+B7v
i?i r2 `2 iHFBM; #Qmi i?2 K2MX _2+HH i?i ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧ Bb i?2 K2M Q7 Ԏ - BM
i?Bb +b2 biQTTBM; /BbiM+2- 7Q`  T`iB+mH` pHm2 Q7 ԧX UAM i?Bb +b2 bT22/XV aQ
ᅬφ i2HHb mb ?Qr i?2 K2M Q7 Ԏ Bb z2+i2/ #v  +?M;2 BM ԧX
aBKBH`Hv- i?2 2biBKi2 ᅬφࣞ   i2HHb mb i?i 7Q` M BM+`2b2 BM bT22/ Q7 QM2 KBH2
T2` ?Qm`- i?2 2biBKi2/ K2M biQTTBM; /BbiM+2 BM+`2b2b #v  722iX >2`2
r2 b?QmH/ #2 bm`2 iQ bT2+B7v r2 `2 /Bb+mbbBM; M 2biBKi2/ [mMiBivX _2+HH
i?i Ԩ ࣞ Bb i?2 2biBKi2/ K2M Q7 Ԏ - bQ ᅬφࣞ i2HHb mb ?Qr i?2 2biBKi2/ K2M Q7 Ԏ
Bb z2+i2/ #v +?M;BM; ԧX
h?2 BMi2`+2Ti T`K2i2` ᅬЈ i2HHb mb i?2 K2M biQTTBM; /BbiM+2 7Q`  +` i`p@
2HBM; x2`Q KBH2b T2` ?Qm`X ULQi KQpBM;XV h?2 2biBKi2 ᅬЈࣞ  ਷ i2HHb mb
i?i i?2 2biBKi2/ K2M biQTTBM; /BbiM+2 7Q`  +` i`p2HBM; x2`Q KBH2b T2`
?Qm` Bb ਷ 722iX aQ r?2M vQm TTHv i?2 #`F2b iQ  +` i?i Bb MQi KQpBM;-
Bi KQp2b #+Fr`/b\ h?Bb /Q2bMǶi b22K `B;?iX U1ti`TQHiBQM- r?B+? r2 rBHH b22
Hi2`- Bb i?2 Bbbm2 ?2`2XV

dXkXR JFBM; S`2/B+iBQMb

q2 +M MQr r`Bi2 i?2 }ii2/ Q` 2biBKi2/ HBM2-

Ryy *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

Ԩ ࣞ  ᅬЈࣞ  ᅬφࣞ ԧ

AM i?Bb +b2-

Ԩ ࣞ  ਷  ԧ

q2 +M MQr mb2 i?Bb HBM2 iQ KF2 T`2/B+iBQMbX 6B`bi- H2iǶb b22 i?2 TQbbB#H2 ԧ
pHm2b BM i?2 +`b /ib2iX aBM+2 bQK2 ԧ pHm2b Kv TT2` KQ`2 i?M QM+2-
r2 mb2 i?2 mMB[m2UV iQ `2im`M 2+? mMB[m2 pHm2 QMHv QM+2X

mMB[m2U+`b0bT22/V

OO (R) 9 d 3 N Ry RR Rk Rj R9 R8 Re Rd R3 RN ky kk kj k9 k8

G2iǶb KF2  T`2/B+iBQM 7Q` i?2 biQTTBM; /BbiM+2 Q7  +` i`p2HBM; i 3 KBH2b
T2` ?Qm`X

Ԩ ࣞ  ਷   ੎ 

#2inyn?i Y #2inRn?i 3

OO (R) RjX33yR3

h?Bb i2HHb mb i?i i?2 2biBKi2/ K2M biQTTBM; /BbiM+2 Q7  +` i`p2HBM; i 3
KBH2b T2` ?Qm` Bb X
LQr H2iǶb KF2  T`2/B+iBQM 7Q` i?2 biQTTBM; /BbiM+2 Q7  +` i`p2HBM; i kR
KBH2b T2` ?Qm`X h?Bb Bb +QMbB/2`2/ BMi2`TQHiBQM b kR Bb MQi M Q#b2`p2/ pHm2
Q7 ԧX U"mi Bb BM i?2 /i `M;2XV q2 +M mb2 i?2 bT2+BH WBMW QT2`iQ` iQ [mB+FHv
p2`B7v i?Bb BM _X

3 WBMW mMB[m2U+`b0bT22/V

OO (R) h_l1

kR WBMW mMB[m2U+`b0bT22/V

OO (R) 6Ga1
dXkX G1ah aZl_1a SS_P*> RyR

KBMU+`b0bT22/V I kR  kR I KtU+`b0bT22/V

OO (R) h_l1

Ԩ ࣞ  ਷   ੎ 

#2inyn?i Y #2inRn?i kR

OO (R) e8XyyR9N

GbiHv- r2 +M KF2  T`2/B+iBQM 7Q` i?2 biQTTBM; /BbiM+2 Q7  +` i`p2HBM; i
8y KBH2b T2` ?Qm`X h?Bb Bb +QMbB/2`2/ 2ti`TQHiBQM b 8y Bb MQi M Q#b2`p2/
pHm2 Q7 ԧ M/ Bb QmibB/2 /i `M;2X q2 b?QmH/ #2 H2bb +QM}/2Mi BM T`2/B+iBQMb
Q7 i?Bb ivT2X

`M;2U+`b0bT22/V

OO (R) 9 k8

`M;2U+`b0bT22/V(R) I 8y  8y I `M;2U+`b0bT22/V(k)

OO (R) 6Ga1

Ԩ ࣞ  ਷   ੎ 

#2inyn?i Y #2inRn?i 8y

OO (R) RdNXy9Rj

*`b i`p2H 8y KBH2b T2` ?Qm` `i?2` 2bBHv iQ/v- #mi MQi BM i?2 RNkyb5
h?Bb Bb HbQ M Bbbm2 r2 br r?2M BMi2`T`2iBM; ᅬЈࣞ  ਷- r?B+? Bb 2[mBpH2Mi
iQ KFBM;  T`2/B+iBQM i ԧ  X q2 b?QmH/ MQi #2 +QM}/2Mi BM i?2 2biBKi2/
HBM2` `2HiBQMb?BT QmibB/2 Q7 i?2 `M;2 Q7 /i r2 ?p2 Q#b2`p2/X
Ryk *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

dXkXk _2bB/mHb

A7 r2 i?BMF Q7 Qm` KQ/2H b dz_2bTQMb2 4 S`2/B+iBQM Y 1``Q`-Ǵ r2 +M i?2M r`Bi2

Bi b

Ԩ  Ԩ ࣞ  Ԕ

q2 i?2M /2}M2  `2bB/mH iQ #2 i?2 Q#b2`p2/ pHm2 KBMmb i?2 T`2/B+i2/ pHm2X

Ԕք  Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ

G2iǶb +H+mHi2 i?2 `2bB/mH 7Q` i?2 T`2/B+iBQM r2 K/2 7Q`  +` i`p2HBM; 3 KBH2b
T2` ?Qm`X 6B`bi- r2 M22/ iQ Q#iBM i?2 Q#b2`p2/ pHm2 Q7 Ԩ 7Q` i?Bb ԧ pHm2X

r?B+?U+`b0bT22/ 44 3V

OO (R) 8

+`b(8- )

OO bT22/ /Bbi
OO 8 3 Re

+`b(r?B+?U+`b0bT22/ 44 3V- )

OO bT22/ /Bbi
OO 8 3 Re

q2 +M i?2M +H+mHi2 i?2 `2bB/mHX

Ԕ   ਷   

Re @ U#2inyn?i Y #2inRn?i 3V

OO (R) kXRRN3k8

h?2 TQbBiBp2 `2bB/mH pHm2 BM/B+i2b i?i i?2 Q#b2`p2/ biQTTBM; /BbiM+2 Bb
+imHHv kXRk 722i KQ`2 i?M r?i rb T`2/B+i2/X
dXkX G1ah aZl_1a SS_P*> Ryj

dXkXj o`BM+2 1biBKiBQM

q2ǶHH MQr mb2 i?2 `2bB/mHb 7Q` 2+? Q7 i?2 TQBMib iQ +`2i2 M 2biBKi2 7Q` i?2
p`BM+2- ᅼϵ X
_2+HH i?i-

1<Ԏք ੮ ԍք  ԧք >  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք 

aQ-

Ԩքࣞ  ᅬЈࣞ  ᅬφࣞ ԧք

Bb  Mim`H 2biBKi2 7Q` i?2 K2M Q7 Ԏք 7Q`  ;Bp2M pHm2 Q7 ԧք X

HbQ- `2+HH i?i r?2M r2 bT2+B}2/ i?2 KQ/2H- r2 ?/ i?`22 mMFMQrM T`K2@
i2`bc ᅬЈ - ᅬφ - M/ ᅼϵ X h?2 K2i?Q/ Q7 H2bi b[m`2b ;p2 mb 2biBKi2b 7Q` ᅬЈ M/
ᅬφ - ?Qr2p2`- r2 ?p2 v2i iQ b22 M 2biBKi2 7Q` ᅼϵ X q2 rBHH MQr /2}M2 Ԣϵր r?B+?
rBHH #2 M 2biBKi2 7Q` ᅼϵ X

։

Ԣϵր  ం Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈࣞ  ᅬφࣞ ԧք

ϵ
ԝ ਷  քφ
։

 ం Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ
ϵ
ԝ ਷  քφ
։

 ం Ԕϵք
ԝ ਷  քφ

h?Bb T`Q##Hv b22Kb HBF2  Mim`H 2biBKi2- bB/2 7`QK i?2 mb2 Q7 ԝ ਷ - r?B+?
r2 rBHH Tmi Qz 2tTHBMBM; mMiBH i?2 M2ti +?Ti2`X Ai b?QmH/ +imHHv HQQF `i?2`
bBKBH` iQ bQK2i?BM; r2 ?p2 b22M #27Q`2X

։

Ԣϵ  ం ԧք ਷ ԧ
‫ ۽‬ϵ
ԝ ਷  քφ

>2`2- Ԣϵ Bb i?2 2biBKi2 Q7 ᅼϵ r?2M r2 ?p2  bBM;H2 `M/QK p`B#H2 ԍX AM i?Bb

+b2 ԧ‫ ۽‬Bb M 2biBKi2 Q7 ᅷ r?B+? Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 i?2 bK2 7Q` 2+? ԧX
LQr- BM i?2 `2;`2bbBQM +b2- rBi? Ԣϵր 2+? Ԩ ?b  /Bz2`2Mi K2M #2+mb2 Q7 i?2
`2HiBQMb?BT rBi? ԧX h?mb- 7Q` 2+? Ԩք - r2 mb2  /Bz2`2Mi 2biBKi2 Q7 i?2 K2M-
i?i Bb Ԩքࣞ X
Ry9 *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

vn?i 4 #2inyn?i Y #2inRn?i t

2 4 v @ vn?i
M 4 H2M;i?U2V
bkn2 4 bmKU2kV f UM @ kV
bkn2

OO (R) kjeX8jRd

Cmbi b rBi? i?2 mMBp`Bi2 K2bm`2 Q7 p`BM+2- i?Bb pHm2 Q7 kjeX8j /Q2bMǶi
?p2  T`+iB+H BMi2`T`2iiBQM BM i2`Kb Q7 biQTTBM; /BbiM+2X hFBM; i?2 b[m`2
`QQi- ?Qr2p2`- +QKTmi2b i?2 biM/`/ /2pBiBQM Q7 i?2 `2bB/mHb- HbQ FMQrM b
`2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`X

bn2 4 b[`iUbkn2V
bn2

OO (R) R8XjdN8N

h?Bb i2HHb mb i?i Qm` 2biBKi2b Q7 K2M biQTTBM; /BbiM+2 `2 dzivTB+HHvǴ Qz #v
R8Xj3 722iX

dXj .2+QKTQbBiBQM Q7 o`BiBQM

q2 +M `2@2tT`2bb Ԩք ਷ Ԩ-‫ ۽‬r?B+? K2bm`2b i?2 /2pBiBQM Q7 M Q#b2`piBQM 7`QK
i?2 bKTH2 K2M- BM i?2 7QHHQrBM; rv-

Ԩք ਷ Ԩ ‫  ۽‬Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ
 Ԩքࣞ ਷ Ԩ

‫۽‬

h?Bb Bb i?2 +QKKQM Ki?2KiB+H i`B+F Q7 dz//BM; x2`QXǴ AM i?Bb +b2 r2 #Qi?
//2/ M/ bm#i`+i2/ Ԩքࣞ X
>2`2- Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ K2bm`2b i?2 /2pBiBQM Q7 M Q#b2`piBQM 7`QK i?2 }ii2/ `2;`2bbBQM
HBM2 M/ Ԩքࣞ ਷ Ԩ ‫ ۽‬K2bm`2b i?2 /2pBiBQM Q7 i?2 }ii2/ `2;`2bbBQM HBM2 7`QK i?2
bKTH2 K2MX
A7 r2 b[m`2 i?2M bmK #Qi? bB/2b Q7 i?2 2[miBQM #Qp2- r2 +M Q#iBM i?2
7QHHQrBM;-

։ ։ ։
ం Ԩք ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ  ం Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ
ϵ  ం Ԩքࣞ ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ 
քφ քφ քφ

h?Bb b?QmH/ #2 bQK2r?i H`KBM; Q` KxBM;X >Qr Bb i?Bb i`m2\ 6Q` MQr r2
rBHH H2p2 i?Bb [m2biBQM mMMbr2`2/X Uh?BMF #Qmi i?Bb- M/ Kv#2 i`v iQ T`Qp2
BiXV q2 rBHH MQr /2}M2 i?`22 Q7 i?2 [mMiBiB2b b22M BM i?Bb 2[miBQMX
dXjX .1*PJSPaAhAPL P6 o_AhAPL Ry8

amK Q7 a[m`2b hQiH

։
aah  ం Ԩք ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ
քφ

h?2 [mMiBiv dzamK Q7 a[m`2b hQiH-Ǵ Q` aah- `2T`2b2Mib i?2 iQiH p`BiBQM
Q7 i?2 Q#b2`p2/ Ԩ pHm2bX h?Bb b?QmH/ #2  7KBHB`@HQQFBM; 2tT`2bbBQMX LQi2
i?i-

։
 
Ԣϵ  ం Ԩք ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ  aah
ԝ ਷  քφ ԝ਷

amK Q7 a[m`2b _2;`2bbBQM

։
aa_2;  ం Ԩքࣞ ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ
քφ

h?2 [mMiBiv dzamK Q7 a[m`2b _2;`2bbBQM-Ǵ aa_2;- `2T`2b2Mib i?2 2tTHBM2/

p`BiBQM Q7 i?2 Q#b2`p2/ Ԩ pHm2bX

amK Q7 a[m`2b 1``Q`

։
aa1  _aa  ం Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ
ϵ
քφ

h?2 [mMiBiv dzamK Q7 a[m`2b 1``Q`-Ǵ aa1- `2T`2b2Mib i?2 mM2tTHBM2/ p`B@
iBQM Q7 i?2 Q#b2`p2/ Ԩ pHm2bX uQm rBHH Q7i2M b22 aa1 r`Bii2M b _aa- Q`
dz_2bB/mH amK Q7 a[m`2bXǴ

aah 4 bmKUUv @ K2MUvVV  kV

aa_2; 4 bmKUUvn?i @ K2MUvVV  kV
aa1 4 bmKUUv @ vn?iV  kV
+Uaah 4 aah- aa_2; 4 aa_2;- aa1 4 aa1V

OO aah aa_2; aa1

OO jk8j3XN3 kRR38X9e RRj8jX8k

LQi2 i?i-

aa1
Ԣϵր  
ԝ਷
Rye *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

aa1 f UM @ kV

OO (R) kjeX8jRd

q2 +M mb2 _ iQ p2`B7v i?i i?Bb Ki+?2b Qm` T`2pBQmb +H+mHiBQM Q7 Ԣϵր X

bkn2 44 aa1 f UM @ kV

OO (R) h_l1

h?2b2 i?`22 K2bm`2b HbQ /Q MQi ?p2 M BKTQ`iMi T`+iB+H BMi2`T`2iiBQM BM@
/BpB/mHHvX "mi iQ;2i?2`- i?2vǶ`2 #Qmi iQ `2p2H  M2r biiBbiB+ iQ ?2HT K2bm`2
i?2 bi`2M;i? Q7 M aG_ KQ/2HX

dXjXR *Q2{+B2Mi Q7 .2i2`KBMiBQM

h?2 +Q2{+B2Mi Q7 /2i2`KBMiBQM- ԇϵ - Bb /2}M2/ b

։
aa_2; ௴ Ԩքࣞ ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ
ԇϵ   քφ
։
aah ௴քφ Ԩք ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ

aah ਷ aa1 aa1

 ਷
aah aah
։ ։
௴քφ Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ
ϵ ௴քφ Ԕϵք
਷ ։ ਷ ։
௴քφ Ԩք ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ ௴քφ Ԩք ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ

h?2 +Q2{+B2Mi Q7 /2i2`KBMiBQM Bb BMi2`T`2i2/ b i?2 T`QTQ`iBQM Q7 Q#b2`p2/

p`BiBQM BM Ԩ i?i +M #2 2tTHBM2/ #v i?2 bBKTH2 HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2HX

_k 4 aa_2; f aah
_k

OO (R) yXe8RydN9

6Q` i?2 +`b 2tKTH2- r2 +H+mHi2 ԇϵ  X q2 i?2M bv i?i  Q7 i?2
Q#b2`p2/ p`B#BHBiv BM biQTTBM; /BbiM+2 Bb 2tTHBM2/ #v i?2 HBM2` `2HiBQMb?BT
rBi? bT22/X
h?2 7QHHQrBM; THQib pBbmHHv /2KQMbi`i2 i?2 i?`22 dzbmKb Q7 b[m`2bǴ 7Q`  bBK@
mHi2/ /ib2i r?B+? ?b ԇϵ   r?B+? Bb  bQK2r?i ?B;? pHm2X LQiB+2
BM i?2 }MH THQi- i?i i?2 Q`M;2 ``Qrb ++QmMi 7Q`  H`;2` T`QTQ`iBQM Q7 i?2
iQiH ``QrX
dXjX .1*PJSPaAhAPL P6 o_AhAPL Ryd

SSReg (Sum of Squares Regression) SSE (Sum of Squares Error)

25

25
20

20
15

15
y

y
10

10
5

5
0

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

x x

SST (Sum of Squares Total) SST (Sum of Squares Total)

25

25
20

20
15

15
y

y
10

10
5

5
0

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

x x

h?2 M2ti THQib ;BM pBbmHHv /2KQMbi`i2 i?2 i?`22 dzbmKb Q7 b[m`2b-Ǵ i?Bb iBK2
7Q`  bBKmHi2/ /ib2i r?B+? ?b ԇϵ  X LQiB+2 BM i?2 }MH THQi- i?i MQr
i?2 #Hm2 ``Qrb ++QmMi 7Q`  H`;2` T`QTQ`iBQM Q7 i?2 iQiH ``QrX
Ry3 *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

SSReg (Sum of Squares Regression) SSE (Sum of Squares Error)

10

10
0

0
-10

-10
y

y
-20

-20
-30

-30
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

x x

SST (Sum of Squares Total) SST (Sum of Squares Total)

10

10
0

0
-10

-10
y

y
-20

-20
-30

-30

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

x x

dX9 h?2 HK 6mM+iBQM

aQ 7` r2 ?p2 /QM2 `2;`2bbBQM #v /2`BpBM; i?2 H2bi b[m`2b 2biBKi2b- i?2M
r`BiBM; bBKTH2 _ +QKKM/b iQ T2`7Q`K i?2 M2+2bb`v +H+mHiBQMbX aBM+2 i?Bb Bb
bm+?  +QKKQM ibF- i?Bb Bb 7mM+iBQMHBiv i?i Bb #mBHi /B`2+iHv BMiQ _ pB i?2
HKUV +QKKM/X

h?2 HKUV +QKKM/ Bb mb2/ iQ }i HBM2` KQ/2Hb r?B+? +imHHv ++QmMi 7Q`
 #`Q/2` +Hbb Q7 KQ/2Hb i?M bBKTH2 HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM- #mi r2 rBHH mb2 aG_
b Qm` }`bi /2KQMbi`iBQM Q7 HKUVX h?2 HKUV 7mM+iBQM rBHH #2 QM2 Q7 Qm` KQbi
+QKKQMHv mb2/ iQQHb- bQ vQm Kv rMi iQ iF2  HQQF i i?2 /Q+mK2MiiBQM #v
mbBM; \HKX uQmǶHH MQiB+2 i?2`2 Bb  HQi Q7 BM7Q`KiBQM i?2`2- #mi r2 rBHH bi`i
rBi? Dmbi i?2 p2`v #bB+bX h?Bb Bb /Q+mK2MiiBQM vQm rBHH rMi iQ `2im`M iQ
Q7i2MX
dX9X h>1 GJ 6lL*hAPL RyN

q2ǶHH +QMiBMm2 mbBM; i?2 +`b /i- M/ 2bb2MiBHHv mb2 i?2 HKUV 7mM+iBQM iQ
+?2+F i?2 rQ`F r2 ?/ T`2pBQmbHv /QM2X

biQTn/BbinKQ/2H 4 HKU/Bbi  bT22/- /i 4 +`bV

h?Bb HBM2 Q7 +Q/2 }ib Qm` p2`v }`bi HBM2` KQ/2HX h?2 bvMit b?QmH/ HQQF bQK2@
r?i 7KBHB`X q2 mb2 i?2 /Bbi  bT22/ bvMit iQ i2HH _ r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ KQ/2H
i?2 `2bTQMb2 p`B#H2 /Bbi b  HBM2` 7mM+iBQM Q7 i?2 T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2 bT22/X
AM ;2M2`H- vQm b?QmH/ i?BMF Q7 i?2 bvMit b `2bTQMb2  T`2/B+iQ`X h?2
/i 4 +`b `;mK2Mi i?2M i2HHb _ i?i i?2 /Bbi M/ bT22/ p`B#H2b `2 7`QK
i?2 /ib2i +`bX q2 i?2M biQ`2 i?Bb `2bmHi BM  p`B#H2 biQTn/BbinKQ/2HX
h?2 p`B#H2 biQTn/BbinKQ/2H MQr +QMiBMb  r2Hi? Q7 BM7Q`KiBQM- M/ r2
rBHH MQr b22 ?Qr iQ 2ti`+i M/ mb2 i?i BM7Q`KiBQMX h?2 }`bi i?BM; r2 rBHH /Q Bb
bBKTHv QmiTmi r?i2p2` Bb biQ`2/ BKK2/Bi2Hv BM i?2 p`B#H2 biQTn/BbinKQ/2HX

biQTn/BbinKQ/2H

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 /Bbi  bT22/- /i 4 +`bV
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO UAMi2`+2TiV bT22/
OO @RdX8dN jXNjk

q2 b22 i?i Bi }`bi i2HHb mb i?2 7Q`KmH r2 BMTmi BMiQ _- i?i Bb HKU7Q`KmH
4 /Bbi  bT22/- /i 4 +`bVX q2 HbQ b22 i?2 +Q2{+B2Mib Q7 i?2 KQ/2HX
q2 +M +?2+F i?i i?2b2 `2 r?i r2 ?/ +H+mHi2/ T`2pBQmbHvX UJBMmb bQK2
`QmM/BM; i?i _ Bb /QBM; r?2M /BbTHvBM; i?2 `2bmHibX h?2v `2 biQ`2/ rBi? 7mHH
T`2+BbBQMXV

+U#2inyn?i- #2inRn?iV

OO (R) @RdX8dNyN8 jXNjk9yN

L2ti- Bi rQmH/ #2 MB+2 iQ // i?2 }ii2/ HBM2 iQ i?2 b+ii2`THQiX hQ /Q bQ r2 rBHH
mb2 i?2 #HBM2UV 7mM+iBQMX

THQiU/Bbi  bT22/- /i 4 +`b-

tH# 4 ]aT22/ UBM JBH2b S2` >Qm`V]-
vH# 4 ]aiQTTBM; .BbiM+2 UBM 622iV]-
KBM 4 ]aiQTTBM; .BbiM+2 pb aT22/]-
T+? 4 ky-
RRy *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

+2t 4 k-
+QH 4 ];`2v]V
#HBM2UbiQTn/BbinKQ/2H- Hr/ 4 j- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]V

Stopping Distance vs Speed

100 120
Stopping Distance (in Feet)

80
60
40
20
0

5 10 15 20 25

Speed (in Miles Per Hour)

h?2 #HBM2UV 7mM+iBQM Bb mb2/ iQ // HBM2b Q7 i?2 7Q`K Ԑ  ԑԧ iQ  THQiX U>2M+2
#HBM2XV q?2M r2 ;Bp2 Bi biQTn/BbinKQ/2H b M `;mK2Mi- Bi miQKiB+HHv
2ti`+ib i?2 `2;`2bbBQM +Q2{+B2Mi 2biBKi2b UᅬЈࣞ M/ ᅬφࣞ V M/ mb2b i?2K b i?2
BMi2`+2Ti M/ bHQT2 Q7 i?2 HBM2X >2`2 r2 HbQ mb2 Hr/ iQ KQ/B7v i?2 rB/i? Q7 i?2
HBM2- b r2HH b +QH iQ KQ/B7v i?2 +QHQ` Q7 i?2 HBM2X
h?2 dzi?BM;Ǵ i?i Bb `2im`M2/ #v i?2 HKUV 7mM+iBQM Bb +imHHv M Q#D2+i Q7 +Hbb
HK r?B+? Bb  HBbiX h?2 2t+i /2iBHb Q7 i?Bb `2 mMBKTQ`iMi mMH2bb vQm `2
b2`BQmbHv BMi2`2bi2/ BM i?2 BMM2`@rQ`FBM;b Q7 _- #mi FMQr i?i r2 +M /2i2`KBM2
i?2 MK2b Q7 i?2 2H2K2Mib Q7 i?2 HBbi mbBM; i?2 MK2bUV +QKKM/X

MK2bUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2HV

OO (R) ]+Q277B+B2Mib] ]`2bB/mHb] ]2772+ib] ]`MF]

OO (8) ]7Bii2/XpHm2b] ]bbB;M] ][`] ]/7X`2bB/mH]
OO (N) ]tH2p2Hb] ]+HH] ]i2`Kb] ]KQ/2H]

q2 +M i?2M mb2 i?Bb BM7Q`KiBQM iQ- 7Q` 2tKTH2- ++2bb i?2 `2bB/mHb mbBM; i?2
0 QT2`iQ`X
dX9X h>1 GJ 6lL*hAPL RRR

biQTn/BbinKQ/2H0`2bB/mHb

OO R k j 9 8 e d
OO jX39N9ey RRX39N9ey @8XN9ddee RkXy8kkj9 kXRRN3k8 @dX3Rk839 @jXd99NNj
OO 3 N Ry RR Rk Rj R9
OO 9Xk88yyd RkXk88yyd @3Xedd9yR kXjkk8NN @R8XeyN3Ry @NXeyN3Ry @8XeyN3Ry
OO R8 Re Rd R3 RN ky kR
OO @RXeyN3Ry @dX89kkRN yX98dd3R yX98dd3R RkX98dd3R @RRX9d9ek3 @RX9d9ek3
OO kk kj k9 k8 ke kd k3
OO kkX8k8jdk 9kX8k8jdk @kRX9ydyje @R8X9ydyje RkX8NkNe9 @RjXjjN998 @8XjjN998
OO kN jy jR jk jj j9 j8
OO @RdXkdR389 @NXkdR389 yXdk3R9e @RRXky9kej kXdN8djd kkXdN8djd jyXdN8djd
OO je jd j3 jN 9y 9R 9k
OO @kRXRjeedk @RRXRjeedk RyX3ejjk3 @kNXyeNy3y @RjXyeNy3y @NXyeNy3y @8XyeNy3y
OO 9j 99 98 9e 9d 93 9N
OO kXNjyNky @kXNjj3N3 @R3X3eejyd @eXdN3dR8 R8XkyRk38 ReXkyRk38 9jXkyRk38
OO 8y
OO 9Xke33de

MQi?2` rv iQ ++2bb biQ`2/ BM7Q`KiBQM BM biQTn/BbinKQ/2H `2 i?2 +Q27UV-

`2bB/UV- M/ 7Bii2/UV 7mM+iBQMbX h?2b2 `2im`M i?2 +Q2{+B2Mib- `2bB/mHb- M/
}ii2/ pHm2b- `2bT2+iBp2HvX

+Q27UbiQTn/BbinKQ/2HV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV bT22/
OO @RdX8dNyN8 jXNjk9yN

`2bB/UbiQTn/BbinKQ/2HV

OO R k j 9 8 e d
OO jX39N9ey RRX39N9ey @8XN9ddee RkXy8kkj9 kXRRN3k8 @dX3Rk839 @jXd99NNj
OO 3 N Ry RR Rk Rj R9
OO 9Xk88yyd RkXk88yyd @3Xedd9yR kXjkk8NN @R8XeyN3Ry @NXeyN3Ry @8XeyN3Ry
OO R8 Re Rd R3 RN ky kR
OO @RXeyN3Ry @dX89kkRN yX98dd3R yX98dd3R RkX98dd3R @RRX9d9ek3 @RX9d9ek3
OO kk kj k9 k8 ke kd k3
OO kkX8k8jdk 9kX8k8jdk @kRX9ydyje @R8X9ydyje RkX8NkNe9 @RjXjjN998 @8XjjN998
OO kN jy jR jk jj j9 j8
OO @RdXkdR389 @NXkdR389 yXdk3R9e @RRXky9kej kXdN8djd kkXdN8djd jyXdN8djd
OO je jd j3 jN 9y 9R 9k
OO @kRXRjeedk @RRXRjeedk RyX3ejjk3 @kNXyeNy3y @RjXyeNy3y @NXyeNy3y @8XyeNy3y
OO 9j 99 98 9e 9d 93 9N
RRk *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

OO kXNjyNky @kXNjj3N3 @R3X3eejyd @eXdN3dR8 R8XkyRk38 ReXkyRk38 9jXkyRk38

OO 8y
OO 9Xke33de

7Bii2/UbiQTn/BbinKQ/2HV

OO R k j 9 8 e d 3
OO @RX39N9ey @RX39N9ey NXN9ddee NXN9ddee RjX33yRd8 RdX3Rk839 kRXd99NNj kRXd99NNj
OO N Ry RR Rk Rj R9 R8 Re
OO kRXd99NNj k8Xedd9yR k8Xedd9yR kNXeyN3Ry kNXeyN3Ry kNXeyN3Ry kNXeyN3Ry jjX89kkRN
OO Rd R3 RN ky kR kk kj k9
OO jjX89kkRN jjX89kkRN jjX89kkRN jdX9d9ek3 jdX9d9ek3 jdX9d9ek3 jdX9d9ek3 9RX9ydyje
OO k8 ke kd k3 kN jy jR jk
OO 9RX9ydyje 9RX9ydyje 98XjjN998 98XjjN998 9NXkdR389 9NXkdR389 9NXkdR389 8jXky9kej
OO jj j9 j8 je jd j3 jN 9y
OO 8jXky9kej 8jXky9kej 8jXky9kej 8dXRjeedk 8dXRjeedk 8dXRjeedk eRXyeNy3y eRXyeNy3y
OO 9R 9k 9j 99 98 9e 9d 93
OO eRXyeNy3y eRXyeNy3y eRXyeNy3y e3XNjj3N3 dkX3eejyd deXdN3dR8 deXdN3dR8 deXdN3dR8
OO 9N 8y
OO deXdN3dR8 3yXdjRRk9

M _ 7mM+iBQM i?i Bb mb27mH BM KMv bBimiBQMb Bb bmKK`vUVX q2 b22 i?i r?2M

Bi Bb +HH2/ QM Qm` KQ/2H- Bi `2im`Mb  ;QQ/ /2H Q7 BM7Q`KiBQMX "v i?2 2M/
Q7 i?2 +Qm`b2- vQm rBHH FMQr r?i 2p2`v pHm2 ?2`2 Bb mb2/ 7Q`X 6Q` MQr- vQm
b?QmH/ BKK2/Bi2Hv MQiB+2 i?2 +Q2{+B2Mi 2biBKi2b- M/ vQm Kv `2+Q;MBx2 i?2
ԇϵ pHm2 r2 br 2`HB2`X

bmKK`vUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2HV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 /Bbi  bT22/- /i 4 +`bV
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @kNXyeN @NX8k8 @kXkdk NXkR8 9jXkyR
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV @RdX8dNR eXd839 @kXeyR yXyRkj
OO bT22/ jXNjk9 yX9R88 NX9e9 RX9N2@Rk
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
dX9X h>1 GJ 6lL*hAPL RRj

OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, R8Xj3 QM 93 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK

OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yXe8RR- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yXe9j3
OO 6@biiBbiB+, 3NX8d QM R M/ 93 .6- T@pHm2, RX9N2@Rk

h?2 bmKK`vUV +QKKM/ HbQ `2im`Mb  HBbi- M/ r2 +M ;BM mb2 MK2bUV iQ
H2`M r?i #Qmi i?2 2H2K2Mib Q7 i?Bb HBbiX

MK2bUbmKK`vUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2HVV

OO (R) ]+HH] ]i2`Kb] ]`2bB/mHb] ]+Q277B+B2Mib]

OO (8) ]HBb2/] ]bB;K] ]/7] ]`Xb[m`2/]
OO (N) ]/DX`Xb[m`2/] ]7biiBbiB+] ]+QpXmMb+H2/]

aQ- 7Q` 2tKTH2- B7 r2 rMi2/ iQ /B`2+iHv ++2bb i?2 pHm2 Q7 ԇϵ - BMbi2/ Q7 +QTv
M/ TbiBM; Bi Qmi Q7 i?2 T`BMi2/ bii2K2Mi 7`QK bmKK`vUV- r2 +QmH/ /Q bQX

bmKK`vUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2HV0`Xb[m`2/

OO (R) yXe8RydN9

MQi?2` pHm2 r2 Kv rMi iQ ++2bb Bb Ԣր - r?B+? _ +HHb bB;KX

bmKK`vUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2HV0bB;K

OO (R) R8XjdN8N

LQi2 i?i i?Bb Bb i?2 bK2 `2bmHi b22M 2`HB2` b bn2X uQm Kv HbQ MQiB+2 i?i
i?Bb pHm2 rb /BbTHv2/ #Qp2 b  `2bmHi Q7 i?2 bmKK`vUV +QKKM/- r?B+? _
H#2H2/ i?2 dz_2bB/mH aiM/`/ 1``Q`XǴ

։

Ԣր  _a1  ఌ ం Ԕϵք
ԝ ਷  քφ

P7i2M Bi Bb mb27mH iQ iHF #Qmi Ԣր UQ` _a1V BMbi2/ Q7 Ԣϵր #2+mb2 Q7 i?2B` mMBibX
h?2 mMBi Q7 Ԣր BM i?2 +`b 2tKTH2 Bb 722i- r?BH2 i?2 mMBi Q7 Ԣϵր Bb 722i@b[m`2/X
MQi?2` mb27mH 7mM+iBQM- r?B+? r2 rBHH mb2 HKQbi b Q7i2M b HKUV Bb i?2
T`2/B+iUV 7mM+iBQMX

T`2/B+iUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2H- M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2UbT22/ 4 3VV

OO R
OO RjX33yR3
RR9 *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

h?2 #Qp2 +Q/2 `2/b dzT`2/B+i i?2 biQTTBM; /BbiM+2 Q7  +` i`p2HBM; 3 KBH2b
T2` ?Qm` mbBM; i?2 biQTn/BbinKQ/2HXǴ AKTQ`iMiHv- i?2 b2+QM/ `;mK2Mi iQ
T`2/B+iUV Bb  /i 7`K2 i?i r2 KF2 BM TH+2X q2 /Q i?Bb bQ i?i r2 +M
bT2+B7v i?i 3 Bb  pHm2 Q7 bT22/- bQ i?i T`2/B+i FMQrb ?Qr iQ mb2 Bi rBi?
i?2 KQ/2H biQ`2/ BM biQTn/BbinKQ/2HX q2 b22 i?i i?Bb `2bmHi Bb r?i r2 ?/
+H+mHi2/ dz#v ?M/Ǵ T`2pBQmbHvX
q2 +QmH/ HbQ T`2/B+i KmHiBTH2 pHm2b i QM+2X

T`2/B+iUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2H- M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2UbT22/ 4 +U3- kR- 8yVVV

OO R k j
OO RjX33yR3 e8XyyR9N RdNXy9Rj9

Ԩ ࣞ  ਷   ੎   

Ԩ ࣞ  ਷   ੎   
Ԩ ࣞ  ਷   ੎   

P` r2 +QmH/ +H+mHi2 i?2 }ii2/ pHm2 7Q` 2+? Q7 i?2 Q`B;BMH /i TQBMibX q2
+M bBKTHv bmTTHv i?2 Q`B;BMH /i 7`K2- +`b- bBM+2 Bi +QMiBMb  p`B#H2b
+HH2/ bT22/ r?B+? ?b i?2 pHm2b r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ T`2/B+i iX

T`2/B+iUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2H- M2r/i 4 +`bV

OO R k j 9 8 e d 3
OO @RX39N9ey @RX39N9ey NXN9ddee NXN9ddee RjX33yRd8 RdX3Rk839 kRXd99NNj kRXd99NNj
OO N Ry RR Rk Rj R9 R8 Re
OO kRXd99NNj k8Xedd9yR k8Xedd9yR kNXeyN3Ry kNXeyN3Ry kNXeyN3Ry kNXeyN3Ry jjX89kkRN
OO Rd R3 RN ky kR kk kj k9
OO jjX89kkRN jjX89kkRN jjX89kkRN jdX9d9ek3 jdX9d9ek3 jdX9d9ek3 jdX9d9ek3 9RX9ydyje
OO k8 ke kd k3 kN jy jR jk
OO 9RX9ydyje 9RX9ydyje 98XjjN998 98XjjN998 9NXkdR389 9NXkdR389 9NXkdR389 8jXky9kej
OO jj j9 j8 je jd j3 jN 9y
OO 8jXky9kej 8jXky9kej 8jXky9kej 8dXRjeedk 8dXRjeedk 8dXRjeedk eRXyeNy3y eRXyeNy3y
OO 9R 9k 9j 99 98 9e 9d 93
OO eRXyeNy3y eRXyeNy3y eRXyeNy3y e3XNjj3N3 dkX3eejyd deXdN3dR8 deXdN3dR8 deXdN3dR8
OO 9N 8y
OO deXdN3dR8 3yXdjRRk9

O T`2/B+iUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2H- M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2UbT22/ 4 +`b0bT22/VV

h?Bb Bb +imHHv 2[mBpH2Mi iQ bBKTHv +HHBM; T`2/B+iUV QM biQTn/BbinKQ/2H

rBi?Qmi  b2+QM/ `;mK2MiX
dX8X JsAJlJ GAE1GA>PP. 1ahAJhAPL UJG1V SS_P*> RR8

T`2/B+iUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2HV

OO R k j 9 8 e d 3
OO @RX39N9ey @RX39N9ey NXN9ddee NXN9ddee RjX33yRd8 RdX3Rk839 kRXd99NNj kRXd99NNj
OO N Ry RR Rk Rj R9 R8 Re
OO kRXd99NNj k8Xedd9yR k8Xedd9yR kNXeyN3Ry kNXeyN3Ry kNXeyN3Ry kNXeyN3Ry jjX89kkRN
OO Rd R3 RN ky kR kk kj k9
OO jjX89kkRN jjX89kkRN jjX89kkRN jdX9d9ek3 jdX9d9ek3 jdX9d9ek3 jdX9d9ek3 9RX9ydyje
OO k8 ke kd k3 kN jy jR jk
OO 9RX9ydyje 9RX9ydyje 98XjjN998 98XjjN998 9NXkdR389 9NXkdR389 9NXkdR389 8jXky9kej
OO jj j9 j8 je jd j3 jN 9y
OO 8jXky9kej 8jXky9kej 8jXky9kej 8dXRjeedk 8dXRjeedk 8dXRjeedk eRXyeNy3y eRXyeNy3y
OO 9R 9k 9j 99 98 9e 9d 93
OO eRXyeNy3y eRXyeNy3y eRXyeNy3y e3XNjj3N3 dkX3eejyd deXdN3dR8 deXdN3dR8 deXdN3dR8
OO 9N 8y
OO deXdN3dR8 3yXdjRRk9

LQi2 i?i i?2M BM i?Bb +b2- i?Bb Bb i?2 bK2 b mbBM; 7Bii2/UVX

7Bii2/UbiQTn/BbinKQ/2HV

OO R k j 9 8 e d 3
OO @RX39N9ey @RX39N9ey NXN9ddee NXN9ddee RjX33yRd8 RdX3Rk839 kRXd99NNj kRXd99NNj
OO N Ry RR Rk Rj R9 R8 Re
OO kRXd99NNj k8Xedd9yR k8Xedd9yR kNXeyN3Ry kNXeyN3Ry kNXeyN3Ry kNXeyN3Ry jjX89kkRN
OO Rd R3 RN ky kR kk kj k9
OO jjX89kkRN jjX89kkRN jjX89kkRN jdX9d9ek3 jdX9d9ek3 jdX9d9ek3 jdX9d9ek3 9RX9ydyje
OO k8 ke kd k3 kN jy jR jk
OO 9RX9ydyje 9RX9ydyje 98XjjN998 98XjjN998 9NXkdR389 9NXkdR389 9NXkdR389 8jXky9kej
OO jj j9 j8 je jd j3 jN 9y
OO 8jXky9kej 8jXky9kej 8jXky9kej 8dXRjeedk 8dXRjeedk 8dXRjeedk eRXyeNy3y eRXyeNy3y
OO 9R 9k 9j 99 98 9e 9d 93
OO eRXyeNy3y eRXyeNy3y eRXyeNy3y e3XNjj3N3 dkX3eejyd deXdN3dR8 deXdN3dR8 deXdN3dR8
OO 9N 8y
OO deXdN3dR8 3yXdjRRk9

dX8 JtBKmK GBF2HB?QQ/ 1biBKiBQM UJG1V

TT`Q+?
_2+HH i?2 KQ/2H-

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք  ᅯք
RRe *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

r?2`2 ᅯք ୽ ԃ  ᅼϵ
X
h?2M r2 +M }M/ i?2 K2M M/ p`BM+2 Q7 2+? Ԏք X

1<Ԏք ੮ ԍք  ԧք >  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք

M/

o`<Ԏք ੮ ԍք  ԧք >  ᅼϵ 

//BiBQMHHv- i?2 Ԏք 7QHHQr  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQM +QM/BiBQM2/ QM i?2 ԧք X

Ԏք ੮ ԍք ୽ ԃ ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք ᅼϵ

_2+HH i?i i?2 T/7 Q7  `M/QK p`B#H2 ԍ ୽ ԃ ᅷ ᅼϵ

Bb ;Bp2M #v

  ԧ਷ᅷ ϵ
ԕչ ԧ ᅷ ᅼϵ
 అ 2tT ঳਷ ঁ ং ঴
ᅺᅼϵ  ᅼ

h?2M r2 +M r`Bi2 i?2 T/7 Q7 2+? Q7 i?2 Ԏք b

ϵ
  Ԩ ਷ ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք

ԕպՎ Ԩք  ԧք ᅬЈ ᅬφ ᅼϵ
 అ 2tT ঢ়਷ ভ ք ম ৞
ᅺᅼϵ  ᅼ

:Bp2M ԝ /i TQBMib ԧք Ԩք

r2 +M r`Bi2 i?2 HBF2HB?QQ/- r?B+? Bb  7mM+iBQM Q7
i?2 i?`22 T`K2i2`b ᅬЈ - ᅬφ - M/ ᅼϵ X aBM+2 i?2 /i ?p2 #22M Q#b2`p2/- r2 mb2
HQr2` +b2 Ԩք iQ /2MQi2 i?i i?2b2 pHm2b `2 MQ HQM;2` `M/QKX

։ ϵ
  Ԩ ਷ ᅬЈ ਷ ᅬφ ԧք
ԁ ᅬЈ ᅬφ ᅼϵ
 ః అ 2tT ঢ়਷ গ ք ঘ ৞
քφ ᅺᅼ ϵ  ᅼ

Pm` ;QH Bb iQ }M/ pHm2b Q7 ᅬЈ - ᅬφ - M/ ᅼϵ r?B+? KtBKBx2 i?Bb 7mM+iBQM- r?B+?
Bb  bi`B;?i7Q`r`/ KmHiBp`Bi2 +H+mHmb T`Q#H2KX
q2ǶHH bi`i #v /QBM;  #Bi Q7 `2``M;BM; iQ KF2 Qm` ibF 2bB2`X

։
  ։
ԁ ᅬЈ ᅬφ ᅼϵ
 ভ అ ম 2tT ঢ়਷ ం Ԩ ਷ ᅬЈ ਷ ᅬφ ԧք
ϵ ৞
ᅺᅼϵ ᅼϵ քφ ք

h?2M- b Bb Q7i2M i?2 +b2 r?2M }M/BM; JG1b- 7Q` Ki?2KiB+H +QMp2MB2M+2 r2
rBHH iF2 i?2 Mim`H HQ;`Bi?K Q7 i?2 HBF2HB?QQ/ 7mM+iBQM bBM+2 HQ; Bb  KQMQiQM@
B+HHv BM+`2bBM; 7mM+iBQMX h?2M r2 rBHH T`Q+22/ iQ KtBKBx2 i?2 HQ;@HBF2HB?QQ/-
M/ i?2 `2bmHiBM; 2biBKi2b rBHH #2 i?2 bK2 b B7 r2 ?/ MQi iF2M i?2 HQ;X
dX8X JsAJlJ GAE1GA>PP. 1ahAJhAPL UJG1V SS_P*> RRd

ԝ ԝ  ։
HQ; ԁ ᅬЈ ᅬφ ᅼϵ
 ਷ HQ; ᅺ
਷ HQ; ᅼϵ
਷ ϵ ం Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ ਷ ᅬφ ԧք
ϵ
  ᅼ քφ

LQi2 i?i r2 mb2 HQ; iQ K2M i?2 Mim`H HQ;`Bi?KX q2 MQr iF2  T`iBH
/2`BpiBp2 rBi? `2bT2+i iQ 2+? Q7 i?2 T`K2i2`bX

ᆉ HQ; ԁ ᅬЈ ᅬφ ᅼϵ
 ։
 ϵ ం Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ ਷ ᅬφ ԧք

ᆉᅬЈ ᅼ քφ
ᆉ HQ; ԁ ᅬЈ ᅬφ ᅼϵ
 ։
 ϵ ం ԧք
Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ ਷ ᅬφ ԧք

ᆉᅬφ ᅼ քφ
։
ᆉ HQ; ԁ ᅬЈ ᅬφ ᅼϵ
ԝ 
 ਷  ం Ԩ ਷ ᅬЈ ਷ ᅬφ ԧք
ϵ
ᆉᅼϵ ᅼϵ  ᅼϵ
ϵ քφ ք

q2 i?2M b2i 2+? Q7 i?2 T`iBH /2`BpiBp2b 2[mH iQ x2`Q M/ bQHp2 i?2 `2bmHiBM;
bvbi2K Q7 2[miBQMbX

։
ం Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ ਷ ᅬφ ԧք
 
քφ
։
ం ԧք
Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ ਷ ᅬφ ԧք
 
քφ
։
ԝ 
਷  ం Ԩ ਷ ᅬЈ ਷ ᅬφ ԧք
ϵ  
ᅼϵ  ᅼϵ
ϵ քφ ք

uQm Kv MQiB+2 i?i i?2 }`bi irQ 2[miBQMb HbQ TT2` BM i?2 H2bi b[m`2b
TT`Q+?X h?2M- bFBTTBM; i?2 Bbbm2 Q7 +imHHv +?2+FBM; B7 r2 ?p2 7QmM/ 
KtBKmK- r2 i?2M ``Bp2 i Qm` 2biBKi2bX q2 +HH i?2b2 2biBKi2b i?2 KtB@
KmK HBF2HB?QQ/ 2biBKi2bX

Փ Փ
։ ௴Վȯ ֓Վ
௴Վȯ ֔Վ

௴քφ ԧք Ԩք ਷ Ԉ֓֔
ᅬφࣞ  Փ
։

։ ௴
௴քφ ԧϵք ਷ Վȯ։ Վ
֓
ɞ Ԉ֓֓

ᅬЈࣞ  Ԩ ‫ ۽‬਷ ᅬφࣞ ԧ‫۽‬

 ։
ᅼࣞ ϵ  ం Ԩ ਷ Ԩքࣞ
ϵ
ԝ քφ ք

LQi2 i?i ᅬЈࣞ M/ ᅬφࣞ `2 i?2 bK2 b i?2 H2bi b[m`2b 2biBKi2bX >Qr2p2`
r2 MQr ?p2  M2r 2biBKi2 Q7 ᅼϵ - i?i Bb ᅼࣞ ϵ X aQ r2 MQr ?p2 irQ /Bz2`2Mi
2biBKi2b Q7 ᅼϵ X
RR3 *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

։ ։
 
Ԣϵր  ం Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ
ϵ  ం Ԕϵք G2bi a[m`2b
ԝ ਷  քφ ԝ ਷  քφ
 ։  ։
ᅼࣞ ϵ  ం Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ
ϵ  ం Ԕϵք JG1
ԝ քφ ԝ քφ

AM i?2 M2ti +?Ti2`- r2 rBHH /Bb+mbb BM /2iBH i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M i?2b2 irQ
2biBKi2b- r?B+? BMpQHp2b #Bb2/M2bbX

dXe aBKmHiBM; aG_

q2 `2im`M ;BM iQ KQ`2 2tKTH2b Q7 bBKmHiBQMX h?Bb rBHH #2  +QKKQM i?2K25
AM T`+iB+2 vQm rBHH HKQbi M2p2` ?p2  i`m2 KQ/2H- M/ vQm rBHH mb2 /i iQ i@
i2KTi iQ `2+Qp2` BM7Q`KiBQM #Qmi i?2 mMFMQrM i`m2 KQ/2HX qBi? bBKmHiBQM-
r2 /2+B/2 i?2 i`m2 KQ/2H M/ bBKmHi2 /i 7`QK BiX h?2M- r2 TTHv  K2i?Q/
iQ i?2 /i- BM i?Bb +b2 H2bi b[m`2bX LQr- bBM+2 r2 FMQr i?2 i`m2 KQ/2H- r2
+M bb2bb ?Qr r2HH Bi /B/X
6Q` i?Bb 2tKTH2- r2 rBHH bBKmHi2 ԝ   Q#b2`piBQMb 7`QK i?2 KQ/2H

Ԏ   ਷ ԧ  ᅯ

h?i Bb ᅬЈ  - ᅬφ  ਷- M/ H2i ᅯ ୽ ԃ ᅷ   ᅼϵ  

X P`- 2p2M KQ`2
bm++BM+iHv r2 +QmH/ r`Bi2

Ԏ ੮ ԍ ୽ ԃ ᅷ   ਷ ԧ ᅼϵ  


q2 }`bi b2i i?2 i`m2 T`K2i2`b Q7 i?2 KQ/2H iQ #2 bBKmHi2/X

MmKnQ#b 4 kR
#2iny 4 8
#2inR 4 @k
bB;K 4 j

L2ti- r2 Q#iBM bBKmHi2/ pHm2b Q7 ᅯք 7i2` b2iiBM;  b22/ 7Q` `2T`Q/m+B#BHBivX

b2iXb22/URV
2TbBHQM 4 `MQ`KUM 4 MmKnQ#b- K2M 4 y- b/ 4 bB;KV

LQr- bBM+2 i?2 ԧք pHm2b BM aG_ `2 +QMbB/2`2/ }t2/ M/ FMQrM- r2 bBKTHv
bT2+B7v kR pHm2bX MQi?2` +QKKQM T`+iB+2 Bb iQ ;2M2`i2 i?2K 7`QK  mMB7Q`K
/Bbi`B#miBQM- M/ i?2M mb2 i?2K 7Q` i?2 `2KBM/2` Q7 i?2 MHvbBbX
dXeX aAJlGhAL: aG_ RRN

tnpHb 4 b2[U7`QK 4 y- iQ 4 Ry- H2M;i?XQmi 4 MmKnQ#bV

O b2iXb22/URV
O tnpHb 4 `mMB7UMmKnQ#b- y- RyV

q2 i?2M ;2M2`i2 i?2 Ԩ pHm2b ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 bT2+B}2/ 7mM+iBQMH `2HiBQMb?BTX

vnpHb 4 #2iny Y #2inR tnpHb Y 2TbBHQM

h?2 /i- ԧք Ԩք
- `2T`2b2Mi  TQbbB#H2 bKTH2 7`QK i?2 i`m2 /Bbi`B#miBQMX LQr
iQ +?2+F ?Qr r2HH i?2 K2i?Q/ Q7 H2bi b[m`2b rQ`Fb- r2 mb2 HKUV iQ }i i?2
KQ/2H iQ Qm` bBKmHi2/ /i- i?2M iF2  HQQF i i?2 2biBKi2/ +Q2{+B2MibX

bBKn7Bi 4 HKUvnpHb  tnpHbV

+Q27UbBKn7BiV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV tnpHb
OO 9X3jkejN @RX3jR9yR

M/ HQQF i i?i- i?2v `2MǶi iQQ 7` 7`QK i?2 i`m2 T`K2i2`b r2 bT2+B}2/5

THQiUvnpHb  tnpHbV
#HBM2UbBKn7BiV
5
0
y_vals

-5
-10
-15

0 2 4 6 8 10

x_vals
Rky *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

q2 b?QmH/ bv ?2`2- i?i r2Ƕ`2 #2BM; bQ`i Q7 Hxv- M/ MQi i?2 ;QQ/ FBM/ Q7
Hxv i?i +QmH/ #2 +QMbB/2`2/ 2{+B2MiX Mv iBK2 vQm bBKmHi2 /i- vQm b?QmH/
+QMbB/2` /QBM; irQ i?BM;b, r`BiBM;  7mM+iBQM- M/ biQ`BM; i?2 /i BM  /i
7`K2X
h?2 7mM+iBQM #2HQr- bBKnbH`UV- +M #2 mb2/ 7Q` i?2 bK2 ibF b #Qp2- #mi
Bb Km+? KQ`2 ~2tB#H2X LQiB+2 i?i r2 T`QpB/2 t iQ i?2 7mM+iBQM- BMbi2/ Q7
;2M2`iBM; t BMbB/2 i?2 7mM+iBQMX AM i?2 aG_ KQ/2H- i?2 ԧք `2 +QMbB/2`2/ FMQrM
pHm2bX h?i Bb- i?2v `2 MQi `M/QK- bQ r2 /Q MQi bbmK2  /Bbi`B#miBQM 7Q`
i?2 ԧք X "2+mb2 Q7 i?Bb- r2 rBHH `2T2i2/Hv mb2 i?2 bK2 t pHm2b +`Qbb HH
bBKmHiBQMbX

bBKnbH` 4 7mM+iBQMUt- #2iny 4 Ry- #2inR 4 8- bB;K 4 RV &

M 4 H2M;i?UtV
2TbBHQM 4 `MQ`KUM- K2M 4 y- b/ 4 bB;KV
v 4 #2iny Y #2inR t Y 2TbBHQM
/iX7`K2UT`2/B+iQ` 4 t- `2bTQMb2 4 vV
'

>2`2- r2 mb2 i?2 7mM+iBQM iQ `2T2i i?2 MHvbBb #Qp2X

b2iXb22/URV
bBKn/i 4 bBKnbH`Ut 4 tnpHb- #2iny 4 8- #2inR 4 @k- bB;K 4 jV

h?Bb iBK2- i?2 bBKmHi2/ Q#b2`piBQMb `2 biQ`2/ BM  /i 7`K2X

?2/UbBKn/iV

OO T`2/B+iQ` `2bTQMb2
OO R yXy jXRkyej3e
OO k yX8 9X88yNjyy
OO j RXy yX9NjRR9k
OO 9 RX8 eXd3839k9
OO 8 kXy RXN338kjj
OO e kX8 @kX9eR9y8k

LQr r?2M r2 }i i?2 KQ/2H rBi? HKUV r2 +M mb2  /i `;mK2Mi-  p2`v ;QQ/
T`+iB+2X

bBKn7Bi 4 HKU`2bTQMb2  T`2/B+iQ`- /i 4 bBKn/iV

+Q27UbBKn7BiV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV T`2/B+iQ`
OO 9X3jkejN @RX3jR9yR
dXdX >AahP_u RkR

M/ i?Bb iBK2- r2ǶHH KF2 i?2 THQi HQQF  HQi MB+2`X

THQiU`2bTQMb2  T`2/B+iQ`- /i 4 bBKn/i-

tH# 4 ]aBKmHi2/ S`2/B+iQ` o`B#H2]-
vH# 4 ]aBKmHi2/ _2bTQMb2 o`B#H2]-
KBM 4 ]aBKmHi2/ _2;`2bbBQM .i]-
T+? 4 ky-
+2t 4 k-
+QH 4 ];`2v]V
#HBM2UbBKn7Bi- Hr/ 4 j- Hiv 4 R- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]V
#HBM2U#2iny- #2inR- Hr/ 4 j- Hiv 4 k- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]V
H2;2M/U]iQT`B;?i]- +U]1biBKi2]- ]h`mi?]V- Hiv 4 +UR- kV- Hr/ 4 k-
+QH 4 +U]/`FQ`M;2]- ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]VV

Simulated Regression Data

Estimate
Simulated Response Variable

Truth
0
-5
-10
-15

0 2 4 6 8 10

Simulated Predictor Variable

dXd >BbiQ`v

6Q` bQK2 #`B27 #+F;`QmM/ QM i?2 ?BbiQ`v Q7 HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM- b22 dz:HiQM-
S2`bQM- M/ i?2 S2b,  "`B27 >BbiQ`v Q7 GBM2` _2;`2bbBQM 7Q` aiiBbiB+b AM@
bi`m+iQ`bǴ 7`QK i?2 CQm`MH Q7 aiiBbiB+b 1/m+iBQM b r2HH b i?2 qBFBT2/B
T;2 QM i?2 ?BbiQ`v Q7 `2;`2bbBQM MHvbBb M/ HbiHv i?2 `iB+H2 7Q` `2;`2bbBQM
iQr`/ i?2 K2M r?B+? /2iBHb i?2 Q`B;BMb Q7 i?2 i2`K dz`2;`2bbBQMXǴ
Rkk *>Sh1_ dX aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

dX3 _ J`F/QrM
h?2 _ J`F/QrM }H2 7Q` i?Bb +?Ti2` +M #2 7QmM/ ?2`2,

Ç bH`X_K/

h?2 }H2 rb +`2i2/ mbBM; _ p2`bBQM 9XkXRX

*?Ti2` 3

AM72`2M+2 7Q` aBKTH2 GBM2`

_2;`2bbBQM

dzh?2`2 `2 i?`22 ivT2b Q7 HB2b, HB2b- /KM HB2b- M/ biiBbiB+bXǴ
ě "2MDKBM .Bb`2HB

7i2` `2/BM; i?Bb +?Ti2` vQm rBHH #2 #H2 iQ,

Ç lM/2`biM/ i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQMb Q7 `2;`2bbBQM 2biBKi2bX

Ç *`2i2 BMi2`pH 2biBKi2b 7Q` `2;`2bbBQM T`K2i2`b- K2M `2bTQMb2- M/
T`2/B+iBQMbX
Ç h2bi 7Q` bB;MB}+M+2 Q7 `2;`2bbBQMX

Gbi +?Ti2` r2 /2}M2/ i?2 bBKTH2 HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H-

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք  ᅯք

r?2`2 ᅯք ୽ ԃ  ᅼϵ
X q2 i?2M mb2/ Q#b2`piBQMb ԧք Ԩք
- 7Q` Ԙ    w ԝ- iQ
}M/ pHm2b Q7 ᅬЈ M/ ᅬφ r?B+? KBMBKBx2/

։
ԕ ᅬЈ ᅬφ
 ం Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք

ϵ 
քφ

q2 +HH2/ i?2b2 pHm2b ᅬЈࣞ M/ ᅬφࣞ - r?B+? r2 7QmM/ iQ #2

։
Ԉ֓֔ ௴ ԧք ਷ ԧ
Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ք ਷ Ԩ
‫۽‬
ᅬφࣞ   քφ ։
Ԉ֓֓ ௴քφ ԧք ਷ ԧ
‫ ۽‬ϵ
ᅬЈࣞ  Ԩ ‫ ۽‬਷ ᅬφࣞ ԧ‫۽‬

Rkj
Rk9 *>Sh1_ 3X AL61_1L*1 6P_ aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

q2 HbQ 2biBKi2/ ᅼϵ mbBM; Ԣϵր X AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- r2 7QmM/ i?i Ԣր Bb M 2biBKi2

Q7 ᅼ- r?2`2c

։

Ԣր  _a1  ఌ ం Ԕϵք
ԝ ਷  քφ

r?B+? r2 HbQ +HH2/ _a1- 7Q` dz_2bB/mH aiM/`/ 1``Q`XǴ

q?2M TTHB2/ iQ i?2 +`b /i- r2 Q#iBM2/ i?2 7QHHQrBM; `2bmHib,

biQTn/BbinKQ/2H 4 HKU/Bbi  bT22/- /i 4 +`bV

bmKK`vUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2HV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 /Bbi  bT22/- /i 4 +`bV
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @kNXyeN @NX8k8 @kXkdk NXkR8 9jXkyR
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV @RdX8dNR eXd839 @kXeyR yXyRkj
OO bT22/ jXNjk9 yX9R88 NX9e9 RX9N2@Rk
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, R8Xj3 QM 93 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yXe8RR- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yXe9j3
OO 6@biiBbiB+, 3NX8d QM R M/ 93 .6- T@pHm2, RX9N2@Rk

Gbi +?Ti2`- r2 QMHv /Bb+mbb2/ i?2 1biBKi2- _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`- M/
JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/ pHm2bX AM i?Bb +?Ti2`- r2 rBHH /Bb+mbb HH Q7 i?2 BM7Q`K@
iBQM mM/2` *Q277B+B2Mib b r2HH b 6@biiBbiB+X

THQiU/Bbi  bT22/- /i 4 +`b-

tH# 4 ]aT22/ UBM JBH2b S2` >Qm`V]-
vH# 4 ]aiQTTBM; .BbiM+2 UBM 622iV]-
KBM 4 ]aiQTTBM; .BbiM+2 pb aT22/]-
T+? 4 ky-
+2t 4 k-
+QH 4 ];`2v]V
#HBM2UbiQTn/BbinKQ/2H- Hr/ 4 8- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]V
 Rk8

Stopping Distance vs Speed

100 120
Stopping Distance (in Feet)

80
60
40
20
0

5 10 15 20 25

Speed (in Miles Per Hour)

hQ ;2i bi`i2/- r2ǶHH MQi2 i?i i?2`2 Bb MQi?2` 2[mBpH2Mi 2tT`2bbBQM 7Q` Ԉ֓֔
r?B+? r2 /B/ MQi b22 Hbi +?Ti2`-

։ ։
Ԉ֓֔  ం ԧք ਷ ԧ
Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ք ਷ Ԩ
‫  ۽‬ం ԧք ਷ ԧ
Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ք
քφ քφ

h?Bb Kv #2  bm`T`BbBM; 2[mBpH2M+2X UJv#2 i`v iQ T`Qp2 BiXV >Qr2p2`- Bi rBHH
#2 mb27mH 7Q` BHHmbi`iBM; +QM+2Tib BM i?Bb +?Ti2`X
LQi2 i?i ᅬφࣞ Bb  bKTH2 biiBbiB+ r?2M +H+mHi2/ rBi? Q#b2`p2/ /i b
r`Bii2M #Qp2- b Bb ᅬ ࣞ X Ј

>Qr2p2`- BM i?Bb +?Ti2` Bi rBHH Q7i2M #2 +QMp2MB2Mi iQ mb2 #Qi? ᅬφࣞ M/ ᅬЈࣞ b
`M/QK p`B#H2b- i?i Bb- r2 ?p2 MQi v2i Q#b2`p2/ i?2 pHm2b 7Q` 2+? Ԏք X
q?2M i?Bb Bb i?2 +b2- r2 rBHH mb2  bHB;?iHv /Bz2`2Mi MQiiBQM- bm#biBimiBM; BM
+TBiH Ԏք 7Q` HQr2` +b2 Ԩք X

։
௴քφ ԧք ਷ ԧ
Ԏ
‫ ۽‬ք
ᅬφࣞ  ։
௴քφ ԧք ਷ ԧ
‫ ۽‬ϵ
ᅬЈࣞ  Ԏ ‫ ۽‬਷ ᅬφࣞ ԧ‫۽‬

Gbi +?Ti2` r2 `;m2/ i?i i?2b2 2biBKi2b Q7 mMFMQrM KQ/2H T`K2i2`b ᅬЈ

M/ ᅬφ r2`2 ;QQ/ #2+mb2 r2 Q#iBM2/ i?2K #v KBMBKBxBM; 2``Q`bX q2 rBHH MQr
/Bb+mbb i?2 :mbbĜJ`FQp i?2Q`2K- r?B+? iF2b i?Bb B/2 7m`i?2`- b?QrBM; i?i
i?2b2 2biBKi2b `2 +imHHv i?2 dz#2biǴ 2biBKi2b- 7`QK  +2`iBM TQBMi Q7 pB2rX
Rke *>Sh1_ 3X AL61_1L*1 6P_ aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

3XR :mbbĜJ`FQp h?2Q`2K

h?2 :mbbĜJ`FQp i?2Q`2K i2HHb mb i?i r?2M 2biBKiBM; i?2 T`K2i2`b

Q7 i?2 bBKTH2 HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H ᅬЈ M/ ᅬφ - i?2 ᅬЈࣞ M/ ᅬφࣞ r?B+? r2 /2`Bp2/
`2 i?2 #2bi HBM2` mM#Bb2/ 2biBKi2b- Q` "Gl1 7Q` b?Q`iX Uh?2 +imH +QM@
/BiBQMb 7Q` i?2 :mbbĜJ`FQp i?2Q`2K `2 KQ`2 `2Ht2/ i?M i?2 aG_ KQ/2HXV
q2 rBHH MQr /Bb+mbb HBM2`- mM#Bb2/- M/ #2bi b i?2v `2Hi2 iQ i?2b2 2biBKi2bX

GBM2`

_2+HH- BM i?2 aG_ b2imT i?i i?2 ԧք pHm2b `2 +QMbB/2`2/ }t2/ M/ FMQrM
[mMiBiB2bX h?2M  HBM2` 2biBKi2 Bb QM2 r?B+? +M #2 r`Bii2M b  HBM2`
+QK#BMiBQM Q7 i?2 Ԏք X AM i?2 +b2 Q7 ᅬφࣞ r2 b22

։ ։
௴քφ ԧք ਷ ԧ
Ԏ
‫ ۽‬ք
ᅬφࣞ  ։  ం Ԛք Ԏք  Ԛφ Ԏφ  Ԛϵ Ԏϵ  ੈ Ԛ։ Ԏ։
௴քφ ԧք ਷ ԧ
‫ ۽‬ϵ քφ

ԧք ਷ ԧ
‫۽‬
r?2`2 Ԛք  ։ X
௴քφ ԧք ਷ ԧ
‫ ۽‬ϵ

AM  bBKBH` 7b?BQM- r2 +QmH/ b?Qr i?i ᅬЈࣞ +M #2 r`Bii2M b  HBM2` +QK#BMiBQM
Q7 i?2 Ԏք X h?mb #Qi? ᅬЈࣞ M/ ᅬφࣞ `2 HBM2` 2biBKiQ`bX

lM#Bb2/

LQr i?i r2 FMQr Qm` 2biBKi2b `2 HBM2`- ?Qr ;QQ/ `2 i?2b2 2biBKi2b\ PM2
K2bm`2 Q7 i?2 dz;QQ/M2bbǴ Q7 M 2biBKi2 Bb Bib #BbX aT2+B}+HHv- r2 T`272`
2biBKi2b i?i `2 mM#Bb2/- K2MBM; i?2B` 2tT2+i2/ pHm2 Bb i?2 T`K2i2`
#2BM; 2biBKi2/X
AM i?2 +b2 Q7 i?2 `2;`2bbBQM 2biBKi2b- r2 ?p2-

1<ᅬЈࣞ >  ᅬЈ
1<ᅬ ࣞ >  ᅬ 
φ φ

h?Bb i2HHb mb i?i- r?2M i?2 +QM/BiBQMb Q7 i?2 aG_ KQ/2H `2 K2i- QM p2`;2
Qm` 2biBKi2b rBHH #2 +Q``2+iX >Qr2p2`- b r2 br Hbi +?Ti2` r?2M bBKmHiBM;
7`QK i?2 aG_ KQ/2H- i?i /Q2b MQi K2M i?i 2+? BM/BpB/mH 2biBKi2 rBHH #2
+Q``2+iX PMHv i?i- B7 r2 `2T2i2/ i?2 T`Q+2bb M BM}MBi2 MmK#2` Q7 iBK2b- QM
p2`;2 i?2 2biBKi2 rQmH/ #2 +Q``2+iX
3XkX aJSGAL: .Aah_A"lhAPLa Rkd

