Bu EXPERIMENT E3 THE DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY Aime ) To acquaint you with an important bridge circu, the Wheaistone bridge 1) To determine the resistance of several lengths of wire using » slde-wite bridge, « variant of the Wheatstone bndge ©) To determine the resistance per unt length and ence he resistivity ofthe wie ‘Theory Resistviey Resistance has been defined in experimen! El. The resistance (R) of a length of wie of uniform ose ‘ecton is preporonl the length (L) ofthe wire and inversely proprtonal to the crosesectinal area (A). This canbe expressed by the equation Re, oA where p. the resistivity, isa constant fr the material atx particle temperature This can be rearanged to give R aA 3.1 et (3) R is tue resistance per unit length ofthe wire 7 iste er nit length ofthe > What ar the Sl unis of resisvity? ohms (i) The Wheatstone bridse ‘A circuit very commonly used for the determination of an unknown resistance in terms of known resistances isthe Wheatstone bridge. The circuit is shown below. NB. {and h apply to the ‘lance condition only FIGURE (£3,1) | ‘he xsi ham of he ig. The kno estan is. Pand ae thro ama. If ae tice Urogh Ge pikenamacr Men bon Paice we clad he bg si 0 Be Tce | haope ni eee ee eeeB33 > The balance poin shoud preferably be in the middle third ofthe slidewire. Why? “TO reduce any pessio enors > How can this be achieved? By approximanng X W de quol tos . Method Find the resistance of three diferent enghs of wire (stable values are between 0, and 10m). Sin Nth the meter onthe IV sein. and change othe [00 mV or even the 0 mV sting when you are ear baleoce Hold the tapping. ‘key connecting the cell to the sle-wire down only when you are trying to find the balance position. For each length interchange the wire and the standard resistance so that Sis onthe right and X's on ‘the left and determine the resistance again. —> Give the reason fortis procedure. So thot tne vol we Cue Ceriain Of the values obiauned NB. Be careful when using equation (F3.4) after interchanging the resistances.(ones peg oe pe eee EXPERIMENT E3 THE DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY Aims 43) To acquaint you with an important bridge cizet,-tbe Whetstone bid DY To determine the resistance of several lens of wire using aside wire bridge, a vara of the Whentstne badge ©), To determine the resistance per unit ength and hence te resistivity ofthe wire Theory (© Red Resistance his been defined in experiment E1. The resstanc (R) of length of wire of wif cross secboa 8 proportional tothe length (L) of the wie and nverely proportional to the eros-setinal ae (A) This cam be expressed by the equation L Rape a “where p, the resistivity is» constan forte material a particular temperature This can be rearanged to give pata 3.1) 4 the ssa port ath ofthe ie > Wont are he St units of rsisivny? Onms (6 The Wheatstone bride 'A cincuit very commonly used for the detennination of an unknown resistance in terms of known resistances isthe Wheattone bridge, The circuit i shown below. NB. f and apply wo the balance condition oly FIGURE (E3,1) “The resistances frm the ‘sms’ ofthe bridge. The unknown resistance is X. P and Q are the ratio arms. If Pe Tovent ows through the galvanometer when both switches ae closed the bridge is suid to be balanced. “This type of mearurement is tid wo be a wall method.32 ‘The balance condition ie given by (E32) 1 Atbalance no current flows betwsen b and d and so the curent (i) iS and X must be the same, as must he current) m Pand Q 1b and d most be atthe same poten, nce no current flows trough bd i Then Fan = ae and Vig = Fax and so AS=1P and |, Dividing gives equation (E32). (ty The side-mire bridge ‘The slide-wire bridge 1s a Wheatstone bridge in which the resistances P and Q in figure (E31) are replaced by a uniform resistance wire, and $i replaced by a known (standard) resistance. A sliding coma emerge wir, tenga Zl ate fund FIGURE £G.2) > Ite slide- wire has a uniform cross-sectional area ye and resistivity poy show that eh 3.3) cpr gad aad &=% "la : ie ees L . bad 2% [bc ee # ~ Oca > Stes ton te Xenon sce, win down fs cain sngec and ta ly lr (E34) => -¥ men teat penne=P The balance point should preferably be in the middle thitd of the slde-wire. Why? TO HduUce any pessimle entors > How can this be achieved? By appronmanng X Ww be equal tos . ‘Method Find the resistance of three different lengths of wire (suitable values are between 0,8 and 1,0 m). Start with the meter onthe 1 V serting, and change tothe 100 mV or even the 10 mV setting when you are ‘pear balance, Hold the tapping key connecting the cello the slide-wire down only when you are tying to find the balance position For each length interchange the wire and the standard resistance, so that Sis on the right and Xis on ‘the lef, and determine the resistance agua, > Give the reasons for this procedure Go thos tne ve we Gee Certain Of the values obrauned - NB. Be careful when using equation (E3.4) after interchanging the resistances. en SE | |++ gana Land TOM IL ueteiniE Mean resisance per unit length = Measure the diameter of the wire at least three points using a micrometer screw gauge, ma. y * apply the zero correction if necessary, and calculate the cross-sectional area, A, of the wins “B. See p. V0.3 for information on the micrometer screw gauge. . QAedAA 0.63 0-72 (at least three readings) Conclusion Calculate the resistivity of the wire using equation (E3.1) in the form p = 4, Wire used 1): typ= 4,05 B. Disconnect your ci hen you have finishes Mark for experiment