CHAPTER 1 — ALBERT GONDIWINDI

Summary: Albert addresses readers at the end ofhis life (he has pancreatic cancer). He is an Indigenous
man who was removedfrom his family as part of the Stolen Generation. He wantsto write a dictionary to
let his culture and languagelive on. The dictionary will also reveal his life story.
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Albert’s Voice and Character: He speaks with a nostalgic, reflective and gentle tone and he also
philosophises on manyissues. His voice is told through first person point of view (interspersed with second
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person when he addresses readers) and he is an elderly Indigenous man who is proud ofhis culture, yet
has obviously suffered due to colonisation. His voice is friendly and open also — conversational (alluding to
the tradition of oral history as he addresses us). He uses manyolder phrases and idioms. There is a sad
tone; however,there is not much malice. He mixes Christian and Indigenous faiths as well as English and
Noongar words together signifying the blending of cultures and belief systems within him. He treasures his
wife.

Themes & Issues/ and Attitudes:

e of the harmful effects of colonisation on Indigenous peoples:
- Loss of language and its importance for culture and identity
- Violence,killing, bloodshed, assault — the suffering of Indigenous people
- Confiscation of traditional lands
- Dislocation from culture
- Removal from family and people groups
- Ensuing marginalisation including socio-economic of Indigenous peoples after colonisation
- The loss of the right to be autonomous and haveself-determination. “I only wanted to decide
for myself howI’d liveit (his life), but that was a big ask in a country that had a plan for me,
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already mappedin my veins since before | was born.” “So in a country where we weren’treally
allowed to be, | decided to be.”
e Admiration of the richness of Indigenous culture, belief, and language and the importance of
country.
e Generis (literacy) as a means of empowerment.
e .

Techniques & Language devices:

SETTING
e Inclusion of a map (importance of place)
e Proper nouns (namesof places) have connotations of death and violence alluding to the terrible
history Indigenous people have suffered “Massacre Plains”, “Poisoned Waterhole Creek.”
e “Prosperous House”— ironic, sadly.
NARRATIVE POINT OF VIEW
e First person interspersed with second person “You” — oral tradition of Indigenous people. Albert
tells us history and stories.

LANGUAGE FEATURES
e Gustatory imagery (taste) — “you should taste blood in your words.” Reoccurring motif of violence
and bloodshed.
e Repetition — repeated references to time and language. This establishes the timeless nature of
Indigenous culture and beliefs, so different to Eurocentric notions of linear time. Languageis highly
valued.
e Imperative tone/instructions —“Look there” at the surroundings — introduces Indigenous belief
systems. All things are cyclical and blend into one another. Everything is related and living.
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 e Biblical allusion — John 11:26 Reflects that Christianity (a faith on its own) has been used by the
colonisers to indoctrinate Indigenous people into the empire.
e Turning points within sentences, signalled by “but” and “yet” indicate conflict between Indigenous
and European ideologies, belief and peoples.
e Use of older style language and idioms indicates Albert’s age, “Old World”, “bygone disease”, “to
get water from stones”, for all the tea in China.”
e Diacope — repeated words split up by other words: “So in a country where we weren’t really
allowed to be, | decided to be.”
e Antithesis — ‘beauty was the least of her, strong and fearless was the most of her.”
e Polyptoton — “beauty/beautiful”
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e Escalation — “big thing, best thing” — “planting a seed, germinating”

STRUCTURAL FEATURES
e The dictionary - Recording of history at the station also records the treatment of Aboriginals at the
hand of the colonisers. This is important — for the post-colonial generation — us! 33yAt42JnkxG5z

e Binary oppositions & duality (beliefs, people, understanding of country) — Indigenous and
British/Eurocentric.

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CHAPTER 2 — AUGUST

Summary: Albert finishes his dictionary and passes away. August, his granddaughter,living in England
(ironically), hears of his death and decides to return to Australia for his funeral.

Character & voice: August (named after her grandmother and St Augustine) has suffered deep trauma and
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her leaving Australia as well as her language reveal this. The chapter is narrated in third person point of
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view,limited to August. Her voice is eloquent, yet reveals pain as she is both in denial and searching and
incomplete. She is brooding and hurting and seems to beexisting in limbo between two worlds. She is in
great pain and is trying to deny this and run away from it. The events that have led to her dysfunction and
trauma are foreshadowed and drive one thread ofthe plot as it is expected that once she returns to
Australia, she will face the past and come to some kind of closure.

ALBERT’S PORTION
e The opening reveals his history and innocence “little boy, wonder faced”
e Setting — Prosperous, Tent Town, Mission...
e The police “showed them the way” — innocent childhood perspective of forcible relocation
e Consideration of the time and environment prior to settlement through binary oppositions —
“clean/dirty” and personification, “the earth hummedits own reverent tune.” 33yAt42JnkxG5z

e Birds — spiritual symbolism (Brolgas) and the metaphor comparinghis dictionary to birds’ wings.
e His death is signalled by a strong gust of wind — imagery — freedom.
e Long,lyrical sentences.

AUGUST’S PORTION
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LANGUAGE FEATURES:
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e Short, blunt sentences and euphemisms (of Australia) — indicate pain and dysfunction, an inability
to confrontreality.
e Duality —- “Trapped between twostates”, “being younger and older’”— incomplete/limbo,
contradictory (oxymoron). Fire — to burn or control.
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 Dysfunction: “dark, fall out, less, cold, dry — start a fire.” She tastes and smells other things that are
not there. “She couldn’t bring herself to remember...she hadn’t told...the worst thing that could
ever happen had already happened...” increasing audience expectation...
Allusion & symbolism — the extinction of the black rhino = loss of culture due to colonisation — “Zip!
Gone!”
Anecdote about lunchboxfoods reveals poverty and lack.
Binary opposition — Aust and Eng
Repetition of “erase” (polyptoton also) “erasure”.
Alliteration “godless and government housed”— loss of culture
Dream — she is the link to Albert and his dictionary — future purpose/generation
Simile & paradox “There exists a sort of torture of memoryif you let it come, if you invite the past to
huddle beside you comforting like a leech.”

THEMES/IDEAS/VALUES/ATTITUDES
The damaging effects of colonisation reach to the generations
- Fractured family
- Poverty
- Trauma
- Incomplete
There are different ways that people can deal with trauma
- denial, run away > dysfunction
- confront (painful) > closure
Confrontation, country and closure areall valued in this chapter.
Winch fosters sympathy for August(attitude)

CHAPTER 3 — DICTIONARY

Summary: Albert introduceshis dictionaryin first person narrative point of view. He does notjustlist
words and definitions, but tells readers stories behind each word. He is subverting the alphabetical nature
of the traditional dictionary by beginning with ‘y’ (there is no Noongar wordstarting with ‘z’) as “a nod to
the backwards whitefella world (he) grew up in.” The dictionary will celebrate flora, fauna, beliefs and
culture, butit will also tell a sad tale of dispossession. Readers are encouragedto leave behind their
Eurocentric mindset and enter Albert’s world. This chapter helps us do that.
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THEMES/IDEAS/VALUES/ATTITUDES
Noongar languageis highly valued, as is the recording of culture and history.
Indigenous culture is also esteemed and respected in this chapter.
There is a different way of looking at the world — look at the story and meaning behind words.
Colonialism is further condemnedin this chapter — reference to Africa.