"2bi

LQr- B7 r2 `2bi`B+i Qm`b2Hp2b iQ #Qi? HBM2` M/ mM#Bb2/ 2biBKi2b- ?Qr /Q r2

/2}M2 i?2 #2bi 2biBKi2\ h?2 2biBKi2 rBi? i?2 KBMBKmK p`BM+2X
6B`bi MQi2 i?i Bi Bb p2`v 2bv iQ +`2i2 M 2biBKi2 7Q` ᅬφ i?i ?b p2`v HQr
p`BM+2- #mi Bb MQi mM#Bb2/X 6Q` 2tKTH2- /2}M2,

ࣞ
ᅲգբե  

ࣞ
h?2M- bBM+2 ᅲգբե Bb  +QMbiMi pHm2-

ࣞ
o`<ᅲգբե >  

>Qr2p2` bBM+2-

ࣞ
1<ᅲգբե >

r2 bv i?i ᅲգբեࣞ Bb  #Bb2/ 2biBKiQ` mMH2bb ᅬφ  - r?B+? r2 rQmH/ MQi

FMQr ?2/ Q7 iBK2X 6Q` i?Bb `2bQM- Bi Bb  i2``B#H2 2biBKi2 UmMH2bb #v +?M+2
ᅬφ  V 2p2M i?Qm;? Bi ?b i?2 bKHH2bi TQbbB#H2 p`BM+2X h?Bb Bb T`i Q7 i?2
`2bQM r2 `2bi`B+i Qm`b2Hp2b iQ mM#Bb2/ 2biBKi2bX q?i ;QQ/ Bb M 2biBKi2-
B7 Bi 2biBKi2b i?2 r`QM; [mMiBiv\
aQ MQr- i?2 Mim`H [m2biBQM Bb- r?i `2 i?2 p`BM+2b Q7 ᅬЈࣞ M/ ᅬφࣞ \ h?2v `2-

 ԧϵ‫۽‬
o`<ᅬЈࣞ >  ᅼϵ ভ  ম
ԝ Ԉ֓֓
ᅼϵ
o`<ᅬφࣞ >  
Ԉ֓֓

h?2b2 [mMiB7v i?2 p`B#BHBiv Q7 i?2 2biBKi2b /m2 iQ `M/QK +?M+2 /m`BM;
bKTHBM;X `2 i?2b2 dzi?2 #2biǴ\ `2 i?2b2 p`BM+2b b bKHH b r2 +M TQbbB#Hv
;2i\ uQmǶHH Dmbi ?p2 iQ iF2 Qm` rQ`/ 7Q` Bi i?i i?2v `2 #2+mb2 b?QrBM; i?i
i?Bb Bb i`m2 Bb #2vQM/ i?2 b+QT2 Q7 i?Bb +Qm`b2X

3Xk aKTHBM; .Bbi`B#miBQMb

LQr i?i r2 ?p2 dz`2/2}M2/Ǵ i?2 2biBKi2b 7Q` ᅬЈࣞ M/ ᅬφࣞ b `M/QK p`B#H2b-
r2 +M /Bb+mbb i?2B` bKTHBM; /Bbi`B#miBQM- r?B+? Bb i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM r?2M 
biiBbiB+ Bb +QMbB/2`2/  `M/QK p`B#H2X
aBM+2 #Qi? ᅬЈࣞ M/ ᅬφࣞ `2  HBM2` +QK#BMiBQM Q7 i?2 Ԏք M/ 2+? Ԏք Bb MQ`KHHv
/Bbi`B#mi2/- i?2M #Qi? ᅬЈࣞ M/ ᅬφࣞ HbQ 7QHHQr  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQMX
Rk3 *>Sh1_ 3X AL61_1L*1 6P_ aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

h?2M- TmiiBM; HH Q7 i?2 #Qp2 iQ;2i?2`- r2 ``Bp2 i i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQMb Q7 ᅬЈࣞ M/
ᅬφࣞ X
6Q` ᅬφࣞ r2 bv-

։
Ԉ֓֔ ௴ ԧք ਷ ԧ
Ԏ ‫ ۽‬ք ᅼϵ
ᅬφࣞ   քφ
։ ୽ ԃ ৃᅬφ ։ ৄ
Ԉ֓֓ ௴քφ ԧք ਷ ԧ
‫۽‬ϵ ௴քφ ԧք ਷ ԧ
‫ ۽‬ϵ

P` KQ`2 bm++BM+iHv-

ᅼϵ
ᅬφࣞ ୽ ԃ ভᅬφ ম
Ԉ֓֓

M/ 7Q` ᅬЈࣞ -

։
ᅼϵ ௴քφ ԧϵք
ᅬЈࣞ  Ԏ ‫ ۽‬਷ ᅬφࣞ ԧ‫ ୽ ۽‬ԃ ৃᅬЈ ։ ৄ
ԝ ௴քφ ԧք ਷ ԧ
‫ ۽‬ϵ

P` KQ`2 bm++BM+iHv-

 ԧϵ‫۽‬
ᅬЈࣞ ୽ ԃ ভᅬЈ ᅼϵ ভ  মম
ԝ Ԉ֓֓

i i?Bb TQBMi r2 ?p2 M2;H2+i2/ iQ T`Qp2  MmK#2` Q7 i?2b2 `2bmHibX AMbi2/ Q7

rQ`FBM; i?`Qm;? i?2 i2/BQmb /2`BpiBQMb Q7 i?2b2 bKTHBM; /Bbi`B#miBQMb- r2 rBHH
BMbi2/ DmbiB7v i?2b2 `2bmHib iQ Qm`b2Hp2b mbBM; bBKmHiBQMX
 MQi2 iQ +m``2Mi `2/2`b, h?2b2 /2`BpiBQMb M/ T`QQ7b Kv #2 //2/ iQ M
TT2M/Bt i  Hi2` iBK2X uQm +M HbQ }M/ i?2b2 `2bmHib BM M2`Hv Mv biM/`/
HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM i2ti#QQFX i lAl*- i?2b2 `2bmHib rBHH HBF2Hv #2 T`2b2Mi2/ BM
#Qi? ahh 9k9 M/ ahh 9k8X >Qr2p2`- bBM+2 vQm rBHH MQi #2 bF2/ iQ T2`7Q`K
/2`BpiBQMb Q7 i?Bb ivT2 BM i?Bb +Qm`b2- i?2v `2 7Q` MQr QKBii2/X

3XkXR aBKmHiBM; aKTHBM; .Bbi`B#miBQMb

hQ p2`B7v i?2 #Qp2 `2bmHib- r2 rBHH bBKmHi2 bKTH2b Q7 bBx2 ԝ   7`QK i?2
KQ/2H

Ԏ ք  ᅬ Ј  ᅬ φ ԧք  ᅯ ք

r?2`2 ᅯք ୽ ԃ  ᅼϵ
 AM i?Bb +b2- i?2 T`K2i2`b `2 FMQrM iQ #2,

Ç ᅬЈ  
3XkX aJSGAL: .Aah_A"lhAPLa RkN

Ç ᅬφ  
Ç ᅼϵ  

h?2M- #b2/ QM i?2 #Qp2- r2 b?QmH/ }M/ i?i

ᅼϵ
ᅬφࣞ ୽ ԃ ভᅬφ ম
Ԉ֓֓

M/

 ԧϵ‫۽‬
ᅬЈࣞ ୽ ԃ ভᅬЈ ᅼϵ ভ  মম 
ԝ Ԉ֓֓

6B`bi r2 M22/ iQ /2+B/2 ?2/ Q7 iBK2 r?i Qm` ԧ pHm2b rBHH #2 7Q` i?Bb bBK@
mHiBQM- bBM+2 i?2 ԧ pHm2b BM aG_ `2 HbQ +QMbB/2`2/ FMQrM [mMiBiB2bX h?2
+?QB+2 Q7 ԧ pHm2b Bb `#Bi``vX >2`2 r2 HbQ b2i  b22/ 7Q` `M/QKBxiBQM- M/
+H+mHi2 Ԉ֓֓ r?B+? r2 rBHH M22/ ;QBM; 7Q`r`/X

b2iXb22/U9kV
bKTH2nbBx2 4 Ryy O i?Bb Bb M
t 4 b2[U@R- R- H2M;i? 4 bKTH2nbBx2V
att 4 bmKUUt @ K2MUtVV  kV

q2 HbQ }t Qm` T`K2i2` pHm2bX

#2iny 4 j
#2inR 4 e
bB;K 4 k

qBi? i?Bb BM7Q`KiBQM- r2 FMQr i?2 bKTHBM; /Bbi`B#miBQMb b?QmH/ #2,

Up`n#2inRn?i 4 bB;K  k f attV

OO (R) yXRRdekj3

Up`n#2inyn?i 4 bB;K  k UR f bKTH2nbBx2 Y K2MUtV  k f attVV

OO (R) yXy9

ᅬφࣞ ୽ ԃ  

M/
Rjy *>Sh1_ 3X AL61_1L*1 6P_ aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

ᅬЈࣞ ୽ ԃ  


h?i Bb-

1<ᅬφࣞ >  
o`<ᅬ ࣞ >  
φ

M/

1<ᅬЈࣞ >  
o`<ᅬ ࣞ >  
Ј

q2 MQr bBKmHi2 /i 7`QK i?Bb KQ/2H Ry-yyy iBK2bX LQi2 i?Bb Kv MQi #2 i?2
KQbi _ rv Q7 /QBM; i?2 bBKmHiBQMX q2 T2`7Q`K i?2 bBKmHiBQM BM i?Bb KMM2`
BM M ii2KTi i +H`BivX 6Q` 2tKTH2- r2 +QmH/ ?p2 mb2/ i?2 bBKnbH`UV
7mM+iBQM 7`QK i?2 T`2pBQmb +?Ti2`X q2 HbQ bBKTHv biQ`2 p`B#H2b BM i?2 ;HQ#H
2MpB`QMK2Mi BMbi2/ Q7 +`2iBM;  /i 7`K2 7Q` 2+? M2r bBKmHi2/ /ib2iX

MmKnbKTH2b 4 Ryyyy
#2inyn?ib 4 `2TUy- MmKnbKTH2bV
#2inRn?ib 4 `2TUy- MmKnbKTH2bV

7Q` UB BM R,MmKnbKTH2bV &

2Tb 4 `MQ`KUbKTH2nbBx2- K2M 4 y- b/ 4 bB;KV
v 4 #2iny Y #2inR t Y 2Tb

bBKnKQ/2H 4 HKUv  tV

#2inyn?ib(B) 4 +Q27UbBKnKQ/2HV(R)
#2inRn?ib(B) 4 +Q27UbBKnKQ/2HV(k)
'

1+? iBK2 r2 bBKmHi2/ i?2 /i- r2 Q#iBM2/ pHm2b Q7 i?2 2biBKi2/ +Q2{@
+B2MibX h?2 p`B#H2b #2inyn?ib M/ #2inRn?ib MQr biQ`2 Ry-yyy bBKm@
Hi2/ pHm2b Q7 ᅬЈࣞ M/ ᅬφࣞ `2bT2+iBp2HvX
q2 }`bi p2`B7v i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 ᅬφࣞ X

K2MU#2inRn?ibV O 2KTB`B+H K2M

OO (R) eXyyRNN3
3XkX aJSGAL: .Aah_A"lhAPLa RjR

#2inR O i`m2 K2M

OO (R) e

p`U#2inRn?ibV O 2KTB`B+H p`BM+2

OO (R) yXRR3NN

p`n#2inRn?i O i`m2 p`BM+2

OO (R) yXRRdekj3

q2 b22 i?i i?2 2KTB`B+H M/ i`m2 K2Mb M/ p`BM+2b `2 p2`v bBKBH`X q2 HbQ
p2`B7v i?i i?2 2KTB`B+H /Bbi`B#miBQM Bb MQ`KHX hQ /Q bQ- r2 THQi  ?BbiQ;`K
Q7 i?2 #2inRn?ib- M/ // i?2 +m`p2 7Q` i?2 i`m2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 ᅬφࣞ X q2 mb2
T`Q# 4 h_l1 iQ Tmi i?2 ?BbiQ;`K QM i?2 bK2 b+H2 b i?2 MQ`KH +m`p2X

O MQi2 M22/ iQ mb2 T`Q# 4 h_l1

?BbiU#2inRn?ib- T`Q# 4 h_l1- #`2Fb 4 ky-
tH# 4 2tT`2bbBQMU?iU#2iV(R)V- KBM 4 ]]- #Q`/2` 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]V
+m`p2U/MQ`KUt- K2M 4 #2inR- b/ 4 b[`iUp`n#2inRn?iVV-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- // 4 h_l1- Hr/ 4 jV
1.0
0.8
Density

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

^
β 1
Rjk *>Sh1_ 3X AL61_1L*1 6P_ aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

q2 i?2M `2T2i i?2 T`Q+2bb 7Q` ᅬЈࣞ X

K2MU#2inyn?ibV O 2KTB`B+H K2M

OO (R) jXyyRR9d

#2iny O i`m2 K2M

OO (R) j

p`U#2inyn?ibV O 2KTB`B+H p`BM+2

OO (R) yXy9yRdNk9

p`n#2inyn?i O i`m2 p`BM+2

OO (R) yXy9

?BbiU#2inyn?ib- T`Q# 4 h_l1- #`2Fb 4 k8-

tH# 4 2tT`2bbBQMU?iU#2iV(y)V- KBM 4 ]]- #Q`/2` 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]V
+m`p2U/MQ`KUt- K2M 4 #2iny- b/ 4 b[`iUp`n#2inyn?iVV-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- // 4 h_l1- Hr/ 4 jV
2.0
1.5
Density

1.0
0.5
0.0

2.5 3.0 3.5

^
β 0
3XkX aJSGAL: .Aah_A"lhAPLa Rjj

AM i?Bb bBKmHiBQM bim/v- r2 ?p2 QMHv bBKmHi2/  }MBi2 MmK#2` Q7 bKTH2bX

hQ i`mHv p2`B7v i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQMH `2bmHib- r2 rQmH/ M22/ iQ Q#b2`p2 M BM}MBi2
MmK#2` Q7 bKTH2bX >Qr2p2`- i?2 7QHHQrBM; THQi b?QmH/ KF2 Bi +H2` i?i B7 r2
+QMiBMm2/ bBKmHiBM;- i?2 2KTB`B+H `2bmHib rQmH/ ;2i +HQb2` M/ +HQb2` iQ r?i
r2 b?QmH/ 2tT2+iX

T`UK` 4 +U8- 8- R- RVV O /Dmbi2/ THQi K`;BMb- Qi?2`rBb2 i?2 ]?i] /Q2b MQi /BbTHv
THQiU+mKbmKU#2inRn?ibV f UR,H2M;i?U#2inRn?ibVV- ivT2 4 ]H]- vHBK 4 +U8XN8- eXy8V-
tH# 4 ]LmK#2` Q7 aBKmHiBQMb]-
vH# 4 2tT`2bbBQMU]1KTB`B+H J2M Q7 ]  ?iU#2iV(R)V-
+QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]V
#HBM2U? 4 e- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
6.04
1

6.02
Empirical Mean of β
^

6.00
5.98
5.96

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Number of Simulations

T`UK` 4 +U8- 8- R- RVV O /Dmbi2/ THQi K`;BMb- Qi?2`rBb2 i?2 ]?i] /Q2b MQi /BbTHv
THQiU+mKbmKU#2inyn?ibV f UR,H2M;i?U#2inyn?ibVV- ivT2 4 ]H]- vHBK 4 +UkXN8- jXy8V-
tH# 4 ]LmK#2` Q7 aBKmHiBQMb]-
vH# 4 2tT`2bbBQMU]1KTB`B+H J2M Q7 ]  ?iU#2iV(y)V-
+QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]V
#HBM2U? 4 j- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
Rj9 *>Sh1_ 3X AL61_1L*1 6P_ aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

3.04
0

3.02
Empirical Mean of β
^

3.00
2.98
2.96

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Number of Simulations

3Xj aiM/`/ 1``Q`b

aQ MQr r2 #2HB2p2 i?2 irQ /Bbi`B#miBQMH `2bmHib-

 ԧϵ‫۽‬
ᅬЈࣞ ୽ ԃ ভᅬЈ ᅼϵ ভ  মম
ԝ Ԉ֓֓
ᅼϵ
ᅬφࣞ ୽ ԃ ভᅬφ ম
Ԉ֓֓

h?2M #v biM/`/BxBM; i?2b2 `2bmHib r2 }M/ i?i

ᅬЈࣞ ਷ ᅬЈ
୽ ԃ  

a.<ᅬ ࣞ >
Ј

M/

ᅬφࣞ ਷ ᅬφ
୽ ԃ  

a.<ᅬ ࣞ >
φ

r?2`2
3XjX ahL._. 1__P_a Rj8

 ԧϵ‫۽‬
a.<ᅬЈࣞ >  ᅼఌ 
ԝ Ԉ֓֓

M/

ᅼ
a.<ᅬφࣞ >  
ఉԈ֓֓

aBM+2 r2 /QMǶi FMQr ᅼ BM T`+iB+2- r2 rBHH ?p2 iQ 2biBKi2 Bi mbBM; Ԣր - r?B+? r2

THm; BMiQ Qm` 2tBbiBM; 2tT`2bbBQM 7Q` i?2 biM/`/ /2pBiBQMb Q7 Qm` 2biBKi2bX
h?2b2 irQ M2r 2tT`2bbBQMb `2 +HH2/ biM/`/ 2``Q`b r?B+? `2 i?2 2biBKi2/
biM/`/ /2pBiBQMb Q7 i?2 bKTHBM; /Bbi`B#miBQMbX

 ԧϵ‫۽‬
a1<ᅬЈࣞ >  Ԣր ఌ 
ԝ Ԉ֓֓

Ԣր
a1<ᅬφࣞ > 
ఉԈ֓֓

LQr B7 r2 /BpB/2 #v i?2 biM/`/ 2``Q`- BMbi2/ Q7 i?2 biM/`/ /2pBiBQM- r2

Q#iBM i?2 7QHHQrBM; `2bmHib r?B+? rBHH HHQr mb iQ KF2 +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pHb M/
T2`7Q`K ?vTQi?2bBb i2biBM;X

ᅬЈࣞ ਷ ᅬЈ
୽ ԣ։਷ϵ
a1<ᅬ ࣞ >
Ј

ᅬφࣞ ਷ ᅬφ
୽ ԣ։਷ϵ
a1<ᅬ ࣞ >
φ

hQ b22 i?Bb- }`bi MQi2 i?i-

_aa ԝ ਷ 
Ԣϵր
 ୽ ᆀϵ։਷ϵ 
ᅼϵ ᅼϵ

HbQ `2+HH i?i  `M/QK p`B#H2 ԉ /2}M2/ b-

ԏ
ԉ  ɞ
ఊ ᇔՉ
տ

7QHHQrb  ԣ /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? ԓ /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK- r?2`2 ᆀϵտ Bb  ᆀϵ `M/QK

p`B#H2 rBi? ԓ /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QKX
Rje *>Sh1_ 3X AL61_1L*1 6P_ aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

q2 r`Bi2-

ԉ ୽ ԣտ

iQ bv i?i i?2 `M/QK p`B#H2 ԉ 7QHHQrb  ԣ /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? ԓ /2;`22b Q7

7`22/QKX
h?2M r2 mb2 i?2 +HbbB+ i`B+F Q7 dzKmHiBTHv #v RǴ M/ bQK2 `2``M;BM; iQ ``Bp2
i

ᅬφࣞ ਷ ᅬφ ᅬ ࣞ ਷ ᅬφ
 φ
a1<ᅬφࣞ > Ԣր ఉԈ֓֓
ᅬ ࣞ ਷ ᅬφ ᅼఉԈ֓֓
 φ ੁ
Ԣր ఉԈ֓֓ ᅼఉԈ֓֓
ᅬ ࣞ ਷ ᅬφ ᅼఉԈ֓֓
 φ ੁ
ᅼఉԈ֓֓ Ԣր ఉԈ֓֓
ᅬ ࣞ ਷ ᅬφ ఋ Ԣϵր
 φ ੾
ᅼఉԈ֓֓ ᅼϵ
։਷ϵ
֎ɞ
ᅬ ࣞ ਷ ᅬφ ఌ ᇐ ɞ Պ ԏ
 φ ੾ ୽ ୽ ԣ։਷ϵ
ࣞ
a.<ᅬφ > ԝ਷ ɞ
ఊ ᇔՓ਷ɞ
։਷ϵ

r?2`2 ԏ ୽ ԃ  
X
_2+HH i?i  ԣ /Bbi`B#miBQM Bb bBKBH` iQ  biM/`/ MQ`KH- #mi rBi? ?2pB2`
iBHbX b i?2 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK BM+`2b2b- i?2 ԣ /Bbi`B#miBQM #2+QK2b KQ`2 M/
KQ`2 HBF2  biM/`/ MQ`KHX "2HQr r2 THQi  biM/`/ MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQM
b r2HH b irQ 2tKTH2b Q7  ԣ /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? /Bz2`2Mi /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QKX
LQiB+2 ?Qr i?2 ԣ /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? i?2 H`;2` /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK Bb KQ`2 bBKBH`
iQ i?2 biM/`/ MQ`KH +m`p2X

O /27BM2 ;`B/ Q7 t pHm2b

t 4 b2[U@9- 9- H2M;i? 4 RyyV

O THQi +m`p2 7Q` biM/`/ MQ`KH

THQiUt- /MQ`KUtV- ivT2 4 ]H]- Hiv 4 R- Hr/ 4 k-
tH# 4 ]t]- vH# 4 ].2MbBiv]- KBM 4 ]LQ`KH pb i .Bbi`B#miBQMb]V
O // +m`p2b 7Q` i /Bbi`B#miBQMb
HBM2bUt- /iUt- /7 4 RV- Hiv 4 j- Hr/ 4 k- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]V
HBM2bUt- /iUt- /7 4 RyV- Hiv 4 k- Hr/ 4 k- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]V

O // H2;2M/
H2;2M/U]iQT`B;?i]- iBiH2 4 ].Bbi`B#miBQMb]-
3X9X *PL6A.1L*1 ALh1_oGa 6P_ aGPS1 L. ALh1_*1Sh Rjd

H2;2M/ 4 +U]i- /7 4 R]- ]i- /7 4 Ry]- ]aiM/`/ LQ`KH]V-

Hr/ 4 k- Hiv 4 +Uj- k- RV- +QH 4 +U]/`FQ`M;2]- ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- ]#H+F]VV

Normal vs t Distributions
0.4

Distributions
t, df = 1
t, df = 10
0.3

Standard Normal
Density

0.2
0.1
0.0

-4 -2 0 2 4

3X9 *QM}/2M+2 AMi2`pHb 7Q` aHQT2 M/ AMi2`+2Ti

_2+HH i?i +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pHb 7Q` K2Mb Q7i2M iF2 i?2 7Q`K,

1ah ਻ *_Ah ੁ a1

Q`

1ah ਻ J_:AL

r?2`2 1ah Bb M 2biBKi2 7Q` i?2 T`K2i2` Q7 BMi2`2bi- a1 Bb i?2 biM/`/ 2``Q`
Q7 i?2 2biBKi2- M/ J_:AL  *_Ah ੁ a1X
h?2M- 7Q` ᅬЈ M/ ᅬφ r2 +M +`2i2 +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pHb mbBM;

 ԧϵ‫۽‬
ᅬЈࣞ ਻ ԣᆿϵӴ։਷ϵ ੁ a1<ᅬЈࣞ > ᅬЈࣞ ਻ ԣᆿϵӴ։਷ϵ ੁ Ԣր ఌ 
ԝ Ԉ֓֓
Rj3 *>Sh1_ 3X AL61_1L*1 6P_ aAJSG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

M/

Ԣր
ᅬφࣞ ਻ ԣᆿϵӴ։਷ϵ ੁ a1<ᅬφࣞ > ᅬφࣞ ਻ ԣᆿϵӴ։਷ϵ ੁ
ఉԈ֓֓

r?2`2 ԣᆿϵӴ։਷ϵ Bb i?2 +`BiB+H pHm2 bm+? i?i ԅ ԣ։਷ϵ  ԣᆿϵӴ։਷ϵ

 ᅫX

3X8 >vTQi?2bBb h2bib

dzq2 Kv bT2F Q7 i?Bb ?vTQi?2bBb b i?2 ǵMmHH ?vTQi?2bBb-Ƕ M/ Bi
b?QmH/ #2 MQi2/ i?i i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb Bb M2p2` T`Qp2/ Q` 2bi#@
HBb?2/- #mi Bb TQbbB#Hv /BbT`Qp2/- BM i?2 +Qm`b2 Q7 2tT2`BK2MiiBQMXǴ
ě _QMH/ vHK2` 6Bb?2`

_2+HH i?i  i2bi biiBbiB+ UhaV 7Q` i2biBM; K2Mb Q7i2M iF2b i?2 7Q`K,

1ah ਷ >uS
ha 
a1
r?2`2 1ah Bb M 2biBKi2 7Q` i?2 T`K2i2` Q7 BMi2`2bi- >uS Bb  ?vTQi?2bBx2/
pHm2 Q7 i?2 T`K2i2`- M/ a1 Bb i?2 biM/`/ 2``Q` Q7 i?2 2biBKi2X
aQ- iQ i2bi

ӽЈ ੃ ᅬЈ  ᅬЈЈ pb ӽφ ੃ ᅬЈ ଈ ᅬЈЈ

r2 mb2 i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+

ᅬЈࣞ ਷ ᅬЈЈ ᅬЈࣞ ਷ ᅬЈЈ

ԣ 
ࣞ
a1<ᅬЈ > Ԣր ఊ ։φ  մ֓‫۽‬
ɞ

՝՝

r?B+?- mM/2` i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb- 7QHHQrb  ԣ /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? ԝ ਷  /2;`22b Q7

7`22/QKX q2 mb2 ᅬЈЈ iQ /2MQi2 i?2 ?vTQi?2bBx2/ pHm2 Q7 ᅬЈ X
aBKBH`Hv- iQ i2bi

ӽЈ ੃ ᅬφ  ᅬφЈ pb ӽφ ੃ ᅬφ ଈ ᅬφЈ

r2 mb2 i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+

ᅬφࣞ ਷ ᅬφЈ ᅬ ࣞ ਷ ᅬφЈ

ԣ  φ
a1<ᅬφࣞ > Ԣր ఉԈ֓֓
r?B+? ;BM- mM/2` i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb- 7QHHQrb  ԣ /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? ԝ਷ /2;`22b
Q7 7`22/QKX q2 MQr mb2 ᅬφЈ iQ /2MQi2 i?2 ?vTQi?2bBx2/ pHm2 Q7 ᅬφ X
3XeX *_a 1sJSG1 RjN

3Xe +`b 1tKTH2

q2 MQr `2im`M iQ i?2 +`b 2tKTH2 7`QK Hbi +?Ti2` iQ BHHmbi`i2 i?2b2 +QM@
+2TibX q2 }`bi }i i?2 KQ/2H mbBM; HKUV i?2M mb2 bmKK`vUV iQ pB2r i?2 `2bmHib
BM ;`2i2` /2iBHX

biQTn/BbinKQ/2H 4 HKU/Bbi  bT22/- /i 4 +`bV

bmKK`vUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2HV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 /Bbi  bT22/- /i 4 +`bV
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
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bvMit 7`QK }M/BM;  +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pH 7Q` i?2 K2M `2bTQMb2X

T`2/B+iUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2H- M2r/i 4 M2rnbT22/b-

BMi2`pH 4 +U]T`2/B+iBQM]V- H2p2H 4 yXNNV

OO 7Bi Hr` mT`

OO R kXy3kN9N @9RXReyNN 98Xjke3N
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HbQ MQiB+2 i?i i?2b2 irQ BMi2`pHb `2 rB/2` i?M i?2 +Q``2bTQM/BM; +QM}/2M+2
BMi2`pHb 7Q` i?2 K2M `2bTQMb2X

3XN *QM}/2M+2 M/ S`2/B+iBQM "M/b

P7i2M r2 rBHH HBF2 iQ THQi #Qi? +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pHb 7Q` i?2 K2M `2bTQMb2 M/
T`2/B+iBQM BMi2`pHb 7Q` HH TQbbB#H2 pHm2b Q7 ԧX q2 +HHb i?2b2 +QM}/2M+2 M/
T`2/B+iBQM #M/bX

bT22/n;`B/ 4 b2[UKBMU+`b0bT22/V- KtU+`b0bT22/V- #v 4 yXyRV

/Bbin+Bn#M/ 4 T`2/B+iUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2H-
M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2UbT22/ 4 bT22/n;`B/V-
BMi2`pH 4 ]+QM7B/2M+2]- H2p2H 4 yXNNV
/BbinTBn#M/ 4 T`2/B+iUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2H-
M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2UbT22/ 4 bT22/n;`B/V-
BMi2`pH 4 ]T`2/B+iBQM]- H2p2H 4 yXNNV

THQiU/Bbi  bT22/- /i 4 +`b-

tH# 4 ]aT22/ UBM JBH2b S2` >Qm`V]-
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T+? 4 ky-
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HBM2bUbT22/n;`B/- /Bbin+Bn#M/(-]Hr`])- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 j- Hiv 4 kV

HBM2bUbT22/n;`B/- /Bbin+Bn#M/(-]mT`])- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 j- Hiv 4 kV
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HBM2bUbT22/n;`B/- /BbinTBn#M/(-]Hr`])- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 j- Hiv 4 jV

HBM2bUbT22/n;`B/- /BbinTBn#M/(-]mT`])- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 j- Hiv 4 jV
TQBMibUK2MU+`b0bT22/V- K2MU+`b0/BbiV- T+? 4 ]Y]- +2t 4 jV

Stopping Distance vs Speed

100
Stopping Distance (in Feet)

50

+
0
-50

5 10 15 20 25

Speed (in Miles Per Hour)

aQK2 i?BM;b iQ MQiB+2,

Ç q2 mb2 i?2 vHBK `;mK2Mi iQ bi`2i+? i?2 Ԩ@tBb Q7 i?2 THQi- bBM+2 i?2 #M/b
2ti2M/ 7m`i?2` i?M i?2 TQBMibX
Ç q2 //  TQBMi i i?2 TQBMi ԧ ‫ ۽‬Ԩ
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Ĝ h?Bb Bb  TQBMi i?i i?2 `2;`2bbBQM HBM2 rBHH Hrvb Tbb i?`Qm;?X
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i?2 M``Qr2biX GQQF i i?2 biM/`/ 2``Q`b Q7 #Qi? iQ mM/2`biM/
r?vX

Ç h?2 T`2/B+iBQM #M/b U/Qii2/ #Hm2V `2 H2bb +m`p2/ i?M i?2 +QM}/2M+2
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i?2 p`BM+2 i Mv pHm2 Q7 ԧX
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3XRy aB;MB}+M+2 Q7 _2;`2bbBQM- 6@h2bi

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ԇϵ -

։ ։ ։
ం Ԩք ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ  ం Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ
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.2;`22b Q7 J2M
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 aa_2; Ja_2;Ja1
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։
hQiH ௴քφ Ԩք ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ ԝ਷

LPo- Q` MHvbBb Q7 o`BM+2 rBHH #2  +QM+2Ti r2 `2im`M iQ Q7i2M BM i?Bb

+Qm`b2X 6Q` MQr- r2 rBHH 7Q+mb QM i?2 `2bmHib Q7 i?2 i#H2- r?B+? Bb i?2 ӻ biiBbiB+-

։
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‫ ۽‬ϵ 
ӻ  ։ ୽ ӻφӴ։਷ϵ
௴քφ Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ
ϵ  ԝ ਷ 

r?B+? 7QHHQrb M ӻ /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK  M/ ԝ ਷  mM/2` i?2

MmHH ?vTQi?2bBbX M ӻ /Bbi`B#miBQM Bb  +QMiBMmQmb /Bbi`B#miBQM r?B+? iF2b QMHv
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MmHH ?vTQi?2bBbX

ӽЈ ੃ ᅬ φ   Ԏ ք  ᅬ Ј  ᅯք

q?BH2 BM i?2 Hi2`MiBp2 ?vTQi?2bBb Ԏ Kv /2T2M/ QM ԧX

ӽφ ੃ ᅬ φ ଈ  Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք  ᅯք
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q2 +M mb2 i?2 ӻ biiBbiB+ iQ T2`7Q`K i?Bb i2biX

։
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ӻ  ։
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ϵ  ԝ ਷ 

AM T`iB+mH`- r2 rBHH `2D2+i i?2 MmHH r?2M i?2 ӻ biiBbiB+ Bb H`;2- i?i Bb- r?2M
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bmKK`vUbiQTn/BbinKQ/2HV

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h?2 KQ/2H bii2K2Mi HKU/Bbi  R- /i 4 +`bV TTHB2b i?2 KQ/2H Ԏք 

ᅬЈ  ᅯք iQ i?2 +`b /iX LQi2 i?i Ԩ ࣞ  Ԩ ‫ ۽‬r?2M Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅯք X
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ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք  ᅯք X
q2 +M i?2M i?BMF Q7 i?Bb mb;2 Q7 MQpUV b /B`2+iHv +QKT`BM; i?2 irQ
KQ/2HbX ULQiB+2 r2 ;2i i?2 bK2 T@pHm2 ;BMXV

3XRR _ J`F/QrM
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Ç bH`@BM7X_K/

h?2 }H2 rb +`2i2/ mbBM; _ p2`bBQM 9XkXRX

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JmHiBTH2 GBM2` _2;`2bbBQM

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ě *QM7m+Bmb

7i2` `2/BM; i?Bb +?Ti2` vQm rBHH #2 #H2 iQ,

Ç *QMbi`m+i M/ BMi2`T`2i HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2Hb rBi? KQ`2 i?M QM2 T`2@
/B+iQ`X
Ç lM/2`biM/ ?Qr `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2Hb `2 /2`Bp2/ mbBM; Ki`B+2bX
Ç *`2i2 BMi2`pH 2biBKi2b M/ T2`7Q`K ?vTQi?2bBb i2bib 7Q` KmHiBTH2 `2;`2b@
bBQM T`K2i2`bX
Ç 6Q`KmHi2 M/ BMi2`T`2i BMi2`pH 2biBKi2b 7Q` i?2 K2M `2bTQMb2 mM/2`
p`BQmb +QM/BiBQMbX
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h?2 Hbi irQ +?Ti2`b r2 br ?Qr iQ }i  KQ/2H i?i bbmK2/  HBM2` `2HiBQM@
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Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք  ᅯք

r?2`2 ᅯք ୽ ԃ  ᅼϵ
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p`B#H2X aQ BM i?Bb +?Ti2`- r2 rBHH 2ti2M/ Qm` +m``2Mi HBM2` KQ/2H iQ HHQr 
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OO 0 KT; , MmK R3 R8 R3 Re Rd R8 R9 R9 R9 R8 XXX
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r?2`2 ᅯք ୽ ԃ  ᅼϵ
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Ç ԧքφ b i?2 r2B;?i UriV Q7 i?2 Ԙi? +`X

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TQBMib ԧքφ ԧքϵ Ԩք
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iQ i?2 /i- r2 rBHH }i  THM2X Uq2ǶHH bQQM KQp2 iQ ?B;?2` /BK2MbBQMb- bQ i?Bb
rBHH #2 i?2 Hbi 2tKTH2 i?i Bb 2bv iQ pBbmHBx2 M/ i?BMF #Qmi i?Bb rvXV

40

30

40

30 20
82
mp

20
80
g

10 78
0 76 10
r
yea

2000
74
3000
wt 4000 72

500070 0

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r2 /B/ i?Bb Hbi iBK2X aQ ;BM- r2 iF2  /2`BpiBp2 rBi? `2bT2+i iQ 2+? Q7
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2[miBQMbX h?i Bb-

ᆉԕ

ᆉᅬЈ
ᆉԕ

ᆉᅬφ
ᆉԕ

ᆉᅬϵ

7i2` /QBM; bQ- r2 rBHH QM+2 ;BM Q#iBM i?2 MQ`KH 2[miBQMbX

։ ։ ։
ԝᅬЈ  ᅬφ ం ԧքφ  ᅬϵ ం ԧքϵ  ం Ԩք
քφ քφ քφ
։ ։ ։ ։
ᅬЈ ం ԧքφ  ᅬφ ం ԧϵքφ  ᅬϵ ం ԧքφ ԧքϵ  ం ԧքφ Ԩք
քφ քφ քφ քφ
։ ։ ։ ։
ᅬЈ ం ԧքϵ  ᅬφ ం ԧքφ ԧքϵ  ᅬϵ ం ԧϵքϵ  ం ԧքϵ Ԩք
քφ քφ քφ քφ

q2 MQr ?p2 i?`22 2[miBQMb M/ i?`22 p`B#H2b- r?B+? r2 +QmH/ bQHp2- Q` r2
+QmH/ bBKTHv H2i _ bQHp2 7Q` mbX

KT;nKQ/2H 4 HKUKT;  ri Y v2`- /i 4 miQKT;V

+Q27UKT;nKQ/2HV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV ri v2`
OO @R9Xejde9RN98 @yXyyeej93de yXdeR9yRN88

Ԩ ࣞ  ਷  ਷ԧφ  ԧϵ

>2`2 r2 ?p2 QM+2 ;BM }i Qm` KQ/2H mbBM; HKUV- ?Qr2p2` r2 ?p2 BMi`Q/m+2/
 M2r bvMi+iB+H 2H2K2MiX h?2 7Q`KmH KT;  ri Y v2` MQr `2/b, dzKQ/2H
i?2 `2bTQMb2 p`B#H2 KT; b  HBM2` 7mM+iBQM Q7 ri M/ v2`XǴ h?i Bb- Bi rBHH
2biBKi2 M BMi2`+2Ti- b r2HH b bHQT2 +Q2{+B2Mib 7Q` ri M/ v2`X q2 i?2M
2ti`+i i?2b2 b r2 ?p2 /QM2 #27Q`2 mbBM; +Q27UVX
AM i?2 KmHiBTH2 HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM b2iiBM;- bQK2 Q7 i?2 BMi2`T`2iiBQMb Q7 i?2 +Q@
2{+B2Mib +?M;2 bHB;?iHvX
NXRX Jh_As SS_P*> hP _1:_1aaAPL R8d

>2`2- ᅬЈࣞ  ਷ Bb Qm` 2biBKi2 7Q` ᅬЈ - i?2 K2M KBH2b T2` ;HHQM 7Q`
 +` i?i r2B;?b y TQmM/b M/ rb #mBHi BM RNyyX q2 b22 Qm` 2biBKi2 ?2`2 Bb
M2;iBp2- r?B+? Bb  T?vbB+H BKTQbbB#BHBivX >Qr2p2`- i?Bb BbMǶi mM2tT2+i2/- b
r2 b?QmH/MǶi 2tT2+i Qm` KQ/2H iQ #2 ++m`i2 7Q` +`b 7`QK RNyy r?B+? r2B;? y
TQmM/bX U"2+mb2 i?2v M2p2` 2tBbi2/5V h?Bb BbMǶi Km+? Q7  +?M;2 7`QK aG_X
h?i Bb- ᅬЈ Bb biBHH bBKTHv i?2 K2M r?2M HH Q7 i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b `2 yX
h?2 BMi2`T`2iiBQM Q7 i?2 +Q2{+B2Mib BM 7`QMi Q7 Qm` T`2/B+iQ`b Bb bHB;?iHv /Bz2`2Mi
i?M #27Q`2X 6Q` 2tKTH2 ᅬφࣞ  ਷ Bb Qm` 2biBKi2 7Q` ᅬφ - i?2 p2`;2
+?M;2 BM KBH2b T2` ;HHQM 7Q` M BM+`2b2 BM r2B;?i Uԧφ V Q7 QM2@TQmM/ 7Q` 
+` Q7  +2`iBM KQ/2H v2`- i?i Bb- 7Q`  }t2/ pHm2 Q7 ԧϵ X LQi2 i?i i?Bb
+Q2{+B2Mi Bb +imHHv i?2 bK2 7Q` Mv ;Bp2M pHm2 Q7 ԧϵ X Gi2`- r2 rBHH HQQF i
KQ/2Hb i?i HHQr 7Q`  /Bz2`2Mi +?M;2 BM K2M `2bTQMb2 7Q` /Bz2`2Mi pHm2b
Q7 ԧϵ X HbQ MQi2 i?i i?Bb 2biBKi2 Bb M2;iBp2- r?B+? r2 rQmH/ 2tT2+i bBM+2- BM
;2M2`H- 7m2H 2{+B2M+v /2+`2b2b 7Q` H`;2` p2?B+H2bX _2+HH i?i BM i?2 KmHiBTH2
HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM b2iiBM;- i?Bb BMi2`T`2iiBQM Bb /2T2M/2Mi QM  }t2/ pHm2 7Q`
ԧϵ - i?i Bb- dz7Q`  +` Q7  +2`iBM KQ/2H v2`XǴ Ai Bb TQbbB#H2 i?i i?2 BM/B`2+i
`2HiBQMb?BT #2ir22M 7m2H 2{+B2M+v M/ r2B;?i /Q2b MQi ?QH/ r?2M M //BiBQMH
7+iQ`- bv v2`- Bb BM+Hm/2/- M/ i?mb r2 +QmH/ ?p2 i?2 bB;M Q7 Qm` +Q2{+B2Mi
~BTT2/X
GbiHv- ᅬϵࣞ   Bb Qm` 2biBKi2 7Q` ᅬϵ - i?2 p2`;2 +?M;2 BM KBH2b T2`
;HHQM 7Q`  QM2@v2` BM+`2b2 BM KQ/2H v2` Uԧϵ V 7Q`  +` Q7  +2`iBM r2B;?i- i?i
Bb- 7Q`  }t2/ pHm2 Q7 ԧφ X Ai Bb MQi bm`T`BbBM; i?i i?2 2biBKi2 Bb TQbBiBp2X q2
2tT2+i i?i b iBK2 Tbb2b M/ i?2 v2`b K`+? QM- i2+?MQHQ;v rQmH/ BKT`Qp2
bQ i?i  +` Q7  bT2+B}+ r2B;?i rQmH/ ;2i #2ii2` KBH2;2 MQr b +QKT`2/ iQ
i?2B` T`2/2+2bbQ`bX M/ v2i- i?2 +Q2{+B2Mi +QmH/ ?p2 #22M M2;iBp2 #2+mb2
r2 `2 HbQ BM+Hm/BM; r2B;?i b p`B#H2- M/ MQi bi`B+iHv b  }t2/ pHm2X

NXR Ji`Bt TT`Q+? iQ _2;`2bbBQM

AM Qm` #Qp2 2tKTH2 r2 mb2/ irQ T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2b- #mi Bi rBHH QMHv iF2 
HBiiH2 KQ`2 rQ`F iQ HHQr 7Q` M `#Bi``v MmK#2` Q7 T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2b M/
/2`Bp2 i?2B` +Q2{+B2Mi 2biBKi2bX q2 +M +QMbB/2` i?2 KQ/2H-

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧքφ  ᅬϵ ԧքϵ  ੈ  ᅬ֋਷φ ԧք ֋਷φ

 ᅯք Ԙ    w ԝ

r?2`2 ᅯք ୽ ԃ  ᅼϵ
X AM i?Bb KQ/2H- i?2`2 `2 ԟ ਷  T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2b-
ԧφ ԧϵ ੈ ԧ֋਷φ X h?2`2 `2  iQiH Q7 ԟ ᅬ@T`K2i2`b M/  bBM;H2 T`K2i2`
ᅼϵ 7Q` i?2 p`BM+2 Q7 i?2 2``Q`bX UAi b?QmH/ #2 MQi2/ i?i HKQbi b Q7i2M-
mi?Q`b rBHH mb2 ԟ b i?2 MmK#2` Q7 T`2/B+iQ`b- KFBM; i?2 iQiH MmK#2` Q7
ᅬ T`K2i2`b ԟ  X h?Bb Bb Hrvb bQK2i?BM; vQm b?QmH/ #2 r`2 Q7 r?2M
`2/BM; #Qmi KmHiBTH2 `2;`2bbBQMX h?2`2 Bb MQi  biM/`/ i?i Bb mb2/ KQbi
Q7i2MXV
R83 *>Sh1_ NX JlGhASG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

A7 r2 r2`2 iQ bi+F iQ;2i?2` i?2 ԝ HBM2` 2[miBQMb i?i `2T`2b2Mi 2+? Ԏք BMiQ
 +QHmKM p2+iQ`- r2 ;2i i?2 7QHHQrBM;X

ᅬ
Ԏφ  ԧφφ ԧφϵ ੈ ԧφ ֋਷φ
ৡ Ј ৤ ᅯφ
ৡ Ԏ ৤ ৡ ৤ ᅬ
ԧϵφ ԧϵϵ ੈ ԧϵ ֋਷φ
ৠ φ ৣ ৡ ᅯϵ ৤
ৠ ϵৣ  ৠ ৣ ᅬϵ ৣ  ৠ ৣ
ৠ ੇ ৣ ৠੇ ੇ ੇ ੇ ৣৠ ৠ ੇ ৣ
ৠੇৣ
য়Ԏ։ ৢ য় ԧ։φ ԧ։ϵ ੈ ԧ։ ֋਷φ
ৢ য়ᅯ։ ৢ
য়ᅬ֋਷φ ৢ

Ԏ  ԍᅬ  ᅯ

ᅬЈ
Ԏφ  ԧφφ ԧφϵ ੈ ԧφ ֋਷φ
ৡ ᅬ ৤ ᅯφ
ৡԎ ৤ ৡ ԧ ԧϵϵ ੈ ԧϵ ֋਷φ
৤ ৠ φ ৣ ৡᅯ ৤
Ԏ  ৠ ϵৣ ԍৠ ϵφ ৣ ᅬ  ৠ ᅬϵ ৣ ᅯ  ৠ ϵৣ
ৠ ੇ ৣ ৠੇ ੇ ੇ ੇ ৣ ৠੇৣ
ৠ ੇ ৣ
য়Ԏ։ ৢ য় ԧ։φ ԧ։ϵ ੈ ԧ։ ֋਷φ
ৢ য়ᅯ։ ৢ
য়ᅬ֋਷φ ৢ

aQ MQr rBi? /i-

Ԩφ
ৡԨ ৤
Ԩ  ৠ ϵৣ
ৠ ੇ ৣ
য়Ԩ։ ৢ

Cmbi b #27Q`2- r2 +M 2biBKi2 ᅬ #v KBMBKBxBM;-

։
ԕ ᅬЈ ᅬφ ᅬϵ ੈ ᅬ֋਷φ
 ం Ԩք ਷ ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧքφ  ᅬϵ ԧքϵ  ੈ  ᅬ֋਷φ ԧք ֋਷φ

ϵ
քφ

r?B+? rQmH/ `2[mB`2 iFBM; ԟ /2`BpiBp2b- r?B+? `2bmHi BM i?2 7QHHQrBM; MQ`KH
2[miBQMbX

։ ։ ։ ։
ԝ ௴քφ ԧքφ ௴քφ ԧքϵ ੈ ௴քφ ԧք ֋਷φ
ᅬЈ ௴քφ Ԩք
ৡ ։
௴քφ ԧքφ
։
௴քφ ԧϵքφ
։
௴քφ ԧքφ ԧքϵ ੈ ௴քφ ԧքφ ԧք ֋਷φ
৤
։ ৡ ᅬ ৤ ৡ ௴։ ԧ Ԩ ৤
ৠ ৣৠ φ ৣ  ৠ քφ քφ ք ৣ
ৠ ੇ ੇ ੇ ੇ ৣৠ ੇ ৣ ৠ ੇ ৣ
։ ։ ։ ։ ։
য়௴քφ ԧք ֋਷φ
௴քφ ԧք ֋਷φ
ԧքφ ௴քφ ԧք ֋਷φ
ԧքϵ ੈ ௴քφ ԧϵք ֋਷φ
ৢ য়ᅬ֋਷φ ৢ য়௴քφ ԧք ֋਷φ
Ԩք ৢ

h?2 MQ`KH 2[miBQMb +M #2 r`Bii2M Km+? KQ`2 bm++BM+iHv BM Ki`Bt MQiiBQM-

ԍ સ ԍᅬ  ԍ સ Ԩ
NXRX Jh_As SS_P*> hP _1:_1aaAPL R8N

q2 +M i?2M bQHp2 i?Bb 2tT`2bbBQM #v KmHiBTHvBM; #Qi? bB/2b #v i?2 BMp2`b2 Q7
ԍ સ ԍ- r?B+? 2tBbib- T`QpB/2/ i?2 +QHmKMb Q7 ԍ `2 HBM2`Hv BM/2T2M/2MiX h?2M
b Hrvb- r2 /2MQi2 Qm` bQHmiBQM rBi?  ?iX

਷φ
ᅬ ࣞ  िԍ સ ԍी ԍસԨ

hQ p2`B7v i?i i?Bb Bb r?i _ ?b /QM2 7Q` mb BM i?2 +b2 Q7 irQ T`2/B+iQ`b- r2
+`2i2 M ԍ Ki`BtX LQi2 i?i i?2 }`bi +QHmKM Bb HH Rb- M/ i?2 `2KBMBM;
+QHmKMb +QMiBM i?2 /iX

M 4 M`QrUmiQKT;V
T 4 H2M;i?U+Q27UKT;nKQ/2HVV
s 4 +#BM/U`2TUR- MV- miQKT;0ri- miQKT;0v2`V
v 4 miQKT;0KT;

U#2in?i 4 bQHp2UiUsV W W sV W W iUsV W W vV

OO (-R)
OO (R-) @R9Xejde9RN98
OO (k-) @yXyyeej93de
OO (j-) yXdeR9yRN88

+Q27UKT;nKQ/2HV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV ri v2`
OO @R9Xejde9RN98 @yXyyeej93de yXdeR9yRN88

਷
ᅬࣞ  ৡ ৤
ৠ ਷ ৣ
য়  ৢ

AM Qm` M2r MQiiBQM- i?2 }ii2/ pHm2b +M #2 r`Bii2M

Ԩ ࣞ  ԍ ᅬࣞ

Ԩφࣞ
ৡԨ ࣞ ৤
Ԩࣞ  ৠ ϵৣ
ৠ ੇ ৣ
য়Ԩ։ࣞ ৢ

h?2M- r2 +M +`2i2  p2+iQ` 7Q` i?2 `2bB/mH pHm2b-

Rey *>Sh1_ NX JlGhASG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

Ԕφ Ԩφ Ԩφࣞ
ৡԔ ৤ ৡԨ ৤ ৡԨ ࣞ ৤
Ԕ  ৠ ϵৣ  ৠ ϵৣ ਷ ৠ ϵৣ 
ৠੇৣ ৠ ੇ ৣ ৠ ੇ ৣ
য়Ԕ։ ৢ য়Ԩ։ ৢ য়Ԩ։ࣞ ৢ

M/ HbiHv- r2 +M mT/i2 Qm` 2biBKi2 7Q` ᅼϵ X

։
௴քφ Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ
ϵ Ԕસ Ԕ
Ԣϵր  
ԝ਷ԟ ԝ਷ԟ

_2+HH- r2 HBF2 i?Bb 2biBKi2 #2+mb2 Bi Bb mM#Bb2/- i?i Bb-

1<Ԣϵր >  ᅼϵ

LQi2 i?i i?2 +?M;2 7`QK i?2 aG_ 2biBKi2 iQ MQr Bb BM i?2 /2MQKBMiQ`X
aT2+B}+HHv r2 MQr /BpB/2 #v ԝ ਷ ԟ BMbi2/ Q7 ԝ ਷ X P` +imHHv- r2 b?QmH/ MQi2
i?i BM i?2 +b2 Q7 aG_- i?2`2 `2 irQ ᅬ T`K2i2`b M/ i?mb ԟ  X
HbQ MQi2 i?i B7 r2 }i i?2 KQ/2H Ԏք  ᅬ  ᅯք i?i Ԩ ࣞ  Ԩ ‫ ۽‬M/ ԟ   M/ Ԣϵր rQmH/
#2+QK2

։
௴քφ Ԩք ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ
Ԣϵր 
ԝ਷
r?B+? Bb HBF2Hv i?2 p2`v }`bi bKTH2 p`BM+2 vQm br BM  Ki?2KiB+H biiBbiB+b
+HbbX h?2 bK2 `2bQM 7Q` ԝ਷ BM i?Bb +b2- i?i r2 2biBKi2/ QM2 T`K2i2`- bQ
r2 HQb2 QM2 /2;`22 Q7 7`22/QKX LQr- BM ;2M2`H- r2 `2 2biBKiBM; ԟ T`K2i2`b-
i?2 ᅬ T`K2i2`b- bQ r2 HQb2 ԟ /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QKX
HbQ- `2+HH i?i KQbi Q7i2M r2 rBHH #2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM Ԣր - i?2 `2bB/mH biM/`/
2``Q` b _ +HHb Bi-

։
௴քφ Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ
ϵ
Ԣր  ఌ 
ԝ਷ԟ

AM _- r2 +QmH/ /B`2+iHv ++2bb Ԣր 7Q`  }ii2/ KQ/2H- b r2 ?p2 b22M #27Q`2X

bmKK`vUKT;nKQ/2HV0bB;K

OO (R) jX9jRjed

M/ r2 +M MQr p2`B7v i?i Qm` Ki? #Qp2 Bb BM/22/ +H+mHiBM; i?2 bK2
[mMiBiB2bX
NXkX aJSGAL: .Aah_A"lhAPL ReR

vn?i 4 s W W bQHp2UiUsV W W sV W W iUsV W W v

2 4 v @ vn?i
b[`iUiU2V W W 2 f UM @ TVV

OO (-R)
OO (R-) jX9jRjed

b[`iUbmKUUv @ vn?iV  kV f UM @ TVV

OO (R) jX9jRjed

NXk aKTHBM; .Bbi`B#miBQM

b r2 +M b22 BM i?2 QmiTmi #2HQr- i?2 `2bmHib Q7 +HHBM; bmKK`vUV `2 bBKBH`
iQ aG_- #mi i?2`2 `2 bQK2 /Bz2`2M+2b- KQbi Q#pBQmbHv  M2r `Qr 7Q` i?2 //2/
T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2X

bmKK`vUKT;nKQ/2HV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  ri Y v2`- /i 4 miQKT;V
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @3X38k @kXkNk @yXRyy kXyjN R9Xjk8
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV @RX9e92YyR 9Xykj2Yyy @jXej3 yXyyyjRk
OO ri @eXej82@yj kXR9N2@y9 @jyX33R I k2@Re
OO v2` dXeR92@yR 9XNdj2@yk R8XjRk I k2@Re
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, jX9jR QM j3d /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yX3y3k- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yX3ydk
OO 6@biiBbiB+, 3R8Xe QM k M/ j3d .6- T@pHm2, I kXk2@Re

hQ mM/2`biM/ i?2b2 /Bz2`2M+2b BM /2iBH- r2 rBHH M22/ iQ }`bi Q#iBM i?2 bK@
THBM; /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 ᅬXࣞ
Rek *>Sh1_ NX JlGhASG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

h?2 /2`BpiBQM Q7 i?2 bKTHBM; /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 ᅬ ࣞ BMpQHp2b i?2 KmHiBp`Bi2 MQ`KH

/Bbi`B#miBQMX h?2b2 #`B27 MQi2b 7`QK b2K2bi2`b Tbi ;Bp2  #bB+ Qp2`pB2rX h?2b2
`2 bBKTHv 7Q` vQm` BM7Q`KiBQM- b r2 rBHH MQi T`2b2Mi i?2 /2`BpiBQM BM 7mHH ?2`2X
Pm` ;QH MQr Bb iQ Q#iBM i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2 ᅬ ࣞ p2+iQ`-

ᅬЈࣞ
ৡ ࣞ ৤
ৠ ᅬφ ৣ
ᅬ ࣞ  ৠ ᅬϵࣞ ৣ
ৠ ৣ
ৠ ੇ ৣ
ࣞ ৢ
য়ᅬ֋਷φ

_2+HH 7`QK Hbi iBK2 i?i r?2M /Bb+mbbBM; bKTHBM; /Bbi`B#miBQMb- r2 MQr +QM@
bB/2` ᅬ ࣞ iQ #2  `M/QK p2+iQ`- i?mb r2 mb2 Ԏ BMbi2/ Q7 i?2 /i p2+iQ` ԨX

਷φ
ᅬ ࣞ  िԍ સ ԍी ԍસԎ

h?2M Bi Bb  +QMb2[m2M+2 Q7 i?2 KmHiBp`Bi2 MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQM i?i-

਷φ
ᅬ ࣞ ୽ ԃ ঁᅬ ᅼϵ िԍ સ ԍी ং 

q2 i?2M ?p2

1<ᅬ>ࣞ  ᅬ

M/ 7Q` Mv ᅬօࣞ r2 ?p2

1<ᅬօࣞ >  ᅬօ 

q2 HbQ ?p2

਷φ
o`<ᅬ>ࣞ  ᅼϵ िԍ સ ԍी

M/ 7Q` Mv ᅬօࣞ r2 ?p2

o`<ᅬօࣞ >  ᅼϵ Ӹօօ

r?2`2

਷φ
Ӹ  िԍ સ ԍी

M/ i?2 2H2K2Mib Q7 Ӹ `2 /2MQi2/

NXkX aJSGAL: .Aah_A"lhAPL Rej

ӸЈЈ ӸЈφ ӸЈϵ ੈ ӸЈ ֋਷φ

ৡ Ӹ Ӹφφ Ӹφϵ ੈ Ӹφ ֋਷φ

৤
ৠ φЈ ৣ
Ӹ  ৠ ӸϵЈ Ӹϵφ Ӹϵϵ ੈ Ӹϵ ֋਷φ
ৣ
ৠ ੇ ੇ ੇ ੇ ৣ
য়Ӹ ֋਷φ
Ј Ӹ ֋਷φ
φ Ӹ ֋਷φ
ϵ ੈ Ӹ ֋਷φ
֋਷φ
ৢ

1bb2MiBHHv- i?2 /B;QMH 2H2K2Mib +Q``2bTQM/ iQ i?2 ᅬ p2+iQ`X

h?2M i?2 biM/`/ 2``Q` 7Q` i?2 ᅬ ࣞ p2+iQ` Bb ;Bp2M #v

਷φ
a1<ᅬ>ࣞ  Ԣր ఊ ԍ સ ԍ

M/ 7Q`  T`iB+mH` ᅬօࣞ

a1<ᅬօࣞ >  Ԣր ఊӸօօ 

GbiHv- 2+? Q7 i?2 ᅬօࣞ 7QHHQrb  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQM-

ᅬօࣞ ୽ ԃ ॕᅬօ ᅼϵ Ӹօօ ॖ 

i?mb

ᅬօࣞ ਷ ᅬօ
୽ ԣ։਷֋ 
Ԣր ఉӸօօ

LQr i?i r2 ?p2 i?2 M2+2bb`v /Bbi`B#miBQMH `2bmHib- r2 +M KQp2 QM iQ T2`@
7Q`K i2bib M/ KF2 BMi2`pH 2biBKi2bX

NXkXR aBM;H2 S`K2i2` h2bib

h?2 }`bi i2bi r2 rBHH b22 Bb  i2bi 7Q`  bBM;H2 ᅬօ X

ӽЈ ੃ ᅬ օ   pb ӽφ ੃ ᅬօ ଈ 

;BM- i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+ iF2b i?2 7Q`K

1ah ਷ >uS
ha  
a1

AM T`iB+mH`-
Re9 *>Sh1_ NX JlGhASG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

ᅬօࣞ ਷ ᅬօ ᅬօࣞ ਷ 
ԣ 
a1<ᅬօࣞ > Ԣր ఉӸօօ

r?B+?- mM/2` i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb- 7QHHQrb  ԣ /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? ԝ ਷ ԟ /2;`22b Q7

7`22/QKX
_2+HH Qm` KQ/2H 7Q` KT;-

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧքφ  ᅬϵ ԧքϵ  ᅯք Ԙ    w ԝ

r?2`2 ᅯք ୽ ԃ  ᅼϵ
X

Ç ԧքφ b i?2 r2B;?i UriV Q7 i?2 Ԙi? +`X

Ç ԧքϵ b i?2 KQ/2H v2` Uv2`V Q7 i?2 Ԙi? +`X

h?2M i?2 i2bi

ӽЈ ੃ ᅬ φ   pb ӽφ ੃ ᅬφ ଈ 

+M #2 7QmM/ BM i?2 bmKK`vUV QmiTmi- BM T`iB+mH`,

bmKK`vUKT;nKQ/2HV0+Q27

OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V

OO UAMi2`+2TiV @R9Xejde9RN98 9XykjjNRj8ej @jXej3Rj8 jXRR3jRR2@y9
OO ri @yXyyeej93de yXyyykR938y9 @jyX33Rjdk RX38y9ee2@Rye
OO v2` yXdeR9yRN88 yXy9Ndke8N8y R8XjRRde8 RXyje8Nd2@9R

h?2 2biBKi2 U1biBKi2V- biM/`/ 2``Q` Uai/X 1``Q`V- i2bi biiBbiB+ Ui

pHm2V- M/ T@pHm2 US`U=%i%VV 7Q` i?Bb i2bi `2 /BbTHv2/ BM i?2 b2+QM/ `Qr-
H#2H2/ riX _2K2K#2` i?i i?2 T@pHm2 ;Bp2M ?2`2 Bb bT2+B}+HHv 7Q`  irQ@bB/2/
i2bi- r?2`2 i?2 ?vTQi?2bBx2/ pHm2 Bb yX
HbQ MQi2 BM i?Bb +b2- #v ?vTQi?2bBxBM; i?i ᅬφ   i?2 MmHH M/ Hi2`MiBp2
2bb2MiBHHv bT2+B7v irQ /Bz2`2Mi KQ/2Hb,

Ç ӽЈ , Ԏ  ᅬ Ј  ᅬ ϵ ԧ ϵ  ᅯ
Ç ӽφ , Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧφ  ᅬϵ ԧϵ  ᅯ

h?Bb Bb BKTQ`iMiX q2 `2 MQi bBKTHv i2biBM; r?2i?2` Q` MQi i?2`2 Bb  `2HiBQM@
b?BT #2ir22M r2B;?i M/ 7m2H 2{+B2M+vX q2 `2 i2biBM; B7 i?2`2 Bb  `2HiBQMb?BT
#2ir22M r2B;?i M/ 7m2H 2{+B2M+v- ;Bp2M i?i  i2`K 7Q` v2` Bb BM i?2 KQ/2HX
ULQi2- r2 /`QTT2/ bQK2 BM/2tBM; ?2`2- 7Q` `2/#BHBivXV
NXkX aJSGAL: .Aah_A"lhAPL Re8

NXkXk *QM}/2M+2 AMi2`pHb

aBM+2 ᅬօࣞ Bb Qm` 2biBKi2 7Q` ᅬօ M/ r2 ?p2

1<ᅬօࣞ >  ᅬօ

b r2HH b i?2 biM/`/ 2``Q`-

a1<ᅬօࣞ >  Ԣր ఊӸօօ

M/ i?2 bKTHBM; /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 ᅬօࣞ Bb LQ`KH- i?2M r2 +M 2bBHv +QMbi`m+i
+QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pHb 7Q` 2+? Q7 i?2 ᅬօࣞ X

ᅬօࣞ ਻ ԣᆿϵӴ։਷֋ ੁ Ԣր ఊӸօօ

q2 +M }M/ i?2b2 BM _ mbBM; i?2 bK2 K2i?Q/ b #27Q`2X LQr i?2`2 rBHH bBKTHv
#2 //BiBQMH `Qrb 7Q` i?2 //BiBQMH ᅬX

+QM7BMiUKT;nKQ/2H- H2p2H 4 yXNNV

OO yX8 W NNX8 W
OO UAMi2`+2TiV @k8Xy8k8eje3R @9Xkkkdkyky3
OO ri @yXyydRNRyje @yXyyeyd3dRe
OO v2` yXejke3yy8R yX3NyRkj38N

NXkXj *QM}/2M+2 AMi2`pHb 7Q` J2M _2bTQMb2

b r2 br BM aG_- r2 +M +`2i2 +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pHb 7Q` i?2 K2M `2bTQMb2-
i?i Bb- M BMi2`pH 2biBKi2 7Q` 1<Ԏ ੮ ԍ  ԧ>X AM aG_- i?2 K2M Q7 Ԏ rb QMHv
/2T2M/2Mi QM  bBM;H2 pHm2 ԧX LQr- BM KmHiBTH2 `2;`2bbBQM- 1<Ԏ ੮ ԍ  ԧ> Bb
/2T2M/2Mi QM i?2 pHm2 Q7 2+? Q7 i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b- bQ r2 /2}M2 i?2 p2+iQ` ԧЈ iQ
#2-


ৡ ԧ ৤
ৠ Јφ ৣ
ԧЈ  ৠ ԧЈϵ ৣ 
ৠ ੇ ৣ
য়ԧЈ ֋਷φ
ৢ

h?2M Qm` 2biBKi2 Q7 1<Ԏ ੮ ԍ  ԧЈ > 7Q`  b2i Q7 pHm2b ԧЈ Bb ;Bp2M #v

Ree *>Sh1_ NX JlGhASG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

ࣞ Ј
 ԧસ
Ԩ ԧ ࣞ
Јᅬ

 ᅬЈࣞ  ᅬφࣞ ԧЈφ  ᅬϵࣞ ԧЈϵ  ੈ  ᅬ֋਷φ

ࣞ ԧ
Ј ֋਷φ


b rBi? aG_- i?Bb Bb M mM#Bb2/ 2biBKi2X

1<Ԩ ԧ
ࣞ Ј
>  ԧસ
Јᅬ
 ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧЈφ  ᅬϵ ԧЈϵ  ੈ  ᅬ֋਷φ ԧЈ ֋਷φ

hQ KF2 M BMi2`pH 2biBKi2- r2 rBHH HbQ M22/ Bib biM/`/ 2``Q`X

਷φ
ࣞ Ј
>  Ԣր ఊԧસ
a1<Ԩ ԧ સ
Ј ԍ ԍ
ԧЈ

SmiiBM; Bi HH iQ;2i?2`- r2 Q#iBM  +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pH 7Q` i?2 K2M `2bTQMb2X

਷φ
ࣞ Ј
਻ ԣᆿϵӴ։਷֋ ੁ Ԣր ఊԧસ
Ԩ ԧ સ
Ј ԍ ԍ
ԧЈ

h?2 Ki? ?b +?M;2/  #Bi- #mi i?2 T`Q+2bb BM _ `2KBMb HKQbi B/2MiB+HX
>2`2- r2 +`2i2  /i 7`K2 7Q` irQ //BiBQMH +`bX PM2 +` i?i r2B;?b j8yy
TQmM/b T`Q/m+2/ BM RNde- b r2HH b  b2+QM/ +` i?i r2B;?b 8yyy TQmM/b r?B+?
rb T`Q/m+2/ BM RN3RX

M2rn+`b 4 /iX7`K2Uri 4 +Uj8yy- 8yyyV- v2` 4 +Ude- 3RVV

M2rn+`b

OO ri v2`
OO R j8yy de
OO k 8yyy 3R

q2 +M i?2M mb2 i?2 T`2/B+iUV 7mM+iBQM rBi? BMi2`pH 4 ]+QM7B/2M+2] iQ

Q#iBM BMi2`pHb 7Q` i?2 K2M 7m2H 2{+B2M+v 7Q` #Qi? M2r +`bX ;BM- Bi Bb
BKTQ`iMi iQ KF2 i?2 /i Tbb2/ iQ M2r/i  /i 7`K2- bQ i?i _ FMQrb
r?B+? pHm2b `2 7Q` r?B+? p`B#H2bX

T`2/B+iUKT;nKQ/2H- M2r/i 4 M2rn+`b- BMi2`pH 4 ]+QM7B/2M+2]- H2p2H 4 yXNNV

OO 7Bi Hr` mT`

OO R kyXyye39 RNX9dRk kyX89k93
OO k RjX3eR89 RkXjj9R R8Xj33N3
NXkX aJSGAL: .Aah_A"lhAPL Red

_ i?2M `2TQ`ib i?2 2biBKi2 Ԩ ԧ

ࣞ Ј
U7BiV 7Q` 2+?- b r2HH b i?2 HQr2` UHr`V M/
mTT2` UmT`V #QmM/b 7Q` i?2 BMi2`pH i  /2bB`2/ H2p2H UNNWVX

 rQ`/ Q7 +miBQM ?2`2, QM2 Q7 i?2b2 2biBKi2b Bb ;QQ/ r?BH2 QM2 Bb bmbT2+iX

M2rn+`b0ri

OO (R) j8yy 8yyy

`M;2UmiQKT;0riV

OO (R) ReRj 8R9y

LQi2 i?i #Qi? Q7 i?2 r2B;?ib Q7 i?2 M2r +`b `2 rBi?BM i?2 `M;2 Q7 Q#b2`p2/
pHm2bX

M2rn+`b0v2`

OO (R) de 3R

`M;2UmiQKT;0v2`V

OO (R) dy 3k

b `2 i?2 v2`b Q7 2+? Q7 i?2 M2r +`bX

THQiUv2`  ri- /i 4 miQKT;- T+? 4 ky- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- +2t 4 RX8V
TQBMibUM2rn+`b- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- +2t 4 j- T+? 4 ]s]V
Re3 *>Sh1_ NX JlGhASG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

