Compressible Flows
By:
Dr. Bukhari bin Manshoor
Senior Lecturer
Dept. of Plant & Automotive Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
© Dr. Bukhari bin Manshoor
Introduction
All fluid are compressible.
For compressible fluid, the density will change as pressure change.
Under steady condition and provided that changes in pressure are
small, it possible to simplify an analysis of the flow by assuming it is
incompressible and has a constant density.
Basically fluids are difficult to compress. So, under steady conditions
they are treated as an incompressible.
For unsteady condition, very high pressure differences can occur and it
is necessary to consider a compressible even for fluid.
Gas are very easy to compress.
It is essential in most cases to threat these as a compressible.
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Revision
Before proceed to develop compressible flow equations, you need to
become more familiar with the fluid that you want to analyze.
At this stage, only consider an ideal gas.
Equation of state for an ideal gas:
P
= R = Gas constant universal gas constant (kJ/[Link].K)
RT molecule weight (kg/[Link])
Other important parameter:
Cp = specific heat at constant temperature
Cv = specific heat at constant volume
Cp /Cv = γ (specific heat ratio)
Cp - Cv = R
Enthalpy; dh = CpdT (at stagnation, ho = h+v2/2)
Entrophy; du = CvdT
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Control Volume
Control volume is an arbitrary imaginary volume fixed related to the
coordinate system being used and bounded by a control surface
through which fluid may pass.
Applying the control volume concept need to consider the effects of
forces on the control volume and mass and energy transfer through the
surface.
In the case of one-dimensional duct flow (most consideration in this
module), control volumes of the types as in figure are used.
This type of control volume cover a
differentially short distance, dx of
the duct or a finite of the duct.
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Governing Equations
Fluid flow involve a flows and hence, we need to understand the basics
of Fluid Mechanics, which govern all fluid flows (i.e. air, water, etc)
Fluid mechanics, in turn, are governed by physical laws:
- Conservation of mass
- Conservation of momentum
- Conservation of energy
- Equation of state
Distinctions must also be made between;
- Steady and steady flows (i.e. flow variables varying w.r.t. time)
- Incompressible and compressible flows (i.e. density variations)
- One, two or three dimensional flows (i.e. flow changes w.r.t. directions)
- Rotational or irrotational (i.e. angular deformation of fluids)
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Conservation of mass
The principle of conservation of mass requires that the rate at which
mass enters through the left hand face be equal to the rate at which mass
leaves through the right hand face of control volume.
m 1 = m 2
For the differentially short control volume, the equation gives;
VA = ( + d )(V + dV )( A + dA)
Neglecting higher order terms and
divide the equation by ρVA, then gives;
d dV dA
+ + =0
V A
* Continuity equation for steady
Differentially short control volume
flow through a duct
used in derivation of continuity
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equation
Conservation of momentum
Momentum equation (Euler’s eqn) is obtained by applying conservation
of momentum to a control volume consists of short length, dx.
Conservation of momentum requires that the net force be equal to the
rate of change of momentum across the control volume in x-direction.
dP
PA − (P + dP )( A + dA) + P + dA − dFw = m (V + dV ) − V
2
Rearrange the equation by neglecting the
higher order terms and small friction;
dp
− = V dV
* Euler’s equation (momentum
equation)for steady flow through
a duct
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Conservation of energy
Let consider a steady flow of fluid through an adiabatic duct.
Assume the fluid are no change in elevation
and potential energy. From energy balance
equation:
Ein = Eout
Energy entering at section (1) in unit time
= kinetic energy + internal energy
V12
= m + h1
2
Energy leaving at section (2) in unit time
= kinetic energy + internal energy
V2 2
= m + h2
2
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2 2
V1 V
+ h1 + dq = 2 + h2 + w * Mass flow rate are equal at inlet and outlet.