TECHNIQUES/LAGUAGE FEATURES
Euphemism — reference to the second great book (a dictionary), thereby implying that through
indoctrination of Christianity, Albert has been taughtthat the first great book is the bible. Not many
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readers would view the dictionary as a story book as it is a reference book; however,Albert alludes
to African history (a parallel example of the damaging effects of colonisation and marginalisation)
to point out the power of words totell an important historical narrative. He does this through word
choice: “Africa...continent...nations...colonialism...empire...apartheid” and then closes the
discussion with the short statement, “Another story.”
The reference to “Once upon a time”,is an allusion to the beginning ofall fairy tales.
Italicised words (in this chapter and throughoutthe text) highlight a word’s importance and
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significance. Readers are encouragedto consider the italicised words further.

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 CHAPTER 4 — AUGUST

Summary: August returns home. She rents a car and drives home to the small town of Massacre Plans.
After stopping by the store, she goes home to her grandmother who is packing up the house. The family
will lose their house and land as the governmentis possessing it. Later we will learn it will be a mine site
(gas). August goes throughout her childhood home,reminiscing.

SETTING
Winch establishes the setting in great detail. Australia is oppressively hot, “thirty-seven degrees —
bathwater temperature”...summer “was an Eternity”.
As she drives, the namesof the highways become moresignificant and symbolic of the history
which has occurred there:
City Highway > Hinterland Highway > Broken Highway > MassacrePlains
“Broken”can imply the brokenness of the Indigenous peoples. Furthermore,it is described as
“(slicing) right through”the grain fields. “Slices” has negative connotations relating to cut, sever,
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separate, pain. “Massacre”is a horrific word alluding to the violence the non-Indigenous inflicted
upon the people there.
The setting is described as being in a depressingly worse state then when August had left:
- “wearier livestock and thirstier crops, extraordinary heat...desperation was tipping.”
- The road sign “Rough Road Ahead” which “cautioned” August is ominously symbolic of her
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personal journeyof healing ahead.

- “visual heat that radiated from the split bitumen” — heat (visual imagery)
- Alliteration is used to emphasise the drynessof the area — “everything was browner, bone
drier.” Bone — death.
- The MurrumbyRiver divides the town — symbolic of the racial and socio-economic divides
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within the town.

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- The gum trees are personified — “a copse of gum trees had remembered everything for two
centuries”. This is juxtaposed with August’s inability or reluctance to remember.
- Water (giveslife) ceased to flow (dammed up and then drought). Instead, tears flow.
- Weekend drunkennessis alluded to - the police carried zip ties.
- The town “swallowedher sister up”. Personification of the town — hungry, killer...
- Improvements promised by the council to the town never eventuated — progress never arrived,
train line never came, rural university was never built, the library was never expanded.
- Her home — Prosperous Farm. It is dilapidated and needing care and maintenance — symbolic of
her family. Many sensory impressions are used — visual, olfactory, auditory. Sibilance is used —
“She watchedfor snakes, for the shadow things appearing in the daylight and having scoured
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the place....”
- Australian native flora is described as powerful and defiant.

CHARACTERISATION
A depressing description of the population — “wives tended counters...husbands weresuicidal with
farm debt...most sons and daughters...signed up as army cadets...some had jobs, but few had
careers.” Mundane lives,little hope for something better.
A somewhat humorous (and racist) description, through Epithets (phrases expressing
qualities/attributes) of the different groups of people within the townis given:
- Chocolate Milk (the old Mission Gondiwindi in the north) — mixed ethnicity
- Vegemite Valley (Aboriginals in government housing — darker skinned — open doors, love and
fighting, broken homes)
- Minties (white, wealthier people with “doorbells and locked gates”)
- Priests are described as “pitiless” — lacking in compassion. The clergyman in the shop refuses
August’s hand and is described as “saccharine as butterscotch”. The simile reveals that the man
is artificial in his politeness. He almost forgets to say, “God bless”.
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 e August’s trauma and dysfunction are emphasised through her metaphorical ability to feel “pins and
needles” and taste “acetone skin” as well as diesel, rust and muddy water”. It is revealed that her
sister has been missing (introduction of the cause of conflict within August).
- Anadiplosis “She scanned for Jedda. Jedda missing forever.”
e Elsie — August’s nan in introduced. She has aged, but is warm and affectionate and active, yet
Augustresists this, “like a hand-reeled catch” (simile). Elsie emphasises August’s thinness (hinting
at an eating disorder yet again) — “Elsie could see how sick she’d made herself, how she’d kept
herself in a boy-child’s body all this time.”
e August’s mother is in prison and is absent in her life, not replying to communication.

CONFLICT
e The taking of the house and land are introduced as another plot driver.
e Sibilance is used again — “surfacing sad things” p. 21
e Irony — “It’s not our land theysay, not even this little house. It’s Crown or something.”

THEMES/IDEAS/VALUES/ATTUTUDES
e There is a stereotypical notion that many rural towns, especially populated with Indigenous
Australians are neglected, hopeless and poorer that urban areas.
e Racist stereotypes exist within Australia and people are divided.
e Theseideas are criticised within the novel.
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e Without confronting past issues a person can fester in his/her suffering.

CHAPTER 5 — DICTIONARY

Summary: Albert reveals his childhood history and highlights the importance of stories. The title wordis
then discussed — it is with sadness that he recounts the losses his people have endured due to “yielding” to
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colonisation, including that of his sister for some time. 33yAt42JnkxG5z

e Albert describes the power of the black cockatoo with great admiration— a symbol of the
Gondiwindi?
e He describes the place of his birth — “on the flat warm sand.”
e This is shattered by the recount of the forcible removal of the children and flattening of Tent Town
which was turned into a mission.
e The sign reveals the White Australia Policy and paternalism of the government: “Think White. Act
White. Be White.” Absolute racism!
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e Yandu - Albert mentions “time-travel”, seeing his ancestorsin spirit form and being transported to
|” 33yAt42JnkxG5z

other places (e.g. corrobborees) repeatedly which emphasises timeless and borderless the nature
of Indigenous culture and beliefs.
e Yield —title of the book p.25.
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e Albert mentions the importance of his family and his sadness at losing so much time with his sister,
Mary. This highlights the severing of family ties — stolen generation. He was 3 and she was a baby.

CHAPTER 6 — AUGUST

Summary: Elsie goes to bed, unable to eat the dinner they had prepared(grief) and August walks in the
field at night and a short burst of rain occurs. She reminisces about her time there, especially after Jedda
disappears. The townsfolk became more paranoid about protecting the children. The Gondiwindi and
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other families of mixed descent are somewhat ostracised from the town. She returns to her room and
smokesa cigarette and realises that she has never truly felt complete (alluding to the generational effects
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 of colonisation as her “world was turned, upside-down.”). She also recalls that her Poppy Albert had
baptised her to protect her.

CHARACTERISATION
e August’s loss of Jedda was traumatic — “her heart stretched like bubblegum string until it snapped.”
(simile) She has not had closure and is in “limbo” as she does not know what happened to Jedda or
if she is still alive.