82
80
78 X

X
year

76
74
72
70

1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

wt

>Qr2p2`- r2 ?p2 iQ +QMbB/2` r2B;?i M/ v2` iQ;2i?2` MQrX M/ #b2/ QM i?2
#Qp2 THQi- QM2 Q7 i?2 M2r +`b Bb rBi?BM i?2 dz#HQ#Ǵ Q7 Q#b2`p2/ pHm2b- r?BH2
i?2 Qi?2`- i?2 +` 7`QK RN3R r2B;?BM; 8yyy TQmM/b- Bb MQiB+2#Hv QmibB/2 Q7 i?2
Q#b2`p2/ pHm2bX h?Bb Bb  ?B//2M 2ti`TQHiBQM r?B+? vQm b?QmH/ #2 r`2 Q7
r?2M mbBM; KmHiBTH2 `2;`2bbBQMX
a?B7iBM; ;2`b #+F iQ i?2 M2r /i TB` i?i +M #2 `2bQM#Hv 2biBKi2/- r2
/Q  [mB+F p2`B}+iBQM Q7 bQK2 Q7 i?2 Ki?2KiB+b BM _X

ty 4 +UR- j8yy- deV

ty W W #2in?i

OO (-R)
OO (R-) kyXyye39


ԧЈ  ৡ
ৠ৤
ৣ
য়  ৢ

਷
ᅬࣞ  ৡ ৤
ৠ ਷ ৣ
য়  ৢ
NXkX aJSGAL: .Aah_A"lhAPL ReN

਷
ࣞ Ј
 ԧસ
Ԩ ԧ ࣞ
Ј ᅬ  ॅ  ॆ ৡ ৤
ৠ ਷ ৣ  
য়  ৢ

HbQ MQi2 i?i- mbBM;  T`iB+mH` pHm2 7Q` ԧЈ - r2 +M 2bb2MiBHHv 2ti`+i +2`iBM
ᅬօࣞ pHm2bX

#2in?i

OO (-R)
OO (R-) @R9Xejde9RN98
OO (k-) @yXyyeej93de
OO (j-) yXdeR9yRN88

ty 4 +Uy- y- RV
ty W W #2in?i

OO (-R)
OO (R-) yXdeR9yk

qBi? i?Bb BM KBM/- +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pHb 7Q` i?2 BM/BpB/mH ᅬօࣞ `2 +imHHv  bT2+BH
+b2 Q7  +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pH 7Q` K2M `2bTQMb2X

NXkX9 S`2/B+iBQM AMi2`pHb

b rBi? aG_- +`2iBM; T`2/B+iBQM BMi2`pHb BMpQHp2b QM2 bHB;?i +?M;2 iQ i?2 biM@
/`/ 2``Q` iQ ++QmMi 7Q` i?2 7+i i?i r2 `2 MQr +QMbB/2`BM; M Q#b2`piBQM-
BMbi2/ Q7  K2MX
>2`2 r2 mb2 Ԩ ԧ
ࣞ Ј
iQ 2biBKi2 ԎЈ -  M2r Q#b2`piBQM Q7 Ԏ i i?2 T`2/B+iQ` p2+iQ`
ԧЈ X

ࣞ Ј
 ԧસ
Ԩ ԧ ࣞ
Јᅬ

 ᅬЈࣞ  ᅬφࣞ ԧЈφ  ᅬϵࣞ ԧЈϵ  ੈ  ᅬ֋਷φ

ࣞ ԧ
Ј ֋਷φ

1<Ԩ ԧ
ࣞ Ј
>  ԧસ
Јᅬ
 ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧЈφ  ᅬϵ ԧЈϵ  ੈ  ᅬ֋਷φ ԧЈ ֋਷φ

b r2 /B/ rBi? aG_- r2 M22/ iQ ++QmMi 7Q` i?2 //BiBQMH p`B#BHBiv Q7 M

Q#b2`piBQM #Qmi Bib K2MX
Rdy *>Sh1_ NX JlGhASG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

਷φ
ࣞ Ј
 ᅯ>  Ԣր ఊ  ԧસ
a1<Ԩ ԧ સ
Ј ԍ ԍ
ԧЈ

h?2M r2 ``Bp2 i Qm` mT/i2/ T`2/B+iBQM BMi2`pH 7Q` JG_X

਷φ
ࣞ Ј
਻ ԣᆿϵӴ։਷֋ ੁ Ԣր ఊ  ԧસ
Ԩ ԧ સ
Ј ԍ ԍ
ԧЈ

M2rn+`b

OO ri v2`
OO R j8yy de
OO k 8yyy 3R

T`2/B+iUKT;nKQ/2H- M2r/i 4 M2rn+`b- BMi2`pH 4 ]T`2/B+iBQM]- H2p2H 4 yXNNV

OO 7Bi Hr` mT`

OO R kyXyye39 RRXRy3kN9 k3XNy8jN
OO k RjX3eR89 9X393d8R kkX3d9jk

NXj aB;MB}+M+2 Q7 _2;`2bbBQM

h?2 /2+QKTQbBiBQM Q7 p`BiBQM i?i r2 ?/ b22M BM aG_ biBHH ?QH/b 7Q` JG_X

։ ։ ։
ం Ԩք ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ  ం Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ
ϵ  ం Ԩքࣞ ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ
քφ քφ քφ

h?i Bb-

aah  aa1  aa_2;

h?Bb K2Mb i?i r2 +M biBHH +H+mHi2 ԇϵ BM i?2 bK2 KMM2` b #27Q`2- r?B+?
_ +QMiBMm2b iQ /Q miQKiB+HHvX

bmKK`vUKT;nKQ/2HV0`Xb[m`2/

OO (R) yX3y3kj88
NXjX aA:LA6A*L*1 P6 _1:_1aaAPL RdR

h?2 BMi2`T`2iiBQM +?M;2b bHB;?iHv b +QKT`2/ iQ aG_X AM i?Bb JG_ +b2- r2

bv i?i  Q7 i?2 Q#b2`p2/ p`BiBQM BM KBH2b T2` ;HHQM Bb 2tTHBM2/ #v i?2
HBM2` `2HiBQMb?BT rBi? i?2 irQ T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2b- r2B;?i M/ v2`X
AM KmHiBTH2 `2;`2bbBQM- i?2 bB;MB}+M+2 Q7 `2;`2bbBQM i2bi Bb

ӽЈ ੃ ᅬφ  ᅬϵ  ੈ  ᅬ֋਷φ  

>2`2- r2 b22 i?i i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb b2ib HH Q7 i?2 ᅬօ 2[mH iQ y- 2t+2Ti i?2
BMi2`+2Ti- ᅬЈ X q2 +QmH/ i?2M bv i?i i?2 MmHH KQ/2H- Q` dzKQ/2H mM/2` i?2 MmHH
?vTQi?2bBbǴ Bb

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅯք 

h?Bb Bb  KQ/2H r?2`2 i?2 `2;`2bbBQM Bb BMbB;MB}+MiX LQM2 Q7 i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b

?p2  bB;MB}+Mi HBM2` `2HiBQMb?BT rBi? i?2 `2bTQMb2X LQiiBQMHHv- r2 rBHH
/2MQi2 i?2 }ii2/ pHm2b Q7 i?Bb KQ/2H b ԨЈք
ࣞ - r?B+? BM i?Bb +b2 ?TT2Mb iQ #2,

ԨЈք
ࣞ  Ԩ‫۽‬

h?2 Hi2`MiBp2 ?vTQi?2bBb ?2`2 Bb i?i i H2bi QM2 Q7 i?2 ᅬօ 7`QK i?2 MmHH
?vTQi?2bBb Bb MQi yX

ӽφ ੃ i H2bi QM2 Q7 ᅬօ ଈ  ԙ    ੈ ԟ ਷ 

q2 +QmH/ i?2M bv i?i i?2 7mHH KQ/2H- Q` dzKQ/2H mM/2` i?2 Hi2`MiBp2 ?vTQi?@
2bBbǴ Bb

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧքφ  ᅬϵ ԧքϵ  ੈ  ᅬ ֋਷φ

ԧք ֋਷φ
 ᅯք

h?Bb Bb  KQ/2H r?2`2 i?2 `2;`2bbBQM Bb bB;MB}+MiX i H2bi QM2 Q7 i?2 T`2/B+@
iQ`b ?b  bB;MB}+Mi HBM2` `2HiBQMb?BT rBi? i?2 `2bTQMb2X h?2`2 Bb bQK2 HBM2`
`2HiBQMb?BT #2ir22M Ԩ M/ i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b- ԧφ ԧϵ w ԧ֋਷φ X
q2 rBHH /2MQi2 i?2 }ii2/ pHm2b Q7 i?Bb KQ/2H b Ԩφք
ࣞ X
hQ /2p2HQT i?2 ӻ i2bi 7Q` i?2 bB;MB}+M+2 Q7 i?2 `2;`2bbBQM- r2 rBHH ``M;2 i?2
p`BM+2 /2+QKTQbBiBQM BMiQ M LPo i#H2X

.2;`22b Q7 J2M
aQm`+2 amK Q7 a[m`2b 6`22/QK a[m`2 ӻ
։
_2;`2bbBQM ௴քφ Ԩφք
ࣞ ਷ Ԩ
‫۽‬ ϵ
ԟ਷ aa_2; ԟ ਷ Ja_2;Ja1


։
1``Q` ࣞ
ϵ
௴քφ Ԩք ਷ Ԩφք ԝ਷ԟ aa1 ԝ ਷ ԟ

Rdk *>Sh1_ NX JlGhASG1 GAL1_ _1:_1aaAPL

.2;`22b Q7 J2M
aQm`+2 amK Q7 a[m`2b 6`22/QK a[m`2 ӻ
։
hQiH ௴քφ Ԩք ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ ԝ਷

AM bmKK`v- i?2 ӻ biiBbiB+ Bb

։
ࣞ ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ  ԟ ਷ 

௴քφ Ԩφք
ӻ  ։
ࣞ
ϵ  ԝ ਷ ԟ

௴քφ Ԩք ਷ Ԩφք

M/ i?2 T@pHm2 Bb +H+mHi2/ b

ԅ ӻ֋਷φӴ։਷֋  ӻ

bBM+2 r2 `2D2+i 7Q` H`;2 pHm2b Q7 ӻ X  H`;2 pHm2 Q7 i?2 biiBbiB+ +Q``2bTQM/b iQ
 H`;2 TQ`iBQM Q7 i?2 p`BM+2 #2BM; 2tTHBM2/ #v i?2 `2;`2bbBQMX >2`2 ӻ֋਷φӴ։਷֋
`2T`2b2Mib  `M/QK p`B#H2 r?B+? 7QHHQrb M ӻ /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? ԟ ਷  M/
ԝ ਷ ԟ /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QKX
hQ T2`7Q`K i?Bb i2bi BM _- r2 }`bi 2tTHB+BiHv bT2+B7v i?2 irQ KQ/2Hb BM _ M/
bp2 i?2 `2bmHib BM /Bz2`2Mi p`B#H2bX q2 i?2M mb2 MQpUV iQ +QKT`2 i?2
irQ KQ/2Hb- ;BpBM; MQpUV i?2 MmHH KQ/2H }`bi M/ i?2 Hi2`MiBp2 U7mHHV KQ/2H
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p`U#2in?inkV

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bB;K  k *(k Y R- k Y R)

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h?2 biM/`/ /2pBiBQMb 7QmM/ 7`QK i?2 bBKmHi2/ /i M/ i?2 T`2Mi TQTm@
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b/U#2in?inkV

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b[`iUbB;K  k *(k Y R- k Y R)V

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2.5
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1.0
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5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4

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PM2 Hbi +?2+F- r2 p2`B7v i?2  ਷  ਷  `mH2X

b/n#?k 4 b[`iUbB;K  k *(k Y R- k Y R)V

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JQ/2H "mBH/BM;

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QM  MmK#2` Q7 T`2/B+iQ`b ԧφ ԧϵ ԧϯ w ԧ֋਷φ X
1bb2MiBHHv- r2 `2 i`vBM; iQ /Bb+Qp2` i?2 7mM+iBQMH `2HiBQMb?BT #2ir22M Ԩ M/
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q2 +M i?BMF Q7 i?Bb b

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Ç q?i 7KBHv Q7 KQ/2Hb rBHH #2 +QMbB/2`2/\

Ç q?i 7Q`K Q7 i?2 KQ/2H rBHH #2 mb2/\
Ç >Qr rBHH i?2 KQ/2H #2 }i\

G2iǶb rQ`F #+Fr`/b M/ /Bb+mbb 2+? Q7 i?2b2X

RyXRXR 6Bi

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aQ ?2`2- /2bTBi2 ?pBM; KmHiBTH2 T`2/B+iQ`b- r2 +?Qb2 iQ mb2 QMHv QM2X >Qr Bb
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2biBKi2b Q7 i?2 mMFMQrM T`K2i2`b ᅬЈ M/ ᅬφ X aBM+2 i?Qb2 `2 i?2 QMHv
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q2 +QmH/ HbQ mb2 bQK2- #mi MQi HH Q7 i?2 T`2/B+iQ`bX

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?Qr QM2 p`B#H2 z2+ib i?2 `2bTQMb2 Bb i?2 bK2 7Q` Mv pHm2b Q7 i?2 Qi?2`
T`2/B+iQ`bX aQQM r2 rBHH b22 ?Qr iQ +`2i2 KQ/2Hb r?2`2 i?2 2z2+i Q7 ԧφ +M #2
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RyXRXj 6KBHv

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6Q` 2tKTH2- #Qp2 r2 br b2p2`H 7Q`Kb Q7 KQ/2Hb 7`QK i?2 7KBHv Q7 HBM2`
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AM HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM- r2 bT2+B}2/ KQ/2Hb rBi? T`K2i2`b- ᅬօ M/ }i i?2 KQ/2H

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M/ Bb Q7i2M /2b+`B#2/ b KQ`2 Q7 M H;Q`Bi?KX LQM@T`K2i`B+ KQ/2Hb `2
Q7i2M mb2/ BM K+?BM2 H2`MBM;X

Linear Regression Smoothing

10

10
5

5
Response

Response
0

0
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0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

Predictor Predictor

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mb2/ QM i?2 `B;?iX aG_ }M/b i?2 #2bi bHQT2 M/ BMi2`+2TiX aKQQi?BM; T`Q/m+2b
i?2 }ii2/ Ԩ pHm2 i  T`iB+mH` ԧ pHm2 #v +QMbB/2`BM; i?2 Ԩ pHm2b Q7 i?2 /i
BM  M2B;?#Q`?QQ/ Q7 i?2 ԧ pHm2 +QMbB/2`2/X UGQ+H bKQQi?BM;XV
q?v i?2 7Q+mb QM HBM2` KQ/2Hb\ hrQ #B; `2bQMb,

Ç GBM2` KQ/2Hb `2 i?2 ;Q@iQ KQ/2HX GBM2` KQ/2Hb ?p2 #22M `QmM/ 7Q`
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i2+?MB[m2bX

RyXRX9 bbmK2/ JQ/2H- 6Bii2/ JQ/2H

q?2M b2`+?BM; 7Q`  KQ/2H- r2 Q7i2M M22/ iQ KF2 bbmKTiBQMbX h?2b2 b@
bmKTiBQMb `2 +Q/B}2/ BM i?2 7KBHv M/ 7Q`K Q7 i?2 KQ/2HX 6Q` 2tKTH2

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bbmK2b i?i Ԩ Bb  HBM2` +QK#BMiBQM Q7 ԧφ - ԧϯ - M/ ԧΘ b r2HH b bQK2 MQBb2X

h?Bb bbmK2b i?i i?2 2z2+i Q7 ԧφ QM Ԩ Bb ᅬφ - r?B+? Bb i?2 bK2 7Q` HH pHm2b Q7
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7Bi 4 HKUv  tR Y tj Y t8- /i 4 bQK2n/iV

h?Bb Bb _Ƕb rv Q7 bvBM; i?2 7KBHv Bb HBM2` M/ bT2+B7vBM; i?2 7Q`K 7`QK #Qp2X
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h?Bb Bb Qm` #2bi ;m2bb 7Q` i?2 7mM+iBQM ԕ BM

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7Q` i?2 bbmK2/ 7KBHv M/ 7Q`KX 6BiiBM;  KQ/2H QMHv ;Bp2b mb i?2 #2bi }i
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QM i?2 7KBHv Q7 HBM2` KQ/2HbX

RyXk 1tTHMiBQM p2`bmb S`2/B+iBQM

q?i Bb i?2 Tm`TQb2 Q7 }iiBM;  KQ/2H iQ /i\ lbmHHv Bi Bb iQ ++QKTHBb?
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#Qi? ;QHb b2T`i2Hv bBM+2 i?2 T`Q+2bb2b Q7 }M/BM; KQ/2Hb 7Q` 2tTHBMBM; M/
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Bb 2bb2MiBHHv i?2 MmK#2` Q7 ᅬ T`K2i2`b mb2/X
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r?2M /2bB;MBM;  +`X
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BM vQm` /i MHvbBb +`22`b- vQm rBHH b22 KQ`2 +QKTHB+i2/ KQ/2Hb i?i Kv }i
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Hrvb ii2KTi  HBM2` KQ/2HX A7 Bi }ib b r2HH b KQ`2 +QKTHB+i2/ K2i?Q/b-
Bi rBHH #2 i?2 2bB2bi iQ mM/2`biM/X
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Pm` //BiBQMH bbmKTiBQM Bb #Qmi i?2 2``Q` i2`KX

ᅯ ୽ ԃ  ᅼϵ

h?Bb bbmKTiBQM i?i i?2 2``Q`b `2 MQ`KHHv /Bbi`B#mi2/ rBi? bQK2 +QKKQM
p`BM+2 Bb i?2 F2v iQ HH Q7 i?2 BM72`2M+2 r2 ?p2 /QM2 bQ 7`X q2 rBHH /Bb+mbb
i?Bb BM ;`2i /2iBH Hi2`X
aQ rBi? Qm` BM72`2M+2 iQQHb ULPo M/ ԣ@i2biV r2 ?p2 irQ TQi2MiBH bi`i2;B2bX
ai`i rBi?  p2`v bKHH KQ/2H UMQ T`2/B+iQ`bV M/ ii2KTi iQ // T`2/B+iQ`bX
P`- bi`i rBi?  #B; KQ/2H UHH T`2/B+iQ`bV M/ ii2KTi iQ `2KQp2 T`2/B+iQ`bX

RyXkXRXR *Q``2HiBQM M/ *mbiBQM

 rQ`/ Q7 +miBQM r?2M mbBM;  KQ/2H iQ 2tTHBM  `2HiBQMb?BTX h?2`2 `2 irQ
i2`Kb Q7i2M mb2/ iQ /2b+`B#2  `2HiBQMb?BT #2ir22M irQ p`B#H2b, +mbiBQM
M/ +Q``2HiBQMX *Q``2HiBQM Bb Q7i2M HbQ `272``2/ iQ b bbQ+BiBQMX
Cmbi #2+mb2 irQ p`B#H2b `2 +Q``2Hi2/ /Q2b MQi M2+2bb`BHv K2M i?i QM2
+mb2b i?2 Qi?2`X 6Q` 2tKTH2- +QMbB/2` KQ/2HBM; KT; b QMHv  7mM+iBQM Q7 ?TX
RyXkX 1sSGLhAPL o1_ala S_1.A*hAPL RNR

THQiUKT;  ?T- /i 4 miQKT;- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8V
40
30
mpg

20
10

50 100 150 200

hp

.Q2b M BM+`2b2 BM ?Q`b2TQr2` +mb2  /`QT BM 7m2H 2{+B2M+v\ P`- T2`?Tb

i?2 +mbHBiv Bb `2p2`b2/ M/ M BM+`2b2 BM 7m2H 2{+B2M+v +mb2b  /2+`2b2 BM
?Q`b2TQr2`X P`- T2`?Tb i?2`2 Bb  i?B`/ p`B#H2 i?i 2tTHBMb #Qi?5
h?2 Bbbm2 ?2`2 Bb i?i r2 ?p2 Q#b2`piBQMH /iX qBi? Q#b2`piBQMH /i-
r2 +M QMHv /2i2+i bbQ+BiBQMbX hQ bT2F rBi? +QM}/2M+2 #Qmi +mbHBiv- r2
rQmH/ M22/ iQ `mM 2tT2`BK2MibX P7i2M- i?Bb /2+BbBQM Bb K/2 7Q` mb- #27Q`2 r2
2p2` b22 /i- bQ r2 +M QMHv KQ/B7v Qm` BMi2`T`2iiBQMX
h?Bb Bb  +QM+2Ti i?i vQm b?QmH/ 2M+QmMi2` Q7i2M BM vQm` biiBbiB+b 2/m+iBQMX
6Q` bQK2 7m`i?2` `2/BM;- M/ bQK2 `2Hi2/ 7HH+B2b- b22, qBFBT2/B, *Q``2H@
iBQM /Q2b MQi BKTHv +mbiBQMX
q2ǶHH /Bb+mbb i?Bb 7m`i?2` r?2M r2 /Bb+mbb 2tT2`BK2MiH /2bB;M M/ i`/BiBQMH
LPo i2+?MB[m2bX UHH Q7 r?B+? ?b `2+2MiHv #22M `2@#`M/2/ b f" i2biBM;XV

RyXkXk S`2/B+iBQM

A7 i?2 ;QH Q7  KQ/2H Bb iQ T`2/B+i i?2 `2bTQMb2- i?2M i?2 QMHv +QMbB/2`iBQM Bb
?Qr r2HH i?2 KQ/2H }ib i?2 /iX 6Q` i?Bb- r2 rBHH M22/  K2i`B+X AM `2;`2bbBQM
T`Q#H2Kb- i?Bb Bb KQbi Q7i2M _Ja1X
RNk *>Sh1_ RyX JP.1G "[Link]:

 ։
_Ja1 KQ/2H- /i
 ఌ ం Ԩ ਷ Ԩքࣞ
ϵ
ԝ քφ ք

r?2`2

Ç Ԩք `2 i?2 +imH pHm2b Q7 i?2 `2bTQMb2 7Q` i?2 ;Bp2M /i
Ç Ԩքࣞ `2 i?2 T`2/B+i2/ pHm2b mbBM; i?2 }ii2/ KQ/2H M/ i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b 7`QK
i?2 /i

*Q``2HiBQM M/ +mbiBQM `2 MQi M Bbbm2 ?2`2X A7  T`2/B+iQ` Bb +Q``2Hi2/

rBi? i?2 `2bTQMb2- Bi Bb mb27mH 7Q` T`2/B+iBQMX 6Q` 2tKTH2- BM 2H2K2Mi`v b+?QQH
;2/ +?BH/`2M i?2B` b?Q2 bBx2 +2`iBMHv /Q2bMǶi +mb2 i?2K iQ `2/ i  ?B;?2`
H2p2H- ?Qr2p2` r2 +QmH/ p2`v 2bBHv mb2 b?Q2 bBx2 iQ KF2  T`2/B+iBQM #Qmi 
+?BH/Ƕb `2/BM; #BHBivX h?2 H`;2` i?2B` b?Q2 bBx2- i?2 #2ii2` i?2v `2/X h?2`2Ƕb
 Hm`FBM; p`B#H2 ?2`2 i?Qm;?- i?2B` ;25 [Link]Ƕi b2M/ vQm` FB/b iQ b+?QQH rBi?
bBx2 R9 b?Q2b- Bi rQMǶi KF2 i?2K `2/ #2ii2`5V
HbQ- bBM+2 r2 `2 MQi T2`7Q`KBM; BM72`2M+2- i?2 2ti` bbmKTiBQM #Qmi i?2
2``Q`b Bb MQi M22/2/X h?2 QMHv i?BM; r2 +`2 #Qmi Bb ?Qr +HQb2 i?2 }ii2/ KQ/2H
Bb iQ i?2 /iX G2bi b[m`2b Bb H2bi b[m`2bX 6Q`  bT2+B}2/ KQ/2H- Bi rBHH
}M/ i?2 pHm2b Q7 i?2 T`K2i2`b r?B+? rBHH KBMBKBx2 i?2 b[m`2/ 2``Q` HQbbX
uQm` `2bmHib KB;?i #2 H`;2Hv mMBMi2`T`2i#H2 M/ mb2H2bb 7Q` BM72`2M+2- #mi 7Q`
T`2/B+iBQM MQM2 Q7 i?i Kii2`bX
amTTQb2 BMbi2/ Q7 i?2 KMm7+im`2` r?Q rQmH/ HBF2 iQ #mBH/  +`- r2 `2 
+QMbmK2` r?Q rBb?2b iQ Tm`+?b2  M2r +`X >Qr2p2` i?Bb T`iB+mH` +` Bb bQ
M2r- Bi ?b MQi #22M `B;Q`QmbHv i2bi2/- bQ r2 `2 mMbm`2 Q7 r?i 7m2H 2{+B2M+v iQ
2tT2+iX UM/- b bF2TiB+b- r2 /QMǶi i`mbi r?i i?2 KMm7+im`2` Bb i2HHBM; mbXV
AM i?Bb +b2- r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ mb2 i?2 KQ/2H iQ ?2HT T`2/B+i i?2 7m2H 2{+B2M+v
Q7 i?Bb +` #b2/ QM Bib ii`B#mi2b- r?B+? `2 i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b Q7 i?2 KQ/2HX h?2
bKHH2` i?2 2``Q`b i?2 KQ/2H KF2b- i?2 KQ`2 +QM}/2Mi r2 `2 BM Bib T`2/B+iBQMX

RyXkXkXR h2bi@h`BM aTHBi

h?2 i`Qm#H2 rBi? mbBM; _Ja1 iQ B/2MiB7v ?Qr r2HH  KQ/2H }ib /i Bb i?i
_Ja1 Bb Hrvb U2[mH Q`V HQr2` 7Q`  H`;2` KQ/2HX h?Bb rQmH/ bm;;2bi i?i
r2 b?QmH/ Hrvb mb2 i?2 H`;2bi KQ/2H TQbbB#H2 r?2M HQQFBM; 7Q`  KQ/2H i?i
T`2/B+ib r2HHX h?2 T`Q#H2K rBi? i?Bb Bb i?2 TQi2MiBH iQ Qp2`}i iQ i?2 /iX aQ-
r2 rMi  KQ/2H i?i }ib r2HH- #mi /Q2b MQi Qp2`}iX hQ mM/2`biM/ Qp2`}iiBM;-
r2 M22/ iQ i?BMF #Qmi TTHvBM;  KQ/2H iQ b22M M/ mMb22M /iX
amTTQb2 r2 }i  KQ/2H mbBM; HH /i pBH#H2 M/ r2 2pHmi2 _Ja1 QM i?Bb
}ii2/ KQ/2H M/ HH Q7 i?2 b22M /iX q2 rBHH +HH i?Bb /i i?2 i`BMBM; /i-
M/ i?Bb _Ja1 i?2 i`BM _Ja1X
RyXkX 1sSGLhAPL o1_ala S_1.A*hAPL RNj

LQr- bmTTQb2 r2 K;B+HHv 2M+QmMi2` bQK2 //BiBQMH /iX hQ i`mHv bb2bb

?Qr r2HH i?2 KQ/2H T`2/B+ib- r2 b?QmH/ 2pHmi2 ?Qr r2HH Qm` KQ/2H T`2/B+ib
i?2 `2bTQMb2 Q7 i?Bb /iX q2 rBHH +HH i?Bb /i i?2 i2bi /i M/ i?Bb _Ja1
i?2 i2bi _Ja1X

Ç h`BM _Ja1, KQ/2H }i QM b22M /i- 2pHmi2/ QM b22M /i

Ç h2bi _Ja1, KQ/2H }i QM b22M /i- 2pHmi2/ QM mMb22M /i

"2HQr- r2 bBKmHi2 bQK2 /i M/ }i irQ KQ/2HbX q2 rBHH +HH i?2 bQHB/ #Hm2
HBM2 i?2 dzbBKTH2Ǵ KQ/2HX h?2 /b?2/ Q`M;2 HBM2 rBHH #2 +HH2/ i?2 dz+QKTH2tǴ
KQ/2H- r?B+? rb }i rBi? K2i?Q/b r2 /Q MQi v2i FMQrX

Simulated Train Data Simulated Test Data

8

8
6

6
4

4
Response

Response
2

2
0

0
-2

-2
-4

-4

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

Predictor Predictor

h?2 H27i TM2H b?Qrb i?2 /i i?i rb mb2/ iQ }i i?2 irQ KQ/2HbX *H2`Hv i?2
dz+QKTH2tǴ KQ/2H }ib i?2 /i Km+? #2ii2`X h?2 `B;?i TM2H b?Qrb //BiBQMH
/i i?i rb bBKmHi2/ BM i?2 bK2 KMM2` b i?2 Q`B;BMH /iX >2`2 r2 b22
i?i i?2 dzbBKTH2Ǵ KQ/2H }ib Km+? #2ii2`X h?2 /b?2/ Q`M;2 HBM2 HKQbi b22Kb
`M/QKX

JQ/2H h`BM _Ja1 h2bi _Ja1

aBKTH2 RXdR RX98
*QKTH2t RX9R kXyd

h?2 KQ`2 dz+QKTH2t-Ǵ rB;;Hv- KQ/2H }ib i?2 i`BMBM; /i Km+? #2ii2` b Bi ?b
 Km+? HQr2` i`BM _Ja1X >Qr2p2`- r2 b22 i?i i?2 dzbBKTH2Ǵ KQ/2H }ib i?2 i2bi
/i Km+? #2ii2`- rBi?  Km+? HQr2` i2bi _Ja1X h?Bb K2Mb i?i i?2 +QKTH2t
KQ/2H ?b Qp2`}i iQ i?2 /i- M/ r2 T`272` i?2 bBKTH2 KQ/2HX q?2M +?QQbBM;
 KQ/2H 7Q` T`2/B+iBQM- r2 T`272`  KQ/2H i?i T`2/B+ib mMb22M /iX
RN9 *>Sh1_ RyX JP.1G "[Link]:

AM T`+iB+2- vQm +MǶi bBKTHv ;2M2`i2 KQ`2 /i iQ 2pHmi2 vQm` KQ/2HbX AM@
bi2/ r2 bTHBi 2tBbiBM; /i BMiQ /i mb2/ iQ }i i?2 KQ/2H Ui`BMV M/ /i
mb2/ iQ 2pHmi2 i?2 KQ/2H Ui2biVX L2p2` }i  KQ/2H rBi? i2bi /iX

RyXj amKK`v
JQ/2Hb +M #2 mb2/ iQ 2tTHBM `2HiBQMb?BTb M/ T`2/B+i Q#b2`piBQMbX
q?2M mbBM; KQ/2H iQ-

Ç 2tTHBMc r2 T`272` bKHH M/ BMi2`T`2i#H2 KQ/2HbX

Ç T`2/B+ic r2 T`272` KQ/2Hb i?i KF2 i?2 bKHH2bi 2``Q`b TQbbB#H2- rBi?Qmi
Qp2`}iiBM;X

GBM2` KQ/2Hb +M ++QKTHBb? #Qi? i?2b2 ;QHbX Gi2`- r2 rBHH b22 i?i Q7i2M
 HBM2` KQ/2H i?i ++QKTHBb?2b QM2 Q7 i?2b2 ;QHb- mbmHHv ++QKTHBb?2b i?2
Qi?2`X

RyX9 _ J`F/QrM
h?2 _ J`F/QrM }H2 7Q` i?Bb +?Ti2` +M #2 7QmM/ ?2`2,

Ç KQ/2H@#mBH/BM;X_K/

h?2 }H2 rb +`2i2/ mbBM; _ p2`bBQM 9XkXRX

*?Ti2` RR

*i2;Q`B+H S`2/B+iQ`b M/

AMi2`+iBQMb

dzh?2 ;`2i2bi pHm2 Q7  TB+im`2 Bb r?2M Bi 7Q`+2b mb iQ MQiB+2 r?i

r2 M2p2` 2tT2+i2/ iQ b22XǴ

ě CQ?M hmF2v

7i2` `2/BM; i?Bb +?Ti2` vQm rBHH #2 #H2 iQ,

Ç AM+Hm/2 M/ BMi2`T`2i +i2;Q`B+H p`B#H2b BM  HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H #v

rv Q7 /mKKv p`B#H2bX
Ç lM/2`biM/ i?2 BKTHB+iBQMb Q7 mbBM;  KQ/2H rBi?  +i2;Q`B+H p`B#H2
BM irQ rvb, H2p2Hb b2`pBM; b mMB[m2 T`2/B+iQ`b p2`bmb H2p2Hb b2`pBM; b 
+QKT`BbQM iQ  #b2HBM2X
Ç *QMbi`m+i M/ BMi2`T`2i HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2Hb rBi? BMi2`+iBQM i2`KbX
Ç A/2MiB7v +i2;Q`B+H p`B#H2b BM  /i b2i M/ +QMp2`i i?2K BMiQ 7+iQ`
p`B#H2b- B7 M2+2bb`v- mbBM; _X

aQ 7` BM 2+? Q7 Qm` MHvb2b- r2 ?p2 QMHv mb2/ MmK2`B+ p`B#H2b b T`2/B+iQ`bX
q2 ?p2 HbQ QMHv mb2/ //BiBp2 KQ/2Hb- K2MBM; i?2 2z2+i Mv T`2/B+iQ` ?/
QM i?2 `2bTQMb2 rb MQi /2T2M/2Mi QM i?2 Qi?2` T`2/B+iQ`bX AM i?Bb +?Ti2`-
r2 rBHH `2KQp2 #Qi? Q7 i?2b2 `2bi`B+iBQMbX q2 rBHH }i KQ/2Hb rBi? +i2;Q`B+H
T`2/B+iQ`b- M/ mb2 KQ/2Hb i?i HHQr T`2/B+iQ`b iQ BMi2`+iX h?2 Ki?2KiB+b
Q7 KmHiBTH2 `2;`2bbBQM rBHH `2KBM H`;2Hv mM+?M;BM;- ?Qr2p2`- r2 rBHH Tv +HQb2
ii2MiBQM iQ BMi2`T`2iiBQM- b r2HH b bQK2 /Bz2`2M+2 BM _ mb;2X

RN8
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RRXR .mKKv o`B#H2b

6Q` i?Bb +?Ti2`- r2 rBHH #`B2~v mb2 i?2 #mBHi@BM /ib2i Ki+`b #27Q`2 `2im`MBM;
iQ Qm` miQKT; /ib2i i?i r2 +`2i2/ BM i?2 Hbi +?Ti2`X h?2 Ki+`b /ib2i
Bb bQK2r?i bKHH2`- bQ r2ǶHH [mB+FHv iF2  HQQF i i?2 2MiB`2 /ib2iX

Ki+`b

OO KT; +vH /BbT ?T /`i ri [b2+ pb K ;2` +`#

OO Jx/ _s9 kRXy e ReyXy RRy jXNy kXeky ReX9e y R 9 9
OO Jx/ _s9 q; kRXy e ReyXy RRy jXNy kX3d8 RdXyk y R 9 9
OO .ibmM dRy kkX3 9 Ry3Xy Nj jX38 kXjky R3XeR R R 9 R
OO >Q`M2i 9 .`Bp2 kRX9 e k83Xy RRy jXy3 jXkR8 RNX99 R y j R
OO >Q`M2i aTQ`i#Qmi R3Xd 3 jeyXy Rd8 jXR8 jX99y RdXyk y y j k
OO oHBMi R3XR e kk8Xy Ry8 kXde jX9ey kyXkk R y j R
OO .mbi2` jey R9Xj 3 jeyXy k98 jXkR jX8dy R8X39 y y j 9
OO J2`+ k9y. k9X9 9 R9eXd ek jXeN jXRNy kyXyy R y 9 k
OO J2`+ kjy kkX3 9 R9yX3 N8 jXNk jXR8y kkXNy R y 9 k
OO J2`+ k3y RNXk e RedXe Rkj jXNk jX99y R3Xjy R y 9 9
OO J2`+ k3y* RdX3 e RedXe Rkj jXNk jX99y R3XNy R y 9 9
OO J2`+ 98ya1 ReX9 3 kd8X3 R3y jXyd 9Xydy RdX9y y y j j
OO J2`+ 98yaG RdXj 3 kd8X3 R3y jXyd jXdjy RdXey y y j j
OO J2`+ 98yaG* R8Xk 3 kd8X3 R3y jXyd jXd3y R3Xyy y y j j
OO */BHH+ 6H22irQQ/ RyX9 3 9dkXy ky8 kXNj 8Xk8y RdXN3 y y j 9
OO GBM+QHM *QMiBM2MiH RyX9 3 9eyXy kR8 jXyy 8X9k9 RdX3k y y j 9
OO *?`vbH2` AKT2`BH R9Xd 3 99yXy kjy jXkj 8Xj98 RdX9k y y j 9
OO 6Bi Rk3 jkX9 9 d3Xd ee 9Xy3 kXkyy RNX9d R R 9 R
OO >QM/ *BpB+ jyX9 9 d8Xd 8k 9XNj RXeR8 R3X8k R R 9 k
OO hQvQi *Q`QHH jjXN 9 dRXR e8 9Xkk RX3j8 RNXNy R R 9 R
OO hQvQi *Q`QM kRX8 9 RkyXR Nd jXdy kX9e8 kyXyR R y j R
OO .Q/;2 *?HH2M;2` R8X8 3 jR3Xy R8y kXde jX8ky ReX3d y y j k
OO J* Cp2HBM R8Xk 3 jy9Xy R8y jXR8 jX9j8 RdXjy y y j k
OO *K`Q wk3 RjXj 3 j8yXy k98 jXdj jX39y R8X9R y y j 9
OO SQMiB+ 6B`2#B`/ RNXk 3 9yyXy Rd8 jXy3 jX398 RdXy8 y y j k
OO 6Bi sR@N kdXj 9 dNXy ee 9Xy3 RXNj8 R3XNy R R 9 R
OO SQ`b+?2 NR9@k keXy 9 RkyXj NR 9X9j kXR9y ReXdy y R 8 k
OO GQimb 1m`QT jyX9 9 N8XR RRj jXdd RX8Rj ReXNy R R 8 k
OO 6Q`/ SMi2` G R8X3 3 j8RXy ke9 9Xkk jXRdy R9X8y y R 8 9
OO 62```B .BMQ RNXd e R98Xy Rd8 jXek kXddy R8X8y y R 8 e
OO Jb2`iB "Q` R8Xy 3 jyRXy jj8 jX89 jX8dy R9Xey y R 8 3
OO oQHpQ R9k1 kRX9 9 RkRXy RyN 9XRR kXd3y R3Xey R R 9 k

q2 rBHH #2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM i?`22 Q7 i?2 p`B#H2b, KT;- ?T- M/ KX

Ç KT;, 7m2H 2{+B2M+v- BM KBH2b T2` ;HHQMX

RRXRX .lJJu o_A"G1a RNd

Ç ?T, ?Q`b2TQr2`- BM 7QQi@TQmM/b T2` b2+QM/X

Ç K, i`MbKBbbBQMX miQKiB+ Q` KMmHX

b r2 Q7i2M /Q- r2 rBHH bi`i #v THQiiBM; i?2 /iX q2 `2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM KT; b
i?2 `2bTQMb2 p`B#H2- M/ ?T b  T`2/B+iQ`X

THQiUKT;  ?T- /i 4 Ki+`b- +2t 4 kV

30
25
mpg

20
15
10

50 100 150 200 250 300

hp

aBM+2 r2 `2 HbQ BMi2`2bi2/ BM i?2 i`MbKBbbBQM ivT2- r2 +QmH/ HbQ H#2H i?2
TQBMib ++Q`/BM;HvX

THQiUKT;  ?T- /i 4 Ki+`b- +QH 4 K Y R- T+? 4 K Y R- +2t 4 kV

H2;2M/U]iQT`B;?i]- +U]miQKiB+]- ]JMmH]V- +QH 4 +UR- kV- T+? 4 +UR- kVV
RN3 *>Sh1_ RRX *h1:P_A*G S_1.A*hP_a L. ALh1_*hAPLa

Automatic
30
25 Manual
mpg

20
15
10

50 100 150 200 250 300

hp

q2 mb2/  +QKKQM _ dzi`B+FǴ r?2M THQiiBM; i?Bb /iX h?2 K p`B#H2 iF2b irQ
TQbbB#H2 pHm2bc y 7Q` miQKiB+ i`MbKBbbBQM- M/ R 7Q` KMmH i`MbKBbbBQMbX _
+M mb2 MmK#2`b iQ `2T`2b2Mi +QHQ`b- ?Qr2p2` i?2 +QHQ` 7Q` y Bb r?Bi2X aQ r2 iF2
i?2 K p2+iQ` M/ // R iQ BiX h?2M Q#b2`piBQMb rBi? miQKiB+ i`MbKBbbBQMb
`2 MQr `2T`2b2Mi2/ #v R- r?B+? Bb #H+F BM _- M/ KMmH i`MbKBbbBQM `2
`2T`2b2Mi2/ #v k- r?B+? Bb `2/ BM _X ULQi2- r2 `2 QMHv //BM; R BMbB/2 i?2 +HH
iQ THQiUV- r2 `2 MQi +imHHv KQ/B7vBM; i?2 pHm2b biQ`2/ BM KXV
q2 MQr }i i?2 aG_ KQ/2H

Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧφ  ᅯ

r?2`2 Ԏ Bb KT; M/ ԧφ Bb ?TX 6Q` MQiiBQMH #`2pBiv- r2 /`QT i?2 BM/2t Ԙ 7Q`
Q#b2`piBQMbX

KT;n?TnbH` 4 HKUKT;  ?T- /i 4 Ki+`bV

q2 i?2M `2@THQi i?2 /i M/ // i?2 }ii2/ HBM2 iQ i?2 THQiX

THQiUKT;  ?T- /i 4 Ki+`b- +QH 4 K Y R- T+? 4 K Y R- +2t 4 kV

#HBM2UKT;n?TnbH`- Hr/ 4 j- +QH 4 ];`2v]V
H2;2M/U]iQT`B;?i]- +U]miQKiB+]- ]JMmH]V- +QH 4 +UR- kV- T+? 4 +UR- kVV
RRXRX .lJJu o_A"G1a RNN

Automatic
Manual
30
25
mpg

20
15
10

50 100 150 200 250 300

hp

q2 b?QmH/ MQiB+2  Tii2`M ?2`2X h?2 `2/- KMmH Q#b2`piBQMb H`;2Hv 7HH #Qp2
i?2 HBM2- r?BH2 i?2 #H+F- miQKiB+ Q#b2`piBQMb `2 KQbiHv #2HQr i?2 HBM2X h?Bb
K2Mb Qm` KQ/2H mM/2`2biBKi2b i?2 7m2H 2{+B2M+v Q7 KMmH i`MbKBbbBQMb- M/
Qp2`2biBKi2b i?2 7m2H 2{+B2M+v Q7 miQKiB+ i`MbKBbbBQMbX hQ +Q``2+i 7Q` i?Bb-
r2 rBHH //  T`2/B+iQ` iQ Qm` KQ/2H- MK2Hv- K b ԧϵ X
Pm` M2r KQ/2H Bb

Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧφ  ᅬϵ ԧϵ  ᅯ

r?2`2 ԧφ M/ Ԏ `2KBM i?2 bK2- #mi MQr

 KMmH i`MbKBbbBQM
ԧϵ  ৓ 
 miQKiB+ i`MbKBbbBQM

AM i?Bb +b2- r2 +HH ԧϵ  /mKKv p`B#H2X  /mKKv p`B#H2 Bb bQK2r?i

mM7Q`imMi2Hv MK2/- b Bi Bb BM MQ rv dz/mK#XǴ AM 7+i- Bi Bb +imHHv bQK2r?i
+H2p2`X  /mKKv p`B#H2 Bb  MmK2`B+H p`B#H2 i?i Bb mb2/ BM  `2;`2bbBQM
MHvbBb iQ dz+Q/2Ǵ 7Q`  #BM`v +i2;Q`B+H p`B#H2X G2iǶb b22 ?Qr i?Bb rQ`FbX
6B`bi- MQi2 i?i K Bb H`2/v  /mKKv p`B#H2- bBM+2 Bi mb2b i?2 pHm2b y M/
R iQ `2T`2b2Mi miQKiB+ M/ KMmH i`MbKBbbBQMbX P7i2M-  p`B#H2 HBF2 K
rQmH/ biQ`2 i?2 +?`+i2` pHm2b miQ M/ KM M/ r2 rQmH/ 2Bi?2` ?p2 iQ
+QMp2`i i?2b2 iQ y M/ R- Q`- b r2 rBHH b22 Hi2`- _ rBHH iF2 +`2 Q7 +`2iBM;
/mKKv p`B#H2b 7Q` mbX
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aQ- iQ }i i?2 #Qp2 KQ/2H- r2 /Q bQ HBF2 Mv Qi?2` KmHiBTH2 `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H r2
?p2 b22M #27Q`2X

KT;n?Tn// 4 HKUKT;  ?T Y K- /i 4 Ki+`bV

"`B2~v +?2+FBM; i?2 QmiTmi- r2 b22 i?i _ ?b 2biBKi2/ i?2 i?`22 ᅬ T`K2i2`bX

KT;n?Tn//

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  ?T Y K- /i 4 Ki+`bV
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO UAMi2`+2TiV ?T K
OO keX839NR @yXy833N 8XkddyN

aBM+2 ԧϵ +M QMHv iF2 pHm2b y M/ R- r2 +M 2z2+iBp2Hv r`Bi2 irQ /Bz2`2Mi
KQ/2Hb- QM2 7Q` KMmH M/ QM2 7Q` miQKiB+ i`MbKBbbBQMbX
6Q` miQKiB+ i`MbKBbbBQMb- i?i Bb ԧϵ  - r2 ?p2-

Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧφ  ᅯ

h?2M 7Q` KMmH i`MbKBbbBQMb- i?i Bb ԧϵ  - r2 ?p2-

Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬϵ
 ᅬφ ԧφ  ᅯ

LQiB+2 i?i i?2b2 KQ/2Hb b?`2 i?2 bK2 bHQT2- ᅬφ - #mi ?p2 /Bz2`2Mi BMi2`+2Tib-
/Bz2`BM; #v ᅬϵ X aQ i?2 +?M;2 BM KT; Bb i?2 bK2 7Q` #Qi? KQ/2Hb- #mi QM p2`;2
KT; /Bz2`b #v ᅬϵ #2ir22M i?2 irQ i`MbKBbbBQM ivT2bX
q2ǶHH MQr +H+mHi2 i?2 2biBKi2/ bHQT2 M/ BMi2`+2Ti Q7 i?2b2 irQ KQ/2Hb bQ
i?i r2 +M // i?2K iQ  THQiX LQi2 i?i,

Ç ᅬЈࣞ 4 +Q27UKT;n?Tn//V(R) 4 keX839NRjd

Ç ᅬφࣞ 4 +Q27UKT;n?Tn//V(k) 4 @yXy8333d3
Ç ᅬϵࣞ 4 +Q27UKT;n?Tn//V(j) 4 8Xkddy38j

q2 +M i?2M +QK#BM2 i?2b2 iQ +H+mHi2 i?2 2biBKi2/ bHQT2 M/ BMi2`+2TibX

BMinmiQ 4 +Q27UKT;n?Tn//V(R)
BMinKMm 4 +Q27UKT;n?Tn//V(R) Y +Q27UKT;n?Tn//V(j)

bHQT2nmiQ 4 +Q27UKT;n?Tn//V(k)
bHQT2nKMm 4 +Q27UKT;n?Tn//V(k)
RRXRX .lJJu o_A"G1a kyR

_2@THQiiBM; i?2 /i- r2 mb2 i?2b2 bHQT2b M/ BMi2`+2Tib iQ // i?2 dzirQǴ }ii2/
KQ/2Hb iQ i?2 THQiX

THQiUKT;  ?T- /i 4 Ki+`b- +QH 4 K Y R- T+? 4 K Y R- +2t 4 kV

#HBM2UBMinmiQ- bHQT2nmiQ- +QH 4 R- Hiv 4 R- Hr/ 4 kV O // HBM2 7Q` miQ
#HBM2UBMinKMm- bHQT2nKMm- +QH 4 k- Hiv 4 k- Hr/ 4 kV O // HBM2 7Q` KMmH
H2;2M/U]iQT`B;?i]- +U]miQKiB+]- ]JMmH]V- +QH 4 +UR- kV- T+? 4 +UR- kVV

Automatic
Manual
30
25
mpg

20
15
10

50 100 150 200 250 300

hp

q2 MQiB+2 `B;?i rv i?i i?2 TQBMib `2 MQ HQM;2` bvbi2KiB+HHv BM+Q``2+iX h?2
`2/- KMmH Q#b2`piBQMb p`v #Qmi i?2 `2/ HBM2 BM MQ T`iB+mH` Tii2`M rBi?Qmi
mM/2`2biBKiBM; i?2 Q#b2`piBQMb b #27Q`2X h?2 #H+F- miQKiB+ TQBMib p`v
#Qmi i?2 #H+F HBM2- HbQ rBi?Qmi M Q#pBQmb Tii2`MX
h?2v bv  TB+im`2 Bb rQ`i?  i?QmbM/ rQ`/b- #mi b  biiBbiB+BM- bQK2iBK2b 
TB+im`2 Bb rQ`i? M 2MiB`2 MHvbBbX h?2 #Qp2 TB+im`2 KF2b Bi THBMHv Q#pBQmb
i?i ᅬϵ Bb bB;MB}+Mi- #mi H2iǶb p2`B7v Ki?2KiB+HHvX 1bb2MiBHHv r2 rQmH/ HBF2
iQ i2bi,

ӽЈ ੃ ᅬ ϵ   pb ӽφ ੃ ᅬϵ ଈ 

h?Bb Bb MQi?BM; M2rX ;BM- i?2 Ki? Bb i?2 bK2 b i?2 KmHiBTH2 `2;`2bbBQM
MHvb2b r2 ?p2 b22M #27Q`2X q2 +QmH/ T2`7Q`K 2Bi?2`  ԣ Q` ӻ i2bi ?2`2X h?2
QMHv /Bz2`2M+2 Bb  bHB;?i +?M;2 BM BMi2`T`2iiBQMX q2 +QmH/ i?BMF Q7 i?Bb b
kyk *>Sh1_ RRX *h1:P_A*G S_1.A*hP_a L. ALh1_*hAPLa

i2biBM;  KQ/2H rBi?  bBM;H2 HBM2 UӽЈ V ;BMbi  KQ/2H i?i HHQrb irQ HBM2b
Uӽφ VX
hQ Q#iBM i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+ M/ T@pHm2 7Q` i?2 ԣ@i2bi- r2 rQmH/ mb2

bmKK`vUKT;n?Tn//V0+Q277B+B2Mib(]K]-)

OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V

OO 8Xkddy382Yyy RXydN89R2Yyy 9X333kdy2Yyy jX9eyjR32@y8

hQ /Q i?2 bK2 7Q` i?2 ӻ i2bi- r2 rQmH/ mb2

MQpUKT;n?TnbH`- KT;n?Tn//V

OO MHvbBb Q7 o`BM+2 h#H2

OO
OO JQ/2H R, KT;  ?T
OO JQ/2H k, KT;  ?T Y K
OO _2bX.7 _aa .7 amK Q7 a[ 6 S`U=6V
OO R jy 99dXed
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OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R

LQiB+2 i?i i?2b2 `2 BM/22/ i2biBM; i?2 bK2 i?BM;- b i?2 T@pHm2b `2 2t+iHv
2[mHX UM/ i?2 ӻ i2bi biiBbiB+ Bb i?2 ԣ i2bi biiBbiB+ b[m`2/XV
_2+TTBM; bQK2 BMi2`T`2iiBQMb,

Ç ᅬЈࣞ   Bb i?2 2biBKi2/ p2`;2 KT; 7Q`  +` rBi? M miQKiB+
i`MbKBbbBQM M/ y ?TX

Ç ᅬЈࣞ  ᅬϵࣞ   Bb i?2 2biBKi2/ p2`;2 KT; 7Q`  +` rBi?  KMmH
i`MbKBbbBQM M/ y ?TX

Ç ᅬϵࣞ   Bb i?2 2biBKi2/ /Bz2`2M+2 BM p2`;2 KT; 7Q` +`b rBi?
KMmH i`MbKBbbBQMb b +QKT`2/ iQ i?Qb2 rBi? miQKiB+ i`MbKBbbBQM-
7Q` Mv ?TX

Ç ᅬφࣞ  ਷ Bb i?2 2biBKi2/ +?M;2 BM p2`;2 KT; 7Q` M BM+`2b2

BM QM2 ?T- 7Q` 2Bi?2` i`MbKBbbBQM ivT2X

q2 b?QmH/ iF2 bT2+BH MQiB+2 Q7 i?Qb2 Hbi irQX AM i?2 KQ/2H-

Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧφ  ᅬϵ ԧϵ  ᅯ
RRXkX ALh1_*hAPLa kyj

r2 b22 ᅬφ Bb i?2 p2`;2 +?M;2 BM Ԏ 7Q` M BM+`2b2 BM ԧφ - MQ Kii2` i?2 pHm2

Q7 ԧϵ X HbQ- ᅬϵ Bb Hrvb i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 BM i?2 p2`;2 Q7 Ԏ 7Q` Mv pHm2 Q7 ԧφ X
h?2b2 `2 irQ `2bi`B+iBQMb r2 rQMǶi Hrvb rMi- bQ r2 M22/  rv iQ bT2+B7v 
KQ`2 ~2tB#H2 KQ/2HX
>2`2 r2 `2bi`B+i2/ Qm`b2Hp2b iQ  bBM;H2 MmK2`B+H T`2/B+iQ` ԧφ M/ QM2 /mKKv
p`B#H2 ԧϵ X >Qr2p2`- i?2 +QM+2Ti Q7  /mKKv p`B#H2 +M #2 mb2/ rBi? H`;2`
KmHiBTH2 `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2HbX q2 QMHv mb2  bBM;H2 MmK2`B+H T`2/B+iQ` ?2`2 7Q`
2b2 Q7 pBbmHBxiBQM bBM+2 r2 +M i?BMF Q7 i?2 dzirQ HBM2bǴ BMi2`T`2iiBQMX "mi
BM ;2M2`H- r2 +M i?BMF Q7  /mKKv p`B#H2 b +`2iBM; dzirQ KQ/2Hb-Ǵ QM2 7Q`
2+? +i2;Q`v Q7  #BM`v +i2;Q`B+H p`B#H2X

RRXk AMi2`+iBQMb
hQ `2KQp2 i?2 dzbK2 bHQT2Ǵ `2bi`B+iBQM- r2 rBHH MQr /Bb+mbb BMi2`+iBQMX hQ
BHHmbi`i2 i?Bb +QM+2Ti- r2 rBHH `2im`M iQ i?2 miQKT; /ib2i r2 +`2i2/ BM i?2
Hbi +?Ti2`- rBi?  72r KQ`2 KQ/B}+iBQMbX

O `2/ /i 7`K2 7`QK i?2 r2#

miQKT; 4 `2/Xi#H2U
]?iiT,ff`+?Bp2XB+bXm+BX2/mfKHfK+?BM2@H2`MBM;@/i#b2bfmiQ@KT;fmiQ@KT;X/i]-
[mQi2 4 ]$]]-
+QKK2MiX+?` 4 ]]-
bi`BM;bb6+iQ`b 4 6Ga1V
O ;Bp2 i?2 /i7`K2 ?2/2`b
+QHMK2bUmiQKT;V 4 +U]KT;]- ]+vH]- ]/BbT]- ]?T]- ]ri]- ]++]- ]v2`]- ]Q`B;BM]- ]MK2]V
O `2KQp2 KBbbBM; /i- r?B+? Bb biQ`2/ b ]\]
miQKT; 4 bm#b2iUmiQKT;- miQKT;0?T 54 ]\]V
O `2KQp2 i?2 THvKQmi? `2HBMi- b Bi +mb2b bQK2 Bbbm2b
miQKT; 4 bm#b2iUmiQKT;- miQKT;0MK2 54 ]THvKQmi? `2HBMi]V
O ;Bp2 i?2 /ib2i `Qr MK2b- #b2/ QM i?2 2M;BM2- v2` M/ MK2
`QrMK2bUmiQKT;V 4 Tbi2UmiQKT;0+vH- ]+vHBM/2`]- miQKT;0v2`- miQKT;0MK2V
O `2KQp2 i?2 p`B#H2 7Q` MK2
miQKT; 4 bm#b2iUmiQKT;- b2H2+i 4 +U]KT;]- ]+vH]- ]/BbT]- ]?T]- ]ri]- ]++]- ]v2`]- ]Q`B;BM]VV
O +?M;2 ?Q`b2TQr2` 7`QK +?`+i2` iQ MmK2`B+
miQKT;0?T 4 bXMmK2`B+UmiQKT;0?TV
O +`2i2  /mKKv p`B#H2 7Q` 7Q`2B;M pb /QK2biB+ +`bX /QK2biB+ 4 RX
miQKT;0/QK2biB+ 4 bXMmK2`B+UmiQKT;0Q`B;BM 44 RV
O `2KQp2 j M/ 8 +vHBM/2` +`b Ur?B+? `2 p2`v ``2XV
miQKT; 4 miQKT;(miQKT;0+vH 54 8-)
miQKT; 4 miQKT;(miQKT;0+vH 54 j-)
O i?2 7QHHQrBM; HBM2 rQmH/ p2`B7v i?2 `2KBMBM; +vHBM/2` TQbbB#BHBiB2b `2 9- e- 3
OmMB[m2UmiQKT;0+vHV
O +?M;2 +vH iQ  7+iQ` p`B#H2
miQKT;0+vH 4 bX7+iQ`UmiQKT;0+vHV
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bi`UmiQKT;V

OO ^/iX7`K2^, j3j Q#bX Q7 N p`B#H2b,

OO 0 KT; , MmK R3 R8 R3 Re Rd R8 R9 R9 R9 R8 XXX
OO 0 +vH , 6+iQ` rf j H2p2Hb ]9]-]e]-]3], j j j j j j j j j j XXX
OO 0 /BbT , MmK jyd j8y jR3 jy9 jyk 9kN 989 99y 988 jNy XXX
OO 0 ?T , MmK Rjy Re8 R8y R8y R9y RN3 kky kR8 kk8 RNy XXX
OO 0 ri , MmK j8y9 jeNj j9je j9jj j99N XXX
OO 0 ++ , MmK Rk RRX8 RR Rk RyX8 Ry N 3X8 Ry 3X8 XXX
OO 0 v2` , BMi dy dy dy dy dy dy dy dy dy dy XXX
OO 0 Q`B;BM , BMi R R R R R R R R R R XXX
OO 0 /QK2biB+, MmK R R R R R R R R R R XXX

q2Ƕp2 `2KQp2/ +`b rBi? j M/ 8 +vHBM/2`b - b r2HH b +`2i2/  M2r p`B#H2
/QK2biB+ r?B+? BM/B+i2b r?2i?2` Q` MQi  +` rb #mBHi BM i?2 lMBi2/ aii2bX
_2KQpBM; i?2 j M/ 8 +vHBM/2`b Bb bBKTHv 7Q` 2b2 Q7 /2KQMbi`iBQM Hi2` BM i?2
+?Ti2` M/ rQmH/ MQi #2 /QM2 BM T`+iB+2X h?2 M2r p`B#H2 /QK2biB+ iF2b
i?2 pHm2 R B7 i?2 +` rb #mBHi BM i?2 lMBi2/ aii2b- M/ y Qi?2`rBb2- r?B+?
r2 rBHH `272` iQ b dz7Q`2B;MXǴ Uq2 `2 `#Bi``BHv mbBM; i?2 lMBi2/ aii2b b i?2
`272`2M+2 TQBMi ?2`2XV q2 ?p2 HbQ K/2 +vH M/ Q`B;BM BMiQ 7+iQ` p`B#H2b-
r?B+? r2 rBHH /Bb+mbb Hi2`X
q2ǶHH MQr #2 +QM+2`M2/ rBi? i?`22 p`B#H2b, KT;- /BbT- M/ /QK2biB+X q2 rBHH
mb2 KT; b i?2 `2bTQMb2X q2 +M }i  KQ/2H-

Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧφ  ᅬϵ ԧϵ  ᅯ

r?2`2

Ç Ԏ Bb KT;- i?2 7m2H 2{+B2M+v BM KBH2b T2` ;HHQM-

Ç ԧφ Bb /BbT- i?2 /BbTH+2K2Mi BM +m#B+ BM+?2b-
Ç ԧϵ Bb /QK2biB+ b /2b+`B#2/ #Qp2- r?B+? Bb  /mKKv p`B#H2X

 .QK2biB+
ԧϵ  ৓
 6Q`2B;M

q2 rBHH }i i?Bb KQ/2H- 2ti`+i i?2 bHQT2 M/ BMi2`+2Ti 7Q` i?2 dzirQ HBM2b-Ǵ THQi
i?2 /i M/ // i?2 HBM2bX

KT;n/BbTn// 4 HKUKT;  /BbT Y /QK2biB+- /i 4 miQKT;V

BMin7Q` 4 +Q27UKT;n/BbTn//V(R)
RRXkX ALh1_*hAPLa ky8

BMin/QK 4 +Q27UKT;n/BbTn//V(R) Y +Q27UKT;n/BbTn//V(j)

bHQT2n7Q` 4 +Q27UKT;n/BbTn//V(k)
bHQT2n/QK 4 +Q27UKT;n/BbTn//V(k)

THQiUKT;  /BbT- /i 4 miQKT;- +QH 4 /QK2biB+ Y R- T+? 4 /QK2biB+ Y RV

#HBM2UBMin7Q`- bHQT2n7Q`- +QH 4 R- Hiv 4 R- Hr/ 4 kV O // HBM2 7Q` 7Q`2B;M +`b
#HBM2UBMin/QK- bHQT2n/QK- +QH 4 k- Hiv 4 k- Hr/ 4 kV O // HBM2 7Q` /QK2biB+ +`b
H2;2M/U]iQT`B;?i]- +U]6Q`2B;M]- ].QK2biB+]V- T+? 4 +UR- kV- +QH 4 +UR- kVV

Foreign
Domestic
40
30
mpg

20
10

100 200 300 400

disp

h?Bb Bb  KQ/2H i?i HHQrb 7Q` irQ T`HH2H HBM2b- K2MBM; i?2 KT; +M #2
/Bz2`2Mi QM p2`;2 #2ir22M 7Q`2B;M M/ /QK2biB+ +`b Q7 i?2 bK2 2M;BM2 /Bb@
TH+2K2Mi- #mi i?2 +?M;2 BM p2`;2 KT; 7Q` M BM+`2b2 BM /BbTH+2K2Mi Bb i?2
bK2 7Q` #Qi?X q2 +M b22 i?Bb KQ/2H BbMǶi /QBM; p2`v r2HH ?2`2X h?2 `2/ HBM2 }ib
i?2 `2/ TQBMib 7B`Hv r2HH- #mi i?2 #H+F HBM2 BbMǶi /QBM; p2`v r2HH 7Q` i?2 #H+F
TQBMib- Bi b?QmH/ +H2`Hv ?p2  KQ`2 M2;iBp2 bHQT2X 1bb2MiBHHv- r2 rQmH/ HBF2
 KQ/2H i?i HHQrb 7Q` irQ /Bz2`2Mi bHQT2bX
*QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; KQ/2H-

Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧφ  ᅬϵ ԧϵ  ᅬϯ ԧφ ԧϵ  ᅯ

r?2`2 ԧφ - ԧϵ - M/ Ԏ `2 i?2 bK2 b #27Q`2- #mi r2 ?p2 //2/  M2r BMi2`@
+iBQM i2`K ԧφ ԧϵ r?B+? KmHiBTHB2b ԧφ M/ ԧϵ - bQ r2 HbQ ?p2 M //BiBQMH ᅬ
T`K2i2` ᅬϯ X
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h?Bb KQ/2H 2bb2MiBHHv +`2i2b irQ bHQT2b M/ irQ BMi2`+2Tib- ᅬϵ #2BM; i?2 /B7@
72`2M+2 BM BMi2`+2Tib M/ ᅬϯ #2BM; i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 BM bHQT2bX hQ b22 i?Bb- r2 rBHH
#`2F /QrM i?2 KQ/2H BMiQ i?2 irQ dzbm#@KQ/2HbǴ 7Q` 7Q`2B;M M/ /QK2biB+ +`bX
6Q` 7Q`2B;M +`b- i?i Bb ԧϵ  - r2 ?p2

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6Q` /QK2biB+ +`b- i?i Bb ԧϵ  - r2 ?p2

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Bb i?2 2biBKi2/ p2`;2 KT; 7Q`  /QK2biB+ +` rBi? y /BbTX

LQr H2iǶb i`v iQ /Q i?2 bK2- #mi mbBM; Qm` M2r 7+iQ` p`B#H2X

UKQ/n7+iQ` 4 HKUKT;  /BbT Q`B;BM- /i 4 miQKT;VV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  /BbT Q`B;BM- /i 4 miQKT;V
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO UAMi2`+2TiV /BbT Q`B;BM7Q`2B;M /BbT,Q`B;BM7Q`2B;M
OO jjX9dNjd @yXy899R RkX8d89d @yXRyk8k

Ai b22Kb i?i Bi /Q2bMǶi T`Q/m+2 i?2 bK2 `2bmHibX _B;?i rv r2 MQiB+2 i?i
i?2 BMi2`+2Ti Bb /Bz2`2Mi- b Bb i?2 +Q2{+B2Mi BM 7`QMi Q7 /BbTX q2 HbQ MQiB+2
i?i i?2 `2KBMBM; irQ +Q2{+B2Mib `2 Q7 i?2 bK2 K;MBim/2 b i?2B` `2bT2+iBp2
+QmMi2`T`ib mbBM; i?2 /QK2biB+ p`B#H2- #mi rBi?  /Bz2`2Mi bB;MX q?v Bb i?Bb
?TT2MBM;\
Ai im`Mb Qmi i?i #v mbBM;  7+iQ` p`B#H2- _ Bb miQKiB+HHv +`2iBM;  /mKKv
p`B#H2 7Q` mbX >Qr2p2`- Bi Bb MQi i?2 /mKKv p`B#H2 i?i r2 ?/ Q`B;BMHHv
mb2/ Qm`b2Hp2bX
_ Bb }iiBM; i?2 KQ/2H

Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧφ  ᅬϵ ԧϵ  ᅬϯ ԧφ ԧϵ  ᅯ

r?2`2

Ç Ԏ Bb KT;- i?2 7m2H 2{+B2M+v BM KBH2b T2` ;HHQM-

Ç ԧφ Bb /BbT- i?2 /BbTH+2K2Mi BM +m#B+ BM+?2b-
Ç ԧϵ Bb  /mKKv p`B#H2 +`2i2/ #v _X Ai mb2b R iQ `2T`2b2Mi  7Q`2B;M
+`X

aQ MQr-

ᅬЈࣞ  

Bb i?2 2biBKi2/ p2`;2 KT; 7Q`  /QK2biB+ +` rBi? y /BbT- r?B+? Bb BM/22/
i?2 bK2 b #27Q`2X
RRXjX 6*hP_ o_A"G1a kR8

q?2M _ +`2i2/ ԧϵ - i?2 /mKKv p`B#H2- Bi mb2/ /QK2biB+ +`b b i?2 `272`2M+2
H2p2H- i?i Bb i?2 /27mHi pHm2 Q7 i?2 7+iQ` p`B#H2X aQ r?2M i?2 /mKKv
p`B#H2 Bb y- i?2 KQ/2H `2T`2b2Mib i?Bb `272`2M+2 H2p2H- r?B+? Bb /QK2biB+X U_
KF2b i?Bb +?QB+2 #2+mb2 /QK2biB+ +QK2b #27Q`2 7Q`2B;M HT?#2iB+HHvXV
aQ i?2 irQ KQ/2Hb ?p2 /Bz2`2Mi 2biBKi2/ +Q2{+B2Mib- #mi /m2 iQ i?2 /Bz2`2Mi
KQ/2H `2T`2b2MiiBQMb- i?2v `2 +imHHv i?2 bK2 KQ/2HX

RRXjXR 6+iQ`b rBi? JQ`2 h?M hrQ G2p2Hb

G2iǶb MQr +QMbB/2`  7+iQ` p`B#H2 rBi? KQ`2 i?M irQ H2p2HbX AM i?Bb /ib2i-
+vH Bb M 2tKTH2X

BbX7+iQ`UmiQKT;0+vHV

OO (R) h_l1

H2p2HbUmiQKT;0+vHV

OO (R) ]9] ]e] ]3]

>2`2 i?2 +vH p`B#H2 ?b i?`22 TQbbB#H2 H2p2Hb, 9- e- M/ 3X uQm Kv rQM/2`-
r?v MQi bBKTHv mb2 +vH b  MmK2`B+H p`B#H2\ uQm +2`iBMHv +QmH/X
>Qr2p2`- i?i rQmH/ 7Q`+2 i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 BM p2`;2 KT; #2ir22M 9 M/ e +vHBM@
/2`b iQ #2 i?2 bK2 b i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 BM p2`;2 KT; #2ir22M e M/ 3 +vHBM/2`bX
h?i mbmHHv KF2b b2Mb2 7Q`  +QMiBMmQmb p`B#H2- #mi MQi 7Q`  /Bb+`2i2 p`B@
#H2 rBi? bQ 72r TQbbB#H2 pHm2bX AM i?2 +b2 Q7 i?Bb p`B#H2- i?2`2 Bb MQ bm+?
i?BM; b  d@+vHBM/2` 2M;BM2 Q`  eXkj@+vHBM/2` 2M;BM2 BM T2`bQMH p2?B+H2bX 6Q`
i?2b2 `2bQMb- r2 rBHH bBKTHv +QMbB/2` +vH iQ #2 +i2;Q`B+HX h?Bb Bb  /2+BbBQM
i?i rBHH +QKKQMHv M22/ iQ #2 K/2 rBi? Q`/BMH p`B#H2bX P7i2M- rBi?  H`;2
MmK#2` Q7 +i2;Q`B2b- i?2 /2+BbBQM iQ i`2i i?2K b MmK2`B+H p`B#H2b Bb TT`Q@
T`Bi2 #2+mb2- Qi?2`rBb2-  H`;2 MmK#2` Q7 /mKKv p`B#H2b `2 i?2M M22/2/
iQ `2T`2b2Mi i?2b2 p`B#H2bX
G2iǶb /2}M2 i?`22 /mKKv p`B#H2b `2Hi2/ iQ i?2 +vH 7+iQ` p`B#H2X