2 2
Since only calorically perfect gases are being consider in this part;
h = c pT
Applying the equation to the flow through the differentially short
control volume, the steady flow energy equation above can be written
as (assume no work done, i.e. w = 0);
V2
+ c pT + dq =
(V + dV ) + c (T + dT )
2
What happen to the equation if we
p consider the flow is adiabatic???
2 2
Neglecting the higher order terms;
c p dT + V dV = dq
* The SFEE indicates that the change in velocity,
in general will induce change in temperature and
that heat addition can cause velocity changes as
well as temperature changes. 9
Equation of state
When applied between any two points in the flow, the equation of state
gives;
p1 p2
=
1T1 2T2
When applied between the inlet and exit of a differentially short
control volume;
p p + dp
=
T ( + d ) (T + dT )
Since dp/p, dT/T and dρ/ρ are small, this gives when higher order terms are
neglegted;
p p dp d dT
= 1 + 1 − 1 −
T T p T
dp d dT * This equation shows how the change in
− − =0 pressure, density and temperature are
p T interrelated in compressible flow. 10
Entropy and Isentropic
The entropy basically places limitations on which flow processes are
physically possible and which are physically excluded. The entropy
change between any two points is given by;
T2 p2
s2 − s1 = c p ln − R ln
T1 p1
If this equation applied between the inlet and exit of a differentially
short control volume, it gives;
(s + ds ) − s = c p ln T + dT − R ln p + dp
T p
Since, if є is a small quantity, ln(1+ є) is to first order equal to є, the above
equation will gives;
dT dp ds dT − 1 dp
ds = c p −R or can be written as; = −
T p cp T p
For an isentropic flow (i.e. no change in entropy), the equation gives;
RT dp
c p dT = dp using the perfect gas law; c p dT =
p
Energy equation for isentropic flow (flow with no heat transfer);
c p dT + V dV = 0
dp
+ V dV = 0
This equation is identical to the result obtained using conservation of
momentum consideration.
Therefore, in isentropic flow, it is not necessary to consider both
conservation of energy and conservation of momentum since they give
the same result (when the “isentropic equation of state” is used).
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In many compressible flow problem, the flow external to the boundary
layer undergoes processes that are isentropic.
If the entropy is constant at each step of the process, it follows from the
entropy equation that p, ρ and T are interrelated since s2-s1= 0.
The following equations describe these important relations for
isentropic flow;
p
= constant
T / ( −1)
= constant
p
T ( −1) = constant
1
=
*
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Exercise 1
Outline the derivation of the following equation where ‘o’ refer to the
stagnation condition.
−1
−1
To o po −1 2
= =
=1+ ma
T p 2
Exercise 2
A convergent-divergent nozzle delivers 0.3 kg/s of air at 800 m/s velocity at
exit. If po = 5 bar and To = 350 K, determine the speed of sound, area and
velocity at throat, pressure and area at exit.
Given CP = 1007 J/kg.K
R = 287 J/kg.K
γ = 1.4
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Exercise 3
Consider an air flow through a converging-diverging nozzle which has a throat
diameter of 0.04 m and outlet diameter of 0.05 m. The air flow at inlet come
from a reservoir at upstream of the inlet that has a pressure of 5.5 x 106 N/m2
and temperature inside the reservoir is 376 K. Solve the mass flow rate at exit if
the pressure at the exit is;
i) 4.8 x 106 N/m2
ii) 2.1 x 105 N/m2
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Exercise 4
Consider an air flow through a converging-diverging nozzle which has a
throat diameter of 30 mm and outlet diameter of 80 mm. The air flow at
inlet come from a reservoir at upstream of the inlet that has a pressure of 150
x 103 N/m2 and temperature inside the reservoir is 288 K. If the pressure at
throat is 100 x 103 N/m2 Determine;
i) Type of flow at the throat;
ii) Velocity that flow through the throat; and
iii) Mass flow rate through the nozzle
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Exercise 5
For the flow through the nozzle convergent-divergent, show that;
3
A 1 m 2 + 5
=
* m 6
A
where, A = area at m = m
A* = area at m = 1
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Thank you…
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