Based on physical state Based on Concentration Mass percentage

Mole fraction (x) Molarity (M)

(w/w)
• Gas in Gas (Air) • Dilate solution No. of moles of solute
• Gas in liquid (soda water) • Concertated solution = Mass of solute No. of moles of solute
Total moles in solution = × 100 =
• Gas in solid (Hydrogen in Pd) • Solurated solution Total mass of solution Volume of solution (L)
• Liquid in gas (Fog) • Saper solurated solution
• Liquid in liquid (Alcohol in H2O)
• Liquid in solid (Amalgams) Concentration
• Solid in gas (Smog) terms
• Solid in liquid (sugar in water) Parts per million (PPM) Molatity (M)
• Solid in solid (alloys)

No. of parts of solute No. of moles of solute

= =
Total no. of parts of weight of the solvent in Kg
Types of solutions all compounts of solution

Volume % (V/V) Normatity (N)

f two or mo Volume of solute
SOLUBILITY o re × 100 =
No. of grams equivalent of solute

re Total volume of solution Volume of solution (L)

N
Liquid in liquid
Gas in liquid

Mass by volume %
O
Solid in liquid

u
I

pu
Solvent

ixt
([Link]) mass of solute
=

re
UT
Total moles in solution

sm
SOL

substance
u
Effect of nature of

o
Effect of pressure solute of solvent Effect of pressure

n
→ Like dissoles Like

e
Osmotic pressure Elevation of Boiling point

)
nt
g

am e
Pressure applied to stop the

ou
Solubility increases

n. ut
Kb × 1000 × W2

o
Ho(mi Sol
with increase flow of salvent through semi ∆Tb =

m
in pressure
permeable memberane M 2 × W1
Effect of temp → Raoult's Law r = CRT
Exothernic process:- Colligative
Henry's Law Increase with rise Partial vapour property
in temp. pressure = Parical Depression in freezing Relating loucing of
partial pressure of Effect → Endothermic presssure × Mole fraction
Mole fraction point rapour pressure
gas in of the gas (x)
process:-
vapour phase Decrease with rise in temp. K × W2 × 1000 W2 × M 1 PA − PS
°
Ps = PAxA + PBxB ° ∆TF = F M 2 × W1
=
Effect of prassure M 2 × W1 PA
P = KHX Ideal & non ideal solution
→ No effect

Ideal Non Ideal

Raoult's Law Does not obey Rault's law
Ps = PA° xA + PB° xB Ps ≠ PA° xA + PB° xB Van't hoff factor (i)

Azeofropeo Ptotal= PA+ PA

• Constant boiling mixtures PA° PB°
Ratio of the normal mass to the
Positive deviation Negative deviation
Negative deviation obsered molecular mass of the
Ex:-Bengnet

solute:
Tauene

V.P. Solution V.P. Solution

Normal molor mass
Positive deviation Nagative deviation i=
Ab normal molar malar mass

Ex:-water + Ethanol
mixture mixture

Ex:-Water + HNO3
XA = 1 XA = 0
Minimum boiling Maximum boiling XB = 0 XB = 1
azeotropes azeotropes
Ex. 95% Ethonol Ex. 68% HNO3
in water in water
XA = 1 XA = 1 XA = 1 XA = 1
XB = 0 XB = 0 XB = 0 XB = 0