 9 +vHBM/2`
ԥφ  ৓
 MQi 9 +vHBM/2`

 e +vHBM/2`
ԥϵ  ৓
 MQi e +vHBM/2`
kRe *>Sh1_ RRX *h1:P_A*G S_1.A*hP_a L. ALh1_*hAPLa

 3 +vHBM/2`
ԥϯ  ৓
 MQi 3 +vHBM/2`

LQr- H2iǶb }i M //BiBp2 KQ/2H BM _- mbBM; KT; b i?2 `2bTQMb2- M/ /BbT M/
+vH b T`2/B+iQ`bX h?Bb b?QmH/ #2  KQ/2H i?i mb2b dzi?`22 `2;`2bbBQM HBM2bǴ iQ
KQ/2H KT;- QM2 7Q` 2+? Q7 i?2 TQbbB#H2 +vH H2p2HbX h?2v rBHH HH ?p2 i?2 bK2
bHQT2 UbBM+2 Bi Bb M //BiBp2 KQ/2HV- #mi 2+? rBHH ?p2 Bib QrM BMi2`+2TiX

UKT;n/BbTn//n+vH 4 HKUKT;  /BbT Y +vH- /i 4 miQKT;VV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  /BbT Y +vH- /i 4 miQKT;V
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO UAMi2`+2TiV /BbT +vHe +vH3
OO j9XNNNkN @yXy8kRd @jXejjk8 @kXyjeyj

h?2 [m2biBQM Bb- r?i Bb i?2 KQ/2H i?i _ ?b }i ?2`2\ Ai ?b +?Qb2M iQ mb2 i?2
KQ/2H

Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧ  ᅬϵ ԥϵ  ᅬϯ ԥϯ  ᅯ

r?2`2

Ç Ԏ Bb KT;- i?2 7m2H 2{+B2M+v BM KBH2b T2` ;HHQM-

Ç ԧ Bb /BbT- i?2 /BbTH+2K2Mi BM +m#B+ BM+?2b-
Ç ԥϵ M/ ԥϯ `2 i?2 /mKKv p`B#H2b /2}M2/ #Qp2X

q?v /Q2bMǶi _ mb2 ԥφ \ 1bb2MiBHHv #2+mb2 Bi /Q2bMǶi M22/ iQX hQ +`2i2 i?`22
HBM2b- Bi QMHv M22/b irQ /mKKv p`B#H2b bBM+2 Bi Bb mbBM;  `272`2M+2 H2p2H- r?B+?
BM i?Bb +b2 Bb  9 +vHBM/2` +`X h?2 i?`22 dzbm# KQ/2HbǴ `2 i?2M,

Ç 9 *vHBM/2`, Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧ  ᅯ
Ç e *vHBM/2`, Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬϵ
 ᅬφ ԧ  ᅯ
Ç 3 *vHBM/2`, Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬϯ
 ᅬφ ԧ  ᅯ

LQiB+2 i?i i?2v HH ?p2 i?2 bK2 bHQT2X >Qr2p2`- mbBM; i?2 irQ /mKKv
p`B#H2b- r2 +?B2p2 i?2 i?`22 BMi2`+2TibX

Ç ᅬЈ Bb i?2 p2`;2 KT; 7Q`  9 +vHBM/2` +` rBi? y /BbTX

Ç ᅬЈ  ᅬϵ Bb i?2 p2`;2 KT; 7Q`  e +vHBM/2` +` rBi? y /BbTX
RRXjX 6*hP_ o_A"G1a kRd

Ç ᅬЈ  ᅬϯ Bb i?2 p2`;2 KT; 7Q`  3 +vHBM/2` +` rBi? y /BbTX

aQ #2+mb2 9 +vHBM/2` Bb i?2 `272`2M+2 H2p2H- ᅬЈ Bb bT2+B}+ iQ 9 +vHBM/2`b- #mi ᅬϵ

M/ ᅬϯ `2 mb2/ iQ `2T`2b2Mi [mMiBiB2b `2HiBp2 iQ 9 +vHBM/2`bX
b r2 ?p2 /QM2 #27Q`2- r2 +M 2ti`+i i?2b2 BMi2`+2Tib M/ bHQT2b 7Q` i?2 i?`22
HBM2b- M/ THQi i?2K ++Q`/BM;HvX

BMin9+vH 4 +Q27UKT;n/BbTn//n+vHV(R)
BMine+vH 4 +Q27UKT;n/BbTn//n+vHV(R) Y +Q27UKT;n/BbTn//n+vHV(j)
BMin3+vH 4 +Q27UKT;n/BbTn//n+vHV(R) Y +Q27UKT;n/BbTn//n+vHV(9)

bHQT2nHHn+vH 4 +Q27UKT;n/BbTn//n+vHV(k)

THQin+QHQ`b 4 +U].`FQ`M;2]- ].`F;`2v]- ].Q/;2`#Hm2]V

THQiUKT;  /BbT- /i 4 miQKT;- +QH 4 THQin+QHQ`b(+vH)- T+? 4 bXMmK2`B+U+vHVV
#HBM2UBMin9+vH- bHQT2nHHn+vH- +QH 4 THQin+QHQ`b(R)- Hiv 4 R- Hr/ 4 kV
#HBM2UBMine+vH- bHQT2nHHn+vH- +QH 4 THQin+QHQ`b(k)- Hiv 4 k- Hr/ 4 kV
#HBM2UBMin3+vH- bHQT2nHHn+vH- +QH 4 THQin+QHQ`b(j)- Hiv 4 j- Hr/ 4 kV
H2;2M/U]iQT`B;?i]- +U]9 *vHBM/2`]- ]e *vHBM/2`]- ]3 *vHBM/2`]V-
+QH 4 THQin+QHQ`b- Hiv 4 +UR- k- jV- T+? 4 +UR- k- jVV

4 Cylinder
6 Cylinder
40

8 Cylinder
30
mpg

20
10

100 200 300 400

disp

PM i?Bb THQi- r2 ?p2

Ç 9 *vHBM/2`, Q`M;2 /Qib- bQHB/ Q`M;2 HBM2X

kR3 *>Sh1_ RRX *h1:P_A*G S_1.A*hP_a L. ALh1_*hAPLa

Ç e *vHBM/2`, ;`2v /Qib- /b?2/ ;`2v HBM2X

Ç 3 *vHBM/2`, #Hm2 /Qib- /Qii2/ #Hm2 HBM2X

h?2 Q// `2bmHi ?2`2 Bb i?i r2Ƕ`2 2biBKiBM; i?i 3 +vHBM/2` +`b ?p2 #2ii2`
7m2H 2{+B2M+v i?M e +vHBM/2` +`b i Mv /BbTH+2K2Mi5 h?2 /Qii2/ #Hm2 HBM2
Bb Hrvb #Qp2 i?2 /b?2/ ;`2v HBM2X h?i /Q2bMǶi b22K `B;?iX Jv#2 7Q` p2`v
H`;2 /BbTH+2K2Mi 2M;BM2b i?i +QmH/ #2 i`m2- #mi i?i b22Kb r`QM; 7Q` K2/BmK
iQ HQr /BbTH+2K2MiX
hQ ii2KTi iQ }t i?Bb- r2 rBHH i`v mbBM; M BMi2`+iBQM KQ/2H- i?i Bb- BMbi2/
Q7 bBKTHv i?`22 BMi2`+2Tib M/ QM2 bHQT2- r2 rBHH HHQr 7Q` i?`22 bHQT2bX ;BM-
r2ǶHH H2i _ iF2 i?2 r?22H UMQ TmM BMi2M/2/V- i?2M };m`2 Qmi r?i KQ/2H Bi ?b
TTHB2/X

UKT;n/BbTnBMin+vH 4 HKUKT;  /BbT +vH- /i 4 miQKT;VV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  /BbT +vH- /i 4 miQKT;V
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO UAMi2`+2TiV /BbT +vHe +vH3 /BbT,+vHe /BbT,+vH3
OO 9jX8Ny8k @yXRjyeN @RjXkyyke @kyX38dye yXy3kNN yXRy3Rd

O +QmH/ HbQ mb2 KT;  /BbT Y +vH Y /BbT,+vH

_ ?b ;BM +?Qb2M iQ mb2 9 +vHBM/2` +`b b i?2 `272`2M+2 H2p2H- #mi i?Bb HbQ
MQr ?b M 2z2+i QM i?2 BMi2`+iBQM i2`KbX _ ?b }i i?2 KQ/2HX

Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧ  ᅬϵ ԥϵ  ᅬϯ ԥϯ  ᅭϵ ԧԥϵ  ᅭϯ ԧԥϯ  ᅯ

q2Ƕ`2 mbBM; ᅭ HBF2  ᅬ T`K2i2` 7Q` bBKTHB+Biv- bQ i?i- 7Q` 2tKTH2 ᅬϵ M/ ᅭϵ
`2 #Qi? bbQ+Bi2/ rBi? ԥϵ X
LQr- i?2 i?`22 dzbm# KQ/2HbǴ `2,

Ç 9 *vHBM/2`, Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧ  ᅯX
Ç e *vHBM/2`, Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬϵ
 ᅬφ  ᅭϵ
ԧ  ᅯX
Ç 3 *vHBM/2`, Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬϯ
 ᅬφ  ᅭϯ
ԧ  ᅯX

AMi2`T`2iBM; bQK2 T`K2i2`b M/ +Q2{+B2Mib i?2M,

Ç ᅬЈ  ᅬϵ
Bb i?2 p2`;2 KT; Q7  e +vHBM/2` +` rBi? y /BbT
RRXjX 6*hP_ o_A"G1a kRN

Ç ᅬφࣞ  ᅭϯࣞ
 ਷  ਷ Bb i?2 2biBKi2/ +?M;2
BM p2`;2 KT; 7Q` M BM+`2b2 Q7 QM2 /BbT- 7Q` M 3 +vHBM/2` +`X

aQ- b r2 ?p2 b22M #27Q`2 ᅬϵ M/ ᅬϯ +?M;2 i?2 BMi2`+2Tib 7Q` e M/ 3 +vHBM/2`
+`b `2HiBp2 iQ i?2 `272`2M+2 H2p2H Q7 ᅬЈ 7Q` 9 +vHBM/2` +`bX
LQr- bBKBH`Hv ᅭϵ M/ ᅭϯ +?M;2 i?2 bHQT2b 7Q` e M/ 3 +vHBM/2` +`b `2HiBp2 iQ
i?2 `272`2M+2 H2p2H Q7 ᅬφ 7Q` 9 +vHBM/2` +`bX
PM+2 ;BM- r2 2ti`+i i?2 +Q2{+B2Mib M/ THQi i?2 `2bmHibX

BMin9+vH 4 +Q27UKT;n/BbTnBMin+vHV(R)
BMine+vH 4 +Q27UKT;n/BbTnBMin+vHV(R) Y +Q27UKT;n/BbTnBMin+vHV(j)
BMin3+vH 4 +Q27UKT;n/BbTnBMin+vHV(R) Y +Q27UKT;n/BbTnBMin+vHV(9)

bHQT2n9+vH 4 +Q27UKT;n/BbTnBMin+vHV(k)
bHQT2ne+vH 4 +Q27UKT;n/BbTnBMin+vHV(k) Y +Q27UKT;n/BbTnBMin+vHV(8)
bHQT2n3+vH 4 +Q27UKT;n/BbTnBMin+vHV(k) Y +Q27UKT;n/BbTnBMin+vHV(e)

THQin+QHQ`b 4 +U].`FQ`M;2]- ].`F;`2v]- ].Q/;2`#Hm2]V

THQiUKT;  /BbT- /i 4 miQKT;- +QH 4 THQin+QHQ`b(+vH)- T+? 4 bXMmK2`B+U+vHVV
#HBM2UBMin9+vH- bHQT2n9+vH- +QH 4 THQin+QHQ`b(R)- Hiv 4 R- Hr/ 4 kV
#HBM2UBMine+vH- bHQT2ne+vH- +QH 4 THQin+QHQ`b(k)- Hiv 4 k- Hr/ 4 kV
#HBM2UBMin3+vH- bHQT2n3+vH- +QH 4 THQin+QHQ`b(j)- Hiv 4 j- Hr/ 4 kV
H2;2M/U]iQT`B;?i]- +U]9 *vHBM/2`]- ]e *vHBM/2`]- ]3 *vHBM/2`]V-
+QH 4 THQin+QHQ`b- Hiv 4 +UR- k- jV- T+? 4 +UR- k- jVV

4 Cylinder
6 Cylinder
40

8 Cylinder
30
mpg

20
10

100 200 300 400

disp
kky *>Sh1_ RRX *h1:P_A*G S_1.A*hP_a L. ALh1_*hAPLa

h?Bb HQQFb Km+? #2ii2`5 q2 +M b22 i?i 7Q` K2/BmK /BbTH+2K2Mi +`b- e
+vHBM/2` +`b MQr T2`7Q`K #2ii2` i?M 3 +vHBM/2` +`b- r?B+? b22Kb Km+? KQ`2
`2bQM#H2 i?M #27Q`2X
hQ +QKTH2i2Hv DmbiB7v i?2 BMi2`+iBQM KQ/2H UBX2X-  mMB[m2 bHQT2 7Q` 2+? +vH
H2p2HV +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 //BiBp2 KQ/2H UbBM;H2 bHQT2V- r2 +M T2`7Q`K M ӻ @i2biX
LQiB+2 }`bi- i?i i?2`2 Bb MQ ԣ@i2bi i?i rBHH #2 #H2 iQ /Q i?Bb bBM+2 i?2 /Bz2`2M+2
#2ir22M i?2 irQ KQ/2Hb Bb MQi  bBM;H2 T`K2i2`X
q2 rBHH i2bi-

ӽЈ ੃ ᅭ ϵ  ᅭ ϯ  

r?B+? `2T`2b2Mib i?2 T`HH2H `2;`2bbBQM HBM2b r2 br #27Q`2-

Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧ  ᅬϵ ԥϵ  ᅬϯ ԥϯ  ᅯ

;BM- i?Bb Bb  /Bz2`2M+2 Q7 irQ T`K2i2`b- i?mb MQ ԣ@i2bi rBHH #2 mb27mHX

MQpUKT;n/BbTn//n+vH- KT;n/BbTnBMin+vHV

OO MHvbBb Q7 o`BM+2 h#H2

OO
OO JQ/2H R, KT;  /BbT Y +vH
OO JQ/2H k, KT;  /BbT +vH
OO _2bX.7 _aa .7 amK Q7 a[ 6 S`U=6V
OO R jdN dkNNX8
OO k jdd e88RXd k d9dXdN kRX8R8 RX9RN2@yN
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R

b 2tT2+i2/- r2 b22  p2`v HQr T@pHm2- M/ i?mb `2D2+i i?2 MmHHX q2 T`272` i?2
BMi2`+iBQM KQ/2H Qp2` i?2 //BiBp2 KQ/2HX
_2+TTBM;  #Bi,

Ç LmHH JQ/2H, Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧ  ᅬϵ ԥϵ  ᅬϯ ԥϯ  ᅯ
Ĝ LmK#2` Q7 T`K2i2`b, Ԡ  
Ç 6mHH JQ/2H, Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧ  ᅬϵ ԥϵ  ᅬϯ ԥϯ  ᅭϵ ԧԥϵ  ᅭϯ ԧԥϯ  ᅯ
Ĝ LmK#2` Q7 T`K2i2`b, ԟ  

H2M;i?U+Q27UKT;n/BbTnBMin+vHVV @ H2M;i?U+Q27UKT;n/BbTn//n+vHVV
RRX9X S_J1h1_AwhAPL kkR

OO (R) k

q2 b22 i?2`2 Bb  /Bz2`2M+2 Q7 irQ T`K2i2`b- r?B+? Bb HbQ /BbTHv2/ BM i?2

`2bmHiBM; LPo i#H2 7`QK _X LQiB+2 i?i i?2 7QHHQrBM; irQ pHm2b HbQ TT2`
QM i?2 LPo i#H2X

M`QrUmiQKT;V @ H2M;i?U+Q27UKT;n/BbTnBMin+vHVV

OO (R) jdd

M`QrUmiQKT;V @ H2M;i?U+Q27UKT;n/BbTn//n+vHVV

OO (R) jdN

RRX9 S`K2i2`BxiBQM
aQ 7` r2 ?p2 #22M bBKTHv H2iiBM; _ /2+B/2 ?Qr iQ +`2i2 i?2 /mKKv p`B#H2b-
M/ i?mb _ ?b #22M /2+B/BM; i?2 T`K2i2`BxiBQM Q7 i?2 KQ/2HbX hQ BHHmbi`i2
i?2 #BHBiv iQ mb2 Hi2`MiBp2 T`K2i2`BxiBQMb- r2 rBHH `2+`2i2 i?2 /i- #mi
/B`2+iHv +`2iBM; i?2 /mKKv p`B#H2b Qm`b2Hp2bX

M2rnT`Kn/i 4 /iX7`K2U
v 4 miQKT;0KT;-
t 4 miQKT;0/BbT-
pR 4 R bXMmK2`B+UmiQKT;0+vH 44 9V-
pk 4 R bXMmK2`B+UmiQKT;0+vH 44 eV-
pj 4 R bXMmK2`B+UmiQKT;0+vH 44 3VV

?2/UM2rnT`Kn/i- kyV

OO v t pR pk pj
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OO e R8 9kN y y R
OO d R9 989 y y R
OO 3 R9 99y y y R
OO N R9 988 y y R
OO Ry R8 jNy y y R
OO RR R8 j3j y y R
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OO Rk R9 j9y y y R
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OO R8 k9 RRj R y y
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OO RN kd Nd R y y
OO ky ke Nd R y y

LQr-

Ç v Bb KT;
Ç t Bb /BbT- i?2 /BbTH+2K2Mi BM +m#B+ BM+?2b-
Ç pR- pk- M/ pj `2 /mKKv p`B#H2b b /2}M2/ #Qp2X

6B`bi H2iǶb i`v iQ }i M //BiBp2 KQ/2H mbBM; t b r2HH b i?2 i?`22 /mKKv
p`B#H2bX

HKUv  t Y pR Y pk Y pj- /i 4 M2rnT`Kn/iV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 v  t Y pR Y pk Y pj- /i 4 M2rnT`Kn/iV
OO
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OO UAMi2`+2TiV t pR pk pj
OO jkXNejke @yXy8kRd kXyjeyj @RX8Ndkk L

q?i Bb ?TT2MBM; ?2`2\ LQiB+2 i?i _ Bb 2bb2MiBHHv B;MQ`BM; pj- #mi r?v\
q2HH- #2+mb2 _ mb2b M BMi2`+2Ti- Bi +MMQi HbQ mb2 pjX h?Bb Bb #2+mb2

  ԥ φ  ԥϵ  ԥϯ

r?B+? K2Mb i?i - ԥφ - ԥϵ - M/ ԥϯ `2 HBM2`Hv /2T2M/2MiX h?Bb rQmH/ KF2
i?2 ԍ સ ԍ Ki`Bt bBM;mH`- #mi r2 M22/ iQ #2 #H2 iQ BMp2`i Bi iQ bQHp2 i?2
MQ`KH 2[miBQMb M/ Q#iBM ᅬࣞ qBi? i?2 BMi2`+2Ti- pR- M/ pk- _ +M KF2 i?2
M2+2bb`v dzi?`22 BMi2`+2TibXǴ aQ- BM i?Bb +b2 pj Bb i?2 `272`2M+2 H2p2HX
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rBi?Qmi  `272`2M+2 H2p2HX
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HKUv  y Y t Y pR Y pk Y pj- /i 4 M2rnT`Kn/iV

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OO t pR pk pj
OO @yXy8kRd j9XNNNkN jRXjeey9 jkXNejke

>2`2- r2 `2 }iiBM; i?2 KQ/2H

Ԏ  ᅷφ ԥφ  ᅷϵ ԥϵ  ᅷϯ ԥϯ  ᅬԧ  ᅯ

h?mb r2 ?p2,

Ç 9 *vHBM/2`, Ԏ  ᅷφ  ᅬԧ  ᅯ
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Ç 3 *vHBM/2`, Ԏ  ᅷϯ  ᅬԧ  ᅯ

q2 +QmH/ HbQ /Q bQK2i?BM; bBKBH` rBi? i?2 BMi2`+iBQM KQ/2H- M/ ;Bp2 2+?
HBM2 M BMi2`+2Ti M/ bHQT2- rBi?Qmi i?2 M22/ 7Q`  `272`2M+2 H2p2HX

HKUv  y Y pR Y pk Y pj Y t,pR Y t,pk Y t,pj- /i 4 M2rnT`Kn/iV

OO
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OO
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OO pR pk pj pR,t pk,t pj,t
OO 9jX8Ny8k jyXjNyke kkXdjj9e @yXRjyeN @yXy9ddy @yXykk8k

Ԏ  ᅷφ ԥφ  ᅷϵ ԥϵ  ᅷϯ ԥϯ  ᅬφ ԧԥφ  ᅬϵ ԧԥϵ  ᅬϯ ԧԥϯ  ᅯ

Ç 9 *vHBM/2`, Ԏ  ᅷφ  ᅬφ ԧ  ᅯ
Ç e *vHBM/2`, Ԏ  ᅷϵ  ᅬϵ ԧ  ᅯ
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lbBM; i?2 Q`B;BMH /i- r2 ?p2 Ui H2biV i?`22 2[mBpH2Mi rvb iQ bT2+B7v i?2
BMi2`+iBQM KQ/2H rBi? _X
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HKUKT;  /BbT +vH- /i 4 miQKT;V

OO
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OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  /BbT +vH- /i 4 miQKT;V
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OO 9jX8Ny8k @yXRjyeN @RjXkyyke @kyX38dye yXy3kNN yXRy3Rd

HKUKT;  y Y +vH Y /BbT , +vH- /i 4 miQKT;V

OO
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OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  y Y +vH Y /BbT,+vH- /i 4 miQKT;V
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OO +vH9 +vHe +vH3 +vH9,/BbT +vHe,/BbT +vH3,/BbT
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HKUKT;  y Y /BbT Y +vH Y /BbT , +vH- /i 4 miQKT;V

OO
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OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  y Y /BbT Y +vH Y /BbT,+vH- /i 4 miQKT;V
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OO @yXRjyeN 9jX8Ny8k jyXjNyke kkXdjj9e yXy3kNN yXRy3Rd

h?2v HH }i i?2 bK2 KQ/2H- BKTQ`iMiHv 2+? mbBM; bBt T`K2i2`b- #mi i?2
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i2`T`2i2/ b bHQT2b M/ BMi2`+2Tib 7Q` i?2 dzi?`22 HBM2bǴ i?2v rBHH ?p2 i?2 bK2
`2bmHiX
lb2 \HHX2[mH iQ H2`M #Qmi i?2 HHX2[mHUV 7mM+iBQM- M/ i?BMF #Qmi ?Qr
i?2 7QHHQrBM; +Q/2 p2`B}2b i?i i?2 `2bB/mHb Q7 i?2 irQ KQ/2Hb `2 i?2 bK2X

HHX2[mHU7Bii2/UHKUKT;  /BbT +vH- /i 4 miQKT;VV-

7Bii2/UHKUKT;  y Y +vH Y /BbT , +vH- /i 4 miQKT;VVV

OO (R) h_l1
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RRX8 "mBH/BM; G`;2` JQ/2Hb

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r?B+? +M TQi2MiBHHv }i /i #2ii2`X
G2iǶb /2}M2  dz#B;Ǵ KQ/2H-

Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧφ  ᅬϵ ԧϵ  ᅬϯ ԧϯ  ᅬΚ ԧφ ԧϵ  ᅬΘ ԧφ ԧϯ  ᅬϩ ԧϵ ԧϯ  ᅬϨ ԧφ ԧϵ ԧϯ  ᅯ

>2`2-

Ç Ԏ Bb KT;X
Ç ԧφ Bb /BbTX
Ç ԧϵ Bb ?TX
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K2biB+ p2?B+H2X

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rv BMi2`+iBQMX AMi2`+iBQM i2`Kb +M #2 H`;2` M/ H`;2`- mT iQ i?2 MmK#2`
Q7 T`2/B+iQ`b BM i?2 KQ/2HX
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rv BMi2`+iBQMb- b r2HH b 2+? Q7 i?2 }`bi Q`/2` UKBM 2z2+iV i2`KbX h?Bb Bb
i?2 +QM+2Ti Q7  ?B2``+?vX Mv iBK2  dz?B;?2`@Q`/2`Ǵ i2`K Bb BM  KQ/2H- i?2
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bBQM Q` 2t+HmbBQM Bb bQK2iBK2b B``2H2pMi- #mi 7`QK M BMi2`T`2iiBQM biM/TQBMi-
Bi Bb #2bi iQ 7QHHQr i?2 ?B2``+?v `mH2bX
G2iǶb /Q bQK2 `2``M;2K2Mi iQ Q#iBM  dz+Q2{+B2MiǴ BM 7`QMi Q7 ԧφ X

Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬϵ ԧϵ  ᅬϯ ԧϯ  ᅬϩ ԧϵ ԧϯ  ᅬφ  ᅬΚ ԧϵ  ᅬΘ ԧϯ  ᅬϨ ԧϵ ԧϯ
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aT2+B}+HHv- i?2 dz+Q2{+B2MiǴ BM 7`QMi Q7 ԧφ Bb

ᅬφ  ᅬΚ ԧϵ  ᅬΘ ԧϯ  ᅬϨ ԧϵ ԧϯ


G2iǶb /Bb+mbb i?Bb dz+Q2{+B2MiǴ iQ ?2HT mb mM/2`biM/ i?2 B/2 Q7 i?2 ~2tB#BHBiv
Q7  KQ/2HX _2+HH i?i-

Ç ᅬφ Bb i?2 +Q2{+B2Mi 7Q`  }`bi Q`/2` i2`K-

Ç ᅬΚ M/ ᅬΘ `2 +Q2{+B2Mib 7Q` irQ@rv BMi2`+iBQMb-
Ç ᅬϨ Bb i?2 +Q2{+B2Mi 7Q` i?2 i?`22@rv BMi2`+iBQMX
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+B2MiǴ rQmH/ bBKTHv #2

ᅬφ 

h?mb- MQ Kii2` i?2 pHm2b Q7 ԧϵ M/ ԧϯ - ᅬφ rQmH/ /2i2`KBM2 i?2 `2HiBQMb?BT

#2ir22M ԧφ U/BbTV M/ Ԏ UKT;VX
qBi? i?2 //BiBQM Q7 i?2 irQ@rv BMi2`+iBQMb- MQr i?2 dz+Q2{+B2MiǴ rQmH/ #2

ᅬφ  ᅬΚ ԧϵ  ᅬΘ ԧϯ


LQr- +?M;BM; ԧφ U/BbTV ?b  /Bz2`2Mi 2z2+i QM Ԏ UKT;V- /2T2M/BM; QM i?2

pHm2b Q7 ԧϵ M/ ԧϯ X
GbiHv- //BM; i?2 i?`22@rv BMi2`+iBQM ;Bp2b i?2 r?QH2 dz+Q2{+B2MiǴ

ᅬφ  ᅬΚ ԧϵ  ᅬΘ ԧϯ  ᅬϨ ԧϵ ԧϯ

r?B+? Bb 2p2M KQ`2 ~2tB#H2X LQr +?M;BM; ԧφ U/BbTV ?b  /Bz2`2Mi 2z2+i QM Ԏ
UKT;V- /2T2M/BM; QM i?2 pHm2b Q7 ԧϵ M/ ԧϯ - #mi BM  KQ`2 ~2tB#H2 rv r?B+?
r2 +M b22 rBi? bQK2 KQ`2 `2``M;2K2MiX LQr i?2 dz+Q2{+B2MiǴ BM 7`QMi Q7 ԧϯ
BM i?Bb dz+Q2{+B2MiǴ Bb /2T2M/2Mi QM ԧϵ X

ᅬφ  ᅬΚ ԧϵ  ᅬΘ  ᅬϨ ԧϵ
ԧϯ

Ai Bb bQ ~2tB#H2- Bi Bb #2+QKBM; ?`/ iQ BMi2`T`2i5

G2iǶb }i i?Bb i?`22@rv BMi2`+iBQM KQ/2H BM _X

#B;nKQ/2H 4 HKUKT;  /BbT ?T /QK2biB+- /i 4 miQKT;V

bmKK`vU#B;nKQ/2HV

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M ӻ @i2bi b mbmHX

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OirQnrvnBMinKQ/ 4 HKUKT;  U/BbT Y ?T Y /QK2biB+V  k- /i 4 miQKT;V
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*?Ti2` aiimb, h?Bb +?Ti2` b?QmH/ #2 +QMbB/2`2/ QTiBQMH 7Q`  }`bi `2/BM;
Q7 i?Bb i2tiX Aib BM+HmbBQM Bb KQbiHv 7Q` i?2 #2M2}i Q7 bQK2 +Qm`b2b i?i mb2 i?2
i2tiX //BiBQMHHv- i?Bb +?Ti2` Bb +m``2MiHv bQK2r?i mM/2`/2p2HQT2/ +QKT`2/
iQ i?2 `2bi Q7 i?2 i2tiX A7 vQm `2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM +QMi`B#miBM;- vQm +M }M/ b2p2`H
HBM2b K`F2/ dzhP.PǴ BM i?2 bQm`+2X SmHH `2[m2bib 2M+Qm`;2/5

dzhQ }M/ Qmi r?i ?TT2Mb r?2M vQm +?M;2 bQK2i?BM;- Bi Bb M2+2b@
b`v iQ +?M;2 BiXǴ
ě "Qt- >mMi2`- M/ >mMi2`- aiiBbiB+b 7Q` 1tT2`BK2Mi2`b URNd3V

h?mb 7`- r2 ?p2 #mBHi KQ/2Hb 7Q` MmK2`B+ `2bTQMb2b- r?2M i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b `2 HH
MmK2`B+X q2ǶHH iF2  KBMQ` /2iQm` iQ ;Q #+F M/ +QMbB/2` KQ/2Hb r?B+? QMHv
?p2 +i2;Q`B+H T`2/B+iQ`bX  +i2;Q`B+H T`2/B+iQ` Bb  p`B#H2 r?B+? iF2b
QMHv  }MBi2 MmK#2` Q7 pHm2b- r?B+? `2 MQi Q`/2`2/X 6Q` 2tKTH2  p`B#H2
r?B+? iF2b TQbbB#H2 pHm2b `2/- #Hm2- ;`22M Bb +i2;Q`B+HX AM i?2 +QMi2ti
Q7 mbBM;  +i2;Q`B+H p`B#H2 b  T`2/B+iQ`- Bi rQmH/ TH+2 Q#b2`piBQMb BMiQ
/Bz2`2Mi ;`QmTb U+i2;Q`B2bVX
q2Ƕp2 HbQ KQbiHv #22M /2HBM; rBi? Q#b2`piBQMH /iX h?2 K2i?Q/b BM i?Bb
b2+iBQM `2 KQbi mb27mH BM 2tT2`BK2MiH b2iiBM;b- #mi biBHH rQ`F rBi? Q#b2`piBQMH
/iX U>Qr2p2`- 7Q` /2i2`KBMBM; +mbiBQM- r2 `2[mB`2 2tT2`BK2MibXV

RkXR 1tT2`BK2Mib

h?2 #B;;2bi /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M M Q#b2`piBQMH bim/v M/ M 2tT2`BK2Mi Bb ?Qr

i?2 T`2/B+iQ` /i Bb Q#iBM2/X Ab i?2 2tT2`BK2Mi2` BM +QMi`QH\

kjR
kjk *>Sh1_ RkX LGuaAa P6 o_AL*1

Ç AM M Q#b2`piBQMH bim/v- #Qi? `2bTQMb2 M/ T`2/B+iQ` /i `2 Q#iBM2/

pB Q#b2`piBQMX
Ç AM M 2tT2`BK2Mi- i?2 T`2/B+iQ` /i `2 pHm2b /2i2`KBM2/ #v i?2 2t@
T2`BK2Mi2`X h?2 2tT2`BK2Mi Bb `mM M/ i?2 `2bTQMb2 Bb Q#b2`p2/X

AM M 2tT2`BK2Mi- i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b- r?B+? `2 +QMi`QHH2/ #v i?2 2tT2`BK2Mi2`- `2

+HH2/ 7+iQ`bX h?2 TQbbB#H2 pHm2b Q7 i?2b2 7+iQ`b `2 +HH2/ H2p2HbX am#D2+ib
`2 `M/QKHv bbB;M2/ iQ  H2p2H Q7 2+? Q7 i?2 7+iQ`bX
h?2 /2bB;M Q7 2tT2`BK2Mib +QmH/ #2  +Qm`b2 #v Bib2H7X h?2 qBFBT2/B `iB+H2 QM
/2bB;M Q7 2tT2`BK2Mib ;Bp2b  ;QQ/ Qp2`pB2rX P`B;BMHHv- KQbi Q7 i?2 K2i?Q/QH@
Q;v rb /2p2HQT2/ 7Q` ;`B+mHim`H TTHB+iBQMb #v _X X 6Bb?2`- #mi Bb biBHH BM
mb2 iQ/v- MQr BM  rB/2 p`B2iv Q7 TTHB+iBQM `2bX LQi#Hv- i?2b2 K2i?Q/b
?p2 b22M  `2bm`;2M+2 b  T`i Q7 dzf" h2biBM;XǴ

RkXk hrQ@aKTH2 i@h2bi

h?2 bBKTH2bi 2tKTH2 Q7 M 2tT2`BK2MiH /2bB;M Bb i?2 b2imT 7Q`  irQ@bKTH2
ԣ@i2biX h?2`2 Bb  bBM;H2 7+iQ` p`B#H2 rBi? irQ H2p2Hb r?B+? bTHBi i?2 bm#D2+ib
BMiQ irQ ;`QmTbX P7i2M- QM2 H2p2H Bb +QMbB/2`2/ i?2 +QMi`QH- r?BH2 i?2 Qi?2` Bb
i?2 i`2iK2MiX h?2 bm#D2+ib `2 `M/QKHv bbB;M2/ iQ QM2 Q7 i?2 irQ ;`QmTbX
7i2` #2BM; bbB;M2/ iQ  ;`QmT- 2+? bm#D2+i ?b bQK2 [mMiBiv K2bm`2/-
r?B+? Bb i?2 `2bTQMb2 p`B#H2X
Ji?2KiB+HHv- r2 +QMbB/2` i?2 KQ/2H

Ԩքօ ୽ ԃ ᅷք ᅼϵ

r?2`2 Ԙ    7Q` i?2 irQ ;`QmTb M/ ԙ    w ԝք X >2`2 ԝք Bb i?2 MmK#2` Q7

bm#D2+ib BM ;`QmT ԘX aQ Ԩφϯ rQmH/ #2 i?2 K2bm`2K2Mi 7Q` i?2 i?B`/ K2K#2` Q7
i?2 }`bi ;`QmTX
aQ K2bm`2K2Mib Q7 bm#D2+ib BM ;`QmT  7QHHQr  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? K2M
ᅷφ X

Ԩφօ ୽ ԃ ᅷφ ᅼϵ

h?2M K2bm`2K2Mib Q7 bm#D2+ib BM ;`QmT  7QHHQr  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi?

K2M ᅷϵ X

Ԩϵօ ୽ ԃ ᅷϵ ᅼϵ

h?Bb KQ/2H KF2b  MmK#2` Q7 bbmKTiBQMbX aT2+B}+HHv-

RkXkX hqP@aJSG1 h@h1ah kjj

Ç h?2 Q#b2`piBQMb 7QHHQr  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQMX h?2 K2M Q7 2+? ;`QmT

Bb /Bz2`2MiX
Ç 1[mH p`BM+2 7Q` 2+? ;`QmTX
Ç AM/2T2M/2M+2X q?B+? Bb #2HB2p#H2 B7 ;`QmTb r2`2 `M/QKHv bbB;M2/X

Gi2`- r2 rBHH BMp2biB;i2 i?2 MQ`KH M/ 2[mH p`BM+2 bbmKTiBQMbX 6Q` MQr-
r2 rBHH +QMiBMm2 iQ bbmK2 i?2v `2 `2bQM#H2X
h?2 Mim`H [m2biBQM iQ bF, Ab i?2`2  /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M i?2 irQ ;`QmTb\ h?2
bT2+B}+ [m2biBQM r2ǶHH Mbr2`, `2 i?2 K2Mb Q7 i?2 irQ ;`QmTb /Bz2`2Mi\
Ji?2KiB+HHv- i?i Bb

ӽЈ ੃ ᅷ φ  ᅷ ϵ pb ӽφ ੃ ᅷφ ଈ ᅷϵ

6Q` i?2 bii2/ KQ/2H M/ bbmKBM; i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb Bb i`m2- i?2 ԣ i2bi biiBbiB+
rQmH/ 7QHHQr  ԣ /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK ԝφ  ԝϵ ਷ X
b M 2tKTH2- bmTTQb2 r2 `2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM i?2 2z2+i Q7 K2HiQMBM QM bH22T
/m`iBQMX  `2b2`+?2` Q#iBMb  `M/QK bKTH2 Q7 ky /mHi KH2bX P7 i?2b2
bm#D2+ib- Ry `2 `M/QKHv +?Qb2M 7Q` i?2 +QMi`QH ;`QmT- r?B+? rBHH `2+2Bp2 
TH+2#QX h?2 `2KBMBM; Ry rBHH #2 ;Bp2M 8K; Q7 K2HiQMBM #27Q`2 #2/X h?2 bH22T
/m`iBQM BM ?Qm`b Q7 2+? bm#D2+i Bb i?2M K2bm`2/X h?2 `2b2`+?2` +?QQb2b 
bB;MB}+M+2 H2p2H Q7 ᅫ  X qb bH22T /m`iBQM z2+i2/ #v i?2 K2HiQMBM\

K2HiQMBM

OO bH22T ;`QmT
OO R 3XR98R8y +QMi`QH
OO k dX8kkjek i`2iK2Mi
OO j eXNj8d89 +QMi`QH
OO 9 3XN8N9j8 i`2iK2Mi
OO 8 eXN38Rkk +QMi`QH
OO e 3Xydke8R i`2iK2Mi
OO d 3XjRj3ke +QMi`QH
OO 3 3Xy3e9yN i`2iK2Mi
OO N 3XNkkRy3 +QMi`QH
OO Ry 3XRk9d9j i`2iK2Mi
OO RR 3Xye8399 +QMi`QH
OO Rk RyXN9jNd9 i`2iK2Mi
OO Rj 9X3jjjed +QMi`QH
OO R9 dX3e898j i`2iK2Mi
OO R8 eXj9yyR9 +QMi`QH
OO Re 3XNejR9y i`2iK2Mi
OO Rd eXR833Ne +QMi`QH
OO R3 8XyRkk8j i`2iK2Mi
kj9 *>Sh1_ RkX LGuaAa P6 o_AL*1

OO RN jX8dR99y +QMi`QH
OO ky NXd39Rje i`2iK2Mi

>2`2- r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ i2bi-

ӽЈ ੃ ᅷ դ  ᅷ յ pb ӽφ ੃ ᅷդ ଈ ᅷյ

hQ /Q bQ BM _- r2 mb2 i?2 iXi2biUV 7mM+iBQM- rBi? i?2 p`X2[mH `;mK2Mi b2i

iQ h_l1X

iXi2biUbH22T  ;`QmT- /i 4 K2HiQMBM- p`X2[mH 4 h_l1V

OO
OO hrQ aKTH2 i@i2bi
OO
OO /i, bH22T #v ;`QmT
OO i 4 @kXy389- /7 4 R3- T@pHm2 4 yXy8R89
OO Hi2`MiBp2 ?vTQi?2bBb, i`m2 /B772`2M+2 BM K2Mb #2ir22M ;`QmT +QMi`QH M/ ;`QmT i`2
OO N8 T2`+2Mi +QM7B/2M+2 BMi2`pH,
OO @jXykjd3keR yXyRRRd89d
OO bKTH2 2biBKi2b,
OO K2M BM ;`QmT +QMi`QH K2M BM ;`QmT i`2iK2Mi
OO eX3kdR8k 3Xjjj98e

i  bB;MB}+M+2 H2p2H Q7 ᅫ  - r2 `2D2+i i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBbX Ai b22Kb i?i

i?2 K2HiQMBM ?/  biiBbiB+HHv bB;MB}+Mi 2z2+iX "2 r`2 i?i biiBbiB+H
bB;MB}+M+2 Bb MQi Hrvb i?2 bK2 b b+B2MiB}+ Q` T`+iB+H bB;MB}+M+2X hQ
/2i2`KBM2 T`+iB+H bB;MB}+M+2- r2 M22/ iQ BMp2biB;i2 i?2 2z2+i bBx2 BM i?2
+QMi2ti Q7 i?2 bBimiBQMX >2`2 i?2 2z2+i bBx2 Bb i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 Q7 i?2 bKTH2
K2MbX

iXi2biUbH22T  ;`QmT- /i 4 K2HiQMBM- p`X2[mH 4 h_l1V02biBKi2

OO K2M BM ;`QmT +QMi`QH K2M BM ;`QmT i`2iK2Mi

OO eX3kdR8k 3Xjjj98e

>2`2 r2 b22 i?i i?2 bm#D2+ib BM i?2 K2HiQMBM ;`QmT bH22T M p2`;2 Q7 #Qmi
RX8 ?Qm`b HQM;2` i?M i?2 +QMi`QH ;`QmTX M ?Qm` M/  ?H7 Q7 bH22T Bb +2`iBMHv
BKTQ`iMi5
qBi?  #B; 2MQm;? bKTH2 bBx2- r2 +QmH/ KF2 M 2z2+i bBx2 Q7 bv- 7Qm` KBMmi2b
biiBbiB+HHv bB;MB}+MiX Ab Bi rQ`i? iFBM;  TBHH 2p2`v MB;?i iQ ;2i M 2ti` 7Qm`
KBMmi2b Q7 bH22T\ US`Q##Hv MQiXV
RkXjX PL1@qu LPo kj8

#QtTHQiUbH22T  ;`QmT- /i 4 K2HiQMBM- +QH 4 8,eV

10
8
sleep

6
4

control treatment

group

RkXj PM2@qv LPo

q?i B7 i?2`2 `2 KQ`2 i?M irQ ;`QmTb\ *QMbB/2` i?2 KQ/2H

Ԩքօ  ᅷ  ᅫք  Ԕքօ 

r?2`2

ం ᅫք  

M/

Ԕքօ ୽ ԃ  ᅼϵ


>2`2-

Ç Ԙ    w Ԗ r?2`2 Ԗ Bb i?2 MmK#2` Q7 ;`QmTbX

Ç ԙ    w ԝք r?2`2 ԝք Bb i?2 MmK#2` Q7 Q#b2`piBQMb BM ;`QmT ԘX
kje *>Sh1_ RkX LGuaAa P6 o_AL*1

h?2M i?2 iQiH bKTH2 bBx2 Bb

ւ
ԃ  ం ԝք
քφ

P#b2`piBQMb 7`QK ;`QmT Ԙ 7QHHQr  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQM

Ԩքօ ୽ ԃ ᅷք ᅼϵ

r?2`2 i?2 K2M Q7 2+? ;`QmT Bb ;Bp2M #v

ᅷք  ᅷ  ᅫք 

>2`2 ᅫք K2bm`2b i?2 2z2+i Q7 ;`QmT ԘX Ai Bb i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M i?2 Qp2`HH
K2M M/ i?2 K2M Q7 ;`QmT ԘX
1bb2MiBHHv- i?2 bbmKTiBQMb ?2`2 `2 i?2 bK2 b i?2 irQ@bKTH2 +b2- ?Qr2p2`
MQr- r2 bBKTHv ?p2 KQ`2 ;`QmTbX
Jm+? HBF2 i?2 irQ@bKTH2 +b2- r2 rQmH/ ;BM HBF2 iQ i2bi B7 i?2 K2Mb Q7 i?2
;`QmTb `2 2[mHX

ӽЈ ੃ ᅷ φ  ᅷ ϵ  w ᅷ ւ pb ӽφ ੃ LQi HH ᅷք `2 2[mHX

LQiB+2 i?i i?2 Hi2`MiBp2 bBKTHv BM/B+i2b i?i bQK2 Q7 i?2 K2Mb `2 MQi
2[mH- MQi bT2+B}+HHv r?B+? `2 MQi 2[mHX JQ`2 QM i?i Hi2`X
Hi2`MiBp2Hv- r2 +QmH/ r`Bi2

ӽЈ ੃ ᅫ φ  ᅫ ϵ  w  ᅫ ւ   pb ӽφ ੃ LQi HH ᅫք `2 

h?Bb i2bi Bb +HH2/ MHvbBb Q7 o`BM+2X MHvbBb Q7 o`BM+2 ULPoV

+QKT`2b i?2 p`BiBQM /m2 iQ bT2+B}+ bQm`+2b U#2ir22M ;`QmTbV rBi? i?2 p`B@
iBQM KQM; BM/BpB/mHb r?Q b?QmH/ #2 bBKBH` UrBi?BM ;`QmTbVX AM T`iB+mH`-
LPo i2bib r?2i?2` b2p2`H TQTmHiBQMb ?p2 i?2 bK2 K2M #v +QKT`BM;
?Qr 7` T`i i?2 bKTH2 K2Mb `2 rBi? ?Qr Km+? p`BiBQM i?2`2 Bb rBi?BM
i?2 bKTH2bX q2 mb2 p`B#BHBiv Q7 K2Mb iQ i2bi 7Q` 2[mHBiv Q7 K2Mb- i?mb i?2
mb2 Q7 p`BM+2 BM i?2 MK2 7Q`  i2bi #Qmi K2MbX
q2ǶHH H2p2 Qmi KQbi Q7 i?2 /2iBHb #Qmi ?Qr i?2 2biBKiBQM Bb /QM2- #mi r2ǶHH
b22 Hi2`- i?i Bi Bb /QM2 pB H2bi b[m`2bX q2ǶHH mb2 _ iQ Q#iBM i?2b2 2biBKi2b-
#mi i?2v `2 +imHHv `i?2` bBKTH2X q2 QMHv M22/ iQ i?BMF #Qmi i?2 bKTH2
K2Mb Q7 i?2 ;`QmTbX

Ç Ԩք‫ ۽‬Bb i?2 bKTH2 K2M Q7 ;`QmT ԘX

RkXjX PL1@qu LPo kjd

Ç Ԩ ‫ ۽‬Bb i?2 Qp2`HH bKTH2 K2MX

Ç Ԣϵք Bb i?2 bKTH2 p`BM+2 Q7 ;`QmT ԘX

q2ǶHH i?2M /2+QKTQb2 i?2 p`BM+2- b r2Ƕp2 b22M #27Q`2 BM `2;`2bbBQMX h?2 iQiH
p`BiBQM K2bm`2b ?Qr Km+? i?2 Q#b2`piBQMb p`v #Qmi i?2 Qp2`HH bKTH2
K2M- B;MQ`BM; i?2 ;`QmTbX

ւ ։Վ
ԈԈԉ  ం ం Ԩքօ ਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ
քφ օφ

h?2 p`BiBQM #2ir22M ;`QmTb HQQFb i ?Qr 7` i?2 BM/BpB/mH bKTH2 K2Mb
`2 7`QK i?2 Qp2`HH bKTH2 K2MX

ւ ։Վ ւ
ԈԈӷ  ం ం Ԩք‫ ۽‬਷ Ԩ
‫  ۽‬ం ԝք Ԩք‫ ۽‬਷ Ԩ
‫ ۽‬ϵ
ϵ

քφ օφ քφ

GbiHv- i?2 rBi?BM ;`QmT p`BiBQM K2bm`2b ?Qr 7` Q#b2`piBQMb `2 7`QK i?2
bKTH2 K2M Q7 Bib ;`QmTX

ւ ։Վ ւ
ԈԈԌ  ం ం Ԩքօ ਷ Ԩք‫
۽‬ϵ  ం ԝք ਷ 
Ԣϵք
քφ օφ քφ

h?Bb +QmH/ HbQ #2 i?Qm;?i Q7 b i?2 2``Q` bmK Q7 b[m`2b- r?2`2 Ԩքօ Bb M
Q#b2`piBQM M/ Ԩք‫ ۽‬Bb Bib }ii2/ UT`2/B+i2/V pHm2 7`QK i?2 KQ/2HX
hQ /2p2HQT i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+ 7Q` LPo- r2 TH+2 i?Bb BM7Q`KiBQM BMiQ M
LoP i#H2X

aQm`+2 amK Q7 a[m`2b .2;`22b Q7 6`22/QK J2M a[m`2 ӻ

"2ir22M aa" Ԗ਷ aa" f .6" Ja" f Jaq
qBi?BM aaq ԃ ਷Ԗ aaq f .6q
hQiH aah ԃ ਷

q2 `2D2+i i?2 MmHH U2[mH K2MbV r?2M i?2 ӻ biiBbiB+ Bb H`;2X h?Bb Q++m`b r?2M
i?2 p`BiBQM #2ir22M ;`QmTb Bb H`;2 +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 p`BiBQM rBi?BM ;`QmTbX
lM/2` i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb- i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+ Bb ӻ rBi? /2;`22b
Q7 7`22/QK Ԗ ਷  M/ ԃ ਷ ԖX
G2iǶb b22 r?i i?Bb HQQFb HBF2 BM  72r bBimiBQMbX AM 2+? Q7 i?2 7QHHQrBM; 2tK@
TH2b- r2ǶHH +QMbB/2` bKTHBM; ky Q#b2`piBQMb Uԝք  V 7`QK i?`22 TQTmHiBQMb
U;`QmTbVX
6B`bi- +QMbB/2` ᅷբ  ਷ ᅷգ   ᅷդ   rBi? ᅼ  X
kj3 *>Sh1_ RkX LGuaAa P6 o_AL*1

Truth Observed Data

0.4

5
0.3

response
density

0.2

0
0.1

-5
0.0

-5 0 5 A B C

observations group

h?2 H27i TM2H b?Qrb i?2 i?`22 MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQMb r2 `2 bKTHBM; 7`QKX h?2
iB+Fb HQM; i?2 ԧ@tBb b?Qr i?2 `M/QKHv bKTH2/ Q#b2`piBQMbX h?2 `B;?i TM2H-
`2@/BbTHvb QMHv i?2 bKTH2/ pHm2b BM  #QtTHQiX LQi2 i?i i?2 KB/@HBM2 Q7 i?2
#Qt2b Bb mbmHHv i?2 bKTH2 K2/BMX h?2b2 #QtTHQib ?p2 #22M KQ/B}2/ iQ mb2
i?2 bKTH2 K2MX

>2`2 i?2 bKTH2 K2Mb p`v  HQi `QmM/ i?2 Qp2`HH bKTH2 K2M- r?B+? Bb i?2
bQHB/ ;`2v HBM2 QM i?2 `B;?i TM2HX qBi?BM i?2 ;`QmTb i?2`2 Bb p`B#BHBiv- #mi Bi
Bb biBHH Q#pBQmb i?i i?2 bKTH2 K2Mb `2 p2`v /Bz2`2MiX

b  `2bmHi- r2 Q#iBM  H`;2 i2bi biiBbiB+- i?mb bKHH T@pHm2X

Ç ӻ  
Ç T@pHm2   ੎ ਷ϯϯ

LQr +QMbB/2` ᅷբ   ᅷգ   ᅷդ   rBi? ᅼ  X h?i Bb- 2[mH K2Mb 7Q` i?2

;`QmTbX
RkXjX PL1@qu LPo kjN

Truth Observed Data

0.4

3
0.3

2
response

1
density

0.2

0
0.1

-1
-2
0.0

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 A B C

observations group

>2`2 i?2 bKTH2 K2Mb p`v QMHv  iBMv #Bi `QmM/ i?2 Qp2`HH bKTH2 K2MX
qBi?BM i?2 ;`QmTb i?2`2 Bb p`B#BHBiv- i?Bb iBK2 Km+? H`;2` i?M i?2 p`B#BHBiv
Q7 i?2 bKTH2 K2MbX
b  `2bmHi- r2 Q#iBM  bKHH i2bi biiBbiB+- i?mb H`;2 T@pHm2X

Ç ӻ  
Ç T@pHm2  

h?2 M2ti irQ 2tKTH2b b?Qr /Bz2`2Mi K2Mb- rBi? /Bz2`2Mi H2p2Hb Q7 MQBb2X
LQiB+2 ?Qr i?2b2 z2+i i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+ M/ T@pHm2X

Ç ᅷբ  ਷ ᅷգ   ᅷդ   ᅼ  

Truth Observed Data

0.4

3
2
0.3

1
response
density

0.2

0
-1
0.1

-2
-3
0.0

-4 -2 0 2 4 A B C

observations group
k9y *>Sh1_ RkX LGuaAa P6 o_AL*1

Ç ӻ  
Ç T@pHm2   ੎ ਷ϩ

#Qp2- i?2`2 BbMǶi Q#pBQmb b2T`iBQM #2ir22M i?2 ;`QmTb HBF2 i?2 }`bi 2tKTH2-
#mi Bi Bb biBHH Q#pBQmb i?2 K2Mb `2 /Bz2`2MiX "2HQr- i?2`2 Bb KQ`2 MQBb2X oBbm@
HHv Bi Bb bQK2r?i ?`/ iQ i2HH- #mi i?2 i2bi biBHH bm;;2bib  /Bz2`2M+2 Q7 K2MbX
Ui M ᅫ Q7 yXy8XV

Ç ᅷբ  ਷ ᅷգ   ᅷդ   ᅼ  
Ç ԝք   7Q` 2+? ;`QmTX

Truth Observed Data

6
0.4

4
0.3

2
response
density

0.2

0
-2
0.1

-4
0.0

-6

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 A B C

observations group

Ç ӻ  
Ç T@pHm2  

G2iǶb +QMbB/2` M 2tKTH2 rBi? `2H /iX q2ǶHH mb2 i?2 +Q;mHiBQM /ib2i
7`QK i?2 7`rv T+F;2X >2`2 7Qm` /Bz2`2Mi /B2ib U- "- *- .V r2`2 /KBMBb@
i2`2/ iQ  `M/QK bKTH2 Q7 k9 MBKHbX h?2 bm#D2+ib r2`2 `M/QKHv bbB;M2/
iQ QM2 Q7 i?2 7Qm` /B2ibX 6Q` 2+?- i?2B` #HQQ/ +Q;mHiBQM iBK2 rb K2bm`2/
BM b2+QM/bX
>2`2 r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ i2bi

ӽЈ ੃ ᅷ բ  ᅷ գ  ᅷ դ  ᅷ ե

r?2`2- 7Q` 2tKTH2- ᅷբ Bb i?2 K2M #HQQ/ +Q;mHiBQM iBK2 7Q` M MBKH i?i
i2 /B2i X
RkXjX PL1@qu LPo k9R

HB#``vU7`rvV
MK2bU+Q;mHiBQMV

OO (R) ]+Q;] ]/B2i]

THQiU+Q;  /B2i- /i 4 +Q;mHiBQM- +QH 4 k,8V

70
65
coag

60

A B C D

diet

q2 }`bi HQ/ i?2 /i M/ +`2i2 i?2 `2H2pMi #QtTHQiX h?2 THQi HQM2 bm;;2bib
 /Bz2`2M+2 Q7 K2MbX h?2 QpUV 7mM+iBQM Bb mb2/ iQ Q#iBM i?2 `2H2pMi bmKb
Q7 b[m`2bX lbBM; i?2 bmKK`vUV 7mM+iBQM QM i?2 QmiTmi 7`QK QpUV +`2i2b i?2
/2bB`2/ LPo i#H2X UqBi?Qmi i?2 mMM22/2/ `Qr 7Q` iQiHXV

+Q;nQp 4 QpU+Q;  /B2i- /i 4 +Q;mHiBQMV

+Q;nQp

OO *HH,
OO QpU7Q`KmH 4 +Q;  /B2i- /i 4 +Q;mHiBQMV
OO
OO h2`Kb,
OO /B2i _2bB/mHb
OO amK Q7 a[m`2b kk3 RRk
OO .2;X Q7 6`22/QK j ky
k9k *>Sh1_ RkX LGuaAa P6 o_AL*1

OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, kXjee9jk
OO 1biBKi2/ 2772+ib Kv #2 mM#HM+2/

bmKK`vU+Q;nQpV

OO .7 amK a[ J2M a[ 6 pHm2 S`U=6V

OO /B2i j kk3 deXy RjX8d 9Xee2@y8
OO _2bB/mHb ky RRk 8Xe
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R

q2`2 r2 iQ `mM i?Bb 2tT2`BK2Mi- r2 rQmH/ ?p2 T`2@bT2+B}2/  bB;MB}+M+2

H2p2HX >Qr2p2`- MQiB+2 i?i i?2 T@pHm2 Q7 i?Bb i2bi Bb BM+`2/B#Hv HQr- bQ mbBM;
Mv `2bQM#H2 bB;MB}+M+2 H2p2H r2 rQmH/ `2D2+i i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBbX h?mb r2
#2HB2p2 i?2 /B2ib ?/ M 2z2+i QM #HQQ/ +Q;mHiBQM iBK2X

/B2ib 4 /iX7`K2U/B2i 4 mMB[m2U+Q;mHiBQM0/B2iVV

/iX7`K2U/B2ib- +Q; 4 T`2/B+iU+Q;nQp- /B2ibVV

OO /B2i +Q;
OO R  eR
OO k " ee
OO j * e3
OO 9 . eR

>2`2- r2Ƕp2 +`2i2/  /i7`K2 rBi?  `Qr 7Q` 2+? /B2iX "v T`2/B+iBM; QM i?Bb
/i7`K2- r2 Q#iBM i?2 bKTH2 K2Mb Q7 2+? /B2i U;`QmTVX

RkXjXR 6+iQ` o`B#H2b

q?2M T2`7Q`KBM; LPo BM _- #2 bm`2 i?2 ;`QmTBM; p`B#H2 Bb  7+iQ` p`B#H2X
A7 Bi Bb MQi- vQm` `2bmHi KB;?i MQi #2 LPo- #mi BMbi2/  HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM
rBi? i?2 T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2 +QMbB/2`2/ MmK2`B+X

b2iXb22/U9kV
`2bTQMb2 4 `MQ`KUR8V
;`QmT 4 +U`2TUR- 8V- `2TUk- 8V- `2TUj- 8VV
#/ 4 /iX7`K2U`2bTQMb2- ;`QmTV
bmKK`vUQpU`2bTQMb2  ;`QmT- /i 4 #/VV O r`QM; .65

OO .7 amK a[ J2M a[ 6 pHm2 S`U=6V

OO ;`QmT R yXyRd yXyRdj yXyR8 yXNyj
OO _2bB/mHb Rj R9XeN3 RXRjye
RkXjX PL1@qu LPo k9j

;QQ/ 4 /iX7`K2U`2bTQMb2- ;`QmT 4 bX7+iQ`U;`QmTVV

bmKK`vUQpU`2bTQMb2  ;`QmT- /i 4 ;QQ/VV

OO .7 amK a[ J2M a[ 6 pHm2 S`U=6V

OO ;`QmT k yXkjk yXRR83 yXyNe yXNyN
OO _2bB/mHb Rk R9X939 RXkydy

BbX7+iQ`U#/0;`QmTV O R- k- M/ j `2 MmK#2`bX

OO (R) 6Ga1

BbX7+iQ`U;QQ/0;`QmTV O R- k- M/ j `2 H#2HbX

OO (R) h_l1

RkXjXk aQK2 aBKmHiBQM

>2`2 r2 p2`B7v i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+ mM/2` i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBbX q2
bBKmHi2 7`QK  MmHH KQ/2H U2[mH p`BM+2V iQ Q#iBM M 2KTB`B+H /Bbi`B#miBQM
Q7 i?2 ӻ biiBbiB+X q2 // i?2 +m`p2 7Q` i?2 2tT2+i2/ /Bbi`B#miBQMX

HB#``vU#`QQKV

bBKnMQp 4 7mM+iBQMUM 4 Ry- Kmn 4 y- Kmn# 4 y- Kmn+ 4 y- Kmn/ 4 y- bB;K 4 R- bii 4 h_l1V &

O +`2i2 /i 7`QK QM2@rv LPo KQ/2H rBi? 7Qm` ;`QmTb Q7 2[mH bBx2
O `2bTQMb2 bBKmHi2/ 7`QK MQ`KH rBi? ;`QmT K2M- b?`2/ p`BM+2
O ;`QmT p`B#H2 BM/B+i2b ;`QmT - "- * Q` .
bBKn/i 4 /iX7`K2U
`2bTQMb2 4 +U`MQ`KUM 4 M- K2M 4 Kmn- b/ 4 bB;KV-
`MQ`KUM 4 M- K2M 4 Kmn#- b/ 4 bB;KV-
`MQ`KUM 4 M- K2M 4 Kmn+- b/ 4 bB;KV-
`MQ`KUM 4 M- K2M 4 Kmn/- b/ 4 bB;KVV-
;`QmT 4 +U`2TU]]- iBK2b 4 MV- `2TU]"]- iBK2b 4 MV-
`2TU]*]- iBK2b 4 MV- `2TU].]- iBK2b 4 MVV
V

O Q#iBM 6@biiBbiB+ M/ T@pHm2 7Q` i2biBM; /B772`2M+2 Q7 K2Mb

O mb2 HK BMbi2/ Q7 Qp 7Q` #2ii2` `2bmHi 7Q`KiiBM; rBi? ;HM+2
Qpn`2bmHib 4 HKU`2bTQMb2  ;`QmT- /i 4 bBKn/iV
7nbii 4 ;HM+2UQpn`2bmHibV0biiBbiB+
TnpH 4 ;HM+2UQpn`2bmHibV0TXpHm2
k99 *>Sh1_ RkX LGuaAa P6 o_AL*1

O `2im`M 7nbii B7 bii 4 h_l1- Qi?2`rBb2- T@pHm2

B72Hb2Ubii- 7nbii- TnpHV

'

7nbiib 4 `2THB+i2UM 4 8yyy- bBKnMQpUbii 4 h_l1VV

?BbiU7nbiib- #`2Fb 4 Ryy- T`Q# 4 h_l1- #Q`/2` 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- KBM 4 ]1KTB`B+H .Bbi`
+m`p2U/7Ut- /7R 4 9 @ R- /7k 4 9y @ 9V- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- // 4 h_l1- Hr/ 4 kV

Empirical Distribution of F
0.6
Density

0.4
0.2
0.0

0 2 4 6 8 10

f_stats

RkXjXj SQr2`
LQr i?i r2Ƕ`2 T2`7Q`KBM; 2tT2`BK2Mib- ;2iiBM; KQ`2 /i K2Mb }M/BM; KQ`2
i2bi bm#D2+ib- `mMMBM; KQ`2 H# i2bib- 2i+X AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- Bi rBHH +Qbi KQ`2 iBK2
M/ KQM2vX
q2Ƕ/ HBF2 iQ /2bB;M Qm` 2tT2`BK2Mi bQ i?i r2 ?p2  ;QQ/ +?M+2 Q7 /2i2+iBM;
M BMi2`2biBM; 2z2+i bBx2- rBi?Qmi bT2M/BM; iQQ Km+? KQM2vX h?2`2Ƕb MQ TQBMi BM
`mMMBM; M 2tT2`BK2Mi B7 i?2`2Ƕb QMHv  p2`v HQr +?M+2 i?i Bi ?b  bB;MB}+Mi
`2bmHi i?i vQm +`2 #QmiX U_2K2K#2`- MQi HH biiBbiB+HHv bB;MB}+Mi `2bmHib
?p2 T`+iB+H pHm2XV
q2Ƕ/ HBF2 i?2 LPo i2bi iQ ?p2 ?B;? TQr2` 7Q` M Hi2`MiBp2 ?vTQi?2bBb
rBi?  KBMBKmK /2bB`2/ 2z2+i bBx2X
RkXjX PL1@qu LPo k98

SQr2`  ԅ _2D2+i ӽЈ ੮ ӽЈ 6Hb2

h?i Bb- 7Q`  i`m2 /Bz2`2M+2 Q7 K2Mb i?i r2 /22K BMi2`2biBM;- r2 rMi i?2
i2bi iQ `2D2+i rBi? ?B;? T`Q##BHBivX
 MmK#2` Q7 i?BM;b +M z2+i i?2 TQr2` Q7  i2bi,

Ç 1z2+i bBx2X Ai Bb 2bB2` iQ /2i2+i H`;2` 2z2+ibX

Ç LQBb2 H2p2H ᅼX h?2 H2bb MQBb2- i?2 2bB2` Bi Bb iQ /2i2+i bB;MH U2z2+iVX q2
/QMǶi ?p2 Km+? #BHBiv iQ +QMi`QH i?Bb- 2t+2Ti Kv#2 iQ K2bm`2 KQ`2
++m`i2HvX
Ç aB;MB}+M+2 H2p2H ᅫX GQr2` bB;MB}+M+2 H2p2H KF2b `2D2+iBM; KQ`2 /B7@
}+mHiX U"mi HbQ HHQrb 7Q` 72r2` 7Hb2 TQbBiBp2bXV
Ç aKTH2 bBx2X G`;2 bKTH2b K2M 2bB2` iQ /2i2+i 2z2+ibX
Ç "HM+2/ /2bB;MX M 2[mH MmK#2` Q7 Q#b2`piBQMb T2` ;`QmT H2/b iQ
?B;?2` TQr2`X

h?2 7QHHQrBM; bBKmHiBQMb HQQF i i?2 2z2+i Q7 bB;MB}+M+2 H2p2H- 2z2+i bBx2- M/
MQBb2 H2p2H QM i?2 TQr2` Q7 M LPo ӻ @i2biX >QK2rQ`F rBHH HQQF BMiQ bKTH2
bBx2 M/ #HM+2X

TnpHb 4 `2THB+i2UM 4 Ryyy- bBKnMQpUKmn 4 @R- Kmn# 4 y- Kmn+ 4 y- Kmn/ 4 R-

bB;K 4 RX8- bii 4 6Ga1VV
K2MUTnpHb I yXy8V

OO (R) yXeeR

K2MUTnpHb I yXyRV

OO (R) yXj39

TnpHb 4 `2THB+i2UM 4 Ryyy- bBKnMQpUKmn 4 @R- Kmn# 4 y- Kmn+ 4 y- Kmn/ 4 R-

bB;K 4 kXy- bii 4 6Ga1VV
K2MUTnpHb I yXy8V

OO (R) yX9k8

K2MUTnpHb I yXyRV

OO (R) yXRN
k9e *>Sh1_ RkX LGuaAa P6 o_AL*1

TnpHb 4 `2THB+i2UM 4 Ryyy- bBKnMQpUKmn 4 @k- Kmn# 4 y- Kmn+ 4 y- Kmn/ 4 k-

bB;K 4 kXy- bii 4 6Ga1VV
K2MUTnpHb I yXy8V

OO (R) yXN8e

K2MUTnpHb I yXyRV

OO (R) yX3jd

RkX9 SQbi >Q+ h2biBM;

amTTQb2 r2 `2D2+i i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb 7`QK i?2 LPo i2bi 7Q` 2[mH K2MbX
h?i i2HHb mb i?i i?2 K2Mb `2 /Bz2`2MiX "mi r?B+? K2Mb\ HH Q7 i?2K\
aQK2 Q7 i?2K\ h?2 Q#pBQmb bi`i2;v Bb iQ i2bi HH TQbbB#H2 +QKT`BbQMb Q7 irQ
K2MbX q2 +M /Q i?Bb 2bBHv BM _X

rBi?U+Q;mHiBQM- TB`rBb2XiXi2biU+Q;- /B2i- TX/D 4 ]MQM2]VV

OO
OO SB`rBb2 +QKT`BbQMb mbBM; i i2bib rBi? TQQH2/ a.
OO
OO /i, +Q; M/ /B2i
OO
OO  " *
OO " yXyyj3y @ @
OO * yXyyyR3 yXR83d3 @
OO . RXyyyyy yXyyy3e kXj2@y8
OO
OO S pHm2 /DmbiK2Mi K2i?Q/, MQM2