SETTING
e The duality or double edges swordoflife in the outback — rain brings a good crop, but then it also
brings locusts.
e

THEMES/IDEAS/VALUES/ATTTUDES
e The seizure of land from the Gondiwindi family mirrors colonisation and is criticised. “...it still didn’t
seem right to her to be forced off the place.”

CHAPTER 7 — DICTIONARY

Summary: Albert begins with ‘war’ and represents the Gondiwindi as skilled and settled farmers (thus
breaking the stereotype that Indigenous people are all nomadic hunter-gatherers). He then recounts the
rounding up and eating of the settler’s cattle which leads to the violent massacre that the town is named
after.

e He mentions the Reverend as someone who really listened.

e Discussion of water — the river that is significant to the family and the Poisoned Waterhole Creek.
e Food (seeds) are juxtaposed with hunger. He highlights the importance of wheat/grain/bread toall
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cultures.
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e There is a distinction made between country as a location as opposedto the people a person
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belongsto.
e Ironically Albert and Elsie buy a guluman as a honeymoon souvenir.
e The Aboriginal belief that “No one ever dies”, but changesstate (to lightning, soil, water etc..) is
discussed.

LANGUAGE FEATURES
e Alliteration— “f” - fighting, fetters, farmers, fishermen, fat, fed — they are skilled and fought for
their land.
e “The land still owned them.” — notion of country owning the people as opposed to people owning
the land.
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CHAPTER 8 — AUGUST
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Summary: Augustrecalls her childhood, her parents and the decaying housetheylived in and then the
arrest which led to her and Jedda, who is one year older,living with her grandparents.
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CHARACTERISATION
e Augustis described as having a compulsion to eat and taste as a child (the block of cheese). This can
then be contrasted with her eating disorder now as a result of Jedda’s disappearance.
e Terrible birthdate and name ofplace of birth: “April Fool’s Day in Massacre Maternity Ward”.
e Her parents are unemployed and the family lives in squalid conditions in a fibro home in Sunshine.
The girls begged from strangers and unfortunately, Joelene was alcoholic and a drug user, either
pH
playing with the girls or neglecting them. The girls learnt to raise themselves.
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 e August characterises them as “never mean and bad parents,just distracted, too young and toosilly,
rookies.”
e Joelene and Mark were eventually caught for growing 95 marijuana plants in their roof space and
weresent to prison — institutionalisation and dysfunction.
e The tragedy of Jedda’s disappearance is foreshadowedin the last line: “She was wrong.”

CHAPTER 9 — DICTIONARY

Summary: Albert explores the introduction of Christianity to his people. He states that Aboriginal people
were used to worshipping different things in nature, so worshipping God and loving the Lord would be
accepted. Theyalso accepted the Reverend. He seems open toit, but regrets the wayin which Aboriginal
people had to totally give up their language, culture, practices and ceremonies. 33yAt42JnkxG5z

e Albert then addresses his perspective towards mining. Things in the earth shouldn’t be mined as
they belong to “mother”, no one else. He mentions that there is no Noongar word for “fortunes”,
highlighting different values and economies.
e Important valuesare identified in this chapter as well as linking Aboriginal agriculture and food to
the Stolen Generation (mothers would cover their babies in dark tree sap to hid them from the
police).
e Education is on two forms — formal education and the education Albert received from the
ancestors.
e The chapter ends with Albert discussing the spread of small pox and the death toll from it. So many
dies untimely deaths due to the diseases brought to Australia from overseas and the ancestor
encourages Albert to tell the truth — speak on behalf of those who diestoo early before they could
tell their stories. This is one of the purposes for his writing of the dictionary.

THEMES/IDEAS/VALUES/ATTITUDES
e The text seems neutral towards beliefs (Indigenous and Christianity); however, condemns the way
in which the colonial powersforcefully used it to remove Aboriginality from them.
e Understandingis valued (of other cultures, to be understood also). He tries to reinforce this by
pointing out a commonality between Christianity and Indigenous beliefs — “Love thy neighbour” /”|
will care for my enemy.” 33yAt42JnkxG5z

e Education is both critiqued (misguided education) and valued. Albert’s teacher at the Boy’s home
was kind and loving towards the boys.
e Countryis valued — “to return”to land in order to havespiritual belonging.
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e Respecting the animal that died so that a person can eat is important — different paradigm.
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CHAPTER 10 — REVEREND GREENLEAF’S LETTER

In chapter 10, readers are introduced to Reverend Ferdinand Greenleaf, a Lutheran evangelist who chose
to go to Australia to establish a mission amongst the Indigenous people. He is a coloniser. The form of his
writing is a formal letter and his audienceis a scientific community — The British Society of Ethnography (a
scientific description of peoples and cultures with their customs and habits). He recounts his childhood and
journey to Australia. He was detained and in a conflict with the townsmen was removed from the mission.
They may seek to kill him. Structurally,it is significant that this letter follows directly after Albert decision
to “tell the truth”. He also will tell the truth of what he had witnessed.

CHARACTERISATION
e The name “Greenleaf” — new,naive, fresh, harmless.
e His voice is open, formal, intelligent, polite, yet shame and regret are evident. He is somewhat
naive. He is paternalistic in his words and thinking., “I had for nearly thirty-four years laboured to
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pH
ameliorate (improve) the condition of the Native tribes.”
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 e 13" birthday — 1851 — he was born in 1838.

LANGUAGE FEATURES
e He usesscientific jargon.
e He calls the Indigenous at times his “brothers”, “wretches” and “decent Natives” (paternalism) and
could his refusal to bring the “measurements” to the NSW exhibit a stance to not see them as
specimens. He refuses to dehumanise them.
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e Repetition and italicisation of “no man” and “tell all”. This indicates that he has witnessedhorrific
|”

things and earlier in his time at the mission, he did not want to tell what had happened, but after
re-evaluating this decision at the end ofhis life, he realises that he needs to tell what happened.
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e This increases suspense — what terrible things did he witness?

e The events have been burned into his memory.
e He pleads — “You may be my last hope”
e “expunge” —remove/confess

GROUP WORK INSTRUCTIONS:

Your group will have 3 sessions (Wk 2 Thursday and Week 3 Mondayand Tuesday) to closely read and
make detailed notes on the assigned chapters(like the notes above):
- Summary
- Themes/Issues/Values/Attitudes
- Perspectives
- Voice
- Key Quotes
- Characterisation
- Setting 33yAt42JnkxG5z

- Symbols
- Structure
- Language features
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- Style

Your group will then present your findings and notesto the class during three sessions: Week 3
Wednesday, Thursday and then Monday of Week 4. Wewill then complete practice essays (questions
will come soon). 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Group 1-11, 12, 13, 30, 33, 42

Group 2 -14, 15, 19, 31, 32, 35
Group 3 — 17,18, 22, 34, 36, 37
Group 4 — 20, 21, 25, 38, 39, 40
Group 5 — 16, 23, 24,27, 28, 41

Teacher — 26, 29 33yAt42JnkxG5z

CHAPTER 11 - AUGUST
Summary:
Webegin to view a closer insight into August’s childhood. After moving in with her grandparents, we are
involved in the discussion of the moments cherished by her in long descriptions of imaginative style text
with her Nanna especially though their cooking lessons together, along with Jedda. We then experience
the turn in perspective as Augustflicks back into reality, experiencing the shock of the potential loss of her
Nana's house due to a mining company along with the new found information that her Pop could haveleft
a written book with information on his life.

