Quarter 3 - Module 1
VOLCANOES
Objectives:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
• identify the types of volcanoes according to shapes and
activities;
• perform an activity using the available materials you can
see in your own household;
• observe how the volcano erupts by simply using localized
materials; and
• relate what you have learned into your daily lives.
Volcanoes
• are mountains with vents and
craters that serve as a
pathway for lava and molten
rocks coming from the magma
chamber.
• There is a rupture in the
Earth’s crust on which
fragments of rocks, hot gases
and lava escape from the
surface undergrounds.
• There are 53 recorded active
volcanoes in the country.
Volcanism
• is a natural process of eruption of molten rocks, pyroclastic fragments,
and gaseous materials underneath the surface of the Earth.
• Molten rocks may rise from the magma chamber due to build up of
pressure as non-explosive lava flows or violently erupts into the
atmosphere.
• Molten rocks ejected beyond the surface of the Earth is called magma.
• It may contain crystals, minerals, fragments of unmelted rocks and
hot gases.
PHIVOLCS (PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE of VOLCANOLOGY and
SEISMOLOGY)
• is a service institute of DOST (Department of Science and Technology)
that is mandated to mitigate disasters that may arise from volcanic
eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis and other related geotectonic
phenomena.
Parts of a
Volcano
Outer Parts
Summit
- is either a crater or a caldera which is
the large depression of land that often
formed because of the emptying of a
magma chamber resulting from the loss
of structural support.
Slope
- is the side of the volcano that radiates
from the main vent.
Base
- is the flat surface that holds the entire
volcano.
A crater is a funnel-shaped opening at the
top of a volcano
A caldera is formed when a part of the wall
collapses following an explosive eruption.
Inner Parts consist of pulverized
which are formed when a volcano ejects rocks and small
fragments of lava during eruption. Ash clouds fragments as a result
Volcanic bombs of an eruption.
Conduit which is the intrusion
between layers of
which serves as sedimentary rocks.
the pipe.
Sill
Magma Chamber
which serves as the
storage of molten rocks.
A B
Two kinds of
volcanic
eruptions
1. Effusive eruption
• occurs when hot runny
basaltic magmas
reach the surface as
dissolved gases and
lava escape easily.
• There is minimal or
almost no gas upon
eruption.
• The lava flows to the
ground like water on
the river,
characterized by non-
explosive outpouring
of lava.
2. Explosive eruption
• happens in steep slope
volcanoes, with viscous
magma and slow
moving lava that
prevents the release of
the hot gases, resulting
in pressure and violent
eruption of the volcano.
• Broken fragments
(pyroclasts) are released
into the atmosphere.
Classification of Volcanoes
according to the activities
of eruption
Kanlaon
1. Active volcanoes
• are those that shown
eruption for the past
600 years based on
the analysis of Mayon
volcanic deposits.
• One of the most
active volcano in the
Philippines is Mount
Kanlaon in the North Taal
Central part of
Negros.
2. Potentially Active
Arayat
Volcanoes
• are morphologically young
looking volcanoes but do
not have any history of
eruptions.
• Mount Arayat in Pampanga
is a stratovolcano that has a
breached crater with a small
andesitic dome which result
from the erosion of the 650
years old rocks.
• There are no records of
eruption. However, weak
Talinis (Cuernos steaming is currently
de Negros) present in some areas.
3. Inactive Volcanoes
• are classified into dormant
and extinct. Dormant
volcanoes have not erupted Apo
for the past 500 years but
has the chance to erupt
again while extinct
volcanoes are those that do
not erupt for the past 5000
years and do not have the
chance to erupt again.
• An example is Mt. Apo in
Davao, a dormant
stratovolcano on the island
of Mindanao.
Types of Volcanic
Cones
1. Composite Volcano
• also refer as stratovolcano
consist of lava and
pyroclastic flows.
• It has steep side and
symmetrical cones with
huge base developed by
lava flows, volcanic ashes
, blocks of stones and Mayon
bombs.
• They can reach 8,000 feet
above the grounds. It has
violent eruptions.
2. Cinder Volcano
• has steep slopes and
considered as the
simplest.
• It is constructed from
semi-fluid lava
ejected from the vent.
• It rarely erupts
Taal violently because of
the small craters and
does not rise a
thousand feet above
the sea level.
3. Shield Volcanoes
• are flat and vast
volcanoes.
• It has a slope that
covers the area.
• Lava is less viscous
and explode at low
intensity.
Mauna Loa
• It does not explode
violently as it expels
just a hundred meters
away.
Types of Volcanic
Eruptions
1. Phreatic
• also called as hydrothermal
which is a steam driven
eruption as hot rocks comes
in contact with water.
• The extreme temperature
of the magma of about
500-1000 degree Celsius
causes evaporation of
water resulting in eruption
of steam blast, ash, rock
fragments and volcanic
bombs.
Mount Bulusan
2. Phreatomagmatic
• is a violent eruption due
to the interaction
between water and
magma.
• If the magma rises very
slowly within the conduit
or throat of the volcano,
gases escape resulting in
violent eruption.
Taal Volcano
3. Strombolian
• is a type of volcanic
eruptions with relatively
mild blast having a
Volcanic explosivity index
of 1 to 3.
• The eruptions are small to
medium in volume and
sporadic violence.
• It happens when the gas in
the volcano merge into
bubbles called slugs.
Stromboli Volcano in Italy
4. Vulcanian
• is characterized by tall
columns of eruption
reaching up to 20 km
high with pyroclastic
flows and ash fall of
tephra.
• They commence with
phreatomagmatic
eruptions resulting in
noisy explosions because
Paricutin Volcano in Mexico
of the rising magma
heating under the
grounds.
5. Plinian
• is considered as the
most violent kind of
eruption exemplified
by the fragmentation
of highly gas charged
and viscous magma.
Mount Pinatubo