O TB`rBb2XiXi2biU+Q;mHiBQM0+Q;- +Q;mHiBQM0/B2i- TX/D 4 ]MQM2]V

LQiB+2 i?2 TB`rBb2XiXi2biUV 7mM+iBQM /Q2b MQi ?p2  /i `;mK2MiX hQ

pQB/ mbBM; ii+?UV Q` i?2 0 QT2`iQ`- r2 BMi`Q/m+2 i?2 rBi?UV 7mM+iBQMX h?2
+QKK2Mi2/ HBM2 rQmH/ T2`7Q`K i?2 bK2 QT2`iBQMX
HbQ MQi2 i?i r2 `2 mbBM; i?2 `;mK2Mi TX/D 4 ]MQM2]X q?i Bb i?Bb\ M
/DmbiK2Mi UBM i?Bb +b2 MQi M /DmbiK2MiV iQ i?2 T@pHm2 Q7 2+? i2biX q?v
rQmH/ r2 M22/ iQ /Q i?Bb\
h?2 /DmbiK2Mi Bb M ii2KTi iQ +Q``2+i 7Q` i?2 KmHiBTH2 i2biBM; T`Q#H2KX Ua22
HbQ, _2H2pMi sE*.X V AK;BM2 i?i vQm FM2r ?2/ Q7 iBK2 i?i vQm r2`2
RkX9X SPah >P* h1ahAL: k9d

;QBM; iQ T2`7Q`K Ryy ԣ@i2bibX amTTQb2 vQm rBb? iQ /Q i?Bb rBi?  7Hb2 TQbBiBp2
`i2 Q7 ᅫ  X A7 r2 mb2 i?Bb bB;MB}+M+2 H2p2H 7Q` 2+? i2bi- 7Q` Ryy i2bib-
r2 i?2M 2tT2+i 8 7Hb2 TQbBiBp2bX h?i K2Mb- rBi? Ryy i2bib- r2Ƕ`2 HKQbi
;m`Mi22/ iQ ?p2 i H2bi QM2 2``Q`X
q?i r2Ƕ/ `2HHv HBF2 Bb 7Q` i?2 7KBHv@rBb2 2``Q` `i2 iQ #2 yXy8X A7 r2 +QMbB/2`
i?2 Ryy i2bib iQ #2  bBM;H2 dz2tT2`BK2MiǴ i?2 6q1_ Bb i?2 `i2 Q7 QM2 Q` KQ`2
7Hb2 TQbBiBp2b 7Q` BM i?2 7mHH 2tT2`BK2Mi URyy i2bibVX *QMbB/2` Bi M 2``Q` `i2
7Q` M 2MiB`2 T`Q+2/m`2- BMbi2/ Q7  bBM;H2 i2biX
qBi? i?Bb BM KBM/- QM2 Q7 i?2 bBKTH2bi /DmbiK2Mib r2 +M KF2- Bb iQ BM+`2b2
i?2 T@pHm2b 7Q` 2+? i2bi- /2T2M/BM; QM i?2 MmK#2` Q7 i2bibX AM T`iB+mH` i?2
"QM72``QMB +Q``2+iBQM bBKTHv KmHiBTHB2b #v i?2 MmK#2` Q7 i2bibX

T@pHm2@#QM7  KBM  ԝ֏ր֎֏֎ ੁ T@pHm2

rBi?U+Q;mHiBQM- TB`rBb2XiXi2biU+Q;- /B2i- TX/D 4 ]#QM72``QMB]VV

OO
OO SB`rBb2 +QKT`BbQMb mbBM; i i2bib rBi? TQQH2/ a.
OO
OO /i, +Q; M/ /B2i
OO
OO  " *
OO " yXykk3k @ @
OO * yXyyRy3 yXN8kee @
OO . RXyyyyy yXyy8R3 yXyyyR9
OO
OO S pHm2 /DmbiK2Mi K2i?Q/, #QM72``QMB

q2 b22 i?i i?2b2 T@pHm2b `2 Km+? ?B;?2` i?M i?2 mM/Dmbi2/ T@pHm2b- i?mb-
r2 `2 H2bb HBF2Hv iQ `2D2+i 2+? i2biX b  `2bmHi- i?2 6q1_ Bb yXy8- BMbi2/ Q7
M 2``Q` `i2 Q7 yXy8 7Q` 2+? i2biX
q2 +M bBKmHi2 i?2 Ryy i2bi b+2M`BQ iQ BHHmbi`i2 i?Bb TQBMiX

;2inTnpH 4 7mM+iBQMUV &

O +`2i2 /i 7Q` irQ ;`QmTb- 2[mH K2M

v 4 `MQ`KUky- K2M 4 y- b/ 4 RV
; 4 +U`2TU]]- RyV- `2TU]"]- RyVV

O T@pHm2 Q7 i@i2bi r?2M MmHH Bb i`m2

;HM+2UiXi2biUv  ;- p`X2[mH 4 h_l1VV0TXpHm2

'
k93 *>Sh1_ RkX LGuaAa P6 o_AL*1

b2iXb22/URjjdV

O 6q1_ rBi? Ryy i2bib

O /2bB`2/ `i2 4 yXy8
O MQ /DmbiK2Mi
K2MU`2THB+i2URyyy- MvU`2THB+i2URyy- ;2inTnpHUVV I yXy8VVV

OO (R) yXNN9

O 6q1_ rBi? Ryy i2bib

O /2bB`2/ `i2 4 yXy8
O #QM72``QMB /DmbiK2Mi
K2MU`2THB+i2URyyy- MvUTX/DmbiU`2THB+i2URyy- ;2inTnpHUVV- ]#QM72``QMB]V I yXy8VVV

OO (R) yXy83

6Q` i?2 bT2+B}+ +b2 Q7 i2biBM; HH irQ@rv K2M /Bz2`2M+2b 7i2` M LPo
i2bi- i?2`2 `2  MmK#2` Q7 TQi2MiBH K2i?Q/b 7Q` KFBM; M /DmbiK2Mi Q7 i?Bb
ivT2X h?2 T`Qb M/ +QMb Q7 i?2 TQi2MiBH K2i?Q/b `2 #2vQM/ i?2 b+QT2 Q7
i?Bb +Qm`b2X q2 +?QQb2  K2i?Q/ 7Q` Bib 2b2 Q7 mb2- M/ iQ  H2bb2` 2ti2Mi- Bib
/2p2HQT2`X
hmF2vǶb >QM2bi aB;MB}+M+2 /Bz2`2M+2 +M #2 TTHB2/ /B`2+iHv iQ M Q#D2+i r?B+?
rb +`2i2/ mbBM; QpUVX Ai rBHH /Dmbi i?2 T@pHm2b Q7 i?2 TB`rBb2 +QKT`BbQMb
Q7 i?2 K2Mb iQ +QMi`QH i?2 6q1_- BM i?Bb +b2- 7Q` yXy8X LQiB+2 Bi HbQ ;Bp2b
+QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pHb 7Q` i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 Q7 i?2 K2MbX

hmF2v>a.U+Q;nQp- +QM7XH2p2H 4 yXN8V

OO hmF2v KmHiBTH2 +QKT`BbQMb Q7 K2Mb

OO N8W 7KBHv@rBb2 +QM7B/2M+2 H2p2H
OO
OO 6Bi, QpU7Q`KmH 4 +Q;  /B2i- /i 4 +Q;mHiBQMV
OO
OO 0/B2i
OO /B77 Hr` mT` T /D
OO "@ 8 yXdk98899 NXkd899e yXyR3jk3j
OO *@ d kXdk98899 RRXkd899e yXyyyN8dd
OO .@ y @9Xy8ey9j3 9Xy8ey99 RXyyyyyyy
OO *@" k @RX3k9yd93 8X3k9yd8 yX9deeyy8
OO .@" @8 @3X8ddyN99 @RX9kkNye yXyy99RR9
OO .@* @d @RyX8ddyN99 @jX9kkNye yXyyyRke3
RkX8X hqP@qu LPo k9N

"b2/ QM i?2b2 `2bmHib- r2 b22 MQ /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M  M/ . b r2HH b " M/
*X HH Qi?2` TB`rBb2 +QKT`BbQMb `2 bB;MB}+MiX A7 vQm `2im`M iQ i?2 Q`B;BMH
#QtTHQi- i?2b2 `2bmHib b?QmH/ MQi #2 bm`T`BbBM;X
HbQ- MB+2Hv- r2 +M 2bBHv T`Q/m+2  THQi Q7 i?2b2 +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pHbX

THQiUhmF2v>a.U+Q;nQp- +QM7XH2p2H 4 yXN8VV

95% family-wise confidence level

B-A
C-A
D-A
C-B
D-B
D-C

-10 -5 0 5 10

Differences in mean levels of diet

h?2 +`2iQ` Q7 i?Bb K2i?Q/- CQ?M hmF2v- Bb M BKTQ`iMi };m`2 BM i?2 ?BbiQ`v Q7
/i b+B2M+2X >2 2bb2MiBHHv T`2/B+i2/ i?2 `Bb2 Q7 /i b+B2M+2 Qp2` 8y v2`b ;QX
6Q` bQK2 `2i`QbT2+iBp2 i?Qm;?ib QM i?Qb2 8y v2`b- b22 i?Bb TT2` 7`QK .pB/
.QMQ?QX

RkX8 hrQ@qv LPo

q?i B7 i?2`2 Bb KQ`2 i?M QM2 7+iQ` p`B#H2\ q?v /Q r2 M22/ iQ HBKBi
Qm`b2Hp2b iQ 2tT2`BK2Mib rBi? QMHv QM2 7+iQ`\ q2 /QMǶi5 *QMbB/2` i?2 KQ/2H

Ԩքօֆ  ᅷ  ᅫք  ᅬօ  ᅫᅬ
քօ  ᅯքօֆ 

r?2`2 ᅯքօֆ `2 ԃ  ᅼϵ

`M/QK p`B#H2bX
q2 // +QMbi`BMib
k8y *>Sh1_ RkX LGuaAa P6 o_AL*1

ం ᅫք   ం ᅬօ  

M/

ᅫᅬ
φօ  ᅫᅬ
ϵօ  ᅫᅬ
ϯօ   ᅫᅬ
քφ  ᅫᅬ
քϵ  ᅫᅬ
քϯ  ᅫᅬ
քΚ  

7Q` Mv Ԙ Q` ԙX
>2`2-

Ç Ԙ    w Ӿ r?2`2 Ӿ Bb i?2 MmK#2` Q7 H2p2Hb Q7 7+iQ` ӶX

Ç ԙ    w ӿ r?2`2 ӿ Bb i?2 MmK#2` Q7 H2p2Hb Q7 7+iQ` ӷX
Ç Ԛ    w Ԁ r?2`2 Ԁ Bb i?2 MmK#2` Q7 `2THB+i2b T2` ;`QmTX

>2`2- r2 +M i?BMF Q7  ;`QmT b  +QK#BMiBQM Q7  H2p2H 7`QK 2+? Q7 i?2

7+iQ`bX aQ 7Q` 2tKTH2- QM2 ;`QmT rBHH `2+2Bp2 H2p2H  Q7 7+iQ` Ӷ M/ H2p2H 
Q7 7+iQ` ӷX h?2 MmK#2` Q7 `2THB+i2b Bb i?2 MmK#2` Q7 bm#D2+ib BM 2+? ;`QmTX
>2`2 ԨφϯΘ rQmH/ #2 i?2 K2bm`2K2Mi 7Q` i?2 }7i? K2K#2` U`2THB+i2V Q7 i?2
;`QmT 7Q` H2p2H  Q7 7+iQ` Ӷ M/ H2p2H  Q7 7+iQ` ӷX
q2 +HH i?Bb b2imT M Ӿ ੎ ӿ 7+iQ`BH /2bB;M rBi? Ԁ `2THB+i2bX UPm` +m``2Mi
MQiiBQM QMHv HHQrb 7Q` 2[mH `2THB+i2b BM 2+? ;`QmTX Ai BbMǶi /B{+mHi iQ
HHQr 7Q` /Bz2`2Mi `2THB+i2b 7Q` /Bz2`2Mi ;`QmTb- #mi r2ǶHH T`Q+22/ mbBM; 2[mH
`2THB+i2b T2` ;`QmT- r?B+? B7 TQbbB#H2- Bb /2bB`#H2XV

Ç ᅫք K2bm`2b i?2 2z2+i Q7 H2p2H Ԙ Q7 7+iQ` ӶX q2 +HH i?2b2 i?2 KBM

2z2+ib Q7 7+iQ` ӶX
Ç ᅬօ K2bm`2b i?2 2z2+i Q7 H2p2H ԙ Q7 7+iQ` ӷX q2 +HH i?2b2 i?2 KBM
2z2+ib Q7 7+iQ` ӷX
Ç ᅫᅬ
քօ Bb  bBM;H2 T`K2i2`X q2 mb2 ᅫᅬ iQ MQi2 i?i i?Bb T`K2i2`
K2bm`2b i?2 BMi2`+iBQM #2ir22M i?2 irQ KBM 2z2+ibX

lM/2` i?Bb b2imT- i?2`2 `2  MmK#2` Q7 KQ/2Hb i?i r2 +M +QKT`2X *QMbB/2`
  ੎  7+iQ`BH /2bB;MX h?2 7QHHQrBM; i#H2b b?Qr i?2 K2Mb 7Q` 2+? Q7 i?2
TQbbB#H2 ;`QmTb mM/2` 2+? KQ/2HX
AMi2`+iBQM JQ/2H, Ԩքօֆ  ᅷ  ᅫք  ᅬօ  ᅫᅬ
քօ  ᅯքօֆ

6+iQ` "- G2p2H R 6+iQ` "- G2p2H k

6+iQ` - G2p2H R ᅷ  ᅫφ  ᅬφ  ᅫᅬ
φφ ᅷ  ᅫφ  ᅬϵ  ᅫᅬ
φϵ
6+iQ` - G2p2H k ᅷ  ᅫϵ  ᅬφ  ᅫᅬ
ϵφ ᅷ  ᅫϵ  ᅬϵ  ᅫᅬ
ϵϵ

//BiBp2 JQ/2H, Ԩքօֆ  ᅷ  ᅫք  ᅬօ  ᅯքօֆ

RkX8X hqP@qu LPo k8R

6+iQ` "- G2p2H R 6+iQ` "- G2p2H k

6+iQ` - G2p2H R ᅷ  ᅫ φ  ᅬφ ᅷ  ᅫ φ  ᅬϵ
6+iQ` - G2p2H k ᅷ  ᅫ ϵ  ᅬφ ᅷ  ᅫ ϵ  ᅬϵ

6+iQ` " PMHv JQ/2H UPM2@qvV, Ԩքօֆ  ᅷ  ᅬօ  ᅯքօֆ

6+iQ` "- G2p2H R 6+iQ` "- G2p2H k

6+iQ` - G2p2H R ᅷ  ᅬφ ᅷ  ᅬϵ
6+iQ` - G2p2H k ᅷ  ᅬφ ᅷ  ᅬϵ

6+iQ`  PMHv JQ/2H UPM2@qvV, Ԩքօֆ  ᅷ  ᅫք  ᅯքօֆ

6+iQ` "- G2p2H R 6+iQ` "- G2p2H k

6+iQ` - G2p2H R ᅷ  ᅫφ ᅷ  ᅫφ
6+iQ` - G2p2H k ᅷ  ᅫϵ ᅷ  ᅫϵ

LmHH JQ/2H, Ԩքօֆ  ᅷ  ᅯքօֆ

6+iQ` "- G2p2H R 6+iQ` "- G2p2H k

6+iQ` - G2p2H R ᅷ ᅷ
6+iQ` - G2p2H k ᅷ ᅷ

h?2 [m2biBQM i?2M- Bb r?B+? Q7 i?2b2 KQ/2Hb b?QmH/ r2 mb2 B7 r2 ?p2 irQ 7+iQ`b\
h?2 KQbi BKTQ`iMi [m2biBQM iQ +QMbB/2` Bb r?2i?2` Q` MQi r2 b?QmH/ KQ/2H i?2
BMi2`+iBQMX Ab i?2 2z2+i Q7 6+iQ`  i?2 bK2 7Q` HH H2p2Hb Q7 6+iQ` "\ AM
i?2 //BiBp2 KQ/2H- v2bX AM i?2 BMi2`+iBQM KQ/2H- MQX "Qi? KQ/2Hb rQmH/ mb2
 /Bz2`2Mi K2M 7Q` 2+? ;`QmT- #mi BM  p2`v bT2+B}+ rv BM #Qi? +b2bX
G2iǶb /Bb+mbb i?2b2 +QKT`BbQMb #v HQQFBM; i bQK2 2tKTH2bX q2ǶHH }`bi HQQF i
i?2 `ib /i 7`QK i?2 7`rv T+F;2X h?2`2 `2 irQ 7+iQ`b ?2`2, TQBbQM
M/ i`2iX q2 mb2 i?2 H2p2HbUV 7mM+iBQM iQ 2ti`+i i?2 H2p2Hb Q7  7+iQ`
p`B#H2X

H2p2HbU`ib0TQBbQMV

OO (R) ]A] ]AA] ]AAA]

k8k *>Sh1_ RkX LGuaAa P6 o_AL*1

H2p2HbU`ib0i`2iV

OO (R) ]] ]"] ]*] ].]

>2`2- 93 `ib r2`2 `M/QKHv bbB;M2/ #Qi? QM2 Q7 i?`22 TQBbQMb M/ QM2 Q7 7Qm`
TQbbB#H2 i`2iK2MibX h?2 2tT2`BK2Mi2`b i?2M K2bm`2/ i?2B` bm`pBpH iBK2 BM
i2Mb Q7 ?Qm`bX  iQiH Q7 Rk ;`QmTb- 2+? rBi? 9 `2THB+i2bX
"27Q`2 `mMMBM; Mv i2bib- r2 b?QmH/ }`bi HQQF i i?2 /iX q2 rBHH +`2i2
BMi2`+iBQM THQib- r?B+? rBHH ?2HT mb pBbmHBx2 i?2 2z2+i Q7 QM2 7+iQ`- b r2
KQp2 i?`Qm;? i?2 H2p2Hb Q7 MQi?2` 7+iQ`X

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

rBi?U`ib- BMi2`+iBQMXTHQiUTQBbQM- i`2i- iBK2- Hr/ 4 k- +QH 4 R,9VV
rBi?U`ib- BMi2`+iBQMXTHQiUi`2i- TQBbQM- iBK2- Hr/ 4 k- +QH 4 R,jVV
0.9

0.9

treat poison
0.8

0.8

B II
D I
0.7

0.7

C III
mean of time

mean of time

A
0.6

0.6
0.5

0.5
0.4

0.4
0.3

0.3
0.2

0.2

I II III A B C D

poison treat

A7 i?2`2 Bb MQi BMi2`+iBQM- i?mb M //BiBp2 KQ/2H- r2 rQmH/ 2tT2+i iQ b22

T`HH2H HBM2bX h?i rQmH/ K2M- r?2M r2 +?M;2 i?2 H2p2H Q7 QM2 7+iQ`- i?2`2
+M #2 M 2z2+i QM i?2 `2bTQMb2X >Qr2p2`- i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M i?2 H2p2Hb Q7
i?2 Qi?2` 7+iQ` b?QmH/ biBHH #2 i?2 bK2X
h?2 Q#pBQmb BM/B+iBQM Q7 BMi2`+iBQM rQmH/ #2 HBM2b i?i +`Qbb r?BH2 ?2/BM; BM
/Bz2`2Mi /B`2+iBQMbX >2`2 r2 /QMǶi b22 i?i- #mi i?2 HBM2b `2MǶi bi`B+iHv T`HH2H-
M/ i?2`2 Bb bQK2 Qp2`HT QM i?2 `B;?i TM2HX >Qr2p2`- Bb i?Bb BMi2`+iBQM 2z2+i
bB;MB}+Mi\
G2iǶb }i 2+? Q7 i?2 TQbbB#H2 KQ/2Hb- i?2M BMp2biB;i2 i?2B` 2biBKi2b 7Q` 2+? Q7
i?2 ;`QmT K2MbX

`ibnBMi 4 QpUiBK2  TQBbQM i`2i- /i 4 `ibV O BMi2`+iBQM KQ/2H

`ibn// 4 QpUiBK2  TQBbQM Y i`2i- /i 4 `ibV O //BiBp2 KQ/2H
`ibnTQBb 4 QpUiBK2  TQBbQM - /i 4 `ibV O bBM;H2 7+iQ` KQ/2H
`ibni`2i 4 QpUiBK2  i`2i- /i 4 `ibV O bBM;H2 7+iQ` KQ/2H
`ibnMmHH 4 QpUiBK2  R- /i 4 `ibV O MmHH KQ/2H
RkX8X hqP@qu LPo k8j

hQ ;2i i?2 2biBKi2b- r2ǶHH +`2i2  i#H2 r?B+? r2 rBHH T`2/B+i QMX

`ibni#H2 4 2tTM/X;`B/UTQBbQM 4 mMB[m2U`ib0TQBbQMV- i`2i 4 mMB[m2U`ib0i`2iVV

`ibni#H2

OO TQBbQM i`2i
OO R A 
OO k AA 
OO j AAA 
OO 9 A "
OO 8 AA "
OO e AAA "
OO d A *
OO 3 AA *
OO N AAA *
OO Ry A .
OO RR AA .
OO Rk AAA .

Ki`BtUTbi2yU`ibni#H20TQBbQM- ]@]- `ibni#H20i`2iV - 9- j- #v`Qr 4 h_l1V

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) ]A@] ]AA@] ]AAA@]
OO (k-) ]A@"] ]AA@"] ]AAA@"]
OO (j-) ]A@*] ]AA@*] ]AAA@*]
OO (9-) ]A@.] ]AA@.] ]AAA@.]

aBM+2 r2ǶHH #2 `2T2iBM; Qm`b2Hp2b  MmK#2` Q7 iBK2b- r2 r`Bi2  7mM+iBQM iQ

T2`7Q`K i?2 T`2/B+iBQMX aQK2 ?Qmb2F22TBM; Bb /QM2 iQ F22T i?2 2biBKi2b BM
Q`/2`- M/ T`QpB/2 `Qr M/ +QHmKM MK2bX #Qp2- r2Ƕp2 b?QrM r?2`2 2+? Q7
i?2 2biBKi2b rBHH #2 TH+2/ BM i?2 `2bmHiBM; Ki`BtX

;2in2binK2Mb 4 7mM+iBQMUKQ/2H- i#H2V &

Ki 4 Ki`BtUT`2/B+iUKQ/2H- i#H2V- M`Qr 4 9- M+QH 4 j- #v`Qr 4 h_l1V
+QHMK2bUKiV 4 +U]A]- ]AA]- ]AAA]V
`QrMK2bUKiV 4 +U]]- ]"]- ]*]- ].]V
Ki
'

6B`bi- r2 Q#iBM i?2 2biBKi2b 7`QK i?2 BMi2`+iBQM KQ/2HX LQi2 i?i 2+? +2HH
?b  /Bz2`2Mi pHm2X
k89 *>Sh1_ RkX LGuaAa P6 o_AL*1

FMBi`,,F#H2U;2in2binK2MbUKQ/2H 4 `ibnBMi- i#H2 4 `ibni#H2VV

A AA AAA
 yX9Rk8 yXjkyy yXkRy
" yX33yy yX3R8y yXjj8
* yX8ed8 yXjd8y yXkj8
. yXeRyy yXeed8 yXjk8
L2ti- r2 Q#iBM i?2 2biBKi2b 7`QK i?2 //BiBp2 KQ/2HX ;BM- 2+? +2HH ?b
 /Bz2`2Mi pHm2X q2 HbQ b22 i?i i?2b2 2biBKi2b `2 bQK2r?i +HQb2 iQ i?Qb2
7`QK i?2 BMi2`+iBQM KQ/2HX

FMBi`,,F#H2U;2in2binK2MbUKQ/2H 4 `ibn//- i#H2 4 `ibni#H2VV

A AA AAA
 yX98kkNRd yXjdNReed yXRRRy9Rd
" yX3R9dNRd yXd9Reeed yX9dj89Rd
* yX8jyek8y yX98d8yyy yXR3Njd8y
. yXedkkNRd yX8NNReed yXjjRy9Rd
hQ mM/2`biM/ i?2 /Bz2`2M+2- H2iǶb +QMbB/2` i?2 2z2+i Q7 i?2 i`2iK2MibX

//BiBp2nK2Mb 4 ;2in2binK2MbUKQ/2H 4 `ibn//- i#H2 4 `ibni#H2V

//BiBp2nK2Mb(]]-) @ //BiBp2nK2Mb(]"]-)

OO A AA AAA
OO @yXjek8 @yXjek8 @yXjek8

BMi2`+iBQMnK2Mb 4 ;2in2binK2MbUKQ/2H 4 `ibnBMi- i#H2 4 `ibni#H2V

BMi2`+iBQMnK2Mb(]]-) @ BMi2`+iBQMnK2Mb(]"]-)

OO A AA AAA
OO @yX9ed8 @yX9N8y @yXRk8y

h?Bb Bb i?2 F2v /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M i?2 BMi2`+iBQM M/ //BiBp2 KQ/2HbX h?2
/Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M i?2 2z2+i Q7 i`2iK2Mib  M/ " Bb i?2 bK2 7Q` 2+? TQBbQM
BM i?2 //BiBp2 KQ/2HX h?2v `2 /Bz2`2Mi BM i?2 BMi2`+iBQM KQ/2HX
h?2 `2KBMBM; i?`22 KQ/2Hb `2 Km+? bBKTH2`- ?pBM; 2Bi?2` QMHv `Qr Q` QMHv
+QHmKM 2z2+ibX P` MQ 2z2+ib BM i?2 +b2 Q7 i?2 MmHH KQ/2HX

FMBi`,,F#H2U;2in2binK2MbUKQ/2H 4 `ibnTQBb- i#H2 4 `ibni#H2VV

RkX8X hqP@qu LPo k88

A AA AAA
 yXeRd8 yX899jd8 yXkdek8
" yXeRd8 yX899jd8 yXkdek8
* yXeRd8 yX899jd8 yXkdek8
. yXeRd8 yX899jd8 yXkdek8

FMBi`,,F#H2U;2in2binK2MbUKQ/2H 4 `ibni`2i- i#H2 4 `ibni#H2VV

A AA AAA
 yXjR9Reed yXjR9Reed yXjR9Reed
" yXedeeeed yXedeeeed yXedeeeed
* yXjNk8yyy yXjNk8yyy yXjNk8yyy
. yX8j9Reed yX8j9Reed yX8j9Reed

FMBi`,,F#H2U;2in2binK2MbUKQ/2H 4 `ibnMmHH- i#H2 4 `ibni#H2VV

A AA AAA
 yX9dNjd8 yX9dNjd8 yX9dNjd8
" yX9dNjd8 yX9dNjd8 yX9dNjd8
* yX9dNjd8 yX9dNjd8 yX9dNjd8
. yX9dNjd8 yX9dNjd8 yX9dNjd8
hQ T2`7Q`K i?2 M22/2/ i2bib- r2 rBHH M22/ iQ +`2i2 MQi?2` LPo i#H2X
Uq2ǶHH bFBT i?2 /2iBHb Q7 i?2 bmKb Q7 b[m`2b +H+mHiBQMb M/ bBKTHv H2i _ iF2
+`2 Q7 i?2KXV

aQm`+2 amK Q7 a[m`2b .2;`22b Q7 6`22/QK J2M a[m`2 ӻ

6+iQ`  aa Ӿ ਷ aa f .6 Ja f Ja1
6+iQ` " aa" ӿ ਷ aa" f .6" Ja" f Ja1
" AMi2`+iBQM aa" Ӿ ਷ 
ӿ ਷ 
aa" f .6" Ja" f Ja1
1``Q` aa1 Ӿӿ Ԁ ਷ 
aa1 f .61
hQiH aah Ӿӿ Ԁ ਷ 

h?2 `Qr 7Q` " AMi2`+iBQM i2bib,

ӽЈ ੃ HH ᅫᅬ
քօ   pb ӽφ ੃ LQi HH ᅫᅬ
քօ `2 

Ç LmHH JQ/2H, Ԩքօֆ  ᅷ  ᅫք  ᅬօ  ᅯքօֆ  U//BiBp2 JQ/2HXV

Ç Hi2`MiBp2 JQ/2H, Ԩքօֆ  ᅷ  ᅫք  ᅬօ  ᅫᅬ
քօ  ᅯքօֆ  UAMi2`+iBQM JQ/2HXV

q2 `2D2+i i?2 MmHH r?2M i?2 ӻ biiBbiB+ Bb H`;2X lM/2` i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb- i?2
/Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+ Bb ӻ rBi? /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK Ӿ ਷ 
ӿ ਷ 
M/
Ӿӿ Ԁ ਷ 
X
k8e *>Sh1_ RkX LGuaAa P6 o_AL*1

h?2 `Qr 7Q` 6+iQ` " i2bib,

ӽЈ ੃ HH ᅬօ   pb ӽφ ੃ LQi HH ᅬօ `2 

Ç LmHH JQ/2H, Ԩքօֆ  ᅷ  ᅫք  ᅯքօֆ  UPMHv 6+iQ`  JQ/2HXV

Ç Hi2`MiBp2 JQ/2H, Ԩքօֆ  ᅷ  ᅫք  ᅬօ  ᅯքօֆ  U//BiBp2 JQ/2HXV

q2 `2D2+i i?2 MmHH r?2M i?2 ӻ biiBbiB+ Bb H`;2X lM/2` i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb-
i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+ Bb ӻ rBi? /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK ӿ ਷  M/
Ӿӿ Ԁ ਷ 
X
h?2 `Qr 7Q` 6+iQ`  i2bib,

ӽЈ ੃ HH ᅫք   pb ӽφ ੃ LQi HH ᅫք `2 

Ç LmHH JQ/2H, Ԩքօֆ  ᅷ  ᅬօ  ᅯքօֆ  UPMHv 6+iQ` " JQ/2HXV

Ç Hi2`MiBp2 JQ/2H, Ԩքօֆ  ᅷ  ᅫք  ᅬօ  ᅯքօֆ  U//BiBp2 JQ/2HXV

q2 `2D2+i i?2 MmHH r?2M i?2 ӻ biiBbiB+ Bb H`;2X lM/2` i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb- i?2
/Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+ Bb ӻ rBi? /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK Ӿ ਷ M/ Ӿӿ Ԁ ਷
X
h?2b2 i2bib b?QmH/ #2 T2`7Q`K2/ ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 KQ/2H ?B2``+?vX 6B`bi +QM@
bB/2` i?2 i2bi Q7 BMi2`+iBQMX A7 Bi Bb bB;MB}+Mi- r2 b2H2+i i?2 BMi2`+iBQM KQ/2H
M/ T2`7Q`K MQ 7m`i?2` i2biBM;X A7 BMi2`+iBQM Bb MQi bB;MB}+Mi- r2 i?2M +QMbB/2`
i?2 M2+2bbBiv Q7 i?2 BM/BpB/mH 7+iQ`b Q7 i?2 //BiBp2 KQ/2HX

bmKK`vUQpUiBK2  TQBbQM i`2i- /i 4 `ibVV

OO .7 amK a[ J2M a[ 6 pHm2 S`U=6V

OO TQBbQM k RXyjjy yX8Re8 kjXkkk jXjj2@yd
OO i`2i j yXNkRk yXjydR RjX3ye jXd32@ye
OO TQBbQM,i`2i e yXk8yR yXy9Rd RX3d9 yXRRk
OO _2bB/mHb je yX3yyd yXykkk
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R

lbBM;  bB;MB}+M+2 H2p2H Q7 ᅫ  - r2 b22 i?i i?2 BMi2`+iBQM Bb MQi bB;MB7@
B+MiX qBi?BM i?2 //BiBp2 KQ/2H- #Qi? 7+iQ`b `2 bB;MB}+Mi- bQ r2 b2H2+i i?2
//BiBp2 KQ/2HX
qBi?BM i?2 //BiBp2 KQ/2H- r2 +QmH/ /Q 7m`i?2` i2biBM; #Qmi i?2 KBM 2z2+ibX
RkX8X hqP@qu LPo k8d

6B;m`2 RkXR, JQ/2H >B2``+?v

k83 *>Sh1_ RkX LGuaAa P6 o_AL*1

hmF2v>a.UQpUiBK2  TQBbQM Y i`2i- /i 4 `ibVV

OO hmF2v KmHiBTH2 +QKT`BbQMb Q7 K2Mb

OO N8W 7KBHv@rBb2 +QM7B/2M+2 H2p2H
OO
OO 6Bi, QpU7Q`KmH 4 iBK2  TQBbQM Y i`2i- /i 4 `ibV
OO
OO 0TQBbQM
OO /B77 Hr` mT` T /D
OO AA@A @yXydjRk8 @yXky3NNje yXyekd9je yXjN3Ne8d
OO AAA@A @yXj9Rk8y @yX9ddRR3e @yXky8j3R9 yXyyyyyy3
OO AAA@AA @yXke3Rk8 @yX9yjNNje @yXRjkk8e9 yXyyyyeye
OO
OO 0i`2i
OO /B77 Hr` mT` T /D
OO "@ yXjek8yyyy yXR3NdeRj8 yX8j8kj3e8 yXyyyyy3j
OO *@ yXyd3jjjjj @yXyN99y8jk yXk8RydRN3 yXekkRdkN
OO .@ yXkkyyyyyy yXy9dkeRj8 yXjNkdj3e8 yXyydeeeR
OO *@" @yXk39Reeed @yX98eNy8jk @yXRRR9k3yk yXyyy9yNy
OO .@" @yXR9k8yyyy @yXjR8kj3e8 yXyjykj3e8 yXRj3y9jk
OO .@* yXR9Reeeed @yXyjRydRN3 yXjR99y8jk yXR9ReR8R

6Q` M 2tKTH2 rBi? BMi2`+iBQM- r2 BMp2biB;i2 i?2 r`T#`2Fb /ib2i- 

/27mHi /ib2i BM _X

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

rBi?Ur`T#`2Fb- BMi2`+iBQMXTHQiUrQQH- i2MbBQM- #`2Fb- Hr/ 4 k- +QH 4 k,9VV
rBi?Ur`T#`2Fb- BMi2`+iBQMXTHQiUi2MbBQM- rQQH- #`2Fb- Hr/ 4 k- +QH 4 k,jVV
45

45

tension wool

M A
40

40

L B
H
mean of breaks

mean of breaks
35

35
30

30
25

25
20

20

A B L M H

wool tension

1Bi?2` THQi KF2b Bi `i?2` +H2` i?i i?2 rQQH M/ i2MbBQMb 7+iQ`b BMi2`+iX
RkXeX _ J_E.PqL k8N

bmKK`vUQpU#`2Fb  rQQH i2MbBQM- /i 4 r`T#`2FbVV

OO .7 amK a[ J2M a[ 6 pHm2 S`U=6V

OO rQQH R 98R 98yXd jXde8 yXy83kRj X
OO i2MbBQM k kyj9 RyRdXR 3X9N3 yXyyyeNj
OO rQQH,i2MbBQM k Ryyj 8yRX9 9XR3N yXykRy99
OO _2bB/mHb 93 8d98 RRNXd
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R

lbBM; M ᅫ Q7  i?2 LPo i2bi }M/b i?i i?2 BMi2`+iBQM Bb bB;MB}+Mi- bQ
r2 mb2 i?2 BMi2`+iBQM KQ/2H ?2`2X

RkXe _ J`F/QrM
h?2 _ J`F/QrM }H2 7Q` i?Bb +?Ti2` +M #2 7QmM/ ?2`2,

Ç MQpX_K/

h?2 }H2 rb +`2i2/ mbBM; _ p2`bBQM 9XkXRX

key *>Sh1_ RkX LGuaAa P6 o_AL*1
*?Ti2` Rj

JQ/2H .B;MQbiB+b

dzuQm` bbmKTiBQMb `2 vQm` rBM/Qrb QM i?2 rQ`H/X a+`m# i?2K Qz

2p2`v QM+2 BM  r?BH2- Q` i?2 HB;?i rQMǶi +QK2 BMXǴ
ě Ab+ bBKQp

7i2` `2/BM; i?Bb +?Ti2` vQm rBHH #2 #H2 iQ,

Ç lM/2`biM/ i?2 bbmKTiBQMb Q7  `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2HX

Ç bb2bb `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H bbmKTiBQMb mbBM; pBbmHBxiBQMb M/ i2bibX
Ç lM/2`biM/ H2p2`;2- QmiHB2`b- M/ BM~m2MiBH TQBMibX
Ç "2 #H2 iQ B/2MiB7v mMmbmH Q#b2`piBQMb BM `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2HbX

RjXR JQ/2H bbmKTiBQMb

_2+HH i?2 KmHiBTH2 HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H i?i r2 ?p2 /2}M2/X

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧքφ  ᅬϵ ԧքϵ  ੈ  ᅬ֋਷φ ԧք ֋਷φ

 ᅯք Ԙ    w ԝ

lbBM; Ki`Bt MQiiBQM- i?Bb KQ/2H +M #2 r`Bii2M Km+? KQ`2 bm++BM+iHv b

Ԏ  ԍᅬ  ᅯ

:Bp2M /i- r2 7QmM/ i?2 2biBKi2b 7Q` i?2 ᅬ T`K2i2`b mbBM;

਷φ
ᅬ ࣞ  िԍ સ ԍी ԍ સ Ԩ

q2 i?2M MQi2/ i?i i?2b2 2biBKi2b ?/ K2M

keR
kek *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

1<ᅬ>ࣞ  ᅬ

M/ p`BM+2

਷φ
o`<ᅬ>ࣞ  ᅼϵ िԍ સ ԍी 

AM T`iB+mH`- M BM/BpB/mH T`K2i2`- bv ᅬօࣞ ?/  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQM

ᅬօࣞ ୽ ԃ ॕᅬօ ᅼϵ Ӹօօ ॖ

r?2`2 Ӹ rb i?2 Ki`Bt /2}M2/ b

਷φ
Ӹ  िԍ સ ԍी 

q2 i?2M mb2/ i?Bb 7+i iQ /2}M2

ᅬօࣞ ਷ ᅬօ
୽ ԣ։਷֋
Ԣր ఉӸօօ

r?B+? r2 mb2/ iQ T2`7Q`K ?vTQi?2bBb i2biBM;X

aQ 7` r2 ?p2 HQQF2/ i p`BQmb K2i`B+b bm+? b _Ja1- _a1- M/ ԇϵ iQ /2i2`@
KBM2 ?Qr r2HH Qm` KQ/2H }ib Qm` /iX 1+? Q7 i?2b2 BM bQK2 rv +QMbB/2`b i?2
2tT`2bbBQM

։
ం Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ
ϵ 
քφ

aQ- 2bb2MiBHHv 2+? Q7 i?2b2 HQQFb i ?Qr +HQb2 i?2 /i TQBMib `2 iQ i?2 KQ/2HX
>Qr2p2` Bb i?i HH r2 +`2 #Qmi\

Ç Ai +QmH/ #2 i?i i?2 2``Q`b `2 K/2 BM  bvbi2KiB+ rv- r?B+? K2Mb
i?i Qm` KQ/2H Bb KBbbT2+B}2/X q2 Kv M22/ //BiBQMH BMi2`+iBQM i2`Kb-
Q` TQHvMQKBH i2`Kb r?B+? r2 rBHH b22 Hi2`X
Ç Ai Bb HbQ TQbbB#H2 i?i i  T`iB+mH` b2i Q7 T`2/B+iQ` pHm2b- i?2 2``Q`b `2
p2`v bKHH- #mi i  /Bz2`2Mi b2i Q7 T`2/B+iQ` pHm2b- i?2 2``Q`b `2 H`;2X
Ç S2`?Tb KQbi Q7 i?2 2``Q`b `2 p2`v bKHH- #mi bQK2 `2 p2`v H`;2X h?Bb
rQmH/ bm;;2bi i?i i?2 2``Q`b /Q MQi 7QHHQr  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQMX
RjXkX *>1*EAL: aalJShAPLa kej

`2 i?2b2 Bbbm2b i?i r2 +`2 #Qmi\ A7 HH r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ /Q Bb T`2/B+i- TQbbB#Hv
MQi- bBM+2 r2 rQmH/ QMHv +`2 #Qmi i?2 bBx2 Q7 Qm` 2``Q`bX >Qr2p2`- B7 r2 rQmH/
HBF2 iQ T2`7Q`K BM72`2M+2- 7Q` 2tKTH2 iQ /2i2`KBM2 B7  T`iB+mH` T`2/B+iQ` Bb
BKTQ`iMi- r2 +`2  ;`2i /2HX HH Q7 i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQMH `2bmHib- bm+? b  ԣ@i2bi
7Q`  bBM;H2 T`2/B+iQ`- `2 /2`Bp2/ mM/2` i?2 bbmKTiBQMb Q7 Qm` KQ/2HX
h2+?MB+HHv- i?2 bbmKTiBQMb Q7 i?2 KQ/2H `2 2M+Q/2/ /B`2+iHv BM  KQ/2H bii2@
K2Mi bm+? b-

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧքφ  ᅬϵ ԧքϵ  ੈ  ᅬ֋਷φ ԧք ֋਷φ

 ᅯք

r?2`2 ᅯք ୽ ԃ  ᅼϵ

P7i2M- i?2 bbmKTiBQMb Q7 HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM- `2 bii2/ b-

Ç GBM2`Biv, i?2 `2bTQMb2 +M #2 r`Bii2M b  HBM2` +QK#BMiBQM Q7 i?2

T`2/B+iQ`bX UqBi? MQBb2 #Qmi i?Bb i`m2 HBM2` `2HiBQMb?BTXV
Ç AM/2T2M/2M+2, i?2 2``Q`b `2 BM/2T2M/2MiX
Ç LQ`KHBiv, i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2 2``Q`b b?QmH/ 7QHHQr  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#m@
iBQMX
Ç 1[mH o`BM+2, i?2 2``Q` p`BM+2 Bb i?2 bK2 i Mv b2i Q7 T`2/B+iQ`
pHm2bX

h?2 HBM2`Biv bbmKTiBQM Bb 2M+Q/2/ b

ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧքφ  ᅬϵ ԧքϵ  ੈ  ᅬ֋਷φ ԧք ֋਷φ

r?BH2 i?2 `2KBMBM; i?`22- `2 HH 2M+Q/2/ BM

ᅯք ୽ ԃ  ᅼϵ

bBM+2 i?2 ᅯք `2 ԘԘԓ MQ`KH `M/QK p`B#H2b rBi? +QMbiMi p`BM+2X
A7 i?2b2 bbmKTiBQMb `2 K2i- ;`2i5 q2 +M T2`7Q`K BM72`2M+2- M/ Bi Bb pHB/X
A7 i?2b2 bbmKTiBQMb `2 MQi K2i- r2 +M biBHH dzT2`7Q`KǴ  ԣ@i2bi mbBM; _- #mi
i?2 `2bmHib `2 MQi pHB/X h?2 /Bbi`B#miBQMb Q7 i?2 T`K2i2` 2biBKi2b rBHH
MQi #2 r?i r2 2tT2+iX >vTQi?2bBb i2bib rBHH i?2M ++2Ti Q` `2D2+i BM+Q``2+iHvX
1bb2MiBHHv- ;`#;2 BM- ;`#;2 QmiX

RjXk *?2+FBM; bbmKTiBQMb

q2ǶHH MQr HQQF i  MmK#2` Q7 iQQHb 7Q` +?2+FBM; i?2 bbmKTiBQMb Q7  HBM2`
KQ/2HX hQ i2bi i?2b2 iQQHb- r2ǶHH mb2 /i bBKmHi2/ 7`QK i?`22 KQ/2Hb,
ke9 *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

JQ/2H R, Ԏ    ԧ  ᅯ ᅯ ୽ ԃ  

JQ/2H k, Ԏ    ԧ  ᅯ ᅯ ୽ ԃ  ԧϵ

JQ/2H j, Ԏ    ԧϵ  ᅯ ᅯ ୽ ԃ  

bBKnR 4 7mM+iBQMUbKTH2nbBx2 4 8yyV &

t 4 `mMB7UM 4 bKTH2nbBx2V 8
v 4 j Y 8 t Y `MQ`KUM 4 bKTH2nbBx2- K2M 4 y- b/ 4 RV
/iX7`K2Ut- vV
'

bBKnk 4 7mM+iBQMUbKTH2nbBx2 4 8yyV &

t 4 `mMB7UM 4 bKTH2nbBx2V 8
v 4 j Y 8 t Y `MQ`KUM 4 bKTH2nbBx2- K2M 4 y- b/ 4 tV
/iX7`K2Ut- vV
'

bBKnj 4 7mM+iBQMUbKTH2nbBx2 4 8yyV &

t 4 `mMB7UM 4 bKTH2nbBx2V 8
v 4 j Y 8 t  k Y `MQ`KUM 4 bKTH2nbBx2- K2M 4 y- b/ 4 8V
/iX7`K2Ut- vV
'

RjXkXR 6Bii2/ p2`bmb _2bB/mHb SHQi

S`Q##Hv Qm` KQbi mb27mH iQQH rBHH #2  6Bii2/ p2`bmb _2bB/mHb SHQiX Ai rBHH
#2 mb27mH 7Q` +?2+FBM; #Qi? i?2 HBM2`Biv M/ +QMbiMi p`BM+2 bbmKTiBQMbX
.i ;2M2`i2/ 7`QK JQ/2H R #Qp2 b?QmH/ MQi b?Qr Mv bB;Mb Q7 pBQHiBM;
bbmKTiBQMb- bQ r2ǶHH mb2 i?Bb iQ b22 r?i  ;QQ/ }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi
b?QmH/ HQQF HBF2X 6B`bi- r2ǶHH bBKmHi2 Q#b2`piBQMb 7`QK i?Bb KQ/2HX

b2iXb22/U9kV
bBKn/inR 4 bBKnRUV
?2/UbBKn/inRV

OO t v
OO R 9X8d9yjy k9XddjNN8
OO k 9Xe38jdd keX9d8Nje
OO j RX9jyeN3 3XN89NNj
RjXkX *>1*EAL: aalJShAPLa ke8

OO 9 9XR8kkj3 kjXN8RkRy
OO 8 jXky3dk3 kyXj9Rj99
OO e kX8N893y R9XN9j8k8

q2 i?2M }i i?2 KQ/2H M/ // i?2 }ii2/ HBM2 iQ  b+ii2`THQiX

THQiUv  t- /i 4 bBKn/inR- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky-

KBM 4 ].i 7`QK JQ/2H R]V
7BinR 4 HKUv  t- /i 4 bBKn/inRV
#HBM2U7BinR- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 jV

Data from Model 1

30
25
20
15
y

10
5

0 1 2 3 4 5

q2 MQr THQi  }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQiX LQi2- i?Bb Bb `2bB/mHb QM i?2 Ԩ@tBb
/2bTBi2 i?2 Q`/2`BM; BM i?2 MK2X aQK2iBK2b vQm rBHH b22 i?Bb +HH2/  `2bB/mHb
p2`bmb }ii2/- Q` `2bB/mHb p2`bmb T`2/B+i2/ THQiX

THQiU7Bii2/U7BinRV- `2bB/U7BinRV- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky-

tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]- KBM 4 ].i 7`QK JQ/2H R]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
kee *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

Data from Model 1

3
2
1
Residuals

0
-1
-2
-3

5 10 15 20 25

Fitted

q2 b?QmH/ HQQF 7Q` irQ i?BM;b BM i?Bb THQiX

Ç i Mv }ii2/ pHm2- i?2 K2M Q7 i?2 `2bB/mHb b?QmH/ #2 `Qm;?Hv yX A7 i?Bb
Bb i?2 +b2- i?2 HBM2`Biv bbmKTiBQM Bb pHB/X 6Q` i?Bb `2bQM- r2 ;2M2`HHv
//  ?Q`BxQMiH HBM2 i Ԩ   iQ 2KT?bBx2 i?Bb TQBMiX
Ç i 2p2`v }ii2/ pHm2- i?2 bT`2/ Q7 i?2 `2bB/mHb b?QmH/ #2 `Qm;?Hv i?2
bK2X A7 i?Bb Bb i?2 +b2- i?2 +QMbiMi p`BM+2 bbmKTiBQM Bb pHB/X

>2`2 r2 b22 i?Bb Bb i?2 +b2 7Q` #Qi?X

hQ ;2i  #2ii2` B/2 Q7 ?Qr  }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi +M #2 mb27mH- r2 rBHH
bBKmHi2 7`QK KQ/2Hb rBi? pBQHi2/ bbmKTiBQMbX

JQ/2H k Bb M 2tKTH2 Q7 MQM@+QMbiMi p`BM+2X AM i?Bb +b2- i?2 p`BM+2 Bb

H`;2` 7Q` H`;2` pHm2b Q7 i?2 T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2 ԧX

b2iXb22/U9kV
bBKn/ink 4 bBKnkUV
7Bink 4 HKUv  t- /i 4 bBKn/inkV
THQiUv  t- /i 4 bBKn/ink- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky-
KBM 4 ].i 7`QK JQ/2H k]V
#HBM2U7Bink- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 jV
RjXkX *>1*EAL: aalJShAPLa ked

Data from Model 2

40
30
y

20
10

0 1 2 3 4 5

h?Bb +imHHv Bb `i?2` 2bv iQ b22 ?2`2 #v //BM; i?2 }ii2/ HBM2 iQ  b+ii2`THQiX
h?Bb Bb #2+mb2 r2 `2 QMHv T2`7Q`KBM; bBKTH2 HBM2` `2;`2bbBQMX qBi? KmHiBTH2
`2;`2bbBQM-  }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi Bb  M2+2bbBiv- bBM+2 //BM;  }ii2/
`2;`2bbBQM iQ  b+ii2`THQi BbMǶi 2t+iHv TQbbB#H2X

THQiU7Bii2/U7BinkV- `2bB/U7BinkV- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky-

tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]- KBM 4 ].i 7`QK JQ/2H k]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
ke3 *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

Data from Model 2

15
10
5
Residuals

0
-5
-10
-15

5 10 15 20 25

Fitted

PM i?2 }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi- r2 b22 irQ i?BM;b p2`v +H2`HvX 6Q` Mv }ii2/
pHm2- i?2 `2bB/mHb b22K `Qm;?Hv +2Mi2`2/ i yX h?Bb Bb ;QQ/5 h?2 HBM2`Biv
bbmKTiBQM Bb MQi pBQHi2/X >Qr2p2`- r2 HbQ b22 p2`v +H2`Hv- i?i 7Q` H`;2`
}ii2/ pHm2b- i?2 bT`2/ Q7 i?2 `2bB/mHb Bb H`;2`X h?Bb Bb #/5 h?2 +QMbiMi
p`BM+2 bbmKTiBQM Bb pBQHi2/ ?2`2X

LQr r2 rBHH /2KQMbi`i2  KQ/2H r?B+? /Q2b MQi K22i i?2 HBM2`Biv bbmKTiBQMX
JQ/2H j Bb M 2tKTH2 Q7  KQ/2H r?2`2 Ԏ Bb MQi  HBM2` +QK#BMiBQM Q7 i?2
T`2/B+iQ`bX AM i?Bb +b2 i?2 T`2/B+iQ` Bb ԧ- #mi i?2 KQ/2H mb2b ԧϵ X Uq2ǶHH b22 Hi2`
i?i i?Bb Bb bQK2i?BM; i?i  dzHBM2`Ǵ KQ/2H +M /2H rBi?X h?2 }t Bb bBKTH2-
Dmbi KF2 ԧϵ  T`2/B+iQ`5V

b2iXb22/U9kV
bBKn/inj 4 bBKnjUV
7Binj 4 HKUv  t- /i 4 bBKn/injV
THQiUv  t- /i 4 bBKn/inj- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky-
KBM 4 ].i 7`QK JQ/2H j]V
#HBM2U7Binj- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 jV
RjXkX *>1*EAL: aalJShAPLa keN

Data from Model 3

120
80
y

60
40
20
0

0 1 2 3 4 5

;BM- i?Bb Bb `i?2` +H2` QM i?2 b+ii2`THQi- #mi ;BM- r2 rQmH/MǶi #2 #H2 iQ
+?2+F i?Bb THQi 7Q` KmHiBTH2 `2;`2bbBQMX

THQiU7Bii2/U7BinjV- `2bB/U7BinjV- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky-

tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]- KBM 4 ].i 7`QK JQ/2H j]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
kdy *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

Data from Model 3

30
20
Residuals

10
0
-10
-20

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Fitted

h?Bb iBK2 QM i?2 }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi- 7Q` Mv }ii2/ pHm2- i?2 bT`2/ Q7
i?2 `2bB/mHb Bb #Qmi i?2 bK2X >Qr2p2`- i?2v `2 MQi 2p2M +HQb2 iQ +2Mi2`2/
i x2`Q5 i bKHH M/ H`;2 }ii2/ pHm2b i?2 KQ/2H Bb mM/2`2biBKiBM;- r?BH2 i
K2/BmK }ii2/ pHm2b- i?2 KQ/2H Bb Qp2`2biBKiBM;X h?2b2 `2 bvbi2KiB+ 2``Q`b-
MQi `M/QK MQBb2X aQ i?2 +QMbiMi p`BM+2 bbmKTiBQM Bb K2i- #mi i?2 HBM2`Biv
bbmKTiBQM Bb pBQHi2/X h?2 7Q`K Q7 Qm` KQ/2H Bb bBKTHv r`QM;X q2Ƕ`2 i`vBM;
iQ }i  HBM2 iQ  +m`p25

RjXkXk "`2mb+?@S;M h2bi

*QMbiMi p`BM+2 Bb Q7i2M +HH2/ ?QKQb+2/biB+BivX *QMp2`b2Hv- MQM@+QMbiMi

p`BM+2 Bb +HH2/ ?2i2`Qb+2/biB+BivX q2Ƕp2 b22M ?Qr r2 +M mb2  }ii2/
p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi iQ HQQF 7Q` i?2b2 ii`B#mi2bX
q?BH2  }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi +M ;Bp2 mb M B/2 #Qmi ?QKQb+2/biB+Biv-
bQK2iBK2b r2 rQmH/ T`272`  KQ`2 7Q`KH i2biX h?2`2 `2 KMv i2bib 7Q` +QMbiMi
p`BM+2- #mi ?2`2 r2 rBHH T`2b2Mi QM2- i?2 "`2mb+?@S;M h2biX h?2 2t+i
/2iBHb Q7 i?2 i2bi rBHH #2 QKBii2/ ?2`2- #mi BKTQ`iMiHv i?2 MmHH M/ Hi2`MiBp2
+M #2 +QMbB/2`2/ iQ #2-

Ç ӽЈ , >QKQb+2/biB+BivX h?2 2``Q`b ?p2 +QMbiMi p`BM+2 #Qmi i?2 i`m2

KQ/2HX
Ç ӽφ , >2i2`Qb+2/biB+BivX h?2 2``Q`b ?p2 MQM@+QMbiMi p`BM+2 #Qmi i?2
i`m2 KQ/2HX
RjXkX *>1*EAL: aalJShAPLa kdR

AbMǶi i?i +QMp2MB2Mi\  i2bi i?i rBHH bT2+B}+HHv i2bi i?2 +QMbiMi p`BM+2
bbmKTiBQMX
h?2 "`2mb+?@S;M h2bi +M MQi #2 T2`7Q`K2/ #v /27mHi BM _- ?Qr2p2` i?2
7mM+iBQM #Ti2bi BM i?2 HKi2bi T+F;2 BKTH2K2Mib i?2 i2biX

OBMbiHHXT+F;2bU]HKi2bi]V
HB#``vUHKi2biV

G2iǶb i`v Bi QM i?2 i?`22 KQ/2Hb r2 }i #Qp2X _2+HH-

Ç 7BinR ?/ MQ pBQHiBQM Q7 bbmKTiBQMb-

Ç 7Bink pBQHi2/ i?2 +QMbiMi p`BM+2 bbmKTiBQM- #mi MQi HBM2`Biv-
Ç 7Binj pBQHi2/ HBM2`Biv- #mi MQi +QMbiMi p`BM+2X

#Ti2biU7BinRV

OO
OO bim/2MiBx2/ "`2mb+?@S;M i2bi
OO
OO /i, 7BinR
OO "S 4 RXykj9- /7 4 R- T@pHm2 4 yXjRRd

6Q` 7BinR r2 b22  H`;2 T@pHm2- bQ r2 /Q MQi `2D2+i i?2 MmHH Q7 ?QKQb+2/biB+Biv-
r?B+? Bb r?i r2 rQmH/ 2tT2+iX

#Ti2biU7BinkV

OO
OO bim/2MiBx2/ "`2mb+?@S;M i2bi
OO
OO /i, 7Bink
OO "S 4 deXeNj- /7 4 R- T@pHm2 I kXk2@Re

6Q` 7Bink r2 b22  bKHH T@pHm2- bQ r2 `2D2+i i?2 MmHH Q7 ?QKQb+2/biB+BivX

h?2 +QMbiMi p`BM+2 bbmKTiBQM Bb pBQHi2/X h?Bb Ki+?2b Qm` }M/BM;b rBi?
 }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQiX

#Ti2biU7BinjV

OO
OO bim/2MiBx2/ "`2mb+?@S;M i2bi
OO
OO /i, 7Binj
OO "S 4 yXjj9ee- /7 4 R- T@pHm2 4 yX8ekN
kdk *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

GbiHv- 7Q` 7Binj r2 ;BM b22  H`;2 T@pHm2- bQ r2 /Q MQi `2D2+i i?2 MmHH Q7
?QKQb+2/biB+Biv- r?B+? Ki+?2b Qm` }M/BM;b rBi?  }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQiX

RjXkXj >BbiQ;`Kb

q2 ?p2  MmK#2` Q7 iQQHb 7Q` bb2bbBM; i?2 MQ`KHBiv bbmKTiBQMX h?2 KQbi
Q#pBQmb rQmH/ #2 iQ KF2  ?BbiQ;`K Q7 i?2 `2bB/mHbX A7 Bi TT2`b `Qm;?Hv
MQ`KH- i?2M r2ǶHH #2HB2p2 i?2 2``Q`b +QmH/ i`mHv #2 MQ`KHX

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- jVV

?BbiU`2bB/U7BinRV-
tH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]-
KBM 4 ]>BbiQ;`K Q7 _2bB/mHb- 7BinR]-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]-
#Q`/2` 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
#`2Fb 4 kyV
?BbiU`2bB/U7BinkV-
tH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]-
KBM 4 ]>BbiQ;`K Q7 _2bB/mHb- 7Bink]-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]-
#Q`/2` 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
#`2Fb 4 kyV
?BbiU`2bB/U7BinjV-
tH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]-
KBM 4 ]>BbiQ;`K Q7 _2bB/mHb- 7Binj]-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]-
#Q`/2` 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
#`2Fb 4 kyV

Histogram of Residuals, fit_1 Histogram of Residuals, fit_2 Histogram of Residuals, fit_3

40
100

150
80

30
60

100
Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

20
40

50

10
20
0

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Residuals Residuals Residuals

#Qp2 `2 ?BbiQ;`Kb 7Q` 2+? Q7 i?2 i?`22 `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2Hb r2 ?p2 #22M
+QMbB/2`BM;X LQiB+2 i?i i?2 }`bi- 7Q` 7BinR TT2`b p2`v MQ`KHX h?2 i?B`/-
7Q` 7Binj- TT2`b iQ #2 p2`v MQM@MQ`KHX >Qr2p2` 7Bink Bb MQi b +H2`X Ai
RjXkX *>1*EAL: aalJShAPLa kdj

/Q2b ?p2  `Qm;? #2HH b?T2- ?Qr2p2`- Bi HbQ ?b  p2`v b?`T T2FX 6Q` i?Bb
`2bQM r2 rBHH mbmHHv mb2 KQ`2 TQr2`7mH iQQHb bm+? b Z@Z THQib M/ i?2
a?TB`Q@qBHF i2bi 7Q` bb2bbBM; i?2 MQ`KHBiv Q7 2``Q`bX

RjXkX9 Z@Z SHQib

MQi?2` pBbmH K2i?Q/ 7Q` bb2bbBM; i?2 MQ`KHBiv Q7 2``Q`b- r?B+? Bb KQ`2
TQr2`7mH i?M  ?BbiQ;`K- Bb  MQ`KH [mMiBH2@[mMiBH2 THQi- Q` Z@Z THQi 7Q`
b?Q`iX
AM _ i?2b2 `2 p2`v 2bv iQ KF2X h?2 [[MQ`KUV 7mM+iBQM THQib i?2 TQBMib- M/
i?2 [[HBM2UV 7mM+iBQM //b i?2 M2+2bb`v HBM2X q2 +`2i2  Z@Z THQi 7Q` i?2
`2bB/mHb Q7 7BinR iQ +?2+F B7 i?2 2``Q`b +QmH/ i`mHv #2 MQ`KHHv /Bbi`B#mi2/X

[[MQ`KU`2bB/U7BinRV- KBM 4 ]LQ`KH Z@Z SHQi- 7BinR]- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/U7BinRV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV

Normal Q-Q Plot, fit_1

3
2
Sample Quantiles

1
0
-1
-2
-3

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Theoretical Quantiles

AM b?Q`i- B7 i?2 TQBMib Q7 i?2 THQi /Q MQi +HQb2Hv 7QHHQr  bi`B;?i HBM2- i?Bb rQmH/
bm;;2bi i?i i?2 /i /Q MQi +QK2 7`QK  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQMX
h?2 +H+mHiBQMb `2[mB`2/ iQ +`2i2 i?2 THQi p`v /2T2M/BM; QM i?2 BKTH2K2Mi@
iBQM- #mi 2bb2MiBHHv i?2 Ԩ@tBb Bb i?2 bQ`i2/ /i UQ#b2`p2/- Q` bKTH2 [mMiBH2bV-
M/ i?2 ԧ@tBb Bb i?2 pHm2b r2 rQmH/ 2tT2+i B7 i?2 /i /B/ +QK2 7`QK  MQ`KH
/Bbi`B#miBQM Ui?2Q`2iB+H [mMiBH2bVX
kd9 *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

h?2 qBFBT2/B T;2 7Q` LQ`KH T`Q##BHBiv THQib ;Bp2b /2iBHb QM ?Qr i?Bb Bb
BKTH2K2Mi2/ BM _ B7 vQm `2 BMi2`2bi2/X

HbQ- iQ ;2i  #2ii2` B/2 Q7 ?Qr Z@Z THQib rQ`F- ?2`2 Bb  [mB+F 7mM+iBQM r?B+?
+`2i2b  Z@Z THQi,

[[nTHQi 4 7mM+iBQMU2V &

M 4 H2M;i?U2V
MQ`KHn[mMiBH2b 4 [MQ`KUUUR,M @ yX8V f MVV
O MQ`KHn[mMiBH2b 4 [MQ`KUUUR,MV f UM Y RVVV

O THQi i?2Q`2iB+H p2`mb Q#b2`p2/ [mMiBH2b

THQiUMQ`KHn[mMiBH2b- bQ`iU2V-
tH# 4 +U]h?2Q`2iB+H ZmMiBH2b]V-
vH# 4 +U]aKTH2 ZmMiBH2b]V-
+QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V
iBiH2U]LQ`KH Z@Z SHQi]V

O +H+mHi2 HBM2 i?`Qm;? i?2 7B`bi M/ i?B`/ [m`iBH2b

bHQT2 4 U[mMiBH2U2- yXd8V @ [mMiBH2U2- yXk8VV f U[MQ`KUyXd8V @ [MQ`KUyXk8VV
BMi2`+2Ti 4 [mMiBH2U2- yXk8V @ bHQT2 [MQ`KUyXk8V

O // iQ 2tBbiBM; THQi

#HBM2UBMi2`+2Ti- bHQT2- Hiv 4 k- Hr/ 4 k- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]V
'

q2 +M i?2M p2`B7v i?i Bi Bb 2bb2MiBHHv 2[mBpH2Mi iQ mbBM; [[MQ`KUV M/

[[HBM2UV BM _X

b2iXb22/U9kyV
t 4 `MQ`KURyy- K2M 4 y - b/ 4 RV
T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV
[[MQ`KUt- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V
[[HBM2Ut- Hiv 4 k- Hr/ 4 k- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]V
[[nTHQiUtV
RjXkX *>1*EAL: aalJShAPLa kd8

Normal Q-Q Plot Normal Q-Q Plot

2

2
1

1
Sample Quantiles

Sample Quantiles
0

0
-1

-1
-2

-2
-3

-3
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2

Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles

hQ ;2i  #2ii2` B/2 Q7 r?i dz+HQb2 iQ i?2 HBM2Ǵ K2Mb- r2 T2`7Q`K  MmK#2` Q7
bBKmHiBQMb- M/ +`2i2 Z@Z THQibX
6B`bi r2 bBKmHi2 /i 7`QK  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi? /Bz2`2Mi bKTH2 bBx2b-
M/ 2+? iBK2 +`2i2  Z@Z THQiX

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- jVV

b2iXb22/U9kyV
[[nTHQiU`MQ`KURyVV
[[nTHQiU`MQ`KUk8VV
[[nTHQiU`MQ`KURyyVV

Normal Q-Q Plot Normal Q-Q Plot Normal Q-Q Plot

2.0

2
0.5

1.5
0.0

1
1.0
-0.5
Sample Quantiles

Sample Quantiles

Sample Quantiles

0
0.5
-1.0
-1.5

0.0

-1
-2.0

-0.5

-2
-2.5

-1.0
-3.0

-3

-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2

Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles

aBM+2 i?Bb /i Bb bKTH2/ 7`QK  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQM- i?2b2 `2 HH- #v /2}MBiBQM-
;QQ/ Z@Z THQibX h?2 TQBMib `2 dz+HQb2 iQ i?2 HBM2Ǵ M/ r2 rQmH/ +QM+Hm/2 i?i
i?Bb /i +QmH/ ?p2 #22M bKTH2/ 7`QK  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQMX LQiB+2 BM i?2 }`bi
THQi- QM2 TQBMi Bb bQK2r?i 7` 7`QK i?2 HBM2- #mi Dmbi QM2 TQBMi- BM +QK#BMiBQM
rBi? i?2 bKHH bKTH2 bBx2- Bb MQi 2MQm;? iQ KF2 mb rQ``B2/X q2 b22 rBi? i?2
H`;2 bKTH2 bBx2- HH Q7 i?2 TQBMib `2 `i?2` +HQb2 iQ i?2 HBM2X
kde *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

L2ti- r2 bBKmHi2 /i 7`QK  ԣ /Bbi`B#miBQM rBi?  bKHH /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK-

7Q` /Bz2`2Mi bKTH2 bBx2bX

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- jVV

b2iXb22/U9kyV
[[nTHQiU`iURy- /7 4 9VV
[[nTHQiU`iUk8- /7 4 9VV
[[nTHQiU`iURyy- /7 4 9VV

Normal Q-Q Plot Normal Q-Q Plot Normal Q-Q Plot

4
1.0

4
0.5

2
Sample Quantiles

Sample Quantiles

Sample Quantiles
0.0

0
-0.5

0
-2
-1.0

-2
-4
-1.5

-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2

Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles

_2+HH i?i b i?2 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK 7Q`  ԣ /Bbi`B#miBQM #2+QK2 H`;2`- i?2
/Bbi`B#miBQM #2+QK2b KQ`2 M/ KQ`2 bBKBH` iQ  MQ`KHX >2`2- mbBM; 9 /2;`22b
Q7 7`22/QK- r2 ?p2  /Bbi`B#miBQM i?i Bb bQK2r?i MQ`KH- Bi Bb bvKK2i`B+H
M/ `Qm;?Hv #2HH@b?T2/- ?Qr2p2` Bi ?b dz7i iBHbXǴ h?Bb T`2b2Mib Bib2H7 +H2`Hv BM
i?2 i?B`/ TM2HX q?BH2 KMv Q7 i?2 TQBMib `2 +HQb2 iQ i?2 HBM2- i i?2 2/;2b- i?2`2
`2 H`;2 /Bb+`2TM+B2bX h?Bb BM/B+i2b i?i i?2 pHm2b `2 iQQ bKHH UM2;iBp2V Q`
iQQ H`;2 UTQbBiBp2V +QKT`2/ iQ r?i r2 rQmH/ 2tT2+i 7Q`  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQMX
aQ 7Q` i?2 bKTH2 bBx2 Q7 Ryy- r2 rQmH/ +QM+Hm/2 i?i i?2 MQ`KHBiv bbmKTiBQM
Bb pBQHi2/X UA7 i?2b2 r2`2 `2bB/mHb Q7  KQ/2HXV 6Q` bKTH2 bBx2b Q7 Ry M/ k8
r2 Kv #2 bmbTB+BQmb- #mi MQi 2MiB`2Hv +QM}/2MiX _2/BM; Z@Z THQib- Bb  #Bi
Q7 M `i- MQi +QKTH2i2Hv  b+B2M+2X

L2ti- r2 bBKmHi2 /i 7`QK M 2tTQM2MiBH /Bbi`B#miBQMX

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- jVV

b2iXb22/U9kyV
[[nTHQiU`2tTURyVV
[[nTHQiU`2tTUk8VV
[[nTHQiU`2tTURyyVV
RjXkX *>1*EAL: aalJShAPLa kdd

Normal Q-Q Plot Normal Q-Q Plot Normal Q-Q Plot

2.0

4
6
1.5

3
Sample Quantiles

Sample Quantiles

Sample Quantiles
4
1.0

2
3
2
0.5

1
1
0.0

0
0
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2

Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles

h?Bb Bb  /Bbi`B#miBQM i?i Bb MQi p2`v bBKBH` iQ  MQ`KH- bQ BM HH i?`22 +b2b-
r2 b22 TQBMib i?i `2 7` 7`QK i?2 HBM2b- bQ r2 rQmH/ i?BMF i?i i?2 MQ`KHBiv
bbmKTiBQM Bb pBQHi2/X