Sie and Character:

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 Viewing onceagain Elsie uses the substance of food to bring people together when the children were
younger to experiencethe cultural togetherness “...Elsie would prepare afternoon tea....food was the
centre.” Quick caring and valued this idea of bringing people together.
Wecan see the more the story progresses, the more August tends to speak about her past. The sentences
become longer and much moredescriptive and raw, with many more fond memories. “August
rememberedthe best jobs were mashing with butter...”
At the ageof nine it has been described as when August deteriorated and declined in her health.
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The tone is quite sorrowful in parts, she becomes quite vulnerable speaking of her eating disorder and
referring to “pain...thirst...hunger...fatigue”. She uses longer sentences to allow the drawn out pain to be
felt supporting this sorrow.
Sorrow is continued throughout when decline and invite to Eddie’s party due to her race. She watched
from the bushes and proceededto allow him to tell her about the party himself.

Themes & Issues/ Values and Attitudes:

Weseethe defiance of stereotypical gender roles, with Elsie being the ‘captain’ of the house.
August eating disorder is quite prevalent due to a traumatic past (dysfunction and colonisation) and 33yAt42JnkxG5z

discussed in more detail of pain it causes.

Racism has arisen unknowingly to particular characters, with August being unable to attend Eddie’s party
when they were younger due to her heritage.

Techniques & Language devices:

SETTING:
Winch has this chapter set back in Prosperous Housewith housebeingfilled with “chaotic comings and
goings”.
She also describesall the activities that took play in the house that August and Jedda grew up in such as
e Mondays and Tuesdays = mothers groups
e Wednesday = Karate
e Thursday = needlework
e Friday = Bible study
e Saturday = field and garden work
e Sundays = Church in the morning
With Albert taking the girls to church every Sunday and creating a religion based setting that really flowed
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onto their household as theylived in a friendly and welcoming house that was almost seen as a community
centre. 33yAt42JnkxG5z

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As the chapter goes on Winch focuses on August's morespiritual connection with the house and land.
August imagines the housebeing built “all while the Goondiwindi inside” creating a sense that their people
are the core of home and land.
Another setting that Winch mentions is England and how Augustactually likes the change of climate as she
had “always been readyfor the relief of cold.”
NARRATIVE POINT OF VIEW:
Third person - This chapter was written from Tara Winch’s Narrative telling of August's time at prosperous
house when she was younger and then also leading into her time moving to London and the differences
she faced with the twoplaces.
LANGUAGE FEATURES:
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e The useofListing when talking about the days and which activities were placed on each day.
e Gender Roles- flipping the stereotypical gender roles and making the Nana the “Captain of the
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house” whilst the Pop was “the storyteller”

e Alliteration “footfalls and floorboards” “putty and plasterboard” when describing how the house
was built.
e Allusions to novels and authors pg 62
- Goosebumps
2 - The BabySitters Club
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 - Ronald Dahl
- C.S Lewis

CHAPTER 12 — GREENLEAF

Summary
Chapter 12 is a continuation of chapter 10 as the letter from Reverend Ferdinand Greenleaf carries on. 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Within this chapter, readers are made aware of Greenleaf’s regretful and sorrowful nature as his past
continues to suffocate him with guilt. As his home country (Prussia) was invaded by Britain, mere children
were forced into servitude by the government. Context regarding Greenleaf’s parents are told, allowing for
readersto gain further knowledge about Greenleaf’s life. His mother was a homemaker with “the
backbone of an immigrant” and his father a “vinedresser with his abundant knowledgeoftiling the earth
and producing table wine.” On the “1st day of June 1844,” the Greenleaf name had become official.
Greenleaf discovers Massacre Plains where he witnessesthe cruel conditions and stories of the Indigenous
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people. Within chapter 12, the truth behind Greenleaf’s discoveries of Australia are told.

Voice and character

e The name “Greenleaf” — new, naive, fresh, harmless
e His voice is open, formal, intelligent, polite, yet shame and regret are evident
e 13* birthday — 1851 — he was born in 1838
e Greenleaf came to Australia (initially a coloniser) to analyse and understand the Indigenous people
in which he later forms a bond with “my brothers”, “whom | have come to care deeply”
e Anapprentice of God

Themesand issues, values, attitudes

Themes & issues
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e The oppression of Indigenous people

e The brutality experienced by Indigenous people

Values & attitudes

e Greenleaf feels guilt and compassion towards Indigenous people and pleads to help
e Values fairness and equality
e Values the Christian approach to love one another 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Techniques and language devices

Setting
MassacrePlains camps:
e Sleeping arrangements consisted of wretched barks and bough gunyahs in “vulgar conditions”
e Aspread of shambles each consisting of the same wretchedness and woe
e Run along the outskirts of town
e Low bidinghills covered in grey volcanic boulders, sparse vegetation, great white trees
e Described as a rural area with only a small number of houses being established, two hotels and
three stores
e Weather = “Dry heat and endless clear skies”
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Language features
e First narrative point of view
e Rhetorical questions are used to allow for a point to be made whilst triggering a response from
readers. “How could it be that Australia, professedly the new home ofliberty and light, had become
a theatre of oppression and cruelty?”
e Listing is used to emphasize the amount of cruel acts inflicted on the Indigenous people. “Capture,
pH chains, long marches, whipping, death on the roadside...”
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 Structural features
e Written ina letter format
e Text is sequenced to follow the time of which the events occurred

CHAPTER 13 — ALBERT

Summary:
Albert explores a range of words in his dictionary that relates to earth and the evil shadow that he
discovered when he was a youngboy. Telling his story through the meanings of these words.
e Albert describes the dust devil “whirly-whirly” (how it never should be spoken about) and how the
ancestors told him to never come to them when he has a whirly-whirly man inside of him
e Albert describes when he left the Boys’ Home at 15 and was ownedby the government “... | was a 33yAt42JnkxG5z

ward ofthe statestill, working the local properties.” “... | was issued my dog tag. With it | could 33yAt42JnkxG5z

travel a certain distance to work for meat...”. While searching around for home.
e Albert talks about how he wishes for a life where he could visit the sea as he never had the chance
to visit with his parents and sister. - never felt rich and privilege like the white people
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e Family is discussed and Jimmy having a whirly-whirly inside of him — he kills Jedda
e Discusses howsinging can help put you in a good mood, even when you believe you are horrible
and not perfect
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e The drought is explored and when the Indigenous people turned to God for rain, the rain never fell

Themes/Values/Ideas/Attitudes:
e Values the importance of family and his culture.
e Removal from family and people groups
e Importanceof reflecting and recording his stories through Indigenous words (meanings- stories)
e Thereis an idea of a devil to the Indigenous people (whirly-whirly) The whirly-whirly man will catch 33yAt42JnkxG5z

you if you get too close

Perspective:
e Told ina first person point of view: ‘my” 4’ - tells us his stories while he is growing up.