6Q`  #2ii2` mM/2`biM/BM; Q7 r?B+? Z@Z THQib `2 dz;QQ/-Ǵ `2T2i i?2 bBKmH@
iBQMb #Qp2  MmK#2` Q7 iBK2b UrBi?Qmi b2iiBM; i?2 b22/V M/ Tv ii2MiBQM iQ
i?2 /Bz2`2M+2b #2ir22M i?Qb2 i?i `2 bBKmHi2/ 7`QK MQ`KH- M/ i?Qb2 i?i
`2 MQiX HbQ +QMbB/2` /Bz2`2Mi bKTH2 bBx2b M/ /Bbi`B#miBQM T`K2i2`bX

_2im`MBM; iQ Qm` i?`22 `2;`2bbBQMb- `2+HH-

Ç 7BinR ?/ MQ pBQHiBQM Q7 bbmKTiBQMb-

Ç 7Bink pBQHi2/ i?2 +QMbiMi p`BM+2 bbmKTiBQM- #mi MQi HBM2`Biv-
Ç 7Binj pBQHi2/ HBM2`Biv- #mi MQi +QMbiMi p`BM+2X

q2ǶHH MQr +`2i2  Z@Z THQi 7Q` 2+? iQ bb2bb MQ`KHBiv Q7 2``Q`bX

[[MQ`KU`2bB/U7BinRV- KBM 4 ]LQ`KH Z@Z SHQi- 7BinR]- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/U7BinRV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV
kd3 *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

Normal Q-Q Plot, fit_1

3
2
Sample Quantiles

1
0
-1
-2
-3

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Theoretical Quantiles

6Q` 7BinR- r2 ?p2  M2` T2`72+i Z@Z THQiX q2 rQmH/ #2HB2p2 i?2 2``Q`b 7QHHQr
 MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQMX

[[MQ`KU`2bB/U7BinkV- KBM 4 ]LQ`KH Z@Z SHQi- 7Bink]- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/U7BinkV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV
RjXkX *>1*EAL: aalJShAPLa kdN

Normal Q-Q Plot, fit_2

15
10
Sample Quantiles

5
0
-5
-10
-15

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Theoretical Quantiles

6Q` 7Bink- r2 ?p2  bmbT2+i Z@Z THQiX q2 rQmH/ T`Q##Hv MQi #2HB2p2 i?2
2``Q`b 7QHHQr  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQMX

[[MQ`KU`2bB/U7BinjV- KBM 4 ]LQ`KH Z@Z SHQi- 7Binj]- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/U7BinjV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV
k3y *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

Normal Q-Q Plot, fit_3

30
20
Sample Quantiles

10
0
-10
-20

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Theoretical Quantiles

GbiHv- 7Q` 7Binj- r2 ;BM ?p2  bmbT2+i Z@Z THQiX q2 rQmH/ T`Q##Hv MQi
#2HB2p2 i?2 2``Q`b 7QHHQr  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQMX

RjXkX8 a?TB`Q@qBHF h2bi

>BbiQ;`Kb M/ Z@Z SHQib ;Bp2  MB+2 pBbmH `2T`2b2MiiBQM Q7 i?2 `2bB/mHb
/Bbi`B#miBQM- ?Qr2p2` B7 r2 `2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM 7Q`KH i2biBM;- i?2`2 `2  MmK#2`
Q7 QTiBQMb pBH#H2X  +QKKQMHv mb2/ i2bi Bb i?2 a?TB`QĜqBHF i2bi- r?B+?
Bb BKTH2K2Mi2/ BM _X

b2iXb22/U9kV
b?TB`QXi2biU`MQ`KUk8VV

OO
OO a?TB`Q@qBHF MQ`KHBiv i2bi
OO
OO /i, `MQ`KUk8V
OO q 4 yXN9NN- T@pHm2 4 yXk9N8

b?TB`QXi2biU`2tTUk8VV

OO
RjXkX *>1*EAL: aalJShAPLa k3R

OO a?TB`Q@qBHF MQ`KHBiv i2bi

OO
OO /i, `2tTUk8V
OO q 4 yXdRRe9- T@pHm2 4 RXy82@y8

h?Bb ;Bp2b mb i?2 pHm2 Q7 i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+ M/ Bib T@pHm2X h?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb
bbmK2b i?2 /i r2`2 bKTH2/ 7`QK  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQM- i?mb  bKHH T@pHm2
BM/B+i2b r2 #2HB2p2 i?2`2 Bb QMHv  bKHH T`Q##BHBiv i?2 /i +QmH/ ?p2 #22M
bKTH2/ 7`QK  MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQMX
6Q` /2iBHb- b22, qBFBT2/B, a?TB`QĜqBHF i2biX
AM i?2 #Qp2 2tKTH2b- r2 b22 r2 7BH iQ `2D2+i 7Q` i?2 /i bKTH2/ 7`QK MQ`KH-
M/ `2D2+i QM i?2 MQM@MQ`KH /i- 7Q` Mv `2bQM#H2 ᅫX
_2im`MBM; ;BM iQ 7BinR- 7Bink- M/ 7Binj- r2 b22 i?2 `2bmHi Q7 `mMMBM;
b?TB`QXi2biUV QM i?2 `2bB/mHb Q7 2+?- `2im`Mb  `2bmHi 7Q` 2+? i?i Ki+?2b
/2+BbBQMb #b2/ QM i?2 Z@Z THQibX

b?TB`QXi2biU`2bB/U7BinRVV

OO
OO a?TB`Q@qBHF MQ`KHBiv i2bi
OO
OO /i, `2bB/U7BinRV
OO q 4 yXNN383- T@pHm2 4 yXNekk

b?TB`QXi2biU`2bB/U7BinkVV

OO
OO a?TB`Q@qBHF MQ`KHBiv i2bi
OO
OO /i, `2bB/U7BinkV
OO q 4 yXNjeNd- T@pHm2 4 RXy8e2@Rj

b?TB`QXi2biU`2bB/U7BinjVV

OO
OO a?TB`Q@qBHF MQ`KHBiv i2bi
OO
OO /i, `2bB/U7BinjV
OO q 4 yXNde9j- T@pHm2 4 jXkjR2@yd
k3k *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

RjXj lMmbmH P#b2`piBQMb

AM //BiBQM iQ +?2+FBM; i?2 bbmKTiBQMb Q7 `2;`2bbBQM- r2 HbQ HQQF 7Q` Mv
dzmMmbmH Q#b2`piBQMbǴ BM i?2 /iX P7i2M  bKHH MmK#2` Q7 /i TQBMib +M
?p2 M 2ti`2K2Hv H`;2 BM~m2M+2 QM  `2;`2bbBQM- bQK2iBK2b bQ Km+? bQ i?i
i?2 `2;`2bbBQM bbmKTiBQMb `2 pBQHi2/ b  `2bmHi Q7 i?2b2 TQBMibX
h?2 7QHHQrBM; i?`22 THQib `2 BMbTB`2/ #v M 2tKTH2 7`QK GBM2` JQ/2Hb rBi?
_X

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- jVV

b2iXb22/U9kV
2tn/i 4 /iX7`K2Ut 4 R,Ry-
v 4 Ry,R Y `MQ`KUM 4 RyVV
2tnKQ/2H 4 HKUv  t- /i 4 2tn/iV

O HQr H2p2`;2- H`;2 `2bB/mH- bKHH BM7Hm2M+2

TQBMinR 4 +U8X9- RRV
2tn/inR 4 `#BM/U2tn/i- TQBMinRV
KQ/2HnR 4 HKUv  t- /i 4 2tn/inRV
THQiUv  t- /i 4 2tn/inR- +2t 4 k- T+? 4 ky- +QH 4 ];`2v]-
KBM 4 ]GQr G2p2`;2- G`;2 _2bB/mH- aKHH AM7Hm2M+2]V
TQBMibUt 4 TQBMinR(R)- v 4 TQBMinR(k)- T+? 4 R- +2t 4 9- +QH 4 ]#H+F]- Hr/ 4 kV
#HBM2U2tnKQ/2H- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV
#HBM2UKQ/2HnR- Hiv 4 k- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
H2;2M/U]#QiiQKH27i]- +U]P`B;BMH .i]- ]//2/ SQBMi]V-
Hiv 4 +UR- kV- +QH 4 +U]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- ]/`FQ`M;2]VV

O ?B;? H2p2`;2- bKHH `2bB/mH- bKHH BM7Hm2M+2

TQBMink 4 +UR3- @8XdV
2tn/ink 4 `#BM/U2tn/i- TQBMinkV
KQ/2Hnk 4 HKUv  t- /i 4 2tn/inkV
THQiUv  t- /i 4 2tn/ink- +2t 4 k- T+? 4 ky- +QH 4 ];`2v]-
KBM 4 ]>B;? G2p2`;2- aKHH _2bB/mH- aKHH AM7Hm2M+2]V
TQBMibUt 4 TQBMink(R)- v 4 TQBMink(k)- T+? 4 R- +2t 4 9- +QH 4 ]#H+F]- Hr/ 4 kV
#HBM2U2tnKQ/2H- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV
#HBM2UKQ/2Hnk- Hiv 4 k- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
H2;2M/U]#QiiQKH27i]- +U]P`B;BMH .i]- ]//2/ SQBMi]V-
Hiv 4 +UR- kV- +QH 4 +U]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- ]/`FQ`M;2]VV

O ?B;? H2p2`;2- H`;2 `2bB/mH- H`;2 BM7Hm2M+2

TQBMinj 4 +UR9- 8XRV
2tn/inj 4 `#BM/U2tn/i- TQBMinjV
KQ/2Hnj 4 HKUv  t- /i 4 2tn/injV
THQiUv  t- /i 4 2tn/inj- +2t 4 k- T+? 4 ky- +QH 4 ];`2v]- vHBK 4 +U@j- RkV-
KBM 4 ]>B;? G2p2`;2- G`;2 _2bB/mH- G`;2 AM7Hm2M+2]V
RjXjX lLlalG P"a1_ohAPLa k3j

TQBMibUt 4 TQBMinj(R)- v 4 TQBMinj(k)- T+? 4 R- +2t 4 9- +QH 4 ]#H+F]- Hr/ 4 kV

#HBM2U2tnKQ/2H- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV
#HBM2UKQ/2Hnj- Hiv 4 k- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
H2;2M/U]#QiiQKH27i]- +U]P`B;BMH .i]- ]//2/ SQBMi]V-
Hiv 4 +UR- kV- +QH 4 +U]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- ]/`FQ`M;2]VV

Low Leverage, Large Residual, Small Influence High Leverage, Small Residual, Small Influence High Leverage, Large Residual, Large Influence
10
10

10
8

5
y

y
6

0
4

0
2

-5

Original Data Original Data Original Data

Added Point Added Point Added Point

2 4 6 8 10 5 10 15 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

x x x

h?2 #Hm2 bQHB/ HBM2 BM 2+? THQi Bb  `2;`2bbBQM }i iQ i?2 Ry Q`B;BMH /i TQBMib
biQ`2/ BM 2tn/iX h?2 /b?2/ Q`M;2 HBM2 BM 2+? THQi Bb i?2 `2bmHi Q7 //BM; 
bBM;H2 TQBMi iQ i?2 Q`B;BMH /i BM 2tn/iX h?Bb //BiBQMH TQBMi Bb BM/B+i2/
#v i?2 +B`+H2/ TQBMiX
h?2 bHQT2 Q7 i?2 `2;`2bbBQM 7Q` i?2 Q`B;BMH i2M TQBMib- i?2 bQHB/ #Hm2 HBM2- Bb
;Bp2M #v,

+Q27U2tnKQ/2HV(k)

OO t
OO @yXNeNeyjj

h?2 //2/ TQBMi BM i?2 }`bi THQi ?b  bKHH 2z2+i QM i?2 bHQT2- r?B+? #2+QK2b,

+Q27UKQ/2HnRV(k)

OO t
OO @yXNd9N8j9

q2 rBHH bv i?i i?Bb TQBMi ?b HQr H2p2`;2- Bb M QmiHB2` /m2 iQ Bib H`;2 `2bB/mH-
#mi ?b bKHH BM~m2M+2X
h?2 //2/ TQBMi BM i?2 b2+QM/ THQi HbQ ?b  bKHH 2z2+i QM i?2 bHQT2- r?B+?
Bb,
k39 *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

+Q27UKQ/2HnkV(k)

OO t
OO @yXN8ydjNd

q2 rBHH bv i?i i?Bb TQBMi ?b ?B;? H2p2`;2- Bb MQi M QmiHB2` /m2 iQ Bib bKHH
`2bB/mH- M/ ?b  p2`v bKHH BM~m2M+2X
GbiHv- i?2 //2/ TQBMi BM i?2 i?B`/ THQi ?b  H`;2 2z2+i QM i?2 bHQT2- r?B+?
Bb MQr,

+Q27UKQ/2HnjV(k)

OO t
OO @yX83Nkk9R

h?Bb //2/ TQBMi Bb BM~m2MiBHX Ai #Qi? ?b ?B;? H2p2`;2- M/ Bb M QmiHB2` /m2
iQ Bib H`;2 `2bB/mHX
q2Ƕp2 MQr K2MiBQM2/ i?`22 M2r +QM+2Tib, H2p2`;2- QmiHB2`b- M/ BM~m2MiBH
TQBMib- 2+? Q7 r?B+? r2 rBHH /Bb+mbb BM /2iBHX

RjXjXR G2p2`;2

 /i TQBMi rBi? ?B;? H2p2`;2- Bb  /i TQBMi i?i +QmH/ ?p2  H`;2 BM~m2M+2
r?2M }iiBM; i?2 KQ/2HX
_2+HH i?i-

਷φ
ᅬ ࣞ  िԍ સ ԍी ԍ સ Ԩ

h?mb-

਷φ
Ԩ ࣞ  ԍ ᅬ ࣞ  ԍ िԍ સ ԍी ԍસԨ

LQr r2 /2}M2-

਷φ
ӽ  ԍ िԍ સ ԍी ԍસ

r?B+? r2 rBHH `272` iQ b i?2 ?i Ki`BtX h?2 ?i Ki`Bt Bb mb2/ iQ T`QD2+i
QMiQ i?2 bm#bT+2 bTMM2/ #v i?2 +QHmKMb Q7 ԍX Ai Bb HbQ bBKTHv FMQrM b 
T`QD2+iBQM Ki`BtX
RjXjX lLlalG P"a1_ohAPLa k38

h?2 ?i Ki`Bt Bb  Ki`Bt i?i iF2b i?2 Q`B;BMH Ԩ pHm2b- M/ //b  ?i5

Ԩ ࣞ  ӽԨ

h?2 /B;QMH 2H2K2Mib Q7 i?Bb Ki`Bt `2 +HH2/ i?2 H2p2`;2b

ӽքք  ԗք

r?2`2 ԗք Bb i?2 H2p2`;2 7Q` i?2 Ԙi? Q#b2`piBQMX

G`;2 pHm2b Q7 ԗք BM/B+i2 2ti`2K2 pHm2b BM ԍ- r?B+? Kv BM~m2M+2 `2;`2bbBQMX
LQi2 i?i H2p2`;2b QMHv /2T2M/ QM ԍX
>2`2- ԟ- i?2 MmK#2` Q7 ᅬb- Bb HbQ i?2 i`+2 UM/ `MFV Q7 i?2 ?i Ki`BtX

։
ం ԗք  ԟ
քφ

q?i Bb  pHm2 Q7 ԗք i?i rQmH/ #2 +QMbB/2`2/ H`;2\ h?2`2 Bb MQ 2t+i Mbr2`

iQ i?Bb [m2biBQMX  +QKKQM ?2m`BbiB+ rQmH/ #2 iQ +QKT`2 2+? H2p2`;2 iQ
irQ iBK2b i?2 p2`;2 H2p2`;2X  H2p2`;2 H`;2` i?M i?Bb Bb +QMbB/2`2/ M
Q#b2`piBQM iQ #2 r`2 Q7X h?i Bb- B7

ԗք  ԗ‫۽‬

r2 bv i?i Q#b2`piBQM Ԙ ?b H`;2 H2p2`;2X >2`2-

։
௴քφ ԗք ԟ
ԗ‫ ۽‬  
ԝ ԝ

6Q` bBKTH2 HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM- i?2 H2p2`;2 7Q` 2+? TQBMi Bb ;Bp2M #v

 ԧ ਷ ԧ
‫ ۽‬ϵ
ԗք   ք 
ԝ Ԉ֓֓

h?Bb 2tT`2bbBQM b?QmH/ #2 7KBHB`X Uh?BMF #+F iQ BM72`2M+2 7Q` aG_XV Ai bm;@
;2bib i?i i?2 H`;2 H2p2`;2b Q++m` r?2M ԧ pHm2b `2 7` 7`QK i?2B` K2MX
_2+HH i?i i?2 `2;`2bbBQM ;Q2b i?`Qm;? i?2 TQBMi ԧ ‫ ۽‬Ԩ
X
‫۽‬
h?2`2 `2 KmHiBTH2 rvb iQ }M/ H2p2`;2b BM _X
k3e *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

H2pn2t 4 /iX7`K2U
tR 4 +Uy- RR- RR- d- 9- Ry- 8- 3V-
tk 4 +UR- 8- 9- j- R- 9- 9- kV-
v 4 +URR- R8- Rj- R9- y- RN- Re- 3VV

THQiUtk  tR- /i 4 H2pn2t- +2t 4 kV

TQBMibUd- j- T+? 4 ky- +QH 4 ]`2/]- +2t 4 kV
5
4
x2

3
2
1

0 2 4 6 8 10

x1

>2`2 r2Ƕp2 +`2i2/ bQK2 KmHiBp`Bi2 /iX LQiB+2 i?i r2 ?p2 THQii2/ i?2 ԧ
pHm2b- MQi i?2 Ԩ pHm2bX h?2 `2/ TQBMi Bb  
r?B+? Bb i?2 K2M Q7 tR M/ i?2
K2M Q7 tk `2bT2+iBp2HvX
q2 +QmH/ +H+mHi2 i?2 H2p2`;2b mbBM; i?2 2tT`2bbBQMb /2}M2/ #Qp2X q2 }`bi
+`2i2 i?2 ԍ Ki`Bt- i?2M +H+mHi2 ӽ b /2}M2/- M/ 2ti`+i i?2 /B;QMH
2H2K2MibX

s 4 +#BM/U`2TUR- 3V- H2pn2t0tR- H2pn2t0tkV

> 4 s W W bQHp2UiUsV W W sV W W iUsV
/B;U>V

OO (R) yXeyyy yXjd8y yXk3d8 yXRk8y yX9yyy yXkRk8 yX83d8 yX9Rk8

LQiB+2 ?2`2- r2 ?p2 irQ T`2/B+iQ`b- bQ i?2 `2;`2bbBQM rQmH/ ?p2 j ᅬ T`K2i2`b-
bQ i?2 bmK Q7 i?2 /B;QMH 2H2K2Mib Bb jX
RjXjX lLlalG P"a1_ohAPLa k3d

bmKU/B;U>VV

OO (R) j

Hi2`MiBp2Hv- i?2 K2i?Q/ r2 rBHH mb2 KQ`2 Q7i2M- Bb iQ bBKTHv }i  `2;`2bbBQM-

i?2M mb2 i?2 ?ipHm2bUV 7mM+iBQM- r?B+? `2im`Mb i?2 H2p2`;2bX

H2pn7Bi 4 HKUv  X- /i 4 H2pn2tV

?ipHm2bUH2pn7BiV

OO R k j 9 8 e d 3
OO yXeyyy yXjd8y yXk3d8 yXRk8y yX9yyy yXkRk8 yX83d8 yX9Rk8

;BM- MQi2 i?i ?2`2 r2 ?p2 dzmb2/Ǵ i?2 Ԩ pHm2b iQ }i i?2 `2;`2bbBQM- #mi _
biBHH B;MQ`2b i?2K r?2M +H+mHiBM; i?2 H2p2`;2b- b H2p2`;2b QMHv /2T2M/ QM
i?2 ԧ pHm2bX

+Q27UH2pn7BiV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV tR tk
OO jXd @yXd 9X9

G2iǶb b22 r?i ?TT2Mb iQ i?2b2 +Q2{+B2Mib r?2M r2 KQ/B7v i?2 v pHm2 Q7 i?2
TQBMi rBi? i?2 ?B;?2bi H2p2`;2X

r?B+?XKtU?ipHm2bUH2pn7BiVV

OO R
OO R

H2pn2t(r?B+?XKtU?ipHm2bUH2pn7BiVV-)

OO tR tk v
OO R y R RR

q2 b22 i?i i?2 Q`B;BMH v pHm2 Bb RRX q2ǶHH +`2i2  +QTv Q7 i?2 /i- M/
KQ/B7v i?Bb TQBMi iQ ?p2  v pHm2 Q7 kyX

H2pn2tnR 4 H2pn2t
H2pn2tnR0v(R) 4 ky
HKUv  X- /i 4 H2pn2tnRV
k33 *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 v  X- /i 4 H2pn2tnRV
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO UAMi2`+2TiV tR tk
OO 3X3d8 @RXjd8 9Xek8

LQiB+2 i?2 H`;2 +?M;2b BM i?2 +Q2{+B2MibX HbQ MQiB+2 i?i 2+? Q7 i?2 +Q27@
}+B2Mib ?b +?M;2/ BM bQK2 rvX LQi2 i?i i?2 H2p2`;2b Q7 i?2 TQBMib rQmH/
MQi ?p2 +?M;2/- b r2 ?p2 MQi KQ/B}2/ Mv Q7 i?2 ԧ pHm2bX
LQr H2iǶb b22 r?i ?TT2Mb iQ i?2b2 +Q2{+B2Mib r?2M r2 KQ/B7v i?2 v pHm2 Q7
i?2 TQBMi rBi? i?2 HQr2bi H2p2`;2X

r?B+?XKBMU?ipHm2bUH2pn7BiVV

OO 9
OO 9

H2pn2t(r?B+?XKBMU?ipHm2bUH2pn7BiVV-)

OO tR tk v
OO 9 d j R9

q2 b22 i?i i?2 Q`B;BMH v pHm2 Bb R9X q2ǶHH ;BM +`2i2  +QTv Q7 i?2 /i-
M/ KQ/B7v i?Bb TQBMi iQ ?p2  v pHm2 Q7 jyX

H2pn2tnk 4 H2pn2t
H2pn2tnk0v(9) 4 jy
HKUv  X- /i 4 H2pn2tnkV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 v  X- /i 4 H2pn2tnkV
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO UAMi2`+2TiV tR tk
OO 8Xd @yXd 9X9

h?Bb iBK2 /2bTBi2  H`;2 +?M;2 BM i?2 v pHm2- i?2`2 Bb QMHv bKHH +?M;2 BM
i?2 +Q2{+B2MibX HbQ- QMHv i?2 BMi2`+2Ti ?b +?M;2/5
RjXjX lLlalG P"a1_ohAPLa k3N

K2MUH2pn2t0tRV

OO (R) d

K2MUH2pn2t0tkV

OO (R) j

H2pn2t(9-)

OO tR tk v
OO 9 d j R9

LQiB+2 i?i i?Bb TQBMi rb i?2 K2M Q7 #Qi? Q7 i?2 T`2/B+iQ`bX
_2im`MBM; iQ Qm` i?`22 THQib- 2+? rBi? M //2/ TQBMi- r2 +M +H+mHi2 i?2
H2p2`;2b 7Q` 2+?X LQi2 i?i i?2 RRi? /i TQBMi 2+? iBK2 Bb i?2 //2/ /i
TQBMiX

?ipHm2bUKQ/2HnRV

OO R k j 9 8 e d
OO yXjj8j98Nd yXkj3eydjk yXReeRy39k yXRRd39Nkd yXyNj3kN33 yXyN9y8yk9 yXRR38Ryje
OO 3 N Ry RR
OO yXRedkRykk yXk9yR9N38 yXjjdjkNkk yXyNRyyNke

?ipHm2bUKQ/2HnkV

OO R k j 9 8 e d
OO yXkjkj33ee yXR3eejNe3 yXR9NdNd8d yXRkR3ekj8 yXRyk3j9yR yXyNkdRk88 yXyNR9NdN3
OO 3 N Ry RR
OO yXyNNRNyk3 yXRR8d3N9d yXR9RkN888 yXee8NNRNy

?ipHm2bUKQ/2HnjV

OO R k j 9 8 e d
OO yXkd38kdeR yXkR9RRy9j yXRejRNyR3 yXRk8dee3d yXRyR39y9N yXyNR9RRy9 yXyN99d38j
OO 3 N Ry RR
OO yXRRRy9kN9 yXR9RRy9kN yXR39eek83 yX9Nj3e8yj

`2 Mv Q7 i?2b2 H`;2\

kNy *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

?ipHm2bUKQ/2HnRV = k K2MU?ipHm2bUKQ/2HnRVV

OO R k j 9 8 e d 3 N Ry RR
OO 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1

?ipHm2bUKQ/2HnkV = k K2MU?ipHm2bUKQ/2HnkVV

OO R k j 9 8 e d 3 N Ry RR
OO 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1

?ipHm2bUKQ/2HnjV = k K2MU?ipHm2bUKQ/2HnjVV

OO R k j 9 8 e d 3 N Ry RR
OO 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1

q2 b22 i?i BM i?2 b2+QM/ M/ i?B`/ THQib- i?2 //2/ TQBMi Bb  TQBMi Q7 ?B;?
H2p2`;2X _2+HH i?i QMHv BM i?2 i?B`/ THQi /B/ i?i ?p2 M BM~m2M+2 QM i?2
`2;`2bbBQMX hQ mM/2`biM/ r?v- r2ǶHH M22/ iQ /Bb+mbb QmiHB2`bX

RjXjXk PmiHB2`b

PmiHB2`b `2 TQBMib r?B+? /Q MQi }i i?2 KQ/2H r2HHX h?2v Kv Q` Kv MQi ?p2
 H`;2 2z2+i QM i?2 KQ/2HX hQ B/2MiB7v QmiHB2`b- r2 rBHH HQQF 7Q` Q#b2`piBQMb
rBi? H`;2 `2bB/mHbX
LQi2-

Ԕ  Ԩ ਷ Ԩ ࣞ  ӾԨ ਷ ӽԨ  Ӿ ਷ ӽ
Ԩ

h?2M- mM/2` i?2 bbmKTiBQMb Q7 HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM-

o` Ԕք
  ਷ ԗք
ᅼϵ

M/ i?mb 2biBKiBM; ᅼϵ rBi? Ԣϵր ;Bp2b

a1<Ԕք >  Ԣր ఉ  ਷ ԗք


q2 +M i?2M HQQF i i?2 biM/`/Bx2/ `2bB/mH 7Q` 2+? Q#b2`piBQM- Ԙ 

  w ԝ-

Ԕք ռ֋֋֍֊֓
ԡք  ୽ ԃ ᅷ   ᅼϵ  

Ԣր ఉ ਷ ԗք
RjXjX lLlalG P"a1_ohAPLa kNR

r?2M ԝ Bb H`;2X
q2 +M mb2 i?Bb 7+i iQ B/2MiB7v dzH`;2Ǵ `2bB/mHbX 6Q` 2tKTH2- biM/`/Bx2/
`2bB/mHb ;`2i2` i?M k BM K;MBim/2 b?QmH/ QMHv ?TT2M TT`QtBKi2Hv 8 T2`@
+2Mi Q7 i?2 iBK2X
_2im`MBM; ;BM iQ Qm` i?`22 THQib- 2+? rBi? M //2/ TQBMi- r2 +M +H+mHi2
i?2 `2bB/mHb M/ biM/`/Bx2/ `2bB/mHb 7Q` 2+?X aiM/`/Bx2/ `2bB/mHb +M
#2 Q#iBM2/ BM _ #v mbBM; `biM/`/UV r?2`2 r2 rQmH/ MQ`KHHv mb2 `2bB/UVX

`2bB/UKQ/2HnRV

OO R k j 9 8 e d
OO yX9N9N33d @RX9e8dR98 @yX8ekNj98 @yXjR3k9e3 @yX8dR33dd @RXRydjkdR yX938kdk3
OO 3 N Ry RR
OO @RXR98N893 yXN9ky3R9 @RXRe9RykN 9X9Rj3k89

`biM/`/UKQ/2HnRV

OO R k j 9 8 e d
OO yXj9e9dyR @yXN8389dy @yXj8Rd3yk @yXRNjj8d8 @yXj9k3ke9 @yXeej339R yXkN9N93k
OO 3 N Ry RR
OO @yXdRe838d yXeRedke3 @yX3Reyj3N kXe9R3kj9

`biM/`/UKQ/2HnRV(#bU`biM/`/UKQ/2HnRVV = k)

OO RR
OO kXe9R3kj

AM i?2 }`bi THQi- r2 b22 i?i i?2 RRi? TQBMi- i?2 //2/ TQBMi- Bb  H`;2 biM@
/`/Bx2/ `2bB/mHX

`2bB/UKQ/2HnkV

OO R k j 9 8 e
OO RXyjk33kNk @yXN8kyjjNd @yXydj9edee yXR9dyyeke @yXRjy393kN @yXeNy8yR9y
OO d 3 N Ry RR
OO yX3dd33939 @yXddd88e9d RXk3ekeeyR @yX399Rjkyd yXRk99NN3e

`biM/`/UKQ/2HnkV

OO R k j 9 8 e
OO RX9R99dykj @RXkee888Ny @yXyN88NdNk yXR33kkyN9 @yXRe8d9edd @yX3eNddkky
OO d 3 N Ry RR
OO RXRy8ye89e @yXN3kN99yN RXe9RkR3jj @RXyNkN89Rd yXk839eeky
kNk *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

`biM/`/UKQ/2HnkV(#bU`biM/`/UKQ/2HnkVV = k)

OO MK2/ MmK2`B+UyV

AM i?2 b2+QM/ THQi- r2 b22 i?i i?2`2 `2 MQ TQBMib rBi? H`;2 biM/`/Bx2/
`2bB/mHbX

`2bB/UKQ/2HnjV

OO R k j 9 8 e
OO kXjykNeRee @yXy9j9dy3d yX9dj8dN3y yXjjk8j3y3 @yXjye3jkRk @RXkk3yyy3d
OO d 3 N Ry RR
OO @yXykRRjykd @kXyj3y3dkk @yXjj8d3yjN @kX3kdeN9RR jXeNRNRejj

`biM/`/UKQ/2HnjV

OO R k j 9 8 e
OO RX9Rjykd88 @yXyk8888NR yXkeN3ydkk yXR38j8j3k @yXRe3djkRe @yXedR9RR9j
OO d 3 N Ry RR
OO @yXyRR8dk8e @RXRke8e9d8 @yXR333k9d9 @RXejkye8ke kXdy98j9y3

`biM/`/UKQ/2HnjV(#bU`biM/`/UKQ/2HnjVV = k)

OO RR
OO kXdy98j9

AM i?2 Hbi THQi- r2 b22 i?i i?2 RRi? TQBMi- i?2 //2/ TQBMi- Bb  H`;2 biM@
/`/Bx2/ `2bB/mHX
_2+HH i?i i?2 //2/ TQBMi BM THQib irQ M/ i?`22 r2`2 #Qi? ?B;? H2p2`;2- #mi
MQr QMHv i?2 TQBMi BM THQi i?`22 ?b  H`;2 `2bB/mHX q2 rBHH MQr +QK#BM2 i?Bb
BM7Q`KiBQM M/ /Bb+mbb BM~m2M+2X

RjXjXj AM~m2M+2

b r2 ?p2 MQr b22M BM i?2 i?`22 THQib- bQK2 QmiHB2`b QMHv +?M;2 i?2 `2;`2bbBQM
 bKHH KQmMi UTHQi QM2V M/ bQK2 QmiHB2`b ?p2  H`;2 2z2+i QM i?2 `2;`2bbBQM
UTHQi i?`22VX P#b2`piBQMb i?i 7HH BMiQ i?2 Hii2` +i2;Q`v- TQBMib rBi? UbQK2
+QK#BMiBQM Q7V ?B;? H2p2`;2 M/ H`;2 `2bB/mH- r2 rBHH +HH BM~m2MiBHX
 +QKKQM K2bm`2 Q7 BM~m2M+2 Bb *QQFǶb .BbiM+2- r?B+? Bb /2}M2/ b
RjXjX lLlalG P"a1_ohAPLa kNj

 ϵ ԗք
ӹք  ԡ 
ԟ ք  ਷ ԗք

LQiB+2 i?i i?Bb Bb  7mM+iBQM Q7 #Qi? H2p2`;2 M/ biM/`/Bx2/ `2bB/mHbX

 *QQFǶb .BbiM+2 Bb Q7i2M +QMbB/2`2/ H`;2 B7


ӹք 
ԝ

M/ M Q#b2`piBQM rBi?  H`;2 *QQFǶb .BbiM+2 Bb +HH2/ BM~m2MiBHX h?Bb Bb

;BM bBKTHv  ?2m`BbiB+- M/ MQi M 2t+i `mH2X
h?2 *QQFǶb /BbiM+2 7Q` 2+? TQBMi Q7  `2;`2bbBQM +M #2 +H+mHi2/ mbBM;
+QQFbX/BbiM+2UV r?B+? Bb  /27mHi 7mM+iBQM BM _X G2iǶb HQQF 7Q` BM~m2MiBH
TQBMib BM i?2 i?`22 THQib r2 ?/ #22M +QMbB/2`BM;X

Low Leverage, Large Residual, Small Influence High Leverage, Small Residual, Small Influence High Leverage, Large Residual, Large Influence
10
10

10
8

5
y

y
6

0
4

0
2

-5

Original Data Original Data Original Data

Added Point Added Point Added Point

2 4 6 8 10 5 10 15 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

x x x

_2+HH i?i i?2 +B`+H2/ TQBMib BM 2+? THQi ?p2 /Bz2`2Mi +?`+i2`BbiB+b,

Ç SHQi PM2, HQr H2p2`;2- H`;2 `2bB/mHX

Ç SHQi hrQ, ?B;? H2p2`;2- bKHH `2bB/mHX
Ç SHQi h?`22, ?B;? H2p2`;2- H`;2 `2bB/mHX

q2ǶHH MQr /B`2+iHv +?2+F B7 2+? Q7 i?2b2 Bb BM~m2MiBHX

+QQFbX/BbiM+2UKQ/2HnRV(RR) = 9 f H2M;i?U+QQFbX/BbiM+2UKQ/2HnRVV

OO RR
OO 6Ga1

+QQFbX/BbiM+2UKQ/2HnkV(RR) = 9 f H2M;i?U+QQFbX/BbiM+2UKQ/2HnkVV
kN9 *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

OO RR
OO 6Ga1

+QQFbX/BbiM+2UKQ/2HnjV(RR) = 9 f H2M;i?U+QQFbX/BbiM+2UKQ/2HnjVV

OO RR
OO h_l1

M/- b 2tT2+i2/- i?2 //2/ TQBMi BM i?2 i?B`/ THQi- rBi? ?B;? H2p2`;2 M/ 
H`;2 `2bB/mH- Bb +QMbB/2`2/ BM~m2MiBH5

RjX9 .i MHvbBb 1tKTH2b

RjX9XR :QQ/ .B;MQbiB+b

Gbi +?Ti2` r2 }i M //BiBp2 `2;`2bbBQM iQ i?2 Ki+`b /i rBi? KT; b i?2
`2bTQMb2 M/ ?T M/ K b T`2/B+iQ`bX G2iǶb T2`7Q`K bQK2 /B;MQbiB+b QM i?Bb
KQ/2HX

6B`bi- }i i?2 KQ/2H b r2 /B/ Hbi +?Ti2`X

KT;n?Tn// 4 HKUKT;  ?T Y K- /i 4 Ki+`bV

THQiU7Bii2/UKT;n?Tn//V- `2bB/UKT;n?Tn//V- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky-

tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mH]-
KBM 4 ]Ki+`b, 6Bii2/ p2`bmb _2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
RjX9X .h LGuaAa 1sJSG1a kN8

mtcars: Fitted versus Residuals

6
4
2
Residual

0
-2
-4

15 20 25

Fitted

h?2 }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi HQQFb ;QQ/X q2 /QMǶi b22 Mv Q#pBQmb Tii2`M-
M/ i?2 p`BM+2 HQQFb `Qm;?Hv +QMbiMiX UJv#2  HBiiH2 H`;2` 7Q` H`;2 }ii2/
pHm2b- #mi MQi 2MQm;? iQ rQ``v #QmiXV

#Ti2biUKT;n?Tn//V

OO
OO bim/2MiBx2/ "`2mb+?@S;M i2bi
OO
OO /i, KT;n?Tn//
OO "S 4 dX8383- /7 4 k- T@pHm2 4 yXykk8j

h?2 "`2mb+?@S;M i2bi p2`B}2b i?Bb- i H2bi 7Q`  bKHH ᅫ pHm2X

[[MQ`KU`2bB/UKT;n?Tn//V- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/UKT;n?Tn//V- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV
kNe *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

Normal Q-Q Plot

6
4
Sample Quantiles

2
0
-2
-4

-2 -1 0 1 2

Theoretical Quantiles

h?2 Z@Z THQi HQQFb 2ti`2K2Hv ;QQ/ M/ i?2 a?TB`Q@qBHF i2bi ;`22bX

b?TB`QXi2biU`2bB/UKT;n?Tn//VV

OO
OO a?TB`Q@qBHF MQ`KHBiv i2bi
OO
OO /i, `2bB/UKT;n?Tn//V
OO q 4 yXNe938- T@pHm2 4 yXjdye

bmKU?ipHm2bUKT;n?Tn//V = k K2MU?ipHm2bUKT;n?Tn//VVV

OO (R) k

q2 b22 i?i i?2`2 `2 irQ TQBMib Q7 H`;2 H2p2`;2X

bmKU#bU`biM/`/UKT;n?Tn//VV = kV

OO (R) R

h?2`2 Bb HbQ QM2 TQBMi rBi?  H`;2 `2bB/mHX .Q i?2b2 `2bmHi BM Mv TQBMib i?i
`2 +QMbB/2`2/ BM~m2MiBH\
RjX9X .h LGuaAa 1sJSG1a kNd

+/nKT;n?Tn// 4 +QQFbX/BbiM+2UKT;n?Tn//V
bmKU+/nKT;n?Tn// = 9 f H2M;i?U+/nKT;n?Tn//VV

OO (R) k

H`;2n+/nKT; 4 +/nKT;n?Tn// = 9 f H2M;i?U+/nKT;n?Tn//V

+/nKT;n?Tn//(H`;2n+/nKT;)

OO hQvQi *Q`QHH Jb2`iB "Q`

OO yXRddk888 yXj99dNN9

q2 }M/ irQ BM~m2MiBH TQBMibX AMi2`2biBM;Hv- i?2v `2 p2`v /Bz2`2Mi +`bX

+Q27UKT;n?Tn//V

OO UAMi2`+2TiV ?T K
OO keX839NRjd @yXy8333d3 8Xkddy38j

aBM+2 i?2 /B;MQbiB+b HQQF2/ ;QQ/- i?2`2 BbMǶi Km+? M22/ iQ rQ``v #Qmi i?2b2
irQ TQBMib- #mi H2iǶb b22 ?Qr Km+? i?2 +Q2{+B2Mib +?M;2 B7 r2 `2KQp2 i?2KX

KT;n?Tn//n7Bt 4 HKUKT;  ?T Y K-

/i 4 Ki+`b-
bm#b2i 4 +/nKT;n?Tn// I4 9 f H2M;i?U+/nKT;n?Tn//VV
+Q27UKT;n?Tn//n7BtV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV ?T K
OO kdXkkRNyNjj @yXyek3ek9N 9XkNde83ed

Ai b22Kb i?2`2 BbMǶi Km+? Q7  +?M;2 BM i?2 +Q2{+B2Mib b  `2bmHi Q7 `2KQpBM;

i?2 bmTTQb2/ BM~m2MiBH TQBMibX LQiB+2 r2 /B/ MQi +`2i2  M2r /ib2i iQ
++QKTHBb? i?BbX q2 BMbi2/ mb2/ i?2 bm#b2i `;mK2Mi iQ HKUVX h?BMF #Qmi
r?i i?2 +Q/2 +/nKT;n?Tn// I4 9 f H2M;i?U+/nKT;n?Tn//V /Q2b ?2`2X

T`UK7`Qr 4 +Uk- kVV

THQiUKT;n?Tn//V
kN3 *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

Residuals vs Fitted Normal Q-Q

6
Toyota Corolla Toyota Corolla

2
Lotus Europa Lotus Europa
Fiat 128 Fiat 128

Standardized residuals
4

1
Residuals

2
0

0
-2

-1
-4

15 20 25 -2 -1 0 1 2

Fitted values Theoretical Quantiles

Scale-Location Residuals vs Leverage

1.5

Toyota Corolla
Lotus Europa Toyota Corolla 1

2
Fiat 128
Fiat 128
Standardized residuals

Standardized residuals

0.5
Maserati Bora
1.0

1
0
0.5

-1

0.5
0.0

Cook's distance
-2

15 20 25 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Fitted values Leverage

LQiB+2 i?i +HHBM; THQiUV QM  p`B#H2 r?B+? biQ`2b M Q#D2+i +`2i2/ #v HKUV
QmiTmib 7Qm` /B;MQbiB+ THQib #v /27mHiX lb2 \THQiXHK iQ H2`M KQ`2X h?2 }`bi
irQ b?QmH/ H`2/v #2 7KBHB`X

RjX9Xk ambT2+i .B;MQbiB+b

G2iǶb +QMbB/2` i?2 KQ/2H #B;nKQ/2H 7`QK Hbi +?Ti2` r?B+? rb }i iQ i?2
miQKT; /ib2iX Ai mb2/ KT; b i?2 `2bTQMb2- M/ +QMbB/2`2/ KMv BMi2`+iBQM
i2`Kb #2ir22M i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b /BbT- ?T- M/ /QK2biB+X

bi`UmiQKT;V

OO ^/iX7`K2^, j3j Q#bX Q7 N p`B#H2b,

OO 0 KT; , MmK R3 R8 R3 Re Rd R8 R9 R9 R9 R8 XXX
RjX9X .h LGuaAa 1sJSG1a kNN

OO 0 +vH , 6+iQ` rf j H2p2Hb ]9]-]e]-]3], j j j j j j j j j j XXX

OO 0 /BbT , MmK jyd j8y jR3 jy9 jyk 9kN 989 99y 988 jNy XXX
OO 0 ?T , MmK Rjy Re8 R8y R8y R9y RN3 kky kR8 kk8 RNy XXX
OO 0 ri , MmK j8y9 jeNj j9je j9jj j99N XXX
OO 0 ++ , MmK Rk RRX8 RR Rk RyX8 Ry N 3X8 Ry 3X8 XXX
OO 0 v2` , BMi dy dy dy dy dy dy dy dy dy dy XXX
OO 0 Q`B;BM , BMi R R R R R R R R R R XXX
OO 0 /QK2biB+, MmK R R R R R R R R R R XXX

#B;nKQ/2H 4 HKUKT;  /BbT ?T /QK2biB+- /i 4 miQKT;V

[[MQ`KU`2bB/U#B;nKQ/2HV- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/U#B;nKQ/2HV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV

Normal Q-Q Plot

15
Sample Quantiles

10
5
0
-5
-10

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Theoretical Quantiles

b?TB`QXi2biU`2bB/U#B;nKQ/2HVV

OO
OO a?TB`Q@qBHF MQ`KHBiv i2bi
OO
OO /i, `2bB/U#B;nKQ/2HV
OO q 4 yXNeReR- T@pHm2 4 RX3k92@y3

>2`2 #Qi? i?2 Z@Z THQi- M/ i?2 a?TB`Q@qBHF i2bi bm;;2bi i?i i?2 MQ`KHBiv
bbmKTiBQM Bb pBQHi2/X
jyy *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a

#B;nKQ/n+/ 4 +QQFbX/BbiM+2U#B;nKQ/2HV
bmKU#B;nKQ/n+/ = 9 f H2M;i?U#B;nKQ/n+/VV

OO (R) jR

>2`2- r2 }M/ jR- bQ T2`?Tb `2KQpBM; i?2K rBHH ?2HT5

#B;nKQ/2Hn7Bt 4 HKUKT;  /BbT ?T /QK2biB+-

/i 4 miQKT;-
bm#b2i 4 #B;nKQ/n+/ I 9 f H2M;i?U#B;nKQ/n+/VV
[[MQ`KU`2bB/U#B;nKQ/2Hn7BtV- +QH 4 ];`2v]V
[[HBM2U`2bB/U#B;nKQ/2Hn7BtV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV

Normal Q-Q Plot

10
Sample Quantiles

5
0
-5

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Theoretical Quantiles

b?TB`QXi2biU`2bB/U#B;nKQ/2Hn7BtVV

OO
OO a?TB`Q@qBHF MQ`KHBiv i2bi
OO
OO /i, `2bB/U#B;nKQ/2Hn7BtV
OO q 4 yXNNyj8- T@pHm2 4 yXykye3

_2KQpBM; i?2b2 TQBMib `2bmHib BM  Km+? #2ii2` Z@Z THQi- M/ MQr a?TB`Q@qBHF
7BHb iQ `2D2+i 7Q`  HQr ᅫX
RjX8X _ J_E.PqL jyR

q2Ƕp2 MQr b22M i?i bQK2iBK2b KQ/B7vBM; i?2 /i +M }t Bbbm2b rBi? `2;`2bbBQMX
>Qr2p2`- M2ti +?Ti2`- BMbi2/ Q7 KQ/B7vBM; i?2 /i- r2 rBHH KQ/B7v i?2 KQ/2H
pB i`Mb7Q`KiBQMbX

RjX8 _ J`F/QrM
h?2 _ J`F/QrM }H2 7Q` i?Bb +?Ti2` +M #2 7QmM/ ?2`2,

Ç /B;MQbiB+bX_K/

h?2 }H2 rb +`2i2/ mbBM; _ p2`bBQM 9XkXRX

jyk *>Sh1_ RjX JP.1G .A:LPahA*a
*?Ti2` R9

h`Mb7Q`KiBQMb

dz:Bp2 K2  H2p2` HQM; 2MQm;? M/  7mH+`mK QM r?B+? iQ TH+2 Bi-

M/ A b?HH KQp2 i?2 rQ`H/XǴ
ě `+?BK2/2b

SH2b2 MQi2, bQK2 /i +m``2MiHv mb2/ BM i?Bb +?Ti2` rb mb2/- +?M;2/- M/
Tbb2/ `QmM/ Qp2` i?2 v2`b BM ahh 9ky i lAl*X Aib Q`B;BMH bQm`+2b- B7 i?2v
2tBbi- `2 i i?Bb iBK2 mMFMQrM iQ i?2 mi?Q`X b  `2bmHi- i?2v b?QmH/ QMHv #2
+QMbB/2`2/ 7Q` mb2 rBi? ahh 9kyX :QBM; 7Q`r`/ i?2v rBHH HBF2Hv #2 `2TH+2/
rBi? Hi2`MiBp2 bQm`+2#H2 /i i?i BHHmbi`i2b i?2 bK2 +QM+2TibX i i?2 2M/
Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` vQm +M }M/ +Q/2 b22M BM pB/2Qb 7Q` q22F 3 7Q` ahh 9ky BM
i?2 J*a@.a T`Q;`KX Ai Bb +m``2MiHv BM i?2 T`Q+2bb Q7 #2BM; K2`;2/ BMiQ i?2
M``iBp2 Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2`X
7i2` `2/BM; i?Bb +?Ti2` vQm rBHH #2 #H2 iQ,

Ç lM/2`biM/ i?2 +QM+2Ti Q7  p`BM+2 bi#BHBxBM; i`Mb7Q`KiBQMX

Ç lb2 i`Mb7Q`KiBQMb Q7 i?2 `2bTQMb2 iQ BKT`Qp2 `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2HbX
Ç lb2 TQHvMQKBH i2`Kb b T`2/B+iQ`b iQ }i KQ`2 ~2tB#H2 `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2HbX

Gbi +?Ti2` r2 +?2+F2/ i?2 bbmKTiBQMb Q7 `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2Hb M/ HQQF2/ i

rvb iQ /B;MQb2 TQbbB#H2 Bbbm2bX h?Bb +?Ti2` r2 rBHH mb2 i`Mb7Q`KiBQMb Q7
#Qi? `2bTQMb2 M/ T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2b BM Q`/2` iQ +Q``2+i Bbbm2b rBi? KQ/2H
/B;MQbiB+b- M/ iQ HbQ TQi2MiBHHv bBKTHv KF2  KQ/2H }i /i #2ii2`X

R9XR _2bTQMb2 h`Mb7Q`KiBQM

G2iǶb HQQF i bQK2 U}+iBQMHV bH`v /i 7`QK i?2 U}+iBQMHV +QKTMv AMBi2+?X
q2 rBHH i`v iQ KQ/2H bH`v b  7mM+iBQM Q7 v2`b Q7 2tT2`B2M+2X h?2 /i
+M #2 7QmM/ BM BMBi2+?X+bpX

jyj
jy9 *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

BMBi2+? 4 `2/X+bpU]/ifBMBi2+?X+bp]V

THQiUbH`v  v2`b- /i 4 BMBi2+?- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8-
KBM 4 ]aH`B2b i AMBi2+?- "v a2MBQ`Biv]V

Salaries at Initech, By Seniority

250000
salary

150000
50000

5 10 15 20 25

years

q2 }`bi }i  bBKTH2 HBM2` KQ/2HX

BMBi2+?n7Bi 4 HKUbH`v  v2`b- /i 4 BMBi2+?V

bmKK`vUBMBi2+?n7BiV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 bH`v  v2`b- /i 4 BMBi2+?V
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @8dkk8 @R3Ry9 k9R R883N NRjjk
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV 8jyk 8d8y yXNkk yXj8N
OO v2`b 3ejd j3N kkXkyy Ik2@Re
OO @@@
R9XRX _1aSPLa1 h_La6P_JhAPL jy8

OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R

OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, kdjey QM N3 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yX3j9R- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yX3jk9
OO 6@biiBbiB+, 9NkX3 QM R M/ N3 .6- T@pHm2, I kXk2@Re

h?Bb KQ/2H TT2`b bB;MB}+Mi- #mi /Q2b Bi K22i i?2 KQ/2H bbmKTiBQMb\

THQiUbH`v  v2`b- /i 4 BMBi2+?- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8-
KBM 4 ]aH`B2b i AMBi2+?- "v a2MBQ`Biv]V
#HBM2UBMBi2+?n7Bi- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

Salaries at Initech, By Seniority

250000
salary

150000
50000

5 10 15 20 25

years

//BM; i?2 }ii2/ HBM2 iQ i?2 THQi- r2 b22 i?i i?2 HBM2` `2HiBQMb?BT TT2`b
+Q``2+iX

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQiU7Bii2/UBMBi2+?n7BiV- `2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BiV- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky-

tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]- KBM 4 ]6Bii2/ p2`bmb _2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

[[MQ`KU`2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BiV- KBM 4 ]LQ`KH Z@Z SHQi]- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BiV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV
jye *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

Fitted versus Residuals Normal Q-Q Plot

50000

50000
Sample Quantiles
Residuals

0
-50000

-50000
50000 100000 150000 200000 -2 -1 0 1 2

Fitted Theoretical Quantiles

>Qr2p2`- 7`QK i?2 }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi Bi TT2`b i?2`2 Bb MQM@+QMbiMi
p`BM+2X aT2+B}+HHv- i?2 p`BM+2 BM+`2b2b b i?2 }ii2/ pHm2 BM+`2b2bX

R9XRXR o`BM+2 ai#BHBxBM; h`Mb7Q`KiBQMb

_2+HH i?2 }ii2/ pHm2 Bb Qm` 2biBKi2 Q7 i?2 K2M i  T`iB+mH` pHm2 Q7 ԧX
lM/2` Qm` mbmH bbmKTiBQMb-

ᅯ ୽ ԃ  ᅼϵ

M/ i?mb

o`<Ԏ ]ԍ  ԧ>  ᅼϵ

r?B+? Bb  +QMbiMi pHm2 7Q` Mv pHm2 Q7 ԧX

>Qr2p2`- ?2`2 r2 b22 i?i i?2 p`BM+2 Bb  7mM+iBQM Q7 i?2 K2M-

o`<Ԏ ੮ ԍ  ԧ>  ԗ 1<Ԏ ੮ ԍ  ԧ>



AM i?Bb +b2- ԗ Bb bQK2 BM+`2bBM; 7mM+iBQMX

AM Q`/2` iQ +Q``2+i 7Q` i?Bb- r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ }M/ bQK2 7mM+iBQM Q7 Ԏ - Ԗ Ԏ
bm+?
i?i-

o`<Ԗ Ԏ
੮ ԍ  ԧ>  Ԓ
R9XRX _1aSPLa1 h_La6P_JhAPL jyd

r?2`2 Ԓ Bb  +QMbiMi i?i /Q2b MQi /2T2M/ QM i?2 K2M- 1<Ԏ ੮ ԍ  ԧ>X 
i`Mb7Q`KiBQM i?i ++QKTHBb?2b i?Bb Bb +HH2/  p`BM+2 bi#BHBxBM; i`Mb@
7Q`KiBQMX

 +QKKQM p`BM+2 bi#BHBxBM; i`Mb7Q`KiBQM UoahV r?2M r2 b22 BM+`2bBM;

p`BM+2 BM  }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi Bb HQ; Ԏ
X HbQ- B7 i?2 pHm2b Q7  p`B#H2
`M;2 Qp2` KQ`2 i?M QM2 Q`/2` Q7 K;MBim/2 M/ i?2 p`B#H2 Bb bi`B+iHv TQbBiBp2-
i?2M `2TH+BM; i?2 p`B#H2 #v Bib HQ;`Bi?K Bb HBF2Hv iQ #2 ?2HT7mHX

 `2KBM/2`- i?i 7Q` Qm` Tm`TQb2b- HQ; M/ HM `2 #Qi? i?2 Mim`H HQ;X _ mb2b
HQ; iQ K2M i?2 Mim`H HQ;- mMH2bb  /Bz2`2Mi #b2 Bb bT2+B}2/X

q2 rBHH MQr mb2  KQ/2H rBi?  HQ; i`Mb7Q`K2/ `2bTQMb2 7Q` i?2 AMBi2+? /i-

HQ; Ԏք
 ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք  ᅯք 

LQi2- B7 r2 `2@b+H2 i?2 KQ/2H 7`QK  HQ; b+H2 #+F iQ i?2 Q`B;BMH b+H2 Q7 i?2
/i- r2 MQr ?p2

Ԏք  2tT ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք
ੁ 2tT ᅯք

r?B+? ?b i?2 2``Q`b 2Mi2`BM; i?2 KQ/2H BM  KmHiBTHB+iBp2 7b?BQMX

6BiiBM; i?Bb KQ/2H BM _ `2[mB`2b QMHv  KBMQ` KQ/B}+iBQM iQ Qm` 7Q`KmH bT2+@
B}+iBQMX

BMBi2+?n7BinHQ; 4 HKUHQ;UbH`vV  v2`b- /i 4 BMBi2+?V

LQi2 i?i r?BH2 HQ;UvV Bb +QMbB/2`2/ i?2 M2r `2bTQMb2 p`B#H2- r2 /Q MQi
+imHHv +`2i2  M2r p`B#H2 BM _- #mi bBKTHv i`Mb7Q`K i?2 p`B#H2 BMbB/2 i?2
KQ/2H 7Q`KmHX

THQiUHQ;UbH`vV  v2`b- /i 4 BMBi2+?- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8-
KBM 4 ]aH`B2b i AMBi2+?- "v a2MBQ`Biv]V
#HBM2UBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
jy3 *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

Salaries at Initech, By Seniority

12.5
12.0
log(salary)

11.5
11.0
10.5

5 10 15 20 25

years

SHQiiBM; i?2 /i QM i?2 i`Mb7Q`K2/ HQ; b+H2 M/ //BM; i?2 }ii2/ HBM2- i?2
`2HiBQMb?BT ;BM TT2`b HBM2`- M/ r2 +M H`2/v b22 i?i i?2 p`BiBQM
#Qmi i?2 }ii2/ HBM2 HQQFb +QMbiMiX

THQiUbH`v  v2`b- /i 4 BMBi2+?- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8-
KBM 4 ]aH`B2b i AMBi2+?- "v a2MBQ`Biv]V
+m`p2U2tTUBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;0+Q27(R) Y BMBi2+?n7BinHQ;0+Q27(k) tV-
7`QK 4 y- iQ 4 jy- // 4 h_l1- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
R9XRX _1aSPLa1 h_La6P_JhAPL jyN

Salaries at Initech, By Seniority

250000
salary

150000
50000

5 10 15 20 25

years

"v THQiiBM; i?2 /i QM i?2 Q`B;BMH b+H2- M/ //BM; i?2 }ii2/ `2;`2bbBQM- r2
b22 M 2tTQM2MiBH `2HiBQMb?BTX >Qr2p2`- i?Bb Bb biBHH  HBM2` KQ/2H- bBM+2 i?2
M2r i`Mb7Q`K2/ `2bTQMb2- HQ; Ԩ
- Bb biBHH  HBM2` +QK#BMiBQM Q7 i?2 T`2/B+iQ`bX

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQiU7Bii2/UBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;V- `2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;V- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky-

tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]- KBM 4 ]6Bii2/ p2`bmb _2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

[[MQ`KU`2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;V- KBM 4 ]LQ`KH Z@Z SHQi]- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;V- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV
jRy *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

Fitted versus Residuals Normal Q-Q Plot

0.4

0.4
0.2

0.2
Sample Quantiles
Residuals

0.0

0.0
-0.2

-0.2
-0.4

-0.4
-0.6

-0.6
10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 -2 -1 0 1 2

Fitted Theoretical Quantiles

h?2 }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi HQQFb Km+? #2ii2`X Ai TT2`b i?2 +QMbiMi
p`BM+2 bbmKTiBQM Bb MQ HQM;2` pBQHi2/X
*QKT`BM; i?2 _Ja1 mbBM; i?2 Q`B;BMH M/ i`Mb7Q`K2/ `2bTQMb2- r2 HbQ
b22 i?i i?2 HQ; i`Mb7Q`K2/ KQ/2H bBKTHv }ib #2ii2`- rBi?  bKHH2` p2`;2
b[m`2/ 2``Q`X

b[`iUK2MU`2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BiV  kVV

OO (R) kdy3yXRe

b[`iUK2MU`2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;V  kVV

OO (R) yXRNj9Nyd

"mi rBi- i?i BbMǶi 7B`- i?Bb /Bz2`2M+2 Bb bBKTHv /m2 iQ i?2 /Bz2`2Mi b+H2b #2BM;
mb2/X

b[`iUK2MUUBMBi2+?0bH`v @ 7Bii2/UBMBi2+?n7BiVV  kVV

OO (R) kdy3yXRe

b[`iUK2MUUBMBi2+?0bH`v @ 2tTU7Bii2/UBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;VVV  kVV

OO (R) k9k3yXje

h`Mb7Q`KBM; i?2 }ii2/ pHm2b Q7 i?2 HQ; KQ/2H #+F iQ i?2 /i b+H2- r2 /Q
BM/22/ b22 i?i Bi }ib #2ii2`5
R9XRX _1aSPLa1 h_La6P_JhAPL jRR

bmKK`vUBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;V

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 HQ;UbH`vV  v2`b- /i 4 BMBi2+?V
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @yX8dykk @yXRj8ey yXyjy93 yXR9R8d yX9Rjee
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV RyX93j3R yXy9Ry3 k88XR3 Ik2@Re
OO v2`b yXyd333 yXyykd3 k3Xj3 Ik2@Re
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, yXRN88 QM N3 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yX3NR8- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yX3Ny9
OO 6@biiBbiB+, 3y8Xk QM R M/ N3 .6- T@pHm2, I kXk2@Re

;BM- i?2 i`Mb7Q`K2/ `2bTQMb2 Bb  HBM2` +QK#BMiBQM Q7 i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b-

HQ; Ԩ ԧ

ࣞ  ᅬЈࣞ  ᅬφࣞ ԧ    ԧ

"mi MQr- B7 r2 `2@b+H2 i?2 /i 7`QK  HQ; b+H2 #+F iQ i?2 Q`B;BMH b+H2 Q7
i?2 /i- r2 MQr ?p2

Ԩ ԧ

ࣞ  2tT ᅬЈࣞ
2tT ᅬφࣞ ԧ
 2tT 
2tT ԧ


q2 b22 i?i 7Q` 2p2`v QM2 //BiBQMH v2` Q7 2tT2`B2M+2- p2`;2 bH`v BM+`2b2b
2tT 
  iBK2bX q2 `2 MQr KmHiBTHvBM;- MQi //BM;X
q?BH2 mbBM;  HQ; i`Mb7Q`K Bb TQbbB#Hv i?2 KQbi +QKKQM `2bTQMb2 p`B#H2
i`Mb7Q`KiBQM- KMv Qi?2`b 2tBbiX q2 rBHH MQr +QMbB/2`  7KBHv Q7 i`Mb7Q`@
KiBQMb M/ +?QQb2 i?2 #2bi 7`QK KQM; i?2K- r?B+? BM+Hm/2b i?2 HQ; i`Mb7Q`KX

R9XRXk "Qt@*Qt h`Mb7Q`KiBQMb

h?2 "Qt@*Qt K2i?Q/ +QMbB/2`b  7KBHv Q7 i`Mb7Q`KiBQMb QM bi`B+iHv TQbBiBp2

`2bTQMb2 p`B#H2b-
jRk *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

৘ Ԩᇊ ਷ 
৖ ᅶଈ
Ԗᇊ Ԩ
 ᅶ
ৗ
৖
৕ HQ; Ԩ
ᅶ

h?2 ᅶ T`K2i2` Bb +?Qb2M #v MmK2`B+HHv KtBKBxBM; i?2 HQ;@HBF2HB?QQ/-

ԝ
ԁ ᅶ
 ਷ HQ; ԇԈԈᇊ ԝ
 ᅶ ਷ 
ం HQ; Ԩք



   ਷ ᅫ
 +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pH 7Q` ᅶ Bb-


ছᅶ ੃ ԁ ᅶ
 ԁ ᅶ
ࣞ ਷ ᆀϵφӴᆿ জ


r?B+? _ rBHH THQi 7Q` mb iQ ?2HT [mB+FHv b2H2+i M TT`QT`Bi2 ᅶ pHm2X q2 Q7i2M
+?QQb2  dzMB+2Ǵ pHm2 7`QK rBi?BM i?2 +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pH- BMbi2/ Q7 i?2 pHm2
Q7 ᅶ i?i i`mHv KtBKBx2b i?2 HBF2HB?QQ/X

HB#``vUJaaV
HB#``vU7`rvV

>2`2 r2 M22/ i?2 Jaa T+F;2 7Q` i?2 #Qt+QtUV 7mM+iBQM- M/ r2 rBHH +QMbB/2`
 +QmTH2 Q7 /ib2ib 7`QK i?2 7`rv T+F;2X

6B`bi r2 rBHH mb2 i?2 bpBM;b /ib2i b M 2tKTH2 Q7 mbBM; i?2 "Qt@*Qt
K2i?Q/ iQ DmbiB7v i?2 mb2 Q7 MQ i`Mb7Q`KiBQMX q2 }i M //BiBp2 KmHiBTH2
`2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H rBi? b` b i?2 `2bTQMb2 M/ 2+? Q7 i?2 Qi?2` p`B#H2b b
T`2/B+iQ`bX

bpBM;bnKQ/2H 4 HKUb`  X- /i 4 bpBM;bV

q2 i?2M mb2 i?2 #Qt+QtUV 7mM+iBQM iQ }M/ i?2 #2bi i`Mb7Q`KiBQM Q7 i?2 7Q`K
+QMbB/2`2/ #v i?2 "Qt@*Qt K2i?Q/X

#Qt+QtUbpBM;bnKQ/2H- THQiBi 4 h_l1V

R9XRX _1aSPLa1 h_La6P_JhAPL jRj

-50

95%
-100
log-Likelihood

-150
-200

-2 -1 0 1 2

_ miQKiB+HHv THQib i?2 HQ;@GBF2HB?QQ/ b  7mM+iBQM Q7 TQbbB#H2 ᅶ pHm2bX Ai BM@

/B+i2b #Qi? i?2 pHm2 i?i KtBKBx2b i?2 HQ;@HBF2HB?QQ/- b r2HH b  +QM}/2M+2
BMi2`pH 7Q` i?2 ᅶ pHm2 i?i KtBKBx2b i?2 HQ;@HBF2HB?QQ/X

#Qt+QtUbpBM;bnKQ/2H- THQiBi 4 h_l1- HK#/ 4 b2[UyX8- RX8- #v 4 yXRVV

jR9 *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

-57.0
log-Likelihood

-58.0

95%
-59.0
-60.0

0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

LQi2 i?i r2 +M bT2+B7v  `M;2 Q7 ᅶ pHm2b iQ +QMbB/2` M/ i?mb #2 THQii2/X q2
Q7i2M bT2+B7v  `M;2 i?i Bb KQ`2 pBbmHHv BMi2`2biBM;X >2`2 r2 b22 i?i ᅶ  
Bb #Qi? BM i?2 +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pH- M/ Bb 2ti`2K2Hv +HQb2 iQ i?2 KtBKmKX h?Bb
bm;;2bib  i`Mb7Q`KiBQM Q7 i?2 7Q`K

Ԩᇊ ਷  Ԩφ ਷ 
  Ԩ ਷ 
ᅶ 

h?Bb Bb 2bb2MiBHHv MQi  i`Mb7Q`KiBQMX Ai rQmH/ MQi +?M;2 i?2 p`BM+2 Q`

KF2 i?2 KQ/2H }i #2ii2`X "v bm#i`+iBM; R 7`QK 2p2`v pHm2- r2 rQmH/ QMHv
+?M;2 i?2 BMi2`+2Ti Q7 i?2 KQ/2H- M/ i?2 `2bmHiBM; 2``Q`b rQmH/ #2 i?2 bK2X

THQiU7Bii2/UbpBM;bnKQ/2HV- `2bB/UbpBM;bnKQ/2HV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-

T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- Hiv 4 k- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
R9XRX _1aSPLa1 h_La6P_JhAPL jR8

10
5
Residuals

0
-5

6 8 10 12 14 16

Fitted

GQQFBM; i  }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi p2`B}2b i?i i?2`2 HBF2Hv `2 MQi Mv
Bbbm2b rBi? i?2 bbmKTiBQMb Q7 i?Bb KQ/2H- r?B+? "`2mb+?@S;M M/ a?TB`Q@
qBHF i2bib p2`B7vX

HB#``vUHKi2biV
#Ti2biUbpBM;bnKQ/2HV

OO
OO bim/2MiBx2/ "`2mb+?@S;M i2bi
OO
OO /i, bpBM;bnKQ/2H
OO "S 4 9XN38k- /7 4 9- T@pHm2 4 yXk333

b?TB`QXi2biU`2bB/UbpBM;bnKQ/2HVV

OO
OO a?TB`Q@qBHF MQ`KHBiv i2bi
OO
OO /i, `2bB/UbpBM;bnKQ/2HV
OO q 4 yXN3eN3- T@pHm2 4 yX38k9

LQr r2 rBHH mb2 i?2 ;H /ib2i b M 2tKTH2 Q7 mbBM; i?2 "Qt@*Qt K2i?Q/
iQ DmbiB7v  i`Mb7Q`KiBQM Qi?2` i?M HQ;X q2 }i M //BiBp2 KmHiBTH2 `2;`2b@
bBQM KQ/2H rBi? aT2+B2b b i?2 `2bTQMb2 M/ KQbi Q7 i?2 Qi?2` p`B#H2b b
T`2/B+iQ`bX
jRe *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

;HnKQ/2H 4 HKUaT2+B2b  `2 Y 1H2piBQM Y L2`2bi Y a+`mx Y /D+2Mi- /i 4 ;HV

THQiU7Bii2/U;HnKQ/2HV- `2bB/U;HnKQ/2HV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-

T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- Hiv 4 k- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
100 150
Residuals

50
0
-100

0 100 200 300 400

Fitted

1p2M i?Qm;? i?2`2 Bb MQi  HQi Q7 /i 7Q` H`;2 }ii2/ pHm2b- Bi biBHH b22Kb p2`v
+H2` i?i i?2 +QMbiMi p`BM+2 bbmKTiBQM Bb pBQHi2/X

#Qt+QtU;HnKQ/2H- HK#/ 4 b2[U@yXk8- yXd8- #v 4 yXy8V- THQiBi 4 h_l1V

R9XRX _1aSPLa1 h_La6P_JhAPL jRd

-58 -56 -54 -52 -50 -48 -46

95%
log-Likelihood

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

lbBM; i?2 "Qt@*Qt K2i?Q/- r2 b22 i?i ᅶ   Bb #Qi? BM i?2 +QM}/2M+2 BMi2`@
pH- M/ Bb 2ti`2K2Hv +HQb2 iQ i?2 KtBKmK- r?B+? bm;;2bib  i`Mb7Q`KiBQM Q7
i?2 7Q`K

Ԩᇊ ਷  ԨЈӳϯ ਷ 
 
ᅶ 

q2 i?2M }i  KQ/2H rBi? i?Bb i`Mb7Q`KiBQM TTHB2/ iQ i?2 `2bTQMb2X

;HnKQ/2Hn+Qt 4 HKUUUUaT2+B2b  yXjV @ RV f yXjV  `2 Y 1H2piBQM Y L2`2bi Y a+`mx Y /D+2Mi

THQiU7Bii2/U;HnKQ/2Hn+QtV- `2bB/U;HnKQ/2Hn+QtV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-

T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- Hiv 4 k- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
jR3 *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

4
2
Residuals

0
-2
-4

5 10 15

Fitted

h?2 `2bmHiBM; }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi HQQFb Km+? #2ii2`5

GbiHv- r2 `2im`M iQ i?2 BMBi2+? /i- M/ i?2 BMBi2+?n7Bi KQ/2H r2 ?/
mb2/ 2`HB2`X _2+HH i?i i?Bb rb i?2 mMi`Mb7Q`K2/ KQ/2H- i?i r2 mb2/  HQ;
i`Mb7Q`K iQ }tX

#Qt+QtUBMBi2+?n7BiV
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL jRN

95%
-80
log-Likelihood

-120
-160
-200

-2 -1 0 1 2

lbBM; i?2 "Qt@*Qt K2i?Q/- r2 b22 i?i ᅶ   Bb #Qi? BM i?2 BMi2`pH- M/
2ti`2K2Hv +HQb2 iQ i?2 KtBKmK- r?B+? bm;;2bib  i`Mb7Q`KiBQM Q7 i?2 7Q`K

HQ; Ԩ


aQ i?2 "Qt@*Qt K2i?Q/ DmbiB}2b Qm` T`2pBQmb +?QB+2 Q7  HQ; i`Mb7Q`K5

R9Xk S`2/B+iQ` h`Mb7Q`KiBQM

AM //BiBQM iQ i`Mb7Q`KiBQM Q7 i?2 `2bTQMb2 p`B#H2- r2 +M HbQ +QMbB/2`
i`Mb7Q`KiBQMb Q7 T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2bX aQK2iBK2b i?2b2 i`Mb7Q`KiBQMb +M
?2HT rBi? pBQHiBQM Q7 KQ/2H bbmKTiBQMb- M/ Qi?2` iBK2b i?2v +M #2 mb2/ iQ
bBKTHv }i  KQ`2 ~2tB#H2 KQ/2HX

bi`UmiQKT;V

OO ^/iX7`K2^, j3j Q#bX Q7 N p`B#H2b,

OO 0 KT; , MmK R3 R8 R3 Re Rd R8 R9 R9 R9 R8 XXX
OO 0 +vH , 6+iQ` rf j H2p2Hb ]9]-]e]-]3], j j j j j j j j j j XXX
OO 0 /BbT , MmK jyd j8y jR3 jy9 jyk 9kN 989 99y 988 jNy XXX
OO 0 ?T , MmK Rjy Re8 R8y R8y R9y RN3 kky kR8 kk8 RNy XXX
OO 0 ri , MmK j8y9 jeNj j9je j9jj j99N XXX
jky *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

OO 0 ++ , MmK Rk RRX8 RR Rk RyX8 Ry N 3X8 Ry 3X8 XXX

OO 0 v2` , BMi dy dy dy dy dy dy dy dy dy dy XXX
OO 0 Q`B;BM , BMi R R R R R R R R R R XXX
OO 0 /QK2biB+, MmK R R R R R R R R R R XXX

_2+HH i?2 miQKT; /ib2i 7`QK i?2 T`2pBQmb +?Ti2`X >2`2 r2 rBHH ii2KTi iQ
KQ/2H KT; b  7mM+iBQM Q7 ?TX

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQiUKT;  ?T- /i 4 miQKT;- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8V
KT;n?T 4 HKUKT;  ?T- /i 4 miQKT;V
#HBM2UKT;n?T- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
THQiU7Bii2/UKT;n?TV- `2bB/UKT;n?TV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- Hiv 4 k- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

10 15
40

Residuals

5
30
mpg

0
20

-10
10

50 100 150 200 5 10 15 20 25 30

hp Fitted

q2 }`bi ii2KTi aG_- #mi r2 b22  `i?2` Q#pBQmb Tii2`M BM i?2 }ii2/ p2`bmb
`2bB/mHb THQi- r?B+? BM+Hm/2b BM+`2bBM; p`BM+2- bQ r2 ii2KTi  HQ; i`Mb7Q`K
Q7 i?2 `2bTQMb2X

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQiUHQ;UKT;V  ?T- /i 4 miQKT;- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8V
KT;n?TnHQ; 4 HKUHQ;UKT;V  ?T- /i 4 miQKT;V
#HBM2UKT;n?TnHQ;- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
THQiU7Bii2/UKT;n?TnHQ;V- `2bB/UKT;n?TnHQ;V- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- Hiv 4 k- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL jkR

0.6
3.5

0.2
Residuals
log(mpg)

3.0

-0.2
2.5

-0.6
50 100 150 200 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4

hp Fitted

7i2` T2`7Q`KBM; i?2 HQ; i`Mb7Q`K Q7 i?2 `2bTQMb2- r2 biBHH ?p2 bQK2 Q7 i?2
bK2 Bbbm2b rBi? i?2 }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bTQMb2X LQr- r2 rBHH i`v HbQ HQ; i`Mb7Q`K@
BM; i?2 T`2/B+iQ`X

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQiUHQ;UKT;V  HQ;U?TV- /i 4 miQKT;- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8V
KT;n?TnHQ;HQ; 4 HKUHQ;UKT;V  HQ;U?TV- /i 4 miQKT;V
#HBM2UKT;n?TnHQ;HQ;- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
THQiU7Bii2/UKT;n?TnHQ;HQ;V- `2bB/UKT;n?TnHQ;HQ;V- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- Hiv 4 k- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
0.6
3.5

0.2
Residuals
log(mpg)

3.0

-0.2
2.5

-0.6

4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6

log(hp) Fitted

>2`2- Qm` }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi HQQFb ;QQ/X

jkk *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

R9XkXR SQHvMQKBHb

MQi?2` p2`v +QKKQM dzi`Mb7Q`KiBQMǴ Q7  T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2 Bb i?2 mb2 Q7

TQHvMQKBH i`Mb7Q`KiBQMbX h?2v `2 2ti`2K2Hv mb27mH b i?2v HHQr 7Q` KQ`2
~2tB#H2 KQ/2Hb- #mi /Q MQi +?M;2 i?2 mMBib Q7 i?2 p`B#H2bX
Ai b?QmH/ +QK2 b MQ bm`T`Bb2 i?i bH2b Q7  T`Q/m+i `2 `2Hi2/ iQ i?2 /p2`iBbBM;
#m/;2i 7Q` i?2 T`Q/m+i- #mi i?2`2 `2 /BKBMBb?BM; `2im`MbX  +QKTMv +MMQi
Hrvb 2tT2+i HBM2` `2im`Mb #b2/ QM M BM+`2b2/ /p2`iBbBM; #m/;2iX
*QMbB/2` KQMi?Hv /i 7Q` i?2 bH2b Q7 AMBi2+? rB/;2ib- Ԩ- b  7mM+iBQM Q7
AMBi2+?Ƕb /p2`iBbBM; 2tT2M/Bim`2 7Q` bB/ rB/;2i- ԧ- #Qi? BM i2M i?QmbM/ /QHH`bX
h?2 /i +M #2 7QmM/ BM K`F2iBM;X+bpX

K`F2iBM; 4 `2/X+bpU]/ifK`F2iBM;X+bp]V

THQiUbH2b  /p2`i- /i 4 K`F2iBM;-

tH# 4 ]/p2`i aT2M/BM; UBM 0Ry-yyyV]- vH# 4 ]aH2b UBM 0Ry-yyyV]-
T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 kV
25
Sales (in $10,000)

20
15
10

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Advert Spending (in $10,000)

q2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ }i i?2 KQ/2H-

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք  ᅬϵ ԧϵք  ᅯք
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r?2`2 ᅯք ୽ ԃ  ᅼϵ
7Q` Ԙ    ੈ 
h?2 `2bTQMb2 Ԩ Bb MQr  HBM2` 7mM+iBQM Q7 dzirQǴ p`B#H2b r?B+? MQr HHQrb
Ԩ iQ #2  MQM@HBM2` 7mM+iBQM Q7 i?2 Q`B;BMH bBM;H2 T`2/B+iQ` ԧX q2 +QMbB/2`
i?Bb  i`Mb7Q`KiBQM- Hi?Qm;? r2 ?p2 +imHHv BM bQK2 b2Mb2 //2/ MQi?2`
T`2/B+iQ`X
h?mb- Qm` ԍ Ki`Bt Bb-

 ԧφ ԧϵφ
ৡ ৤
ৠ ԧϵ ԧϵϵ ৣ
ৠ ԧϯ ԧϵϯ ৣ
ৠ ৣ
ৠੇ ੇ ੇ ৣ
য় ԧ։ ԧϵ։ ৢ

q2 +M i?2M T`Q+22/ iQ }i i?2 KQ/2H b r2 ?p2 BM i?2 Tbi 7Q` KmHiBTH2 HBM2`
`2;`2bbBQMX

਷φ
ᅬ ࣞ  िԍ સ ԍी ԍ સ Ԩ

Pm` 2biBKi2b rBHH ?p2 i?2 mbmH T`QT2`iB2bX h?2 K2M Bb biBHH

Ӻ<ᅬ>ࣞ  ᅬ

M/ p`BM+2

਷φ
o`<ᅬ>ࣞ  ᅼϵ िԍ સ ԍी 

q2 HbQ KBMiBM i?2 bK2 /Bbi`B#miBQMH `2bmHib

ᅬօࣞ ୽ ԃ ॕᅬօ ᅼϵ Ӹօօ ॖ 

K`FnKQ/ 4 HKUbH2b  /p2`i- /i 4 K`F2iBM;V

bmKK`vUK`FnKQ/V

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 bH2b  /p2`i- /i 4 K`F2iBM;V
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @kXd398 @RX9dek @yX8Ryj RXkjeR jXR3eN
OO
jk9 *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV NX98yk yXe3ye RjX33 kXRj2@RR
OO /p2`i RXRNR3 yXyNjd RkXdk NXe82@RR
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, RXNyd QM RN /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yX3N9N- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yX33N9
OO 6@biiBbiB+, ReRX3 QM R M/ RN .6- T@pHm2, NXe9e2@RR

q?BH2 i?2 aG_ KQ/2H Bb bB;MB}+Mi- i?2 }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi rQmH/ ?p2
 p2`v +H2` Tii2`MX

K`FnKQ/nTQHvk 4 HKUbH2b  /p2`i Y AU/p2`i  kV- /i 4 K`F2iBM;V

bmKK`vUK`FnKQ/nTQHvkV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 bH2b  /p2`i Y AU/p2`ikV- /i 4 K`F2iBM;V
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @RXNRd8 @yX3jjj @yXRN93 yXNkNk kXRj38
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV eXdeReR yXedkRN RyXy8N 3XRe2@yN
OO /p2`i kX9ekjR yXk93jy NXNRd RXyk2@y3
OO AU/p2`ikV @yXy3d98 yXyRe83 @8Xkd8 8XR92@y8
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, RXkk3 QM R3 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yXN83d- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yXN89R
OO 6@biiBbiB+, kyN QM k M/ R3 .6- T@pHm2, jX93e2@Rj

hQ // i?2 b2+QM/ Q`/2` i2`K r2 M22/ iQ mb2 i?2 AUV 7mM+iBQM BM i?2 KQ/2H
bT2+B}+iBQM `QmM/ Qm` M2rHv +`2i2/ T`2/B+iQ`X q2 b22 i?i rBi? i?2 }`bi
Q`/2` i2`K BM i?2 KQ/2H- i?2 [m/`iB+ i2`K Bb HbQ bB;MB}+MiX

M 4 H2M;i?UK`F2iBM;0/p2`iV
s 4 +#BM/U`2TUR- MV- K`F2iBM;0/p2`i- K`F2iBM;0/p2`i  kV
iUsV W W s
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL jk8

OO (-R) (-k) (-j)

OO (R-) kRXyy RkyXdy RRydXN8
OO (k-) RkyXdy RRydXN8 Rkj38X3e
OO (j-) RRydXN8 Rkj38X3e R8RjeNXRk

bQHp2UiUsV W W sV W W iUsV W W K`F2iBM;0bH2b

OO (-R)
OO (R-) eXdeReRy98
OO (k-) kX9ekjyNe9
OO (j-) @yXy3d98jN9

>2`2 r2 p2`B7v i?2 T`K2i2` 2biBKi2b r2`2 7QmM/ b r2 rQmH/ 2tT2+iX

q2 +QmH/ HbQ // ?B;?2` Q`/2` i2`Kb- bm+? b  i?B`/ /2;`22 T`2/B+iQ`X h?Bb Bb
2bv iQ /QX Pm` ԍ Ki`Bt bBKTHv #2+QK2b H`;2` ;BMX

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք  ᅬϵ ԧϵք  ᅬϯ ԧϯք  ᅯք

 ԧφ ԧϵφ ԧϯφ
ৡ ৤
ৠ ԧϵ ԧϵϵ ԧϯϵ ৣ
ৠ ԧϯ ԧϵϯ ԧϯϯ ৣ
ৠ ৣ
ৠੇ ੇ ੇ ੇ ৣ
য় ԧ։ ԧϵ։ ԧϯ։ ৢ

K`FnKQ/nTQHvj 4 HKUbH2b  /p2`i Y AU/p2`i  kV Y AU/p2`i  jV- /i 4 K`F2iBM;V

bmKK`vUK`FnKQ/nTQHvjV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 bH2b  /p2`i Y AU/p2`ikV Y AU/p2`ijV- /i 4 K`F2iBM;V
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @RX99jkk @yXeRjRy @yXyR8kd yXe3RjR RXkk8Rd
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV jX3Nyydy yXdeRN8e 8XRy8 3XdN2@y8
OO /p2`i 9Xe3R3e9 yX8yRyjk NXj99 9XR92@y3
OO AU/p2`ikV @yX988R8k yXyd3Ndd @8Xdej kXjy2@y8
OO AU/p2`ijV yXyReRjR yXyyj9kN 9Xdy9 yXyyyky8
jke *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, yX3jkN QM Rd /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yXN3kR- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yXNd3N
OO 6@biiBbiB+, jRyXk QM j M/ Rd .6- T@pHm2, 9X3Nk2@R8

LQr r2 b22 i?i rBi? i?2 }`bi M/ b2+QM/ Q`/2` i2`Kb BM i?2 KQ/2H- i?2 i?B`/
Q`/2` i2`K Bb HbQ bB;MB}+MiX "mi /Q2b i?Bb KF2 b2Mb2 T`+iB+HHv\ h?2 7QH@
HQrBM; THQi b?QmH/ ;Bp2b ?BMib b iQ r?v Bi /Q2bMǶiX Uh?2 KQ/2H rBi? i?2 i?B`/
Q`/2` i2`K /Q2bMǶi ?p2 /BKBMBb?BM; `2im`Mb5V

THQiUbH2b  /p2`i- /i 4 K`F2iBM;-

tH# 4 ]/p2`i aT2M/BM; UBM 0Ry-yyyV]- vH# 4 ]aH2b UBM 0Ry-yyyV]-
T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 kV
#HBM2UK`FnKQ/- Hiv 4 k- +QH 4 ];`22M]- Hr/ 4 kV
tTHQi 4 b2[Uy- Re- #v 4 yXyRV
HBM2bUtTHQi- T`2/B+iUK`FnKQ/nTQHvk- M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2U/p2`i 4 tTHQiVV-
+QH 4 ]#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV
HBM2bUtTHQi- T`2/B+iUK`FnKQ/nTQHvj- M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2U/p2`i 4 tTHQiVV-
+QH 4 ]`2/]- Hiv 4 j- Hr/ 4 jV
25
Sales (in $10,000)

20
15
10

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Advert Spending (in $10,000)

h?2 T`2pBQmb THQi rb K/2 mbBM; #b2 ;`T?B+b BM _X h?2 M2ti THQi rb K/2
mbBM; i?2 T+F;2 ;;THQik- M BM+`2bBM;Hv TQTmH` THQiiBM; K2i?Q/ BM _X
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL jkd

HB#``vU;;THQikV
;;THQiU/i 4 K`F2iBM;- 2bUt 4 /p2`i- v 4 bH2bVV Y
biinbKQQi?UK2i?Q/ 4 ]HK]- b2 4 6Ga1- +QHQ` 4 ];`22M]- 7Q`KmH 4 v  tV Y
biinbKQQi?UK2i?Q/ 4 ]HK]- b2 4 6Ga1- +QHQ` 4 ]#Hm2]- 7Q`KmH 4 v  t Y AUt  kVV Y
biinbKQQi?UK2i?Q/ 4 ]HK]- b2 4 6Ga1- +QHQ` 4 ]`2/]- 7Q`KmH 4 v  t Y AUt  kVY AUt  jVV Y
;2QKnTQBMiU+QHQm` 4 ]#H+F]- bBx2 4 jV

25

20
sales

15

10

0 5 10 15
advert

LQi2 r2 +QmH/ }i  TQHvMQKBH Q7 M `#Bi``v Q`/2`-

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք  ᅬϵ ԧϵք  ੈ  ᅬ֋਷φ ԧ֋਷φ

ք  ᅯք

>Qr2p2`- r2 b?QmH/ #2 +`27mH #Qmi Qp2`@}iiBM;- bBM+2 rBi?  TQHvMQKBH Q7

/2;`22 QM2 H2bb i?M i?2 MmK#2` Q7 Q#b2`piBQMb- Bi Bb bQK2iBK2b TQbbB#H2 iQ }i
 KQ/2H T2`72+iHvX

b2iXb22/URkj9V
t 4 b2[Uy- RyV
v 4 j Y t Y 9 t  k Y `MQ`KURR- y- kyV
THQiUt- v- vHBK 4 +U@jyy- 9yyV- +2t 4 k- T+? 4 kyV
7Bi 4 HKUv  t Y AUt  kVV
ObmKK`vU7BiV
7BinT2`7 4 HKUv  t Y AUt  kV Y AUt  jV Y AUt  9V Y AUt  8V Y AUt  eV
Y AUt  dV Y AUt  3V Y AUt  NV Y AUt  RyVV
bmKK`vU7BinT2`7V
jk3 *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 v  t Y AUtkV Y AUtjV Y AUt9V Y AUt8V Y AUteV Y
OO AUtdV Y AUt3V Y AUtNV Y AUtRyVV
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO GG RR `2bB/mHb `2 y, MQ `2bB/mH /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK5
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV @kXRR92YyR LL LL LL
OO t @RXNR32Yyj LL LL LL
OO AUtkV 9XNeN2Yyj LL LL LL
OO AUtjV @9XNjk2Yyj LL LL LL
OO AUt9V kX83R2Yyj LL LL LL
OO AUt8V @3Xyj82Yyk LL LL LL
OO AUteV RX8dy2Yyk LL LL LL
OO AUtdV @RXN9d2YyR LL LL LL
OO AUt3V RX9Ny2Yyy LL LL LL
OO AUtNV @eX9k92@yk LL LL LL
OO AUtRyV RXRN82@yj LL LL LL
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, LL QM y /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, R- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, LL
OO 6@biiBbiB+, LL QM Ry M/ y .6- T@pHm2, L

tTHQi 4 b2[Uy- Ry- #v 4 yXRV

HBM2bUtTHQi- T`2/B+iU7Bi- M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2Ut 4 tTHQiVV-
+QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 k- Hiv 4 RV
HBM2bUtTHQi- T`2/B+iU7BinT2`7- M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2Ut 4 tTHQiVV-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 k- Hiv 4 kV
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL jkN

300
100
y

-100
-300

0 2 4 6 8 10

LQiB+2 BM i?2 bmKK`v- _ +QmH/ MQi +H+mHi2 biM/`/ 2``Q`bX h?Bb Bb  `2bmHi
Q7 #2BM; dzQmiǴ Q7 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QKX qBi? RR ᅬ T`K2i2`b M/ RR /i TQBMib-
r2 mb2 mT HH i?2 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK #27Q`2 r2 +M 2biBKi2 ᅼX
AM i?Bb 2tKTH2- i?2 i`m2 `2HiBQMb?BT Bb [m/`iB+- #mi i?2 Q`/2` Ry TQHvMQKBHǶb
}i Bb dzT2`72+iǴX L2ti +?Ti2` r2 rBHH 7Q+mb QM i?2 i`/2@Qz #2ir22M ;QQ/M2bb Q7
}i UKBMBKBxBM; 2``Q`bV M/ +QKTH2tBiv Q7 KQ/2HX
amTTQb2 vQm rQ`F 7Q` M miQKQ#BH2 KMm7+im`2` r?B+? KF2b  H`;2 Hmtm`v
b2/MX uQm rQmH/ HBF2 iQ FMQr ?Qr i?2 +` T2`7Q`Kb 7`QK  7m2H 2{+B2M+v
biM/TQBMi r?2M Bi Bb /`Bp2M i p`BQmb bT22/bX AMbi2/ Q7 i2biBM; i?2 +` i
2p2`v +QM+2Bp#H2 bT22/ Ur?B+? rQmH/ #2 BKTQbbB#H2V vQm +`2i2 M 2tT2`BK2Mi
r?2`2 i?2 +` Bb /`Bp2M i bT22/b Q7 BMi2`2bi BM BM+`2K2Mib Q7 8 KBH2b T2` ?Qm`X
Pm` ;QH i?2M- Bb iQ }i  KQ/2H iQ i?Bb /i BM Q`/2` iQ #2 #H2 iQ T`2/B+i 7m2H
2{+B2M+v r?2M /`BpBM; i +2`iBM bT22/bX h?2 /i 7`QK i?Bb 2tKTH2 +M #2
7QmM/ BM 7m2Hn2+QMX+bpX

2+QM 4 `2/X+bpU]/if7m2Hn2+QMX+bp]V

AM i?Bb 2tKTH2- r2 rBHH #2 7`2[m2MiHv HQQFBM; i i?2 }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi-
bQ r2 b?QmH/ r`Bi2  7mM+iBQM iQ KF2 Qm` HB72 2bB2`- #mi i?Bb Bb H27i b M 2t2`+Bb2
7Q` ?QK2rQ`FX
q2 rBHH HbQ #2 //BM; }ii2/ +m`p2b iQ b+ii2`THQib `2T2i2/Hv- bQ bK`iHv r2
rBHH r`Bi2  7mM+iBQM iQ /Q bQX
jjy *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

THQin2+QMn+m`p2 4 7mM+iBQMUKQ/2HV &

THQiUKT;  KT?- /i 4 2+QM- tH# 4 ]aT22/ UJBH2b T2` >Qm`V]-
vH# 4 ]6m2H 177B+B2M+v UJBH2b T2` :HHQMV]- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 kV
tTHQi 4 b2[URy- d8- #v 4 yXRV
HBM2bUtTHQi- T`2/B+iUKQ/2H- M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2UKT? 4 tTHQiVV-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 k- Hiv 4 RV
'

aQ MQr r2 }`bi }i  bBKTH2 HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM iQ i?Bb /iX

7BiR 4 HKUKT;  KT?- /i 4 2+QMV

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQin2+QMn+m`p2U7BiRV
THQiU7Bii2/U7BiRV- `2bB/U7BiRV- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]-
+QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 kV
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
Fuel Efficiency (Miles per Gallon)

30

5
Residuals
25

0
20

-5
15

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5

Speed (Miles per Hour) Fitted

S`2iiv +H2`Hv r2 +M /Q #2ii2`X u2b 7m2H 2{+B2M+v /Q2b BM+`2b2 b bT22/ BM@
+`2b2b- #mi QMHv mT iQ  +2`iBM TQBMiX
q2 rBHH MQr // TQHvMQKBH i2`Kb mMiBH r2 }i  bmBi#H2 }iX

7Bik 4 HKUKT;  KT? Y AUKT?  kV- /i 4 2+QMV

bmKK`vU7BikV

OO
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL jjR

OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  KT? Y AUKT?kV- /i 4 2+QMV
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @kX39RR @yXNeN9 yXyyRd RXyR3R jXjNyy
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV kX99998y8 RX9k9RyNR RXdRe yXyN39 X
OO KT? RXkdReNjd yXyd8djkR ReXdNk jXNN2@R8
OO AUKT?kV @yXyR98yR9 yXyyy3dRN @ReXejj 9XNd2@R8
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, RXeej QM k8 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yXNR33- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yXNRkj
OO 6@biiBbiB+, R9RX8 QM k M/ k8 .6- T@pHm2, kXjj32@R9

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQin2+QMn+m`p2U7BikV
THQiU7Bii2/U7BikV- `2bB/U7BikV- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]-
+QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 kV
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
Fuel Efficiency (Miles per Gallon)

3
30

2
Residuals

1
25

0
-1
20

-2
15

-3

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 15 20 25 30

Speed (Miles per Hour) Fitted

q?BH2 i?Bb KQ/2H +H2`Hv }ib Km+? #2ii2`- M/ i?2 b2+QM/ Q`/2` i2`K Bb bB;@
MB}+Mi- r2 biBHH b22  Tii2`M BM i?2 }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb THQi r?B+? bm;;2bib
?B;?2` Q`/2` i2`Kb rBHH ?2HTX HbQ- r2 rQmH/ 2tT2+i i?2 +m`p2 iQ ~ii2M b bT22/
BM+`2b2b Q` /2+`2b2b- MQi ;Q b?`THv /QrMr`/ b r2 b22 ?2`2X
jjk *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

7Bij 4 HKUKT;  KT? Y AUKT?  kV Y AUKT?  jV- /i 4 2+QMV

bmKK`vU7BijV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  KT? Y AUKT?kV Y AUKT?jV- /i 4 2+QMV
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @kX3RRk @yXNedd yXyke9 RXyj98 jXj3kd
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV kXk832Yyy kXde32Yyy yX3Re yX9kkd
OO KT? RXkNR2Yyy kX8kN2@yR 8XRyj jXk2@y8
OO AUKT?kV @RX8yk2@yk eXey92@yj @kXkd9 yXyjkk
OO AUKT?jV 9Xyee2@ye 8XRjk2@y8 yXydN yXNjd8
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, RXeNd QM k9 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yXNR33- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yXNy3d
OO 6@biiBbiB+, NyX8e QM j M/ k9 .6- T@pHm2, jXRd2@Rj

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQin2+QMn+m`p2U7BijV
THQiU7Bii2/U7BijV- `2bB/U7BijV- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]-
+QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 kV
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
Fuel Efficiency (Miles per Gallon)

3
30

2
Residuals

1
25

0
-1
20

-2
15

-3

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 15 20 25 30

Speed (Miles per Hour) Fitted

R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL jjj

//BM; i?2 i?B`/ Q`/2` i2`K /Q2bMǶi b22K iQ ?2HT i HHX h?2 }ii2/ +m`p2 ?`/Hv
+?M;2bX h?Bb KF2b b2Mb2- bBM+2 r?i r2 rQmH/ HBF2 Bb 7Q` i?2 +m`p2 iQ ~ii2M
i i?2 2ti`2K2bX 6Q` i?Bb r2 rBHH M22/ M 2p2M /2;`22 TQHvMQKBH i2`KX

7Bi9 4 HKUKT;  KT? Y AUKT?  kV Y AUKT?  jV Y AUKT?  9V- /i 4 2+QMV

bmKK`vU7Bi9V

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  KT? Y AUKT?kV Y AUKT?jV Y AUKT?9V- /i 4 2+QMV
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @RX8d9Ry @yXeyjy3 yXy9kje yXd993R RXNjyj3
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV kXR9e2YyR kXNe82Yyy dXkj3 kXk32@yd
OO KT? @RX9e32Yyy jXNRj2@yR @jXd8R yXyyRy9
OO AUKT?kV RXy3R2@yR RXedj2@yk eX9ej RXj82@ye
OO AUKT?jV @kXRjy2@yj kX3992@y9 @dX933 RXjR2@yd
OO AUKT?9V RXk882@y8 RXee82@ye dX8jN RXRd2@yd
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, yXNjyd QM kj /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yXNdee- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yXNdke
OO 6@biiBbiB+, k9yXk QM 9 M/ kj .6- T@pHm2, I kXk2@Re

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQin2+QMn+m`p2U7Bi9V
THQiU7Bii2/U7Bi9V- `2bB/U7Bi9V- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]-
+QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 kV
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
jj9 *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

Fuel Efficiency (Miles per Gallon)

1.5
30

Residuals

0.5
25

-0.5
20

-1.5
15

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 15 20 25 30

Speed (Miles per Hour) Fitted

LQr r2 `2 KFBM; T`Q;`2bbX h?2 7Qm`i? Q`/2` i2`K Bb bB;MB}+Mi rBi? i?2 Qi?2`
i2`Kb BM i?2 KQ/2HX HbQ r2 `2 bi`iBM; iQ b22 r?i r2 2tT2+i2/ 7Q` HQr M/
?B;? bT22/X >Qr2p2`- i?2`2 biBHH b22Kb iQ #2  #Bi Q7  Tii2`M BM i?2 `2bB/mHb-
bQ r2 rBHH ;BM i`v KQ`2 ?B;?2` Q`/2` i2`KbX q2 rBHH // i?2 }7i? M/ bBti?
iQ;2i?2`- bBM+2 //BM; i?2 }7i? rBHH #2 bBKBH` iQ //BM; i?2 i?B`/X

7Bie 4 HKUKT;  KT? Y AUKT?  kV Y AUKT?  jV Y AUKT?  9V Y AUKT?  8V Y AUKT?eV- /i

bmKK`vU7BieV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  KT? Y AUKT?kV Y AUKT?jV Y AUKT?9V Y AUKT?8V Y
OO AUKT?eV- /i 4 2+QMV
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @RXRRkN @yX8dRd @yXRdyd yX8yke RX8k33
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV @9Xkye2Yyy RXky92YyR @yXj9N yXdjy9
OO KT? 9Xkyj2Yyy kX88j2Yyy RXe9e yXRR9e
OO AUKT?kV @jX8kR2@yR kXyRk2@yR @RXd8y yXyN9d X
OO AUKT?jV RX8dN2@yk dXeNR2@yj kXy8j yXy8kd X
OO AUKT?9V @jX9dj2@y9 RX8kN2@y9 @kXkdR yXyjj3
OO AUKT?8V jX8382@ye RX8R32@ye kXjek yXykdN
OO AUKT?eV @RX9yk2@y3 8XN9R2@yN @kXjey yXyk3y
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL jj8

OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, yX3e8d QM kR /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yXN3R8- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yXNdek
OO 6@biiBbiB+, R3e QM e M/ kR .6- T@pHm2, I kXk2@Re

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQin2+QMn+m`p2U7BieV
THQiU7Bii2/U7BieV- `2bB/U7BieV- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]-
+QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 kV
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
Fuel Efficiency (Miles per Gallon)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

30

Residuals
25
20

-1.0
15

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 15 20 25 30

Speed (Miles per Hour) Fitted

;BM i?2 bBti? Q`/2` i2`K Bb bB;MB}+Mi rBi? i?2 Qi?2` i2`Kb BM i?2 KQ/2H
M/ ?2`2 r2 b22 H2bb Tii2`M BM i?2 `2bB/mHb THQiX G2iǶb MQr i2bi r?B+? Q7 i?2
T`2pBQmb irQ KQ/2Hb r2 T`272`X q2 rBHH i2bi

ӽЈ ੃ ᅬΘ  ᅬϩ  

MQpU7Bi9- 7BieV

OO MHvbBb Q7 o`BM+2 h#H2

OO
OO JQ/2H R, KT;  KT? Y AUKT?kV Y AUKT?jV Y AUKT?9V
OO JQ/2H k, KT;  KT? Y AUKT?kV Y AUKT?jV Y AUKT?9V Y AUKT?8V Y AUKT?eV
OO _2bX.7 _aa .7 amK Q7 a[ 6 S`U=6V
OO R kj RNXNkk
OO k kR R8XdjN k 9XR3k3 kXdNy8 yXy39k X
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
jje *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

aQ- i?Bb i2bi /Q2b MQi `2D2+i i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb i  H2p2H Q7 bB;MB}+M+2 Q7
ᅫ  - ?Qr2p2` i?2 T@pHm2 Bb biBHH `i?2` bKHH- M/ i?2 }ii2/ p2`bmb `2bB/mHb
THQi Bb Km+? #2ii2` 7Q` i?2 KQ/2H rBi? i?2 bBti? Q`/2` i2`KX h?Bb KF2b i?2
bBti? Q`/2` KQ/2H  ;QQ/ +?QB+2X q2 +QmH/ `2T2i i?Bb T`Q+2bb QM2 KQ`2 iBK2X

7Bi3 4 HKUKT;  KT? Y AUKT?  kV Y AUKT?  jV Y AUKT?  9V Y AUKT?  8V

Y AUKT?  eV Y AUKT?  dV Y AUKT?  3V- /i 4 2+QMV
bmKK`vU7Bi3V

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  KT? Y AUKT?kV Y AUKT?jV Y AUKT?9V Y AUKT?8V Y
OO AUKT?eV Y AUKT?dV Y AUKT?3V- /i 4 2+QMV
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @RXkRNj3 @yX8y9e9 @yXyNRy8 yX9NykN RX9899y
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV @RXkyk2YyR dXy982YyR @yXRdR yX3ee
OO KT? eXykR2Yyy kXyR92YyR yXkNN yXde3
OO AUKT?kV @8Xyjd2@yR kXjRj2Yyy @yXkR3 yX3jy
OO AUKT?jV kXRkR2@yk RX9y32@yR yXR8R yX33k
OO AUKT?9V @9Xyy32@y9 8XyRd2@yj @yXy3y yXNjd
OO AUKT?8V RXd3N2@ye RXy3y2@y9 yXyRd yXN3d
OO AUKT?eV 9X93e2@y3 RXj3R2@ye yXyjk yXNd9
OO AUKT?dV @eX98e2@Ry NXe9N2@yN @yXyed yXN9d
OO AUKT?3V kX8jy2@Rk kX3j82@RR yXy3N yXNjy
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, yXNyj9 QM RN /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yXN3R3- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yXNd9R
OO 6@biiBbiB+, Rk3XR QM 3 M/ RN .6- T@pHm2, dXyd92@R8

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQin2+QMn+m`p2U7Bi3V
THQiU7Bii2/U7Bi3V- `2bB/U7Bi3V- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]-
+QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 kV
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL jjd
Fuel Efficiency (Miles per Gallon)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

30

Residuals
25
20

-1.0
15

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 15 20 25 30

Speed (Miles per Hour) Fitted

bmKK`vU7Bi3V

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  KT? Y AUKT?kV Y AUKT?jV Y AUKT?9V Y AUKT?8V Y
OO AUKT?eV Y AUKT?dV Y AUKT?3V- /i 4 2+QMV
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @RXkRNj3 @yX8y9e9 @yXyNRy8 yX9NykN RX9899y
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV @RXkyk2YyR dXy982YyR @yXRdR yX3ee
OO KT? eXykR2Yyy kXyR92YyR yXkNN yXde3
OO AUKT?kV @8Xyjd2@yR kXjRj2Yyy @yXkR3 yX3jy
OO AUKT?jV kXRkR2@yk RX9y32@yR yXR8R yX33k
OO AUKT?9V @9Xyy32@y9 8XyRd2@yj @yXy3y yXNjd
OO AUKT?8V RXd3N2@ye RXy3y2@y9 yXyRd yXN3d
OO AUKT?eV 9X93e2@y3 RXj3R2@ye yXyjk yXNd9
OO AUKT?dV @eX98e2@Ry NXe9N2@yN @yXyed yXN9d
OO AUKT?3V kX8jy2@Rk kX3j82@RR yXy3N yXNjy
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, yXNyj9 QM RN /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yXN3R3- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yXNd9R
OO 6@biiBbiB+, Rk3XR QM 3 M/ RN .6- T@pHm2, dXyd92@R8

MQpU7Bie- 7Bi3V

OO MHvbBb Q7 o`BM+2 h#H2

jj3 *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

OO
OO JQ/2H R, KT;  KT? Y AUKT?kV Y AUKT?jV Y AUKT?9V Y AUKT?8V Y AUKT?eV
OO JQ/2H k, KT;  KT? Y AUKT?kV Y AUKT?jV Y AUKT?9V Y AUKT?8V Y AUKT?eV Y
OO AUKT?dV Y AUKT?3V
OO _2bX.7 _aa .7 amK Q7 a[ 6 S`U=6V
OO R kR R8XdjN
OO k RN R8X8ye k yXkjk9 yXR9k9 yX3e3k

>2`2 r2 rQmH/ +H2`Hv biB+F rBi? 7BieX h?2 2B;?i? Q`/2` i2`K Bb MQi bB;MB}+Mi
rBi? i?2 Qi?2` i2`Kb BM i?2 KQ/2H M/ i?2 6@i2bi /Q2b MQi `2D2+iX
b M bB/2- #2 r`2 i?i i?2`2 Bb  [mB+F2` rv iQ bT2+B7v  KQ/2H rBi? KMv
?B;?2` Q`/2` i2`KbX

7BienHi 4 HKUKT;  TQHvUKT?- eV- /i 4 2+QMV

HHX2[mHU7Bii2/U7BieV- 7Bii2/U7BienHiVV

OO (R) h_l1

q2 }`bi p2`B7v i?i i?Bb K2i?Q/ T`Q/m+2b i?2 bK2 }ii2/ pHm2bX >Qr2p2`- i?2
2biBKi2/ +Q2{+B2Mib `2 /Bz2`2MiX

+Q27U7BieV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV KT? AUKT?kV AUKT?jV AUKT?9V

OO @9Xkyekk92Yyy 9Xkyjj3k2Yyy @jX8kR98k2@yR RX8dNj9y2@yk @jX9dkee82@y9
OO AUKT?8V AUKT?eV
OO jX838kyR2@ye @RX9yRNN82@y3

+Q27U7BienHiV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV TQHvUKT?- eVR TQHvUKT?- eVk TQHvUKT?- eVj TQHvUKT?- eV9

OO k9X9ydR9k3e 9XRedeNek3 @kdXeee38d88 yXRj99ed9d dXyRedR93y
OO TQHvUKT?- eV8 TQHvUKT?- eVe
OO yXyNk33d89 @kXy9jyddNe

h?Bb Bb #2+mb2 TQHvUV mb2b Q`i?Q;QMH TQHvMQKBHb- r?B+? bQHp2b M Bbbm2 r2

rBHH /Bb+mbb BM i?2 M2ti +?Ti2`X

bmKK`vU7BieV

OO
OO *HH,
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL jjN

OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  KT? Y AUKT?kV Y AUKT?jV Y AUKT?9V Y AUKT?8V Y

OO AUKT?eV- /i 4 2+QMV
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @RXRRkN @yX8dRd @yXRdyd yX8yke RX8k33
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV @9Xkye2Yyy RXky92YyR @yXj9N yXdjy9
OO KT? 9Xkyj2Yyy kX88j2Yyy RXe9e yXRR9e
OO AUKT?kV @jX8kR2@yR kXyRk2@yR @RXd8y yXyN9d X
OO AUKT?jV RX8dN2@yk dXeNR2@yj kXy8j yXy8kd X
OO AUKT?9V @jX9dj2@y9 RX8kN2@y9 @kXkdR yXyjj3
OO AUKT?8V jX8382@ye RX8R32@ye kXjek yXykdN
OO AUKT?eV @RX9yk2@y3 8XN9R2@yN @kXjey yXyk3y
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, yX3e8d QM kR /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yXN3R8- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yXNdek
OO 6@biiBbiB+, R3e QM e M/ kR .6- T@pHm2, I kXk2@Re

bmKK`vU7BienHiV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 KT;  TQHvUKT?- eV- /i 4 2+QMV
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @RXRRkN @yX8dRd @yXRdyd yX8yke RX8k33
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV k9X9ydR9 yXRejey R9NXR39 I k2@Re
OO TQHvUKT?- eVR 9XReddy yX3e8dR 9X3R9 NXjR2@y8
OO TQHvUKT?- eVk @kdXeee3e yX3e8dR @jRXN83 I k2@Re
OO TQHvUKT?- eVj yXRj99d yX3e8dR yXR88 yX3d3
OO TQHvUKT?- eV9 dXyRedR yX3e8dR 3XRy8 eXe32@y3
OO TQHvUKT?- eV8 yXyNk3N yX3e8dR yXRyd yXNRe
OO TQHvUKT?- eVe @kXy9jy3 yX3e8dR @kXjey yXyk3
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
j9y *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, yX3e8d QM kR /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK

OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yXN3R8- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yXNdek
OO 6@biiBbiB+, R3e QM e M/ kR .6- T@pHm2, I kXk2@Re

LQiB+2 i?Qm;? i?i i?2 T@pHm2 7Q` i2biBM; i?2 /2;`22 e i2`K Bb i?2 bK2X "2+mb2
Q7 i?Bb- 7Q` i?2 KQbi T`i r2 +M mb2 i?2b2 BMi2`+?M;2#HvX

hQ mb2 TQHvUV iQ Q#iBM i?2 bK2 `2bmHib b mbBM; AUV `2T2i2/Hv- r2 rQmH/
M22/ iQ b2i `r 4 h_l1X

7BienHik 4 HKUKT;  TQHvUKT?- e- `r 4 h_l1V- /i 4 2+QMV

+Q27U7BienHikV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV TQHvUKT?- e- `r 4 h_l1VR TQHvUKT?- e- `r 4 h_l1Vk

OO @9Xkyekk92Yyy 9Xkyjj3k2Yyy @jX8kR98k2@yR
OO TQHvUKT?- e- `r 4 h_l1Vj TQHvUKT?- e- `r 4 h_l1V9 TQHvUKT?- e- `r 4 h_l1V8
OO RX8dNj9y2@yk @jX9dkee82@y9 jX838kyR2@ye
OO TQHvUKT?- e- `r 4 h_l1Ve
OO @RX9yRNN82@y3

q2Ƕp2 MQr b22M ?Qr iQ i`Mb7Q`K T`2/B+iQ` M/ `2bTQMb2 p`B#H2bX AM i?Bb
+?Ti2` r2 ?p2 KQbiHv 7Q+mb2/ QM mbBM; i?Bb BM i?2 +QMi2ti Q7 }tBM; aG_ KQ/2HbX
>Qr2p2`- i?2b2 +QM+2Tib +M 2bBHv #2 mb2/ iQ;2i?2` rBi? +i2;Q`B+H p`B#H2b
M/ BMi2`+iBQMb iQ #mBH/ H`;2`- KQ`2 ~2tB#H2 KQ/2HbX AM i?2 M2ti +?Ti2`- r2
rBHH /Bb+mbb ?Qr iQ +?QQb2  ;QQ/ KQ/2H 7`QK  +QHH2+iBQM Q7 TQbbB#H2 KQ/2HbX

Ji2`BH #2HQr ?2`2 Bb +m``2MiHv #2BM; K2`;2/ BMiQ i?2 +QMi2Mi #Qp2X

_2bTQMb2 h`Mb7Q`KiBQMb

BMBi2+? 4 `2/X+bpU]/ifBMBi2+?X+bp]V

THQiUbH`v  v2`b- /i 4 BMBi2+?- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8-
KBM 4 ]aH`B2b i AMBi2+?- "v a2MBQ`Biv]V
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL j9R

Salaries at Initech, By Seniority

250000
salary

150000
50000

5 10 15 20 25

years

BMBi2+?n7Bi 4 HKUbH`v  v2`b- /i 4 BMBi2+?V

bmKK`vUBMBi2+?n7BiV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 bH`v  v2`b- /i 4 BMBi2+?V
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @8dkk8 @R3Ry9 k9R R883N NRjjk
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV 8jyk 8d8y yXNkk yXj8N
OO v2`b 3ejd j3N kkXkyy Ik2@Re
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, kdjey QM N3 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yX3j9R- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yX3jk9
OO 6@biiBbiB+, 9NkX3 QM R M/ N3 .6- T@pHm2, I kXk2@Re
j9k *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

THQiUbH`v  v2`b- /i 4 BMBi2+?- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8-
KBM 4 ]aH`B2b i AMBi2+?- "v a2MBQ`Biv]V
#HBM2UBMBi2+?n7Bi- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

Salaries at Initech, By Seniority

250000
salary

150000
50000

5 10 15 20 25

years

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQiU7Bii2/UBMBi2+?n7BiV- `2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BiV- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky-

tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]- KBM 4 ]6Bii2/ p2`bmb _2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

[[MQ`KU`2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BiV- KBM 4 ]LQ`KH Z@Z SHQi]- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BiV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL j9j

Fitted versus Residuals Normal Q-Q Plot

50000

50000
Sample Quantiles
Residuals

0
-50000

-50000
50000 100000 150000 200000 -2 -1 0 1 2

Fitted Theoretical Quantiles

BMBi2+?n7BinHQ; 4 HKUHQ;UbH`vV  v2`b- /i 4 BMBi2+?V

HQ; Ԏք
 ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք  ᅯք

THQiUHQ;UbH`vV  v2`b- /i 4 BMBi2+?- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8-
KBM 4 ]aH`B2b i AMBi2+?- "v a2MBQ`Biv]V
#HBM2UBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

Salaries at Initech, By Seniority

12.5
12.0
log(salary)

11.5
11.0
10.5

5 10 15 20 25

years
j99 *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

Ԏք  2tT ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք
ੁ 2tT ᅯք

THQiUbH`v  v2`b- /i 4 BMBi2+?- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8-
KBM 4 ]aH`B2b i AMBi2+?- "v a2MBQ`Biv]V
+m`p2U2tTUBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;0+Q27(R) Y BMBi2+?n7BinHQ;0+Q27(k) tV-
7`QK 4 y- iQ 4 jy- // 4 h_l1- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

Salaries at Initech, By Seniority

250000
salary

150000
50000

5 10 15 20 25

years

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQiU7Bii2/UBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;V- `2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;V- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky-

tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]- KBM 4 ]6Bii2/ p2`bmb _2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

[[MQ`KU`2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;V- KBM 4 ]LQ`KH Z@Z SHQi]- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;V- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL j98

Fitted versus Residuals Normal Q-Q Plot

0.4

0.4
0.2

0.2
Sample Quantiles
Residuals

0.0

0.0
-0.2

-0.2
-0.4

-0.4
-0.6

-0.6
10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 -2 -1 0 1 2

Fitted Theoretical Quantiles

b[`iUK2MU`2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BiV  kVV

OO (R) kdy3yXRe

b[`iUK2MU`2bB/UBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;V  kVV

OO (R) yXRNj9Nyd

b[`iUK2MUUBMBi2+?0bH`v @ 7Bii2/UBMBi2+?n7BiVV  kVV

OO (R) kdy3yXRe

b[`iUK2MUUBMBi2+?0bH`v @ 2tTU7Bii2/UBMBi2+?n7BinHQ;VVV  kVV

OO (R) k9k3yXje

S`2/B+iQ` h`Mb7Q`KiBQMb

R9XkXk  Zm/`iB+ JQ/2H

bBKn[m/ 4 7mM+iBQMUbKTH2nbBx2 4 8yyV &

t 4 `mMB7UM 4 bKTH2nbBx2V 8
v 4 j Y 8 t  k Y `MQ`KUM 4 bKTH2nbBx2- K2M 4 y- b/ 4 8V
/iX7`K2Ut- vV
'
j9e *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

b2iXb22/UjR9V
[m/n/i 4 bBKn[m/UbKTH2nbBx2 4 kyyV

HBMn7Bi 4 HKUv  t- /i 4 [m/n/iV

bmKK`vUHBMn7BiV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 v  t- /i 4 [m/n/iV
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @kyXjej @dX88y @jX9Re 3X9dk keXR3R
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV @R3XjkdR RX89N9 @RRX3j Ik2@Re
OO t k9X3dRe yX8j9j 9eX88 Ik2@Re
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, RyXdN QM RN3 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yXNRej- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yXNR83
OO 6@biiBbiB+, kRed QM R M/ RN3 .6- T@pHm2, I kXk2@Re

THQiUv  t- /i 4 [m/n/i- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8-

KBM 4 ]aBKmHi2/ Zm/`iB+ .i]V
#HBM2UHBMn7Bi- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL j9d

Simulated Quadratic Data

120
80
60
y

40
20
0

0 1 2 3 4 5

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQiU7Bii2/UHBMn7BiV- `2bB/UHBMn7BiV- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky-

tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]- KBM 4 ]6Bii2/ p2`bmb _2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

[[MQ`KU`2bB/UHBMn7BiV- KBM 4 ]LQ`KH Z@Z SHQi]- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/UHBMn7BiV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV

Fitted versus Residuals Normal Q-Q Plot

20

20
Sample Quantiles
10

10
Residuals

0
-10

-10
-20

-20

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Fitted Theoretical Quantiles

j93 *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք  ᅬϵ ԧϵք  ᅯք

[m/n7Bi 4 HKUv  t Y AUtkV- /i 4 [m/n/iV

bmKK`vU[m/n7BiV

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 v  t Y AUtkV- /i 4 [m/n/iV
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @RRX9Red @jXy83R yXkkNd jXRyk9 RkXRk8e
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV jXye9N yXN8dd jXkyy yXyyRe
OO t @yX8Ry3 yX3ejd @yX8NR yX889N
OO AUtkV 8Xyd9y yXReed jyX9jj Ik2@Re
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, 9X8jR QM RNd /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yXN38j- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yXN38k
OO 6@biiBbiB+, eey3 QM k M/ RNd .6- T@pHm2, I kXk2@Re

THQiUv  t- /i 4 [m/n/i- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8-

KBM 4 ]aBKmHi2/ Zm/`iB+ .i]V
+m`p2U[m/n7Bi0+Q27(R) Y [m/n7Bi0+Q27(k) t Y [m/n7Bi0+Q27(j) t  k-
7`QK 4 @8- iQ 4 jy- // 4 h_l1- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL j9N

Simulated Quadratic Data

120
80
60
y

40
20
0

0 1 2 3 4 5

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQiU7Bii2/U[m/n7BiV- `2bB/U[m/n7BiV- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky-

tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]- KBM 4 ]6Bii2/ p2`bmb _2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

[[MQ`KU`2bB/U[m/n7BiV- KBM 4 ]LQ`KH Z@Z SHQi]- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/U[m/n7BiV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV

Fitted versus Residuals Normal Q-Q Plot

10

10
Sample Quantiles
5

5
Residuals

0
-5

-5
-10

-10

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Fitted Theoretical Quantiles

j8y *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

R9XkXj Pp2`}iiBM; M/ 1ti`TQHiBQM

bBKn7Q`nT2`7 4 7mM+iBQMUV &

t 4 b2[Uy- RyV
v 4 j Y t @ 9 t  k Y `MQ`KUM 4 RR- K2M 4 y- b/ 4 k8V
/iX7`K2Ut- vV
'

b2iXb22/URkj9V
/in7Q`nT2`7 4 bBKn7Q`nT2`7UV

7Bin+Q``2+i 4 HKUv  t Y AUt  kV- /i 4 /in7Q`nT2`7V

7BinT2`72+i 4 HKUv  t Y AUt  kV Y AUt  jV Y AUt  9V Y AUt  8V Y AUt  eV Y
AUt  dV Y AUt  3V Y AUt  NV Y AUt  RyV-
/i 4 /in7Q`nT2`7V

tnTHQi 4 b2[U@8- R8- #v 4 yXRV

THQiUv  t- /i 4 /in7Q`nT2`7- vHBK 4 +U@98y- RyyV- +2t 4 k- T+? 4 kyV
HBM2bUtnTHQi- T`2/B+iU7Bin+Q``2+i- M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2Ut 4 tnTHQiVV-
+QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 k- Hiv 4 RV
HBM2bUtnTHQi- T`2/B+iU7BinT2`72+i- M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2Ut 4 tnTHQiVV-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 k- Hiv 4 kV
100
0
-100
y

-200
-300
-400

0 2 4 6 8 10

x
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL j8R

R9XkX9 *QKT`BM; SQHvMQKBH JQ/2Hb

bBKn?B;?2` 4 7mM+iBQMUbKTH2nbBx2 4 k8yV &

t 4 `mMB7UM 4 bKTH2nbBx2- KBM 4 @R- Kt 4 RV k
v 4 j Y @e t  k Y R t  9 Y `MQ`KUM 4 bKTH2nbBx2- K2M 4 y- b/ 4 jV
/iX7`K2Ut- vV
'

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք  ᅬϵ ԧϵք  ᅯք

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք  ᅬϵ ԧϵք  ᅬϯ ԧϯք  ᅬΚ ԧΚք  ᅯք

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք  ᅬϵ ԧϵք  ᅬϯ ԧϯք  ᅬΚ ԧΚք  ᅬΘ ԧΘք  ᅬϩ ԧϩք  ᅯք

b2iXb22/U9kV
/in?B;?2` 4 bBKn?B;?2`UV

THQiUv  t- /i 4 /in?B;?2`- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8-

KBM 4 ]aBKmHi2/ Zm`iB+ .i]V

Simulated Quartic Data

10
5
0
y

-5
-10

-2 -1 0 1 2

x
j8k *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

7Bink 4 HKUv  TQHvUt- kV- /i 4 /in?B;?2`V

7Bin9 4 HKUv  TQHvUt- 9V- /i 4 /in?B;?2`V

THQiUv  t- /i 4 /in?B;?2`- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8-

KBM 4 ]aBKmHi2/ Zm`iB+ .i]V
tnTHQi 4 b2[U@8- 8- #v 4 yXy8V
HBM2bUtnTHQi- T`2/B+iU7Bink- M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2Ut 4 tnTHQiVV-
+QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 k- Hiv 4 RV
HBM2bUtnTHQi- T`2/B+iU7Bin9- M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2Ut 4 tnTHQiVV-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 k- Hiv 4 kV

Simulated Quartic Data

10
5
0
y

-5
-10

-2 -1 0 1 2

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQiU7Bii2/U7BinkV- `2bB/U7BinkV- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky-

tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]- KBM 4 ]6Bii2/ p2`bmb _2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

[[MQ`KU`2bB/U7BinkV- KBM 4 ]LQ`KH Z@Z SHQi]- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/U7BinkV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL j8j

Fitted versus Residuals Normal Q-Q Plot

5

5
Sample Quantiles
Residuals

0
-5

-5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Fitted Theoretical Quantiles

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQiU7Bii2/U7Bin9V- `2bB/U7Bin9V- +QH 4 ];`2v]- T+? 4 ky-

tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]- KBM 4 ]6Bii2/ p2`bmb _2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

[[MQ`KU`2bB/U7Bin9V- KBM 4 ]LQ`KH Z@Z SHQi]- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/U7Bin9V- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV

Fitted versus Residuals Normal Q-Q Plot

5

5
Sample Quantiles
Residuals

0
-5

-5

-6 -4 -2 0 2 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Fitted Theoretical Quantiles

MQpU7Bink- 7Bin9V

OO MHvbBb Q7 o`BM+2 h#H2

OO
j89 *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

OO JQ/2H R, v  TQHvUt- kV
OO JQ/2H k, v  TQHvUt- 9V
OO _2bX.7 _aa .7 amK Q7 a[ 6 S`U=6V
OO R k9d kjj9XR
OO k k98 RNRkXe k 9kRX8R keXNNd kX8je2@RR
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R

7Bine 4 HKUv  TQHvUt- eV- /i 4 /in?B;?2`V

MQpU7Bin9- 7BineV

OO MHvbBb Q7 o`BM+2 h#H2

OO
OO JQ/2H R, v  TQHvUt- 9V
OO JQ/2H k, v  TQHvUt- eV
OO _2bX.7 _aa .7 amK Q7 a[ 6 S`U=6V
OO R k98 RNRkXe
OO k k9j RNy9X9 k 3XR33N yX8kk9 yX8Njd

R9XkX8 TQHvUV 6mM+iBQM M/ P`i?Q;QMH SQHvMQKBHb

Ԏք  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧք  ᅬϵ ԧϵք  ᅬϯ ԧϯք  ᅬΚ ԧΚք  ᅯք

7Bin9 4 HKUv  TQHvUt- /2;`22 4 9V- /i 4 /in?B;?2`V

7Bin9# 4 HKUv  TQHvUt- /2;`22 4 9- `r 4 h_l1V- /i 4 /in?B;?2`V
7Bin9+ 4 HKUv  t Y AUtkV Y AUtjV Y AUt9V- /i 4 /in?B;?2`V

+Q27U7Bin9V

OO UAMi2`+2TiV TQHvUt- /2;`22 4 9VR TQHvUt- /2;`22 4 9Vk

OO @RXN3yyje @kXy8jNkN @9NXj99d8k
OO TQHvUt- /2;`22 4 9Vj TQHvUt- /2;`22 4 9V9
OO yXeeN3d9 kyX8RNd8N

+Q27U7Bin9#V

OO UAMi2`+2TiV TQHvUt- /2;`22 4 9- `r 4 h_l1VR

OO kXNNNek8e @yXj33yk8y
OO TQHvUt- /2;`22 4 9- `r 4 h_l1Vk TQHvUt- /2;`22 4 9- `r 4 h_l1Vj
OO @eXR8RRRee yXRkeNy9e
OO TQHvUt- /2;`22 4 9- `r 4 h_l1V9
OO RXyk3kRjN
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL j88

+Q27U7Bin9+V

OO UAMi2`+2TiV t AUtkV AUtjV AUt9V

OO kXNNNek8e @yXj33yk8y @eXR8RRRee yXRkeNy9e RXyk3kRjN

mMMK2U+Q27U7Bin9VV

OO (R) @RXN3yyje @kXy8jNkN @9NXj99d8k yXeeN3d9 kyX8RNd8N

mMMK2U+Q27U7Bin9#VV

OO (R) kXNNNek8e @yXj33yk8y @eXR8RRRee yXRkeNy9e RXyk3kRjN

mMMK2U+Q27U7Bin9+VV

OO (R) kXNNNek8e @yXj33yk8y @eXR8RRRee yXRkeNy9e RXyk3kRjN

HHX2[mHU7Bii2/U7Bin9V-
7Bii2/U7Bin9#VV

OO (R) h_l1

HHX2[mHU`2bB/U7Bin9V-
`2bB/U7Bin9#VV

OO (R) h_l1

bmKK`vU7Bin9V

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 v  TQHvUt- /2;`22 4 9V- /i 4 /in?B;?2`V
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @dXeN3k @kXyjj9 yXyy9k RXN8jk dX9eke
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV @RXN3yy yXRded @RRXky8 I k2@Re
j8e *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

OO TQHvUt- /2;`22 4 9VR @kXy8jN kXdN9y @yXdj8 yX9ej

OO TQHvUt- /2;`22 4 9Vk @9NXj993 kXdN9y @RdXeeR I k2@Re
OO TQHvUt- /2;`22 4 9Vj yXeeNN kXdN9y yXk9y yX3RR
OO TQHvUt- /2;`22 4 9V9 kyX8RN3 kXdN9y dXj99 jXye2@Rk
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, kXdN9 QM k98 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yX8NNj- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yX8Nk3
OO 6@biiBbiB+, NRXeR QM 9 M/ k98 .6- T@pHm2, I kXk2@Re

bmKK`vU7Bin9+V

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 v  t Y AUtkV Y AUtjV Y AUt9V- /i 4 /in?B;?2`V
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @dXeN3k @kXyjj9 yXyy9k RXN8jk dX9eke
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV kXNNNe yXjjR8 NXy93 I k2@Re
OO t @yXj33y yXj3k3 @RXyR9 yXjRk
OO AUtkV @eXR8RR yX8y9N @RkXR3j I k2@Re
OO AUtjV yXRkeN yXR98e yX3dR yXj39
OO AUt9V RXyk3k yXR9yy dXj99 jXye2@Rk
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, kXdN9 QM k98 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yX8NNj- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yX8Nk3
OO 6@biiBbiB+, NRXeR QM 9 M/ k98 .6- T@pHm2, I kXk2@Re

R9XkXe AM?B#Bi 6mM+iBQM

+Q27UHKUv  t Y t  k- /i 4 [m/n/iVV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV t
OO @R3XjkdR8 k9X3dRej
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL j8d

+Q27UHKUv  t Y AUt  kV- /i 4 [m/n/iVV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV t AUtkV
OO jXye9N99e @yX8Ry3RjR 8XydjN3y8

+Q27UHKUv  t Y t,t- /i 4 [m/n/iVV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV t
OO @R3XjkdR8 k9X3dRej

+Q27UHKUv  t t- /i 4 [m/n/iVV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV t
OO @R3XjkdR8 k9X3dRej

+Q27UHKUv  t  k- /i 4 [m/n/iVV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV t
OO @R3XjkdR8 k9X3dRej

+Q27UHKUv  t Y t  k- /i 4 [m/n/iVV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV t
OO @R3XjkdR8 k9X3dRej

+Q27UHKUv  AUt Y tV- /i 4 [m/n/iVV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV AUt Y tV
OO @R3XjkdR8 RkX9j83k

+Q27UHKUv  t Y t- /i 4 [m/n/iVV

OO UAMi2`+2TiV t
OO @R3XjkdR8 k9X3dRej

R9XkXd .i 1tKTH2

j83 *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

TB`bUmiQKT;V

1.0 2.0 3.0 50 150 10 15 20 25 1.0 2.0 3.0

mpg

30
10
3.0

cyl
2.0
1.0

300
disp

100
150

hp
50

1500 3000 4500

wt
25
20

acc
15
10

82
78
year

74
70
3.0

origin
2.0
1.0

domestic 0.8
0.4
0.0

10 30 100 300 1500 3000 4500 70 74 78 82 0.0 0.4 0.8

KT;n?T 4 HKUKT;  ?T- /i 4 miQKT;V

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQiUKT;  ?T- /i 4 miQKT;- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8V
#HBM2UKT;n?T- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

THQiU7Bii2/UKT;n?TV- `2bB/UKT;n?TV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-

T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- Hiv 4 k- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL j8N

15
40

10
5
Residuals
30
mpg

0
20

-5
-10
10

50 100 150 200 5 10 15 20 25 30

hp Fitted

KT;n?TnHQ; 4 HKUKT;  ?T Y AU?T  kV- /i 4 miQKT;V

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQiUKT;  ?T- /i 4 miQKT;- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8V
tTHQi 4 b2[UKBMUmiQKT;0?TV- KtUmiQKT;0?TV- #v 4 yXRV
HBM2bUtTHQi- T`2/B+iUKT;n?TnHQ;- M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2U?T 4 tTHQiVV-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 k- Hiv 4 RV

THQiU7Bii2/UKT;n?TnHQ;V- `2bB/UKT;n?TnHQ;V- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-

T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- Hiv 4 k- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
15
40

10
5
Residuals
30
mpg

0
-5
20

-10
10

-15

50 100 150 200 15 20 25 30 35

hp Fitted
jey *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

KT;n?TnHQ; 4 HKUHQ;UKT;V  ?T Y AU?T  kV- /i 4 miQKT;V

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQiUHQ;UKT;V  ?T- /i 4 miQKT;- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8V
tTHQi 4 b2[UKBMUmiQKT;0?TV- KtUmiQKT;0?TV- #v 4 yXRV
HBM2bUtTHQi- T`2/B+iUKT;n?TnHQ;- M2r/i 4 /iX7`K2U?T 4 tTHQiVV-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 k- Hiv 4 RV

THQiU7Bii2/UKT;n?TnHQ;V- `2bB/UKT;n?TnHQ;V- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-

T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- Hiv 4 k- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

0.6
0.4
3.5

0.2
Residuals
log(mpg)

0.0
3.0

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2

2.5

50 100 150 200 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6

hp Fitted

KT;n?TnHQ;HQ; 4 HKUHQ;UKT;V  HQ;U?TV- /i 4 miQKT;V

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

THQiUHQ;UKT;V  HQ;U?TV- /i 4 miQKT;- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8V
#HBM2UKT;n?TnHQ;HQ;- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV

THQiU7Bii2/UKT;n?TnHQ;HQ;V- `2bB/UKT;n?TnHQ;HQ;V- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-

T+? 4 ky- +2t 4 RX8- tH# 4 ]6Bii2/]- vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- Hiv 4 k- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
R9XkX S_1.A*hP_ h_La6P_JhAPL jeR

0.6
0.4
3.5

0.2
Residuals
log(mpg)

0.0
3.0

-0.2
-0.4
2.5

-0.6
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6

log(hp) Fitted

#B;nKQ/2H 4 HKUKT;  /BbT ?T /QK2biB+- /i 4 miQKT;V

[[MQ`KU`2bB/U#B;nKQ/2HV- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/U#B;nKQ/2HV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV

Normal Q-Q Plot

15
Sample Quantiles

10
5
0
-5
-10

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Theoretical Quantiles

#B;;2`nKQ/2H 4 HKUHQ;UKT;V  /BbT ?T /QK2biB+ Y

AU/BbT  kV Y AU?T  kV- /i 4 miQKT;V
bmKK`vU#B;;2`nKQ/2HV
jek *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa

OO
OO *HH,
OO HKU7Q`KmH 4 HQ;UKT;V  /BbT ?T /QK2biB+ Y AU/BbTkV Y AU?TkV-
OO /i 4 miQKT;V
OO
OO _2bB/mHb,
OO JBM RZ J2/BM jZ Jt
OO @yX9yj3R @yXy3ej8 @yXyRy9y yXyNNN8 yXdRje8
OO
OO *Q277B+B2Mib,
OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` i pHm2 S`U=%i%V
OO UAMi2`+2TiV 9Xkde2Yyy kX8e92@yR ReXed9 Ik2@Re
OO /BbT @8Xk3N2@yj kX8e82@yj @kXyek yXyjNN
OO ?T @dXj3e2@yj jXjyN2@yj @kXkjk yXykek
OO /QK2biB+ @kX9Ne2@yR kXd3d2@yR @yX3Ne yXjdRy
OO AU/BbTkV 3X88k2@ye 9XR9R2@ye kXye8 yXyjNe
OO AU?TkV @RX8e82@y8 RXedN2@y8 @yXNjk yXj8RN
OO /BbT,?T kXe382@y8 jXy3k2@y8 yX3dR yXj39k
OO /BbT,/QK2biB+ @RXRyR2@yj kX8ke2@yj @yX9je yXeejR
OO ?T,/QK2biB+ dX8ey2@yj jXe3N2@yj kXy9N yXy9RR
OO /BbT,?T,/QK2biB+ @kXjRR2@y8 kXeek2@y8 @yX3e3 yXj38N
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R
OO
OO _2bB/mH biM/`/ 2``Q`, yXR8yd QM jdj /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QK
OO JmHiBTH2 _@b[m`2/, yX3Ryd- /Dmbi2/ _@b[m`2/, yX3yek
OO 6@biiBbiB+, RddX8 QM N M/ jdj .6- T@pHm2, I kXk2@Re

[[MQ`KU`2bB/U#B;;2`nKQ/2HV- +QH 4 ]/`F;`2v]V

[[HBM2U`2bB/U#B;;2`nKQ/2HV- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hr/ 4 kV
R9XjX _ J_E.PqL jej

Normal Q-Q Plot

0.6
Sample Quantiles

0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.4 -0.2

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Theoretical Quantiles

R9Xj _ J`F/QrM
h?2 _ J`F/QrM }H2 7Q` i?Bb +?Ti2` +M #2 7QmM/ ?2`2,

Ç i`Mb7Q`KiBQMbX_K/

h?2 }H2 rb +`2i2/ mbBM; _ p2`bBQM 9XkXRX

je9 *>Sh1_ R9X h_La6P_JhAPLa
*?Ti2` R8

*QHHBM2`Biv

dzA7 A HQQF +QM7mb2/ Bi Bb #2+mb2 A K i?BMFBM;XǴ

ě aKm2H :QH/rvM

7i2` `2/BM; i?Bb +?Ti2` vQm rBHH #2 #H2 iQ,

Ç A/2MiB7v +QHHBM2`Biv BM `2;`2bbBQMX

Ç lM/2`biM/ i?2 2z2+i Q7 +QHHBM2`Biv QM `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2HbX

R8XR 1t+i *QHHBM2`Biv

G2iǶb +`2i2  /ib2i r?2`2 QM2 Q7 i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b- ԧϯ - Bb  HBM2` +QK#BMiBQM
Q7 i?2 Qi?2` T`2/B+iQ`bX

;2Mn2t+in+QHHBMn/i 4 7mM+iBQMUMmKnbKTH2b 4 RyyV &

tR 4 `MQ`KUM 4 MmKnbKTH2b- K2M 4 3y- b/ 4 RyV
tk 4 `MQ`KUM 4 MmKnbKTH2b- K2M 4 dy- b/ 4 8V
tj 4 k tR Y 9 tk Y j
v 4 j Y tR Y tk Y `MQ`KUM 4 MmKnbKTH2b- K2M 4 y- b/ 4 RV
/iX7`K2Uv- tR- tk- tjV
'

LQiB+2 i?i i?2 rv r2 `2 ;2M2`iBM; i?Bb /i- i?2 `2bTQMb2 Ԩ QMHv `2HHv
/2T2M/b QM ԧφ M/ ԧϵ X

b2iXb22/U9kV
2t+in+QHHBMn/i 4 ;2Mn2t+in+QHHBMn/iUV
?2/U2t+in+QHHBMn/iV

je8
jee *>Sh1_ R8X *PGGAL1_Ahu

OO v tR tk tj
OO R RdyXdRj8 NjXdyN83 deXyy93j 9N9X9j38
OO k R8kXNRye d9Xj8jyk d8Xkkjde 98kXeyRR
OO j R8kXd3ee 3jXejRk3 e9XN3jNe 9jyXRN39
OO 9 RdyXejye 3eXjk3ej dNXk9k9R 9NkXekeN
OO 8 R8kXjjky 39Xy9ke3 eeXeeeRj 9jdXd9NN
OO e R8RXjR88 d3XNj3d8 dyX8kd8d 99kXN3d3

q?i ?TT2Mb r?2M r2 ii2KTi iQ }i  `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H BM _ mbBM; HH Q7 i?2