Style, Structure, Setting:

e Told through storiesin his dictionary. He will relate the word and meaningtohis life / childhood
e Short sentences, followed by longer sentencesto further describe and express his stories which
aims to make the reader feel different emotions to each part of the story/words in the dictionary.
e Set in Prosperous

Voice:
e Hespeaks with a nostalgic, reflective and gentle tone
e Sad tone is then introduced when speaking about the sea and his parents
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Characterisation:
e Mixes indigenous stories/culture with Christianity “when the rainfall stopped, the town looked for
Jesus and prayed for rainfall. /f anyone thirsts, let him come to me and drink’.
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e When remembering about the sea, how he never got the chanceto go to the sea, Albert speaksin a
sad tone, wishing and hoping that he will get a chancetovisit the sea in real life or when time
travelling
o Sad tone is also used when he writes about his parents as he hasn’t seen them since
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a young age, nor when time travelling.

e He speaksin a friendly tone, welcoming us into his stories and history
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 Respects the Noongar languageas he will describe the meaning in English and Noongar (respects
culture)
Values and loves his wife dearly. He talks about how he honoursher ability to cook and work for
them, always putting food on the table, looking after him as well

Symbols:
Whirly-whirly (dust devil) symbolises the ‘evil spirit’ in people
o Jimmy is seen to have a whirly-whirly in him “Well, we didn’t know, but he had a
whirly-whirly inside him all along, the nguru (shadow,evil) and ngarran (weak,
hungry, depressed) too”
o Ancestors told Albert to “never come and see (them) if (he) ever (saw) the whirly-
whirly man is around and making dandan” 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Language Techniques:
Italicised words: “Endeavourship”(a British Navy ship that landed on the East Coast of Australia.
James Cook landed with convicts to colonise Australia) - “dandan”, “woundsthat can be healed by
the one who inflicts the wound”, highlight the importance and significance of words. “Endeavour”
highlights how the colonists took over the land.
Listing: “Full-blood boy one, two, quadroon boy one, two, octoroon boyone, two.......", 3
vegetables, potatoes, carrots, cassava ...”, “... capered, skeleton weed, wild radish, wild turnip, rye
grass, wild oats...” - “deadly” plants
Biblical allusion — 7:37 - Reflects that Christianity - when the rainfall stopped, the town looked for
Jesus and prayedfor rainfall - “If anyone thirsts, let him come to me and drink”- crops (corns) can
grow in the summer rainfall and provide nutrition for the town
Repetition - whirly-whirly (dust devil - scatters everything about in confusion), perfect
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Polyptoton - perfect/perfection - sing/singing

Rhyme - “oh Jesus show me the way ... we go down to the river and pray.” 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Anadiplosis - “... but that isn’t the reason wetry something, not perfection. Perfection is just
someone’s little opinion...”
lrony - “If anyone thirsts, let him come to me and drink” and “Out of his heart will flow rivers of 33yAt42JnkxG5z

living water. But the water didn’t come back.” 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Simile - “... soon spread like a certain death for grazing animals across the entire continent.”
Foreshadowing- “Manhang - that’s where the body goes eventually” - foreshadowsAlbert's death,
“Well, we didn’t know, but he had a whirly-whirly inside him all along, the nguru (shadow,evil) and
ngarran too”- Jimmy - foreshadowsevil things that he will/has done (what he doesto Jedda and
August.
“... everything from the manhang(earth,soil, dirt) to the stars is eternally alive with our spirits.” -
nothing truly dies in the Indigenous culture. Idea of afterlife.
Imagery - “| would have been a boy with a sister and a mummy and maybea daddy even, and we
would have taken trips to the murriyan” - Albert wishesfor a better life -
“... [never have come across my own mummy and daddy.”- reiterating ‘Stolen Generation’ - Albert
being taken away and hasn’t seen them since he was taken.
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Key Quotes:
“If | could change things, though, | would have”
“Well, we didn’t know, but he had a whirly-whirly inside him all along, the nguru (shadow,evil) and
ngarran (weak, hungry, depressed) too”

CHAPTER 14 — AUGUST

Chapter Summary:
Augustis searching for Jedda. Flashbacks. Lack of family dynamics.
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 Themesand Ideas and techniques by which theyare conveyed:
e How people deal with loss (often put the blame on themselves “She knew she was to blame”)

Abundant use of symbols to create a sense that something bad has (or is going to) happen: ‘locusts’ bodies
splattered against the windshield’ ‘the river bends time, what happened at the river goes on for us
forever’. Locust is an invading pest.

Diction. Harsh and violent words such as “roadkill,” “bones” “dark”

Alliteration. Harsh, rough sounds are chosen to be repeated. “Drove, distracted” “Bones and black rubber”
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Repetition of symbols associated with death “bones, bones”

“Think happy thoughts.” Trauma.

Irony — mine will reduce resources.

CHAPTER 15 — GREENLEAF

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Simile Natives chainedlike so Comparing the treatment of the Aborignal people with the
many dogs treatment of dogs. This highlights the way aboriginal people
P.g 98 were treated and howthey wereseen bythe colonisers. The
colonisers believed that the aborigines were like animals as
they had no built structures such as housesand roads.

Repetition “I stand Shoulder to Standing shoulder to shoulder with someone signifies that you
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Shoulder with my fellow are on their side and you will fight for whatever theyfight for.
British citizens”, “stand He repeats the fact that he stands alongside the British flag and
Shoulder to shoulder with will do anything for his country. But also believes that the
Britain”, conditions that the aboriginal people are facing are
“Lives here ... most “deplorable” and mustbehighlighted.
deplorable and must be
aired” P.g 96

Friend Otto Baumann

-He had disposed himself
-Traveller

Initially, reverend Ferdinand Greenleaf expresses that he stands shoulder with the British citizens but
believes the treatment of the aborigines is wrong and should be highlighted. Reverend then went toa
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hotel where he meets a few drunk men, wherehe slept the night. The next morning he saw some
Aboriginal people who werechained up bytheir necks in front of a police depot, he also hinted that those
people had been in those conditions for multiple days. He later saw some wool teams with a nativegirl
attached to them. He told them the reason for girls was because they are easier to control. He presented
that everyone may there be a blanket distribution. And he was also presented with the views of some of
the locals in the white community. “Decrease that the natives must soon wholly disappear from the face of
the Earth.” In this chapter, he also methis friend Otto Baumann, who was also doing a similar mission to
his.
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 The text states “I found several unfortunate natives chained like so many dogs to each other around the
neck.” p. 98

The author used this simile to compare the conditions of the Aboriginal people with the conditions of dogs.
This highlights the way Aboriginal people were treated and how they wereseen bythe colonizers. The
colonisers believed that the Aborigines werelike animals as they had no built structures such as houses
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and roads.

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“| stand Shoulder to Shoulder with my fellow British citizens”, “stand Shoulder to shoulder with Britain”,
“Lives here ... most deplorable and must be aired”p. 96.

Standing shoulder to shoulder with someone signifies that you are on their side and you will fight for
whatever theyfight for. He repeats the fact that he stands alongside the British flag and will do anything
for his country. But also believes that the conditions that the Aboriginal people are facing are “deplorable”
and mustbehighlighted.