T`2/B+iQ`b\

2t+in+QHHBMn7Bi 4 HKUv  tR Y tk Y tj- /i 4 2t+in+QHHBMn/iV

bmKK`vU2t+in+QHHBMn7BiV

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100 200 300 150 180 26 32 38 30 36 42

20 40 60
Age
300
200

Weight
100

190
HtShoes

160
180

Ht
150

100
Seated

90
80
38

Arm
32
26

45
Thigh

35
42

Leg
36
30

-100
hipcenter
-250

20 40 60 160 190 80 90 100 35 45 -250 -100

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-100
Predicted, With Noise

-150
-200
-250

-250 -200 -150 -100

Predicted, Without Noise

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q2 MQr BMp2biB;i2 i?2 2z2+i Q7 //BM; MQi?2` p`B#H2 iQ i?Bb bKHH2` KQ/2HX
aT2+B}+HHv r2 rMi iQ HQQF i //BM; i?2 p`B#H2 >ia?Q2bX aQ MQr Qm` TQbbB#H2
T`2/B+iQ`b `2 >ia?Q2b- ;2- `K- M/ >iX Pm` `2bTQMb2 Bb biBHH ?BT+2Mi2`X
hQ [mMiB7v i?Bb 2z2+i r2 rBHH HQQF i  p`B#H2 //2/ THQi M/  T`iBH
+Q``2HiBQM +Q2{+B2MiX 6Q` #Qi? Q7 i?2b2- r2 rBHH HQQF i i?2 `2bB/mHb Q7 irQ
KQ/2Hb,

Ç _2;`2bbBM; i?2 `2bTQMb2 U?BT+2Mi2`V ;BMbi HH Q7 i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b 2t+2Ti

i?2 T`2/B+iQ` Q7 BMi2`2bi U>ia?Q2bVX
Ç _2;`2bbBM; i?2 T`2/B+iQ` Q7 BMi2`2bi U>ia?Q2bV ;BMbi i?2 Qi?2` T`2/B+iQ`b
U;2- `K- M/ >iVX
R8XkX *PGGAL1_Ahu jd8

?inb?Q2bnKQ/2HnbKHH 4 HKU>ia?Q2b  ;2 Y `K Y >i- /i 4 b2iTQbV

aQ MQr- i?2 `2bB/mHb Q7 ?BTnKQ/2HnbKHH ;Bp2 mb i?2 p`BiBQM Q7 ?BT+2Mi2`

i?i Bb mM2tTHBM2/ #v ;2- `K- M/ >iX aBKBH`Hv- i?2 `2bB/mHb Q7
?inb?Q2bnKQ/2HnbKHH ;Bp2 mb i?2 p`BiBQM Q7 >ia?Q2b mM2tTHBM2/ #v ;2-
`K- M/ >iX

h?2 +Q``2HiBQM Q7 i?2b2 irQ `2bB/mHb ;Bp2b mb i?2 T`iBH +Q``2HiBQM +Q2{@
+B2Mi Q7 >ia?Q2b M/ ?BT+2Mi2` rBi? i?2 2z2+ib Q7 ;2- `K- M/ >i `2KQp2/X

+Q`U`2bB/U?inb?Q2bnKQ/2HnbKHHV- `2bB/U?BTnKQ/2HnbKHHVV

OO (R) @yXyjjRRyeR

aBM+2 i?Bb pHm2 Bb bKHH- +HQb2 iQ x2`Q- Bi K2Mb i?i i?2 p`BiBQM Q7 ?BT+2Mi2`
i?i Bb mM2tTHBM2/ #v ;2- `K- M/ >i b?Qrb p2`v HBiiH2 +Q``2HiBQM rBi? i?2
p`BiBQM Q7 >ia?Q2b i?i Bb MQi 2tTHBM2/ #v ;2- `K- M/ >iX h?mb //BM;
>ia?Q2b iQ i?2 KQ/2H rQmH/ HBF2Hv #2 Q7 HBiiH2 #2M2}iX

aBKBH`Hv  p`B#H2 //2/ THQi pBbmHBx2b i?2b2 `2bB/mHb ;BMbi 2+? Qi?2`X
Ai Bb HbQ ?2HT7mH iQ `2;`2bb i?2 `2bB/mHb Q7 i?2 `2bTQMb2 ;BMbi i?2 `2bB/mHb Q7
i?2 T`2/B+iQ` M/ // i?2 `2;`2bbBQM HBM2 iQ i?2 THQiX

THQiU`2bB/U?BTnKQ/2HnbKHHV  `2bB/U?inb?Q2bnKQ/2HnbKHHV-
+QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- T+? 4 ky-
tH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb- //2/ S`2/B+iQ`]-
vH# 4 ]_2bB/mHb- P`B;BMH JQ/2H]V
#HBM2U? 4 y- Hiv 4 kV
#HBM2Up 4 y- Hiv 4 kV
#HBM2UHKU`2bB/U?BTnKQ/2HnbKHHV  `2bB/U?inb?Q2bnKQ/2HnbKHHVV-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hr/ 4 kV
jde *>Sh1_ R8X *PGGAL1_Ahu

20 40 60
Residuals, Original Model

0
-40
-80

-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Residuals, Added Predictor

>2`2 i?2 p`B#H2 //2/ THQi b?Qrb HKQbi MQ HBM2` `2HiBQMb?BTX h?Bb i2HHb mb
i?i //BM; >ia?Q2b iQ i?2 KQ/2H rQmH/ T`Q##Hv MQi #2 rQ`i?r?BH2X aBM+2 Bib
p`BiBQM Bb H`;2Hv 2tTHBM2/ #v i?2 Qi?2` T`2/B+iQ`b- //BM; Bi iQ i?2 KQ/2H
rBHH MQi /Q Km+? iQ BKT`Qp2 i?2 KQ/2HX >Qr2p2` Bi rBHH BM+`2b2 i?2 p`BiBQM
Q7 i?2 2biBKi2b M/ KF2 i?2 KQ/2H Km+? ?`/2` iQ BMi2`T`2iX

>/ i?2`2 #22M  bi`QM; HBM2` `2HiBQMb?BT ?2`2- i?mb  H`;2 T`iBH +Q``2HiBQM
+Q2{+B2Mi- Bi rQmH/ HBF2Hv ?p2 #22M mb27mH iQ // i?2 //BiBQMH T`2/B+iQ` iQ
i?2 KQ/2HX

h?Bb i`/2@Qz Bb KQbiHv i`m2 BM ;2M2`HX b  KQ/2H ;2ib KQ`2 T`2/B+iQ`b- 2``Q`b
rBHH ;2i bKHH2` M/ Bib T`2/B+iBQM rBHH #2 #2ii2`- #mi Bi rBHH #2 ?`/2` iQ BMi2`T`2iX
h?Bb Bb r?v- B7 r2 `2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM 2tTHBMBM; i?2 `2HiBQMb?BT #2ir22M i?2
T`2/B+iQ`b M/ i?2 `2bTQMb2- r2 Q7i2M rMi  KQ/2H i?i }ib r2HH- #mi rBi? 
bKHH MmK#2` Q7 T`2/B+iQ`b rBi? HBiiH2 +Q``2HiBQMX

L2ti +?Ti2` r2 rBHH H2`M #Qmi K2i?Q/b iQ }M/ KQ/2Hb i?i #Qi? }i r2HH-
#mi HbQ ?p2  bKHH MmK#2` Q7 T`2/B+iQ`bX q2 rBHH HbQ /Bb+mbb Qp2`}iiBM;X H@
i?Qm;?- //BM; //BiBQMH T`2/B+iQ`b rBHH Hrvb KF2 2``Q`b bKHH2`- bQK2iBK2b
r2 rBHH #2 dz}iiBM; i?2 MQBb2Ǵ M/ bm+?  KQ/2H rBHH MQi ;2M2`HBx2 iQ //BiBQMH
Q#b2`piBQMb r2HHX
R8XjX aAJlGhAPL jdd

R8Xj aBKmHiBQM
>2`2 r2 bBKmHi2 2tKTH2 /i rBi? M/ rBi?Qmi +QHHBM2`BivX q2 rBHH MQi2 i?2
/Bz2`2M+2 BM i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2 2biBKi2b Q7 i?2 ᅬ T`K2i2`b- BM T`iB+mH`
i?2B` p`BM+2X >Qr2p2`- r2 rBHH HbQ MQiB+2 i?2 bBKBH`Biv BM i?2B` Ԃ ԈӺX
q2 rBHH mb2 i?2 KQ/2H-

Ԏ  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧφ  ᅬϵ ԧϵ  ᅯ

r?2`2 ᅯ ୽ ԃ ᅷ   ᅼϵ  
M/ i?2 ᅬ +Q2{+B2Mib /2}M2/ #2HQrX

b2iXb22/U9kV
#2iny 4 d
#2inR 4 j
#2ink 4 9
bB;K 4 8

q2 rBHH mb2  bKTH2 bBx2 Q7 Ry- M/ k8yy bBKmHiBQMb 7Q` #Qi? bBimiBQMbX

bKTH2nbBx2 4 Ry
MmKnbBK 4 k8yy

q2ǶHH }`bi +QMbB/2` i?2 bBimiBQM rBi?  +QHHBM2`Biv Bbbm2- bQ r2 KMmHHv +`2i2
i?2 irQ T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2bX

tR 4 +UR- k- j- 9- 8- e- d- 3- N- RyV
tk 4 +UR- k- j- 9- 8- d- e- Ry- N- 3V

+Ub/UtRV- b/UtkVV

OO (R) jXykde8 jXykde8

+Q`UtR- tkV

OO (R) yXNjNjNjN

LQiB+2 i?i i?2v ?p2 2ti`2K2Hv ?B;? +Q``2HiBQMX

i`m2nHBM2n#/ 4 #2iny Y #2inR tR Y #2ink tk

#2in?in#/ 4 Ki`BtUy- MmKnbBK- kV
Kb2n#/ 4 `2TUy- MmKnbBKV
jd3 *>Sh1_ R8X *PGGAL1_Ahu

q2 T2`7Q`K i?2 bBKmHiBQM k8yy iBK2b- 2+? iBK2 }iiBM;  `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H- M/
biQ`BM; i?2 2biBKi2/ +Q2{+B2Mib M/ i?2 Ja1X

7Q` Ub BM R,MmKnbBKV &

v 4 i`m2nHBM2n#/ Y `MQ`KUM 4 bKTH2nbBx2- K2M 4 y- b/ 4 bB;KV
`2;nQmi 4 HKUv  tR Y tkV
#2in?in#/(b- ) 4 +Q27U`2;nQmiV(@R)
Kb2n#/(b) 4 K2MU`2bB/U`2;nQmiV  kV
'

LQr r2 KQp2 iQ i?2 bBimiBQM rBi?Qmi  +QHHBM2`Biv Bbbm2- bQ r2 ;BM KMmHHv

+`2i2 i?2 irQ T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2bX

xR 4 +UR- k- j- 9- 8- e- d- 3- N- RyV
xk 4 +UN- k- d- 9- 8- e- j- 3- R- RyV

LQiB+2 i?i i?2 biM/`/ /2pBiBQMb Q7 2+? `2 i?2 bK2 b #27Q`2- ?Qr2p2`-
MQr i?2 +Q``2HiBQM Bb 2ti`2K2Hv +HQb2 iQ yX

+Ub/UxRV- b/UxkVV

OO (R) jXykde8 jXykde8

+Q`UxR- xkV

OO (R) yXyjyjyjyj

i`m2nHBM2n;QQ/ 4 #2iny Y #2inR xR Y #2ink xk

#2in?in;QQ/ 4 Ki`BtUy- MmKnbBK- kV
Kb2n;QQ/ 4 `2TUy- MmKnbBKV

q2 i?2M T2`7Q`K bBKmHiBQMb M/ biQ`2 i?2 bK2 `2bmHibX

7Q` Ub BM R,MmKnbBKV &

v 4 i`m2nHBM2n;QQ/ Y `MQ`KUM 4 bKTH2nbBx2- K2M 4 y- b/ 4 bB;KV
`2;nQmi 4 HKUv  xR Y xkV
#2in?in;QQ/(b- ) 4 +Q27U`2;nQmiV(@R)
Kb2n;QQ/(b) 4 K2MU`2bB/U`2;nQmiV  kV
'

q2ǶHH MQr BMp2biB;i2 i?2 /Bz2`2M+2bX

R8XjX aAJlGhAPL jdN

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

?BbiU#2in?in#/(- R)-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]-
#Q`/2` 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
KBM 4 2tT`2bbBQMU]>BbiQ;`K Q7 ] ?iU#2iV(R) ] rBi? *QHHBM2`Biv]V-
tH# 4 2tT`2bbBQMU?iU#2iV(R)V-
#`2Fb 4 kyV
?BbiU#2in?in;QQ/(- R)-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]-
#Q`/2` 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
KBM 4 2tT`2bbBQMU]>BbiQ;`K Q7 ] ?iU#2iV(R) ] rBi?Qmi *QHHBM2`Biv]V-
tH# 4 2tT`2bbBQMU?iU#2iV(R)V-
#`2Fb 4 kyV

^ with Collinearity
Histogram of β ^ without Collinearity
Histogram of β
1 1
300

300
250
200
Frequency

Frequency

200
150
100

100
50
0

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 1 2 3 4 5
^
β ^
β
1 1

6B`bi- 7Q` ᅬφ - r?B+? ?b  i`m2 pHm2 Q7 - r2 b22 i?i #Qi? rBi? M/ rBi?Qmi
+QHHBM2`Biv- i?2 bBKmHi2/ pHm2b `2 +2Mi2`2/ M2` X

K2MU#2in?in#/(- R)V

OO (R) kXNejjk8

K2MU#2in?in;QQ/(- R)V

OO (R) jXyRj9R9

h?2 rv i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b r2`2 +`2i2/- i?2 Ԉ֓Տ ֓Տ TQ`iBQM Q7 i?2 p`BM+2 Bb i?2
bK2 7Q` i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b BM #Qi? +b2b- #mi i?2 p`BM+2 Bb biBHH Km+? H`;2` BM i?2
bBKmHiBQMb T2`7Q`K2/ rBi? +QHHBM2`BivX h?2 p`BM+2 Bb bQ H`;2 BM i?2 +QHHBM2`
+b2- i?i bQK2iBK2b i?2 2biBKi2/ +Q2{+B2Mi 7Q` ᅬφ Bb M2;iBp25
j3y *>Sh1_ R8X *PGGAL1_Ahu

b/U#2in?in#/(- R)V

OO (R) RXejjkN9

b/U#2in?in;QQ/(- R)V

OO (R) yX8939e39

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

?BbiU#2in?in#/(- k)-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]-
#Q`/2` 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
KBM 4 2tT`2bbBQMU]>BbiQ;`K Q7 ] ?iU#2iV(k) ] rBi? *QHHBM2`Biv]V-
tH# 4 2tT`2bbBQMU?iU#2iV(k)V-
#`2Fb 4 kyV
?BbiU#2in?in;QQ/(- k)-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]-
#Q`/2` 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
KBM 4 2tT`2bbBQMU]>BbiQ;`K Q7 ] ?iU#2iV(k) ] rBi?Qmi *QHHBM2`Biv]V-
tH# 4 2tT`2bbBQMU?iU#2iV(k)V-
#`2Fb 4 kyV

^ with Collinearity
Histogram of β ^ without Collinearity
Histogram of β
2 2
400
300
250

300
200
Frequency

Frequency

200
150
100

100
50
0

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 2 3 4 5 6
^
β ^
β
2 2

q2 b22 i?2 bK2 Bbbm2b rBi? ᅬϵ X PM p2`;2 i?2 2biBKi2b `2 +Q``2+i- #mi i?2
p`BM+2 Bb ;BM Km+? H`;2` rBi? +QHHBM2`BivX

K2MU#2in?in#/(- k)V

OO (R) 9Xyk8y8N
R8XjX aAJlGhAPL j3R

K2MU#2in?in;QQ/(- k)V

OO (R) 9Xyy9NRj

b/U#2in?in#/(- k)V

OO (R) RXe9k8Nk

b/U#2in?in;QQ/(- k)V

OO (R) yX89dyj3R

T`UK7`Qr 4 +UR- kVV

?BbiUKb2n#/-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]-
#Q`/2` 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
KBM 4 ]Ja1- rBi? *QHHBM2`Biv]-
tH# 4 ]Ja1]V
?BbiUKb2n;QQ/-
+QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]-
#Q`/2` 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]-
KBM 4 ]Ja1- rBi?Qmi *QHHBM2`Biv]-
tH# 4 ]Ja1]V

MSE, with Collinearity MSE, without Collinearity

600
600

500
500

400
400
Frequency

Frequency

300
300

200
200

100
100
0

0 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

MSE MSE

AMi2`2biBM;Hv- BM #Qi? +b2b- i?2 Ja1 Bb `Qm;?Hv i?2 bK2 QM p2`;2X ;BM-
i?Bb Bb #2+mb2 +QHHBM2`Biv z2+ib  KQ/2HǶb #BHBiv iQ 2tTHBM- #mi MQi T`2/B+iX
j3k *>Sh1_ R8X *PGGAL1_Ahu

K2MUKb2n#/V

OO (R) RdXdR3e

K2MUKb2n;QQ/V

OO (R) RdXdy8Rj

R8X9 _ J`F/QrM
h?2 _ J`F/QrM }H2 7Q` i?Bb +?Ti2` +M #2 7QmM/ ?2`2,

Ç +QHHBM2`BivX_K/

h?2 }H2 rb +`2i2/ mbBM; _ p2`bBQM 9XkXRX

*?Ti2` Re

o`B#H2 a2H2+iBQM M/

JQ/2H "mBH/BM;

dz*?QQb2 r2HHX uQm` +?QB+2 Bb #`B27- M/ v2i 2M/H2bbXǴ

ě CQ?MM qQH7;M; pQM :Q2i?2

7i2` `2/BM; i?Bb +?Ti2` vQm rBHH #2 #H2 iQ,

Ç lM/2`biM/ i?2 i`/2@Qz #2ir22M ;QQ/M2bb@Q7@}i M/ KQ/2H +QKTH2tBivX

Ç lb2 p`B#H2 b2H2+iBQM T`Q+2/m`2b iQ }M/  ;QQ/ KQ/2H 7`QK  b2i Q7 TQb@
bB#H2 KQ/2HbX
Ç lM/2`biM/ i?2 irQ mb2b Q7 KQ/2Hb, 2tTHMiBQM M/ T`2/B+iBQMX

Gbi +?Ti2` r2 br ?Qr +Q``2HiBQM #2ir22M T`2/B+iQ` p`B#H2b +M ?p2 mM@
/2bB`#H2 2z2+ib QM KQ/2HbX q2 mb2/ p`BM+2 BM~iBQM 7+iQ`b iQ bb2bb i?2
b2p2`Biv Q7 i?2 +QHHBM2`Biv Bbbm2b +mb2/ #v i?2b2 +Q``2HiBQMbX q2 HbQ br ?Qr
}iiBM;  bKHH2` KQ/2H- H2pBM; Qmi bQK2 Q7 i?2 +Q``2Hi2/ T`2/B+iQ`b- `2bmHib
BM  KQ/2H r?B+? MQ HQM;2` bmz2`b 7`QK +QHHBM2`Biv Bbbm2bX "mi ?Qr b?QmH/ r2
+?QQb2 i?Bb bKHH2` KQ/2H\
h?Bb +?Ti2`- r2 rBHH /Bb+mbb b2p2`H +`Bi2`B M/ T`Q+2/m`2b 7Q` +?QQbBM; 
dz;QQ/Ǵ KQ/2H 7`QK KQM;  +?QB+2 Q7 KMvX

ReXR ZmHBiv *`Bi2`BQM

aQ 7`- r2 ?p2 b22M +`Bi2`B bm+? b ԇϵ M/ _Ja1 7Q` bb2bbBM; [mHBiv Q7 }iX
>Qr2p2`- #Qi? Q7 i?2b2 ?p2  7iH ~rX "v BM+`2bBM; i?2 bBx2 Q7  KQ/2H- i?i
Bb //BM; T`2/B+iQ`b- i?i +M i rQ`bi MQi BKT`Qp2X Ai Bb BKTQbbB#H2 iQ // 

j3j
j39 *>Sh1_ ReX o_A"G1 a1G1*hAPL L. JP.1G "[Link]:

T`2/B+iQ` iQ  KQ/2H M/ KF2 ԇϵ Q` _Ja1 rQ`b2X h?i K2Mb- B7 r2 r2`2 iQ

mb2 2Bi?2` Q7 i?2b2 iQ +?QQb2 #2ir22M KQ/2Hb- r2 rQmH/ Hrvb bBKTHv +?QQb2
i?2 H`;2` KQ/2HX 1p2MimHHv r2 rQmH/ bBKTHv #2 }iiBM; iQ MQBb2X
h?Bb bm;;2bib i?i r2 M22/  [mHBiv +`Bi2`BQM i?i iF2b BMiQ ++QmMi i?2 bBx2
Q7 i?2 KQ/2H- bBM+2 Qm` T`272`2M+2 Bb 7Q` bKHH KQ/2Hb i?i biBHH }i r2HHX q2 `2
rBHHBM; iQ b+`B}+2  bKHH KQmMi Q7 dz;QQ/M2bb@Q7@}iǴ 7Q` Q#iBMBM;  bKHH2`
KQ/2HX U>2`2 r2 mb2 dz;QQ/M2bb@Q7@}iǴ iQ bBKTHv K2M ?Qr 7` i?2 /i Bb 7`QK
i?2 KQ/2H- i?2 bKHH2` i?2 2``Q`b i?2 #2ii2`X P7i2M BM biiBbiB+b- ;QQ/M2bb@Q7@
}i +M ?p2  KQ`2 T`2+Bb2 K2MBM;XV q2 rBHH HQQF i i?`22 +`Bi2`B i?i /Q
i?Bb 2tTHB+BiHv, A*- "A*- M/ /Dmbi2/ ԇϵ X q2 rBHH HbQ HQQF i QM2- *`Qbb@
oHB/i2/ _Ja1- r?B+? BKTHB+BiHv +QMbB/2`b i?2 bBx2 Q7 i?2 KQ/2HX

ReXRXR FBF2 AM7Q`KiBQM *`Bi2`BQM

h?2 }`bi +`Bi2`B r2 rBHH /Bb+mbb Bb i?2 FBF2 AM7Q`KiBQM *`Bi2`BQM- Q` A*
7Q` b?Q`iX ULQi2 i?i- r?2M FBF2 }`bi BMi`Q/m+2/ i?Bb K2i`B+- Bi rb bBKTHv
+HH2/ M AM7Q`KiBQM *`Bi2`BQMX h?2  ?b +?M;2/ K2MBM; Qp2` i?2 v2`bXV
_2+HH- i?2 KtBKBx2/ HQ;@HBF2HB?QQ/ Q7  `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H +M #2 r`Bii2M b

ԝ ԝ _aa ԝ
HQ; ԁ ᅬ ࣞ ᅼࣞ ϵ
 ਷ HQ; ᅺ
਷ HQ; গ ঘ਷
  ԝ 
։
r?2`2 _aa  ௴քφ Ԩք ਷ Ԩքࣞ
ϵ M/ ᅬ ࣞ M/ ᅼࣞ ϵ r2`2 +?Qb2M iQ KtBKBx2 i?2 HBF2HB@
?QQ/X
h?2M r2 +M /2}M2 A* b

_aa
A*  ਷ HQ; ԁ ᅬ ࣞ ᅼࣞ ϵ
 ԟ  ԝ  ԝ HQ; ᅺ
 ԝ HQ; গ ঘ  ԟ
ԝ

r?B+? Bb  K2bm`2 Q7 [mHBiv Q7 i?2 KQ/2HX h?2 bKHH2` i?2 A*- i?2 #2ii2`X
hQ b22 r?v- H2iǶb iHF #Qmi i?2 irQ KBM +QKTQM2Mib Q7 A*- i?2 HBF2HB?QQ/
Ur?B+? K2bm`2b dz;QQ/M2bb@Q7@}iǴV M/ i?2 T2MHiv Ur?B+? Bb  7mM+iBQM Q7 i?2
bBx2 Q7 i?2 KQ/2HVX
h?2 HBF2HB?QQ/ TQ`iBQM Q7 A* Bb ;Bp2M #v

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?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/nbi`i-
b+QT2 4 ?BT+2Mi2`  ;2 Y q2B;?i Y >ia?Q2b Y >i Y a2i2/ Y `K Y h?B;? Y G2;-
/B`2+iBQM 4 ]#Qi?]- F 4 HQ;UMVV

OO ai`i, A*4jRjXj8
OO ?BT+2Mi2`  R
OO
OO .7 amK Q7 a[ _aa A*
OO Y >i R 39ykj 9deRe kd3Xj9
OO Y >ia?Q2b R 3j8j9 93Ry8 kd3Xdj
OO Y G2; R 3R8e3 8yydR k3yXk8
OO Y a2i2/ R dyjNk eRk9d k3dXNR
OO Y q2B;?i R 8jNd8 ddee9 kNeXNj
OO Y h?B;? R 9eyRy 38ekN jyyXe9
OO Y `K R 98ye8 3e8d9 jyRXye
OO IMQM2= RjRejN jRjXj8
OO Y ;2 R 889R RkeyN3 jR8Xj8
OO
OO ai2T, A*4kd3Xj9
OO ?BT+2Mi2`  >i
OO
OO .7 amK Q7 a[ _aa A*
OO IMQM2= 9deRe kd3Xj9
OO Y G2; R kd3R 993j8 kdNXeN
OO Y ;2 R kj89 98kek k3yXy8
OO Y q2B;?i R RNe 9d9ky k3RX3k
OO Y a2i2/ R Ryk 9d8R9 k3RXNy
OO Y `K R de 9d89y k3RXNk
OO Y >ia?Q2b R ke 9d8Ny k3RXNe
OO Y h?B;? R 8 9deRR k3RXN3
OO @ >i R 39ykj RjRejN jRjXj8
ReXkX a1G1*hAPL S_P*1.l_1a 9yj

/Dmbi2/ ԇϵ M/ GPP*o _Ja1 +QKT`BbQMb `2 bBKBH` iQ #+Fr`/b M/

7Q`r`/b- r?B+? Bb MQi i HH bm`T`BbBM;- b bQK2 Q7 i?2 KQ/2Hb b2H2+i2/ `2 i?2
bK2 b #27Q`2X

bmKK`vU?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/V0/DX`Xb[m`2/

OO (R) yXeyyy388

bmKK`vU?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n#Qi?nB+V0/DX`Xb[m`2/

OO (R) yXe8jjy88

bmKK`vU?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n#Qi?n#B+V0/DX`Xb[m`2/

OO (R) yXek3kjd9

+H+nHQQ+pn`Kb2U?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/V

OO (R) 99X998e9

+H+nHQQ+pn`Kb2U?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n#Qi?nB+V

OO (R) jdXek8Re

+H+nHQQ+pn`Kb2U?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n#Qi?n#B+V

OO (R) jdXk8RR

ReXkX9 1t?mbiBp2 a2`+?

"+Fr`/- 7Q`r`/- M/ bi2TrBb2 b2`+? `2 HH mb27mH- #mi /Q ?p2 M Q#pBQmb
Bbbm2X "v MQi +?2+FBM; 2p2`v TQbbB#H2 KQ/2H- bQK2iBK2b i?2v rBHH KBbb i?2 #2bi
TQbbB#H2 KQ/2HX qBi? M 2ti`2K2Hv H`;2 MmK#2` Q7 T`2/B+iQ`b- bQK2iBK2b i?Bb Bb
M2+2bb`v bBM+2 +?2+FBM; 2p2`v TQbbB#H2 KQ/2H rQmH/ #2 `i?2` iBK2 +QMbmKBM;-
2p2M rBi? +m``2Mi +QKTmi2`bX
>Qr2p2`- rBi?  `2bQM#Hv bBx2/ /ib2i- Bi BbMǶi iQQ /B{+mHi iQ +?2+F HH TQb@
bB#H2 KQ/2HbX hQ /Q bQ- r2 rBHH mb2 i?2 `2;bm#b2ibUV 7mM+iBQM BM i?2 _ T+F;2
H2TbX
9y9 *>Sh1_ ReX o_A"G1 a1G1*hAPL L. JP.1G "[Link]:

HB#``vUH2TbV
HHn?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/ 4 bmKK`vU`2;bm#b2ibU?BT+2Mi2`  X- /i 4 b2iTQbVV

 72r TQBMib #Qmi i?Bb HBM2 Q7 +Q/2X 6B`bi- MQi2 i?i r2 BKK2/Bi2Hv
mb2 bmKK`vUV M/ biQ`2 i?Qb2 `2bmHibX h?i Bb bBKTHv i?2 BMi2M/2/ mb2
Q7 `2;bm#b2ibUVX a2+QM/- BMbB/2 Q7 `2;bm#b2ibUV r2 bT2+B7v i?2 KQ/2H
?BT+2Mi2`  XX h?Bb rBHH #2 i?2 H`;2bi KQ/2H +QMbB/2`2/- i?i Bb i?2 KQ/2H
mbBM; HH }`bi@Q`/2` T`2/B+iQ`b- M/ _ rBHH +?2+F HH TQbbB#H2 bm#b2ibX
q2ǶHH MQr HQQF i i?2 BM7Q`KiBQM biQ`2/ BM HHn?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/X

HHn?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/0r?B+?

OO UAMi2`+2TiV ;2 q2B;?i >ia?Q2b >i a2i2/ `K h?B;? G2;

OO R h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1
OO k h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1
OO j h_l1 h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1
OO 9 h_l1 h_l1 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 h_l1
OO 8 h_l1 h_l1 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1
OO e h_l1 h_l1 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1
OO d h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 6Ga1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1
OO 3 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1 h_l1

lbBM; 0r?B+? ;Bp2b mb i?2 #2bi KQ/2H- ++Q`/BM; iQ _aa- 7Q`  KQ/2H Q7 2+?
TQbbB#H2 bBx2- BM i?Bb +b2 `M;BM; 7`QK QM2 iQ 2B;?i T`2/B+iQ`bX 6Q` 2tKTH2 i?2
#2bi KQ/2H rBi? 7Qm` T`2/B+iQ`b Uԟ  V rQmH/ mb2 ;2- >ia?Q2b- h?B;?- M/
G2;X

HHn?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/0`bb

OO (R) 9deR8XdN 993j9XeN 9RNj3XyN 9R938XyR 9RjRjXyy 9RkddXNy 9RkeeX3y 9RkeRXd3

q2 +M Q#iBM i?2 _aa 7Q` 2+? Q7 i?2b2 KQ/2Hb mbBM; 0`bbX LQiB+2 i?i i?2b2
`2 /2+`2bBM; bBM+2 i?2 KQ/2Hb `M;2 7`QK bKHH iQ H`;2X
LQr i?i r2 ?p2 i?2 _aa 7Q` 2+? Q7 i?2b2 KQ/2Hb- Bi Bb `i?2` 2bv iQ Q#iBM
A*- "A*- M/ /Dmbi2/ ԇϵ bBM+2 i?2v `2 HH  7mM+iBQM Q7 _aa HbQ- bBM+2 r2
?p2 i?2 KQ/2Hb rBi? i?2 #2bi _aa 7Q` 2+? bBx2- i?2v rBHH `2bmHi BM i?2 KQ/2Hb
rBi? i?2 #2bi A*- "A*- M/ /Dmbi2/ ԇϵ 7Q` 2+? bBx2X h?2M #v TB+FBM; 7`QK
i?Qb2- r2 +M }M/ i?2 Qp2`HH #2bi A*- "A*- M/ /Dmbi2/ ԇϵ X
*QMp2MB2MiHv- /Dmbi2/ ԇϵ Bb miQKiB+HHv +H+mHi2/X
ReXkX a1G1*hAPL S_P*1.l_1a 9y8

HHn?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/0/D`k

OO (R) yXek3kjd9 yXejNN9Ne yXe8jjy88 yXe9ee83e yXejdRkde yXek8d9yj yXeRjjeNy

OO (3) yXeyyy388

hQ }M/ r?B+? KQ/2H ?b i?2 ?B;?2bi /Dmbi2/ ԇϵ r2 +M mb2 i?2 r?B+?XKtUV
7mM+iBQMX

U#2bin`knBM/ 4 r?B+?XKtUHHn?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/0/D`kVV

OO (R) j

q2 +M i?2M 2ti`+i i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b Q7 i?i KQ/2HX

HHn?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/0r?B+?(#2bin`knBM/- )

OO UAMi2`+2TiV ;2 q2B;?i >ia?Q2b >i a2i2/

OO h_l1 h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1
OO `K h?B;? G2;
OO 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1

q2ǶHH MQr +H+mHi2 A* M/ "A* 7Q` 2+? Q7 i?2 KQ/2Hb rBi? i?2 #2bi _aaX hQ
/Q bQ- r2 rBHH M22/ #Qi? ԝ M/ i?2 ԟ 7Q` i?2 H`;2bi TQbbB#H2 KQ/2HX

T 4 H2M;i?U+Q27U?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/VV
M 4 H2M;i?U`2bB/U?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/VV

q2ǶHH mb2 i?2 7Q`K Q7 A* r?B+? H2p2b Qmi i?2 +QMbiMi i2`K i?i Bb 2[mH
+`Qbb HH KQ/2HbX

_aa
A*  ԝ HQ; গ ঘ  ԟ
ԝ

aBM+2 r2 ?p2 i?2 _aa Q7 2+? KQ/2H biQ`2/- i?Bb Bb 2bv iQ +H+mHi2X

?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/nB+ 4 M HQ;UHHn?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/0`bb f MV Y k Uk,TV

q2 +M i?2M 2ti`+i i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b Q7 i?2 KQ/2H rBi? i?2 #2bi A*X
9ye *>Sh1_ ReX o_A"G1 a1G1*hAPL L. JP.1G "[Link]:

#2binB+nBM/ 4 r?B+?XKBMU?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/nB+V
HHn?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/0r?B+?(#2binB+nBM/-)

OO UAMi2`+2TiV ;2 q2B;?i >ia?Q2b >i a2i2/

OO h_l1 h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1
OO `K h?B;? G2;
OO 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1

G2iǶb }i i?Bb KQ/2H bQ r2 +M +QKT`2 iQ Qm` T`2pBQmbHv +?Qb2M KQ/2Hb mbBM;
A* M/ b2`+? T`Q+2/m`2bX

?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n#2binB+ 4 HKU?BT+2Mi2`  ;2 Y >i Y G2;- /i 4 b2iTQbV

h?2 2ti`+iA*UV 7mM+iBQM rBHH +H+mHi2 i?2 A* /2}M2/ #Qp2 7Q`  }ii2/
KQ/2HX

2ti`+iA*U?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n#2binB+V

OO (R) 9Xyyyy kd9Xk9R3

2ti`+iA*U?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n#+FnB+V

OO (R) 9Xyyyy kd9Xk8Nd

2ti`+iA*U?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n7Q`rnB+V

OO (R) 9Xyyyy kd9Xk9R3

2ti`+iA*U?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n#Qi?nB+V

OO (R) 9Xyyyy kd9Xk9R3

q2 b22 i?i irQ Q7 i?2 KQ/2Hb +?Qb2M #v b2`+? T`Q+2/m`2b ?p2 i?2 #2bi TQbbB#H2
A*- b i?2v `2 i?2 bK2 KQ/2HX h?Bb Bb ?Qr2p2` M2p2` ;m`Mi22/X q2 b22
i?i i?2 KQ/2H +?Qb2M mbBM; #+Fr`/b b2H2+iBQM /Q2b MQi +?B2p2 i?2 bKHH2bi
TQbbB#H2 A*X

THQiU?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/nB+  AUk,TV- vH# 4 ]A*]- tH# 4 ]T- MmK#2` Q7 T`K2i2`b]-

T+? 4 ky- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- ivT2 4 ]#]- +2t 4 k-
KBM 4 ]A* pb JQ/2H *QKTH2tBiv]V
ReXkX a1G1*hAPL S_P*1.l_1a 9yd

AIC vs Model Complexity

282
280
AIC

278
276
274

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

p, number of parameters

q2 +QmH/ 2bBHv `2T2i i?Bb T`Q+2bb 7Q` "A*X

_aa
"A*  ԝ HQ; গ ঘ  HQ; ԝ
ԟ
ԝ

?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n#B+ 4 M HQ;UHHn?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/0`bb f MV Y HQ;UMV Uk,TV

r?B+?XKBMU?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n#B+V

OO (R) R

HHn?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/0r?B+?(R-)

OO UAMi2`+2TiV ;2 q2B;?i >ia?Q2b >i a2i2/

OO h_l1 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1 h_l1 6Ga1
OO `K h?B;? G2;
OO 6Ga1 6Ga1 6Ga1

?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n#2bin#B+ 4 HKU?BT+2Mi2`  >i- /i 4 b2iTQbV

9y3 *>Sh1_ ReX o_A"G1 a1G1*hAPL L. JP.1G "[Link]:

2ti`+iA*U?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n#2bin#B+- F 4 HQ;UMVV

OO (R) kXyyyy kd3Xj9R3

2ti`+iA*U?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n#+Fn#B+- F 4 HQ;UMVV

OO (R) kXyyyy kd3Xdjye

2ti`+iA*U?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n7Q`rn#B+- F 4 HQ;UMVV

OO (R) kXyyyy kd3Xj9R3

2ti`+iA*U?BT+2Mi2`nKQ/n#Qi?n#B+- F 4 HQ;UMVV

OO (R) kXyyyy kd3Xj9R3

ReXj >B;?2` P`/2` h2`Kb

aQ 7` r2 ?p2 QMHv HHQr2/ }`bi@Q`/2` i2`Kb BM Qm` KQ/2HbX G2iǶb `2im`M iQ i?2
miQKT; /ib2i iQ 2tTHQ`2 ?B;?2`@Q`/2` i2`KbX

miQKT; 4 `2/Xi#H2U
]?iiT,ff`+?Bp2XB+bXm+BX2/mfKHfK+?BM2@H2`MBM;@/i#b2bfmiQ@KT;fmiQ@KT;X/i]-
[mQi2 4 ]$]]-
+QKK2MiX+?` 4 ]]-
bi`BM;bb6+iQ`b 4 6Ga1V
+QHMK2bUmiQKT;V 4 +U]KT;]- ]+vH]- ]/BbT]- ]?T]- ]ri]- ]++]-
]v2`]- ]Q`B;BM]- ]MK2]V
miQKT; 4 bm#b2iUmiQKT;- miQKT;0?T 54 ]\]V
miQKT; 4 bm#b2iUmiQKT;- miQKT;0MK2 54 ]THvKQmi? `2HBMi]V
`QrMK2bUmiQKT;V 4 Tbi2UmiQKT;0+vH- ]+vHBM/2`]- miQKT;0v2`- miQKT;0MK2V
miQKT;0?T 4 bXMmK2`B+UmiQKT;0?TV
miQKT;0/QK2biB+ 4 bXMmK2`B+UmiQKT;0Q`B;BM 44 RV
miQKT; 4 miQKT;(miQKT;0+vH 54 8-)
miQKT; 4 miQKT;(miQKT;0+vH 54 j-)
miQKT;0+vH 4 bX7+iQ`UmiQKT;0+vHV
miQKT;0/QK2biB+ 4 bX7+iQ`UmiQKT;0/QK2biB+V
miQKT; 4 bm#b2iUmiQKT;- b2H2+i 4 +U]KT;]- ]+vH]- ]/BbT]- ]?T]-
]ri]- ]++]- ]v2`]- ]/QK2biB+]VV
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bi`UmiQKT;V

OO ^/iX7`K2^, j3j Q#bX Q7 3 p`B#H2b,

OO 0 KT; , MmK R3 R8 R3 Re Rd R8 R9 R9 R9 R8 XXX
OO 0 +vH , 6+iQ` rf j H2p2Hb ]9]-]e]-]3], j j j j j j j j j j XXX
OO 0 /BbT , MmK jyd j8y jR3 jy9 jyk 9kN 989 99y 988 jNy XXX
OO 0 ?T , MmK Rjy Re8 R8y R8y R9y RN3 kky kR8 kk8 RNy XXX
OO 0 ri , MmK j8y9 jeNj j9je j9jj j99N XXX
OO 0 ++ , MmK Rk RRX8 RR Rk RyX8 Ry N 3X8 Ry 3X8 XXX
OO 0 v2` , BMi dy dy dy dy dy dy dy dy dy dy XXX
OO 0 /QK2biB+, 6+iQ` rf k H2p2Hb ]y]-]R], k k k k k k k k k k XXX

_2+HH i?i r2 ?p2 irQ 7+iQ` p`B#H2b- +vH M/ /QK2biB+X h?2 +vH p`B#H2
?b i?`22 H2p2Hb- r?BH2 i?2 /QK2biB+ p`B#H2 ?b QMHv irQX h?mb i?2 +vH p`B#H2
rBHH #2 +Q/2/ mbBM; irQ /mKKv p`B#H2b- r?BH2 i?2 /QK2biB+ p`B#H2 rBHH QMHv
M22/ QM2X q2 rBHH Tv ii2MiBQM iQ i?Bb Hi2`X

TB`bUmiQKT;- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]V

9Ry *>Sh1_ ReX o_A"G1 a1G1*hAPL L. JP.1G "[Link]:

1.0 2.0 3.0 50 150 10 20 1.0 1.4 1.8

mpg

30
10
3.0

cyl
2.0
1.0

300
disp

100
150

hp
50

3500
wt

1500
20

acc
10

70 74 78 82
year
1.8

domestic
1.4
1.0

10 30 100 300 1500 3500 70 74 78 82

q2ǶHH mb2 i?2 TB`bUV THQi iQ /2i2`KBM2 r?B+? p`B#H2b Kv #2M2}i 7`QK 
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rv BMi2`+iBQMbX q2 rQMǶi +QMbB/2` Mv i?`22@Q`/2` Q` ?B;?2`X 6Q` 2tKTH2- r2
rQMǶi +QMbB/2` i?2 BMi2`+iBQM #2ir22M }`bi@Q`/2` i2`Kb M/ i?2 //2/ [m/`iB+
i2`KbX

aQ MQr- r2ǶHH }i i?Bb `i?2` H`;2 KQ/2HX q2ǶHH mb2  HQ;@i`Mb7Q`K2/ `2bTQMb2X
LQiB+2 i?i HQ;UKT;V  X  k rBHH miQKiB+HHv +QMbB/2` HH }`bi@Q`/2` i2`Kb-
b r2HH b HH irQ@rv BMi2`+iBQMbX q2 mb2 AUp`nMK2  kV iQ // [m/`iB+
i2`Kb 7Q` bQK2 p`B#H2bX h?Bb ;2M2`HHv rQ`Fb #2ii2` i?M mbBM; TQHvUV r?2M
T2`7Q`KBM; p`B#H2 b2H2+iBQMX

miQKT;n#B;nKQ/ 4 HKU
HQ;UKT;V  X  k Y AU/BbT  kV Y AU?T  kV Y AUri  kV Y AU++  kV-
/i 4 miQKT;V
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q2 i?BMF Bi Bb `i?2` mMHBF2Hv i?i r2 i`mHv M22/ HH Q7 i?2b2 i2`KbX h?2`2 `2
[mBi2  72r5

H2M;i?U+Q27UmiQKT;n#B;nKQ/VV

OO (R) 9y

q2ǶHH i`v #+Fr`/b b2`+? rBi? #Qi? A* M/ "A* iQ ii2KTi iQ }M/  bKHH2`-
KQ`2 `2bQM#H2 KQ/2HX

miQKT;nKQ/n#+FnB+ 4 bi2TUmiQKT;n#B;nKQ/- /B`2+iBQM 4 ]#+Fr`/]- i`+2 4 yV

LQiB+2 i?i r2 mb2/ i`+2 4 y BM i?2 7mM+iBQM +HHX h?Bb bmTT`2bb2b i?2 QmiTmi
7Q` 2+? bi2T- M/ bBKTHv biQ`2b i?2 +?Qb2M KQ/2HX h?Bb Bb mb27mH- b i?Bb +Q/2
rQmH/ Qi?2`rBb2 +`2i2  H`;2 KQmMi Q7 QmiTmiX A7 r2 ?/ pB2r2/ i?2 QmiTmi-
r?B+? vQm +M i`v QM vQm` QrM #v `2KQpBM; i`+2 4 y- r2 rQmH/ b22 i?i _
QMHv +QMbB/2`b i?2 +vH p`B#H2 b  bBM;H2 p`B#H2- /2bTBi2 i?2 7+i i?i Bi Bb
+Q/2/ mbBM; irQ /mKKv p`B#H2bX aQ `2KQpBM; +vH rQmH/ +imHHv `2KQp2 irQ
T`K2i2`b 7`QK i?2 `2bmHiBM; KQ/2HX
uQm b?QmH/ HbQ MQiB+2 i?i _ `2bT2+ib ?B2``+?v r?2M ii2KTiBM; iQ `2KQp2
p`B#H2bX h?i Bb- 7Q` 2tKTH2- _ rBHH MQi +QMbB/2` `2KQpBM; ?T B7 ?T,/BbT Q`
AU?T  kV `2 +m``2MiHv BM i?2 KQ/2HX
q2 HbQ mb2 "A*X

M 4 H2M;i?U`2bB/UmiQKT;n#B;nKQ/VV
miQKT;nKQ/n#+Fn#B+ 4 bi2TUmiQKT;n#B;nKQ/- /B`2+iBQM 4 ]#+Fr`/]-
F 4 HQ;UMV- i`+2 4 yV

GQQFBM; i i?2 +Q2{+B2Mib Q7 i?2 irQ +?Qb2M KQ/2Hb- r2 b22 i?2v `2 biBHH `i?2`
H`;2X

+Q27UmiQKT;nKQ/n#+FnB+V

OO UAMi2`+2TiV +vHe +vH3 /BbT ?T

OO jXedR3392Yyy @RXeyk8ej2@yR @3X83Re992@yR @NXjdRNdR2@yj kXkNj8j92@yk
OO ri ++ v2` /QK2biB+R AU?TkV
OO @jXye99Nd2@y9 @RXjNj3332@yR @RXNeejeR2@yj NXjeNjk92@yR @RX9NdeeN2@y8
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Ordinary vs Logistic Regression

1.0

Ordinary
Logistic
0.8

Data
Estimated Probability

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0

-2 -1 0 1

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Ԕ਷ϵӳϯϯӳϨੁ ਷ЈӳΘ

ԅ ࣞ <Ԏ   ੮ ԍ  ਷>  ஈ 

  Ԕ਷ϵӳϯϯӳϨੁ ਷ЈӳΘ

Ԕ਷ϵӳϯϯӳϨੁ Ј

ԅ ࣞ <Ԏ   ੮ ԍ  >  ஈ 

  Ԕ਷ϵӳϯϯӳϨੁ Ј

Ԕ਷ϵӳϯϯӳϨੁ φ

ԅ ࣞ <Ԏ   ੮ ԍ  >  ஈ 

  Ԕ਷ϵӳϯϯӳϨੁ φ

LQr i?i r2 FMQr r2 b?QmH/ mb2 HQ;BbiB+ `2;`2bbBQM- M/ MQi Q`/BM`v HBM2`
`2;`2bbBQM- H2iǶb +QMbB/2` MQi?2` 2tKTH2X h?Bb iBK2- H2iǶb +QMbB/2` i?2 KQ/2H

ԟ t

HQ; ভ ম    ਷ԧ
 ਷ ԟ t

RdXkX "AL_u _1aSPLa1 9kd

;BM- r2 +QmH/ `2@r`Bi2 i?Bb iQ #2ii2` Ki+? i?2 7mM+iBQM r2Ƕ`2 mbBM; iQ bBKm@
Hi2 i?2 /i,

Ԏք ੮ sB  tB ୽ "2`M ԟք


ԟք  ԟ tB

  Ԕ਷ᇅ tB

ᅱ tB
   ਷ԧք

AM i?Bb KQ/2H- b ԧ BM+`2b2b- i?2 HQ; Q//b /2+`2b2X

b2iXb22/URV
2tKTH2n/i 4 bBKnHQ;BbiB+n/iUbKTH2nbBx2 4 8y- #2iny 4 R- #2inR 4 @9V

q2 ;BM bBKmHi2 bQK2 Q#b2`piBQMb 7Q`K i?Bb KQ/2H- i?2M }i HQ;BbiB+ `2;`2bbBQMX

7Bin;HK 4 ;HKUv  t- /i 4 2tKTH2n/i- 7KBHv 4 #BMQKBHV

THQiUv  t- /i 4 2tKTH2n/i-

T+? 4 ky- vH# 4 ]1biBKi2/ S`Q##BHBiv]-
KBM 4 ]GQ;BbiB+ _2;`2bbBQM- .2+`2bBM; S`Q##BHBiv]V
;`B/UV
+m`p2UT`2/B+iU7Bin;HK- /iX7`K2UtV- ivT2 4 ]`2bTQMb2]V-
// 4 h_l1- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hiv 4 kV
+m`p2U#QQi,,BMpXHQ;BiUR @ 9 tV- // 4 h_l1- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hiv 4 RV
H2;2M/U]#QiiQKH27i]- +U]h`m2 S`Q##BHBiv]- ]1biBKi2/ S`Q##BHBiv]- ].i]V- Hiv 4 +UR- k- yV-
T+? 4 +UL- L- kyV- Hr/ 4 k- +QH 4 +U]/`FQ`M;2]- ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- ]#H+F]VV
9k3 *>Sh1_ RdX GP:AahA* _1:_1aaAPL

Logistic Regression, Decreasing Probability

1.0
0.8
Estimated Probability

0.6
0.4
0.2

True Probability
Estimated Probability
Data
0.0

-2 -1 0 1

q2 b22 i?i i?Bb iBK2- b ԧ BM+`2b2b- ԟ t

ࣞ /2+`2b2bX
LQr H2iǶb HQQF i M 2tKTH2 r?2`2 i?2 2biBKi2/ T`Q##BHBiv /Q2bMǶi Hrvb
bBKTHv BM+`2b2 Q` /2+`2b2X Jm+? HBF2 Q`/BM`v HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM- i?2 HBM2`
+QK#BMiBQM Q7 T`2/B+iQ`b +M +QMiBM i`Mb7Q`KiBQMb Q7 T`2/B+iQ`b UBM i?Bb
+b2  [m/`iB+ i2`KV M/ BMi2`+iBQMbX
bBKn[m/`iB+nHQ;BbiB+n/i 4 7mM+iBQMUbKTH2nbBx2 4 k8V &
t 4 `MQ`KUM 4 bKTH2nbBx2V
2i 4 @RX8 Y yX8 t Y t  k
T 4 R f UR Y 2tTU@2iVV
v 4 `#BMQKUM 4 bKTH2nbBx2- bBx2 4 R- T`Q# 4 TV
/iX7`K2Uv- tV
'

ԟ t

HQ; ভ ম  ਷  ԧ  ԧϵ 

 ਷ ԟ t

;BM- r2 +QmH/ `2@r`Bi2 i?Bb iQ #2ii2` Ki+? i?2 7mM+iBQM r2Ƕ`2 mbBM; iQ bBKm@
Hi2 i?2 /i,

Ԏք ੮ sB  tB ୽ "2`M ԟք


ԟք  ԟ tB

  Ԕ਷ᇅ tB

ᅱ tB
 ਷  ԧք  ԧϵք
RdXjX qP_EAL: qAh> GP:AahA* _1:_1aaAPL 9kN

b2iXb22/U9kV
2tKTH2n/i 4 bBKn[m/`iB+nHQ;BbiB+n/iUbKTH2nbBx2 4 8yV

7Bin;HK 4 ;HKUv  t Y AUtkV- /i 4 2tKTH2n/i- 7KBHv 4 #BMQKBHV

THQiUv  t- /i 4 2tKTH2n/i-

T+? 4 ky- vH# 4 ]1biBKi2/ S`Q##BHBiv]-
KBM 4 ]GQ;BbiB+ _2;`2bbBQM- Zm/`iB+ _2HiBQMb?BT]V
;`B/UV
+m`p2UT`2/B+iU7Bin;HK- /iX7`K2UtV- ivT2 4 ]`2bTQMb2]V-
// 4 h_l1- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hiv 4 kV
+m`p2U#QQi,,BMpXHQ;BiU@RX8 Y yX8 t Y t  kV-
// 4 h_l1- +QH 4 ]/`FQ`M;2]- Hiv 4 RV
H2;2M/U]#QiiQKH27i]- +U]h`m2 S`Q##BHBiv]- ]1biBKi2/ S`Q##BHBiv]- ].i]V- Hiv 4 +UR- k- yV-
T+? 4 +UL- L- kyV- Hr/ 4 k- +QH 4 +U]/`FQ`M;2]- ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- ]#H+F]VV

Logistic Regression, Quadratic Relationship

1.0
0.8
Estimated Probability

0.6
0.4
0.2

True Probability
Estimated Probability
Data
0.0

-2 -1 0 1 2

RdXj qQ`FBM; rBi? GQ;BbiB+ _2;`2bbBQM

q?BH2 i?2 HQ;BbiB+ `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H BbMǶi 2t+iHv i?2 bK2 b i?2 Q`/BM`v HBM2`
`2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H- #2+mb2 i?2v #Qi? mb2  HBM2` +QK#BMiBQM Q7 i?2 T`2/B+iQ`b

ᅱ t
 ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧφ  ᅬϵ ԧϵ  w  ᅬ֋਷φ ԧ֋਷φ
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rQ`FBM; rBi? HQ;BbiB+ `2;`2bbBQM Bb p2`v bBKBH`X JMv Q7 i?2 i?BM;b r2 /B/ rBi?
Q`/BM`v HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM +M #2 /QM2 rBi? HQ;BbiB+ `2;`2bbBQM BM  p2`v bBKBH`
7b?BQMX 6Q` 2tKTH2-

Ç h2biBM; 7Q`  bBM;H2 ᅬ T`K2i2`

Ç h2biBM; 7Q`  b2i Q7 ᅬ T`K2i2`b
Ç 6Q`KmH bT2+B}+iBQM BM _
Ç AMi2`T`2iBM; T`K2i2`b M/ 2biBKi2b
Ç *QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pHb 7Q` T`K2i2`b
Ç *QM}/2M+2 BMi2`pHb 7Q` K2M `2bTQMb2
Ç o`B#H2 b2H2+iBQM

7i2` bQK2 BMi`Q/m+iBQM iQ i?2 M2r i2bib- r2ǶHH /2KQMbi`i2 2+? Q7 i?2b2 mbBM;
M 2tKTH2X

RdXjXR h2biBM; rBi? :GJb

GBF2 Q`/BM`v HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM- r2ǶHH rMi iQ #2 #H2 iQ T2`7Q`K ?vTQi?2bBb

i2biBM;X q2ǶHH ;BM rMi #Qi? bBM;H2 T`K2i2`- M/ KmHiBTH2 T`K2i2` i2bibX

RdXjXk qH/ h2bi

AM Q`/BM`v HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM- r2 T2`7Q`K2/ i?2 i2bi Q7

ӽЈ ੃ ᅬ օ   pb ӽφ ੃ ᅬօ ଈ 

mbBM;  ԣ@i2biX
6Q` i?2 HQ;BbiB+ `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2H-

ԟ t

HQ; ভ ম  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧφ  w  ᅬ֋਷φ ԧ֋਷φ

 ਷ ԟ t

r2 +M ;BM T2`7Q`K  i2bi Q7

ӽЈ ੃ ᅬ օ   pb ӽφ ੃ ᅬօ ଈ 

?Qr2p2`- i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+ M/ Bib /Bbi`B#miBQM `2 MQ HQM;2` ԣX q2 b22 i?i i?2
i2bi biiBbiB+ iF2b i?2 bK2 7Q`K

ᅬօࣞ ਷ ᅬօ TT`Qt
ԩ ୽ ԃ  

a1<ᅬ ࣞ >օ
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#mi MQr r2 `2 T2`7Q`KBM;  ԩ@i2bi- b i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+ Bb TT`QtBKi2/ #v 

biM/`/ MQ`KH /Bbi`B#miBQM- T`QpB/2/ r2 ?p2  H`;2 2MQm;? bKTH2X Uh?2
ԣ@i2bi 7Q` Q`/BM`v HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM- bbmKBM; i?2 bbmKTiBQMb r2`2 +Q``2+i- ?/
M 2t+i /Bbi`B#miBQM 7Q` Mv bKTH2 bBx2XV
q2ǶHH bFBT bQK2 Q7 i?2 2t+i /2iBHb Q7 i?2 +H+mHiBQMb- b _ rBHH Q#iBM i?2
biM/`/ 2``Q` 7Q` mbX h?2 mb2 Q7 i?Bb i2bi rBHH #2 2ti`2K2Hv bBKBH` iQ i?2 ԣ@i2bi
7Q` Q`/BM`v HBM2` `2;`2bbBQMX 1bb2MiBHHv i?2 QMHv i?BM; i?i +?M;2b Bb i?2
/Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+X

RdXjXj GBF2HB?QQ/@_iBQ h2bi

*QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; 7mHH KQ/2H-

ԟ tB

HQ; ভ ম  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧքφ  ᅬϵ ԧքϵ  ੈ  ᅬ ֋਷φ

ԧք ֋਷φ
 ᅯք
 ਷ ԟ tB

h?Bb KQ/2H ?b ԟ ਷  T`2/B+iQ`b- 7Q`  iQiH Q7 ԟ ᅬ@T`K2i2`bX q2 rBHH /2MQi2

ࣞ
i?2 JG1 Q7 i?2b2 ᅬ@T`K2i2`b b ᅬ6mHH
LQr +QMbB/2`  MmHH UQ` `2/m+2/V KQ/2H-

ԟ tB

HQ; ভ ম  ᅬЈ  ᅬφ ԧքφ  ᅬϵ ԧքϵ  ੈ  ᅬ ֌਷φ

ԧք ֌਷φ
 ᅯք
 ਷ ԟ tB

r?2`2 Ԡ  ԟX h?Bb KQ/2H ?b Ԡ ਷  T`2/B+iQ`b- 7Q`  iQiH Q7 Ԡ ᅬ@T`K2i2`bX q2

ࣞ
rBHH /2MQi2 i?2 JG1 Q7 i?2b2 ᅬ@T`K2i2`b b ᅬLmHH
h?2 /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M i?2b2 irQ KQ/2Hb +M #2 +Q/B}2/ #v i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBb
Q7  i2biX

ӽЈ ੃ ᅬ֌  ᅬ֌φ  ੈ  ᅬ֋਷φ  

h?Bb BKTHB2b i?i i?2 `2/m+2/ KQ/2H Bb M2bi2/ BMbB/2 i?2 7mHH KQ/2HX
q2 i?2M /2}M2  i2bi biiBbiB+- ӹ-

ԁ ᅬLmHH ࣞ

ԁ ᅬ6mHH
ӹ  ਷ HQ; ৃ ৄ   HQ; ৃ ࣞ
਷ ӯ ᅬ ࣞ
६
ৄ   ५ӯ ᅬ6mHH LmHH
ԁ ᅬ ࣞ

6mHH ԁ ᅬ ࣞ
LmHH

r?2`2 ԁ /2MQi2b  HBF2HB?QQ/ M/ ӯ /2MQi2b  HQ;@HBF2HB?QQ/X 6Q`  H`;2 2MQm;?

bKTH2- i?Bb i2bi biiBbiB+ ?b M TT`QtBKi2 *?B@b[m`2 /Bbi`B#miBQM

TT`Qt
ӹ ୽ ᆀϵֆ
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r?2`2 Ԛ  ԟ ਷ Ԡ- i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 BM MmK#2` Q7 T`K2i2`b Q7 i?2 irQ KQ/2HbX

h?Bb i2bi- r?B+? r2 rBHH +HH i?2 GBF2HB?QQ/@_iBQ h2bi- rBHH #2 i?2 M@
HQ;m2 iQ i?2 LPo ӻ @i2bi 7Q` HQ;BbiB+ `2;`2bbBQMX AMi2`2biBM;Hv- iQ T2`7Q`K i?2
GBF2HB?QQ/@_iBQ h2bi- r2ǶHH +imHHv ;BM mb2 i?2 MQpUV 7mM+iBQM BM _5X
h?2 GBF2HB?QQ/@_iBQ h2bi Bb +imHHv  `i?2` ;2M2`H i2bi- ?Qr2p2`- ?2`2 r2
?p2 T`2b2Mi2/  bT2+B}+ TTHB+iBQM iQ M2bi2/ HQ;BbiB+ `2;`2bbBQM KQ/2HbX

RdXjX9 a?2`i 1tKTH2

hQ BHHmbi`i2 i?2 mb2 Q7 HQ;BbiB+ `2;`2bbBQM- r2 rBHH mb2 i?2 a?2`i /ib2i 7`QK
i?2 1H2KaiiG2`M T+F;2X

O BMbiHHXT+F;2bU]#2bi;HK]V
HB#``vU#2bi;HKV

OO GQ/BM; `2[mB`2/ T+F;2, H2Tb

/iU]a?2`i]V

b#T iQ#++Q H/H /BTQbBiv 7K?Bbi ivT2 Q#2bBiv H+Q?QH ;2 +?/
Rey RkXyy 8Xdj kjXRR S`2b2Mi 9N k8Xjy NdXky 8k R
R99 yXyR 9X9R k3XeR #b2Mi 88 k3X3d kXye ej R
RR3 yXy3 jX93 jkXk3 S`2b2Mi 8k kNXR9 jX3R 9e y
Rdy dX8y eX9R j3Xyj S`2b2Mi 8R jRXNN k9Xke 83 R
Rj9 RjXey jX8y kdXd3 S`2b2Mi ey k8XNN 8dXj9 9N R
Rjk eXky eX9d jeXkR S`2b2Mi ek jyXdd R9XR9 98 y
h?Bb /i +QK2b 7`QK  `2i`QbT2+iBp2 bKTH2 Q7 KH2b BM  ?2`i@/Bb2b2 ?B;?@
`BbF `2;BQM Q7 i?2 q2bi2`M *T2- aQmi? 7`B+X h?2 +?/ p`B#H2- r?B+? r2 rBHH
mb2 b  `2bTQMb2- BM/B+i2b r?2i?2` Q` MQi +Q`QM`v ?2`i /Bb2b2 Bb T`2b2Mi
BM M BM/BpB/mHX LQi2 i?i i?Bb Bb +Q/2/ b  MmK2`B+ y f R p`B#H2X lbBM;
i?Bb b  `2bTQMb2 rBi? ;HKUV Bi Bb BKTQ`iMi iQ BM/B+i2 7KBHv 4 #BMQKBH-
Qi?2`rBb2 Q`/BM`v HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM rBHH #2 }iX Gi2`- r2 rBHH b22 i?2 mb2 Q7 
7+iQ` p`B#H2 `2bTQMb2- r?B+? Bb +imHHv T`272``2/- b vQm +MMQi ++B/2MiHHv
}i Q`/BM`v HBM2` `2;`2bbBQMX
h?2 T`2/B+iQ`b `2 p`BQmb K2bm`2K2Mib 7Q` 2+? BM/BpB/mH- KMv `2Hi2/ iQ
?2`i ?2Hi?X 6Q` 2tKTH2 b#T- bvbiQHB+ #HQQ/ T`2bbm`2- M/ H/H- HQr /2MbBiv
HBTQT`Qi2BM +?QH2bi2`QHX 6Q` 7mHH /2iBHb- mb2 \a?2`iX
q2ǶHH #2;BM #v ii2KTiBM; iQ KQ/2H i?2 T`Q##BHBiv Q7 +Q`QM`v ?2`i /Bb2b2
#b2/ QM HQr /2MbBiv HBTQT`Qi2BM +?QH2bi2`QHX h?i Bb- r2 rBHH }i i?2 KQ/2H

ԅ <+?/  >
HQ; ভ ম  ᅬЈ  ᅬH/H ԧH/H
 ਷ ԅ <+?/  >
RdXjX qP_EAL: qAh> GP:AahA* _1:_1aaAPL 9jj

+?/nKQ/nH/H 4 ;HKU+?/  H/H- /i 4 a?2`i- 7KBHv 4 #BMQKBHV

THQiUDBii2`U+?/- 7+iQ` 4 yXRV  H/H- /i 4 a?2`i- T+? 4 ky-
vH# 4 ]S`Q##BHBiv Q7 *>.]- tH# 4 ]GQr .2MbBiv GBTQT`Qi2BM *?QH2bi2`QH]V
;`B/UV
+m`p2UT`2/B+iU+?/nKQ/nH/H- /iX7`K2UH/H 4 tV- ivT2 4 ]`2bTQMb2]V-
// 4 h_l1- +QH 4 ]/Q/;2`#Hm2]- Hiv 4 kV
1.0
0.8
Probability of CHD

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

b #27Q`2- r2 THQi i?2 /i BM //BiBQM iQ i?2 2biBKi2/ T`Q##BHBiB2bX LQi2 i?i
r2 ?p2 dzDBii2`2/Ǵ i?2 /i iQ KF2 Bi 2bB2` iQ pBbmHBx2- #mi i?2 /i /Q QMHv
iF2 pHm2b y M/ RX
b r2 rQmH/ 2tT2+i- i?Bb THQi BM/B+i2b i?i b H/H BM+`2b2b- bQ /Q2b i?2 T`Q#@
#BHBiv Q7 +?/X

+Q27UbmKK`vU+?/nKQ/nH/HVV

OO 1biBKi2 ai/X 1``Q` x pHm2 S`U=%x%V

OO UAMi2`+2TiV @RXNe3ee3R yXkdjydNy3 @dXkyNR8y 8Xejykyd2@Rj
OO H/H yXkd9eeRj yXy8RejN3j 8XjR3d3d RXy99eR82@yd

hQ T2`7Q`K i?2 i2bi

ӽЈ ੃ ᅬH/H  
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r2 mb2 i?2 bmKK`vUV 7mM+iBQM b r2 ?p2 /QM2 bQ KMv iBK2b #27Q`2X GBF2 i?2
ԣ@i2bi 7Q` Q`/BM`v HBM2` `2;`2bbBQM- i?Bb `2im`Mb i?2 2biBKi2 Q7 i?2 T`K2i2`-
Bib biM/`/ 2``Q`- i?2 `2H2pMi i2bi biiBbiB+ UԩV- M/ Bib T@pHm2X >2`2 r2 ?p2
M BM+`2/B#Hv HQr T@pHm2- bQ r2 `2D2+i i?2 MmHH ?vTQi?2bBbX h?2 H/H p`B#H2
TT2`b iQ #2  bB;MB}+Mi T`2/B+iQ`X
q?2M }iiBM; HQ;BbiB+ `2;`2bbBQM- r2 +M mb2 i?2 bK2 7Q`KmH bvMit b Q`/BM`v
HBM2` `2;`2bbBQMX aQ- iQ }i M //BiBp2 KQ/2H mbBM; HH pBH#H2 T`2/B+iQ`b- r2
mb2,

+?/nKQ/n//BiBp2 4 ;HKU+?/  X- /i 4 a?2`i- 7KBHv 4 #BMQKBHV

q2 +M i?2M mb2 i?2 HBF2HB?QQ/@`iBQ i2bi iQ +QKT`2 i?2 irQ KQ/2HbX aT2+B}@
+HHv- r2 `2 i2biBM;

ӽЈ ੃ ᅬb#T  ᅬiQ#++Q  ᅬ/BTQbBiv  ᅬ7K?Bbi  ᅬivT2  ᅬQ#2bBiv  ᅬH+Q?QH  ᅬ;2  

q2 +QmH/ KMmHHv +H+mHi2 i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+-

@k bXMmK2`B+UHQ;GBFU+?/nKQ/nH/HV @ HQ;GBFU+?/nKQ/n//BiBp2VV

OO (R) NkXRj3dN

P` r2 +QmH/ miBHBx2 i?2 MQpUV 7mM+iBQMX "v bT2+B7vBM; i2bi 4 ]G_h]- _ rBHH
mb2 i?2 HBF2HB?QQ/@`iBQ i2bi iQ +QKT`2 i?2 irQ KQ/2HbX

MQpU+?/nKQ/nH/H- +?/nKQ/n//BiBp2- i2bi 4 ]G_h]V

OO MHvbBb Q7 .2pBM+2 h#H2

OO
OO JQ/2H R, +?/  H/H
OO JQ/2H k, +?/  b#T Y iQ#++Q Y H/H Y /BTQbBiv Y 7K?Bbi Y ivT2 Y Q#2bBiv Y
OO H+Q?QH Y ;2
OO _2bB/X .7 _2bB/X .2p .7 .2pBM+2 S`U=*?BV
OO R 9ey 8e9Xk3
OO k 98k 9dkXR9 3 NkXRjN I kXk2@Re
OO @@@
OO aB;MB7X +Q/2b, y ^ ^ yXyyR ^ ^ yXyR ^ ^ yXy8 ^X^ yXR ^ ^ R

q2 b22 i?i i?2 i2bi biiBbiB+ i?i r2 ?/ Dmbi +H+mHi2/ TT2`b BM i?2 QmiTmiX
h?2 p2`v bKHH T@pHm2 bm;;2bib i?i r2 T`272` i?2 H`;2` KQ/2HX
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