CHAPTER 16 — ALBERT
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Quotes
“The brightest stars were gibirrgan (Southern Cross)... which features on this country's flag” —
Aboriginal astronomy
“Then they brought in the foxes to get the rabbits but instead they went for the native animals” —
metaphor for colonisation.
“How Waagankeeps his family together. That's important” — duality predator yet faithful
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“Unless you even got the opportunity to give and receive (respect)”
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“Only equals can share respect, otherwiseit's a game of masters and slaves”
“In the book of genesis 2:18-22 it says that woman was made from man's rib”- identity
“{Bible] it was my friend”
“Isaiah 44:3”
“| was buried by scripture, but buoyed by hope”
“Used there stone axe before white men brought their own metal axe”
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Bugger, Bloody, Bullshit, 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Ideas
e Songsof journeys is there map making
e Storytelling
e Not having an opportunity to show respect
e Lack of equality
e Contrast of Respect and Yindyamarra

Values Attitudes
e Religion
e Respect for the land and others
e Family
e Proud history

Language Features
e Australian Slang
e Irony
e Allegory

pH

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 CHAPTER 17 — AUGUST

Summary: Augustvisits the Southerly House to meet with Eddie. She then returns home to help Elsie cook
dinner and reminisces about the past. She also talks to Elsie about how she metAlbert.

Characterisation
e Weare introduced to August’s love interest, Eddie.
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e Weseethe mother-daughter relationship between Augustand Elsie.

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e August
o ‘Did you eat anything today?’
« Hints to the eating disorder August has. How bad can this trauma be to cause an
eating disorder?
« She replied in a defensive tone showing that she is insecure
e She’s an alcoholic
e “Downed one quickly over the skin and the filled it up to a polite level.”
e “Holding her hand high and the sliver of the silver moon bent through the emptyglass.”
e Important to quote “You can’t always see a thing that hurts.”
e “The things people will do for pain relief”

Setting
e Contrast between the Southerly House and Prosperous House
o Southerly
«= “Bandageof green grass, no native plants
e Prosperous
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Themes/ideas/values
e Loss of connection with culture: In Southerly House there were “no native plants...only hedges,
tulips, half-century-old rose bushes and the fruit grove.”33yAt42JnkxG5z

e Pursuing a lost love:

e Poverty:
o They were divided only by being poor and morepoor.
o Valley, or Mission farm, or suburb poor.
e Religion:
o “Il want you to readit as if every sentenceinsideis a lie and, if you find anything true, | want
you to write it down.”
= Poppy wanted August to study the bible and read it not believing everything in it.
e Allusion- “Death and life are in the powerof the tongue.”
« Potentially referring to the value of‘retelling’ history
= He values awarenessofhistory
e “August took the Bible out of the annexe and dropped it in the wheelie bin beside the
house. It was never the book she was searching for.
e People deal with grief in different ways:
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e “Elsie’s energy level had changedsince August arrived. She’d charge on keeping busylike a
train getting up a hill, and then would slow and become silent again, coasting down the
decline.”
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« Simile
« Elsie deals with grief by occupying herself with lots to do around the housetoshift
her attention from the grief she feels.
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e The importance of speaking out

e Death and life are in the power of the tongue.

Language features
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 e Biblical Allusions
o ‘Altar’ and ‘crucifix’
e Colloquial language
o “Saw ya nan- she seems alright?”
e Rhyming words
o “Mad and sad”
e Symbolism 33yAt42JnkxG5z

o “Australia is pink”
«= Suggesting the youngnessof Australia compared to England.
= Young history
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e Alliteration
o “Tiny truce”
e Juxtaposition
o Beginning again or finally ending
e Descriptive
o Yellow of them in patterned cases.

CHAPTER 18 - GREENLEAF

Summary: Greenleaf establishes the mission. Several accounts of abuse, alcohol and rape.

Characterisation
e Long elegant sentences
o ‘The accommodation was small, and our means were slender, but seeing so many
unfortunate women and children in a state of hunger and nakedness touched my deepest
sympathies, and | was compelled to admit them, even if | had hopedinitially for married
couplesonly.’
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e Complex words
o ‘Debauchery’
o ‘Hapless’
o ‘Aristocratic’

Language features
e lrony
o “And that was to deal with the Natives in their own way.
e Euphemism
o “Sordid ways”(in other words they raped the women)
e Alliteration
o “Wicked white men”
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Themes and ideas

e Winch explores the exploitation of the Indigenous women
o Wecanseea repetition of women in the camp being exploited and quite helpless.
e Racism/prejudice
o Inthe Reverend’s letter, we can see irony in some of the things he says for example when
he was describing the white towns men wanting to “deal with the Natives in their own
way.” However we can see that the Reverend wantsto convert the Indigenous people to
Christianity.
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e Faith

o By Grace Alone, Through Faith Alone, On The Basis Of The Scripture Alone
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pH

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 « It is obvious that by putting this sign up would not protect them from the coming
storm.
e Alcoholism
o The introduction of alcohol to the Indigenous people.
o Wecanseeacommon use ofalcohol in August.

CHAPTER 19 — ALBERT

Summary: Aninsightful look into Albert’s dictionary. This is from the m-p section ofhis dictionary as all the
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words arein reverse alphabetical order. This aims to demonstrate Albert challenges the British norms and 33yAt42JnkxG5z

instead aligns himself with his Indigeous beliefs. Here too, he demonstrates an admiration for his own
culture and a rejection of British values and colonisation.

Words such as;play, platypus, plover bird, policeman/policewoman, old man, magpie, mailman/messenger
and marksor tracks are included with a story and a definition specific to Albert’s trauma filled experiences.
He begins by highlighting the wounding he had faced then slowly transitioning to the childhood memories 33yAt42JnkxG5z

he associates with the word. A sense of nostalgia is felt by the readers.

Play(Girinya) - The use of sharp short sentencesis constructed

In the chapter Albert describes how wounded he feels by his c childhood experiences. He
also juxtaposition of the various stories averse some positive
He also provides a word association that is positive which may be intended for longevity for his culture.

Platypus- Biladurang, there’s a story about biladurang, how that platypus came to beonly in this country.
Long ago, Gaygar disobeyed her elders’ strong sense of connection to community and culture. A tragic
story is used to emphasise that the indigenous culture was no joke butis to be taken seriously, Horrid
things have occurred to the indigenous culture. As suggested by the town namessuch as massacre town
and poison creek. These names with negative connotations all showthe isolation and targeting of the land.
The idea of implementing a tin mine in the centre of the nation appears to be a bad idea as there was
evidence and records of murders, sabotage and other means of trauma. This may be in the form ofkilling
of the youth and their culture.
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There seems to be hinting of August’s father and his spiritual presence lingering throughout the whole
story, He attempts to intrude when he says“no i will not support these ideologies of killing and ressuution
of the dead by white Australians. There are heavysigns of christianity and the hinting otherwise known as
allegories to the christ and days of his suffering where he had paid the price.

Letter 33yAt42JnkxG5z

A contrasting voice to the nostalgia and warmth filled tone. Great sense of formality and
straightforwardnessis present. Personal anecdotesthat arefilled with trauma “Two native boys running...
bodies..” “Court cases of the indigenous culture”, Although Greeleaf may have seemed as a ruthless
punisher like his many colleagues.
Baric, modern context
Critical of abuse judical systems
Progratinist understand understands the judiac system unfairness
Structure tha has been impoedchalleng reader, unjust streuctures
Bar
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pH

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 Poatitison reader to feel antagonistic
Empathise with indigenous

Celebration
Protection board doing nothing but protecting- irony

Language scattered like numbers

Syntax. Well we locked the gates

The full bloods and castes with no division-irony

Eating my words as they wereinedible,,

What had he done for the board

Intelligent in the way he articulates the narrative

Reader privy to indigenous culture, flooding reader with culture

Charming

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CHAPTER 20 - AUGUST
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Chapter 20 - Third Person (August)

Summary:Prosperous houseis preparing for Alberts funeral, as guests begin to arrive and the family is
reunited. August explores the familiar surroundings of Prosperous House as she remembersher childhood
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with Jedda. On her walk around the grounds she comesacross some “hippies” who areprotesting the
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mines on the land, the hippies are shown to have an impact on August as she remembersthe conversation
multiple times after she leaves. August returns to Prosperous House and sees some ofher family for the
first time in a while, she talks to a cousin Joey. Joey and August talk about Albert and the mining of
Prosperous House,beforejoining the funeral again.

Notes:
e The white colonists forced them out of their culture “on the Mish, remember, and language wasn’t
allowed.” The Indigneous people have been forced out of their culture and have sacrificed their
connection with the land to please the white community, and are now being removedfrom their
land because of the “loss of cultural connection”.
e The kengal is mentioned repeatedly, it is a dreamtime place and a ceremonial site.

Themes/ Ideas/ Values and Attitudes:

e The white colonisers stole the culture from the Indigenous people which has damaged their
connection with the land.
e Individuals greed overpowersthe lifestyle of Indigenous people (Indigenous people displaced so
they can mine)

Techniques:
e Alliteration (Sibilance) - “shattered, shimmeredsplinters...”
e Simile - “like a virus” the negative connotation surrounding the idea of rumours, the speed at which
they spread through a community, and the negative effect they have.
e Juxtaposition - Comparison of the woods to the “oasis” they found. The woods werefull of “broken
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bones” and made August a “little uneasy”. But in their “oasis in the scrub” “(August) could bear it”
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 e Imagery - The woods are created to be empty and dying. “The roots of white-box gum dangled out
to nothing...” “no koalas would climb the trunks for food anymore. There wouldn’t be anywherefor
the platypus to swim.” This state is compared to its previous state in which “the water would have
onceflowed.” Which showsthe death and decay of the woods.

Characterisation:
e August's eating disorder is once again mentioned, showing the severity of her condition. Her
presentself is contrasted with her old self, as she previously “ate hers immediately” when given an
easter egg.
e August’s cultural background is shown as she questions the “hippies” she comesacrossand their
intentions to prevent the mines, while on the precious Kengal (which is a dreamtime place and a
ceremonial site)
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Chapter 21 - Letter from Greenleaf

Summary:A letter from Greenleaf (number V). Greenleaf is preparing the Mission for an inspection in
which he succeeds in getting funding for the school, transforming it into a public school just like “every
White school in the Colony.”. The promised goods never arrive so Greenleaf approvesa fishing trip to
retrieve food, they are astonished as the Indigenous men spear fish, collecting plenty of food for the
Mission. On the Mission, they all began to get to know each other's religion and beliefs, Greenleaf learnt
their language while the Indigenous peoples learnt his sermons. They are separated notbytheir beliefs but
by their language. Greenleaf is shown to belosing faith in his God, “where had the Lord Jesus been in those
years?” and he talks about relying on the Indigenous “Baymee”for their survival on the Mission, as his Lord
Jesus had not been helpingat all (not receiving rations).

Notes:
e The story of “baymee”is one much like the story of the Christian God, the story says he came down
from the sky to the land and created rivers, mountains and forests. He gave the people their laws of
life, traditions, songs and culture. When he finished he returned to the sky and is known as the Sky
Hero or Sky Father. The chapter mentions the Baymee multiple times, while in comparison to the
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Lord Christ, both stories follow the same idea of creation by a higher being who created the Earth
and its people in the way they wanted.

Themes/Ideas/Values and Attitudes:

e The Indigenous and White folk are moresimilar than expected, they are separated bytheir 33yAt42JnkxG5z

language notby their beliefs. “... the parts of my sermons that divided us were not the sentiments,
but the words.”
e Inthe absence of Lord Jesus the Indigenous Baymee has guided people through the strugglesoflife
to ensure their survival.

Techniques:
Language Features:
e Listing - “rations, sugar, tea and figs of tobacco, and also boards, iron, doors, windowsfor the
schoolhouse.”The long list showsthe lack of supplies the mission has, indicating the desperation.
e Alliteration - “great granite”
e Repetition - “/ hadstill not yet... |had notyet...” This shows the struggle of the Mission due to not
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receiving the rations and the limitations which have been put on them, the repetition shows the
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scale of the effect as many things have not been completed. “At least” The repetition of this word
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showsthe way in which the land has helped them and howthe Indigenous Baymeehas been able
to help them despite the White man's failure.
e Diction - “courageous, enchantment, enraptured, tales” All these words develop the idea ofa fairy
pH tale in the stories Greenleaf is telling about both of their religious leaders, Lord Christ and Baymee.
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 This idea of a fairy tale brings up a very light and magical impression of their religions, which brings
relief acting as an escape from their harsh reality.
Diction - “very dry, wither, violence of the sun, dying of starvation.” The use of the very harsh
description of the land they areliving on identifies the struggle which they are experiencing and the
hardships they are going through. Shows a contrast between their religions and their reality, the
land is shown to be dead and dry while the religion is shown to be enchanting much like a fairytale.
The fairy tale contrast develops the idea that the life in which they areliving is completely different
to the life which they are told about in their sermons.

Characterisation:
Greenleaf is characterised to be understanding of the unknown,and in this case the Indigenous
culture, he “learned more of their language, and, overthe years, listed 115 words of theirs...” His
initiative to learn this language and their culture, shows that he is determined to learn more about
them, possibly in an attempt to unite both cultures together. This understanding is further shown
as ‘in secret (he) gathered with the men and gave sermons aboutHim, neither the Lord nor
Baymee.” Showing Greenleaf’s understanding nature as he is talking about a God in general, not
one specifically in an attempt to bring the cultures closer together.
Greenleaf is shown to be more lenient when supervising the Indigenous peoples as he allows them
to go fishing and asksif they “should allow the Natives to go about their old waysif (they) could
sustain (themselves).” This lenience is granted to the Indigenous and in return they provide food for
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the Mission, and share their stories and knowledge about their culture. The lenience shows the
trust which Greenleaf holds for the Indigenous on the Mission, and his humanity to allow them to
live their lives following their own culture.
Greenleaf is shown to beveryreligious as he is continually making references to Christianity, and he
attempts to bring the tworeligions, of the Indigenous and of the White people, together. He
teaches the Indigenous about Christianity, and in return learns their culture, showing his interest in
religion and culture and his desire to learn more aboutthese people.

CHAPTER 22 — DICTIONARY

Summary: Albert retells stories about some of his experiences during his life. He uses these stories and the
words in his dictionary to explore some emotions and aspects of humans, and how no matter the
differences between us, all humans still face the important and long crossroad of finding and being at
peace with yourself. At the end of the chapter Albert says how he doesn’t know what it is about them that
seem to “rile the white man”, as he ponders over how “somethingso big might swallowthis place up
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soon”

THEMES/IDEAS/VALUES/ATTITUDES
Beginning of the chapter follows a theme of features or emotions that make up humans
o Mouth
Mystery/Secrets
0

Legs
0

Luck
Oo

Lust/Passion
Oo

o Being at peace with yourself 33yAt42JnkxG5z

The idea of the journeyall humans face of wanting to achieve peace with themselves
The idea of memories
“| try and try to see my mother there on my time-travelling, but | only see her walking in my
memory, she’s always defeated in my mind.” No matter how hard wetry, we cannotgo back to the
past, we cannot bring back someone from the dead, but they remain within our memories, whether
those memories bring pain or joy.

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 e “The burden, the burden of their memory perhaps,or that we weren’t extinguished with the lights
of those empiresafter all.” References the takeover of the “empires” and how Albert and his kind
weren’t wiped out with the lights of those empires.
e “lt could think of a hundred reasons why I’m alive, why things have happened, why time measures
our lives to a limit but that our mother is infinite.” - Quote referencing how their mother, the land is
infinite whereas human lives are restricted by time
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TECHNIQUES/LANGUAGE FEATURES
e Symbolism - “Every person faces that crossroad, wondering whether or not to walk through the
arch of peppermint trees.” The crossroad symbolises the path of finding yourself that all humans
try to walk across.”
e Listing/Vivid Imagery- “The field, the crop, the dam in the distanceto the right; the trees, the line,
the river in the distance to the left; the kitchen garden here beside me”The list of the scenery
surrounding Albert helps create a vivid imagery in readers minds
e Italics - Multiple words and letters are in italics, causing readers to understand these words may
hold significance and importance.

CHAPTER 23 — AUGUST

Summary- 23
For the most part, chapter 23 adopts a very nostalgic tone, and with the help of flashbacks, August
recounts a past time with her family.
| wasn’t really certain what they were grieving over, this may have been when Jeddah initially went
missing, but it goes to highlight the sense of connection and communitythat exists.
Duringthis, she tells of how a brolga appears, a bird which would come to symbolise jeddah herself, in fact
specifically saying so. Seeing this bird, somehow,in her words, crumbled the cement block in her memory,
and she again reflects on a different time now. This is where she introduces Uncle Jimmy, and through the
passageshe infers that her and her sister were subject to sexual abuseat his hands.
Although the detail is excluded, August references the virgin Mary crying blood, stating she must’ve known
how theyfelt.
Nonethelessshe ends this very emotional chapter telling the audience how Jeddah had saved her from
Uncle Jimmy on one occasion. 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Quotes
e “She asked the lord, of whom she never asked anything, to end this chapter of their lives”
e “Everyone was watching - Seeing not the freedom ofthe bird, but it’s belonging”
e “Its body, atoms molecules, joined to the ground”
e “She saw somethingelse in the bird, she saw Jedda”
e “The cement block of her memory, that smooth slab in her mind cracked, the grey wall
crumbled, and she saw Jedda”
e “She wondered if everyone was haunted by being a kid, haunted by the feeling of being
unshielded”
e “In the philippines a statue of the virgin mary was crying blood, she must've known how
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they felt”
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e “She wondered if she would ever be able to cry again

e Voice begins as reflective, nostalgic, grieving

e Giving, sharing and community; “Nana handed them outuntil she was empty handed”
e Brolga symbol appears during ceremony- It dances
Language Features
pH e Flash back,retells the stories of Jimmy Corvette and thinks of better times with jeddah
P thinkswap Find more study resources at [Link]
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 e Rhetoric questions, “He was just babysitting that night wasn't he?” highlights innocence
e Metaphor, “She was buried under a hundred babushka doll casings”

CHAPTER 24 — GREENLEAF

Summary- 24
This chapter is written in letter form from the reverend, and in it he discusses his observations abouttheir
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mission here in Australia.

He notes howthereis clear division between groups of miners, a rivalry field by new government taxation
laws.
He also tells that despite this, all groups have prejudice against the indigenous people, going on to recount
a story of how a group of white men once stormedthe land looking for a man who had allegedly stolen
cattle from them.
In this account he details both the physical and verbal abuse, using specific racial slurs, against the
indigenous people.
This chapter has heavy themes regarding death as well as offering insight into the general attitudes and
behaviours of people during this time
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Quotes
e “The government had come down heavily on the immigrant miners...division was ignited between
divisions of the silvertrails and the hoi-polloi”
e “Niggers as the referred to them, had speared their cattle”
e “Both factions of society were agreeable in their prejudice against the native”
e “The smell of blood was not my own”
e “Darkness steeped over his chest and stained his hands”
e “The cemetery was swelling in size, Growing with the suffering that hung like a pall of locusts over
the plains”

Language Features 33yAt42JnkxG5z

e Flash back - To account for the different years of the mission and howattitudes shifted between
such.
e Personification - The fire began to lick up the hut
e Profanity - Use of the racial slur “Niggers”
e Sensory (Olfactory imagery) - The smell of blood was strong

Ideas
e Death
e Violence
e General distrust, division
e Christianity

CHAPTER 25- DICTIONARY

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Chapter 25 - Albert’s Dictionary

Summary: Albert’s Dictionary (H) cover’s ‘harrow’, ‘hole used as sleeping place’, ‘hollow tree set onfire’,
‘holy spirit’ and ‘horses’ to reveal more about his life as a child and then young adult, with a specific focus
on his culture and connection to land, time and animals. Includes foreshadowingin ‘holy spirit,’ where
Albert details when he decidedtokill a man. 33yAt42JnkxG5z

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Garacterisation- Albert:
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 e “It’s all here” - Albert has a strong understanding of the land he lives on.
e “I'd show the kids how the Gondiwindi slept in the early days...” indicates how Albert has always
felt compelled to share his culture and traditions with his children, even before he began his
dictionary. This compulsion has brought him to camp with his children in the traditional way by
sleeping in a nguram-birrang instead of how the others on the Darling River would (“kayaks and
canoes, fishing rods, fold out chairs, four person tents.”)
e ‘holy spirit’ - Whilst Albert is considering killing a man, he reaches out to the holy spirit, and then
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“screamed to the spirits too, but they wouldn’t come, this was still the time of the whirly-whirly.”
Reference to whirly-whirly indicates evil he’s experiencing in his thoughts.
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e Albert’s connection to land and love of animals is a main focus in ‘horses’ where he chooses to not
‘stockwhip’ his horses, but instead control the horses with dogs that he adored. These dogs were
able to sleep in Alberts swag at night. A pack of wild horses seen by most as dangerous,is described
as ‘beautiful’ in his eyes.

Themes/ Ideas/ Values and Attitudes:

Themes/ Ideas:
e Cultural traditions need to be passed on by ancestorsin order to be keptalive.
e There is beauty and joy in nature, culture and tradition.
Values and Attitudes:
e Values Indigenous culture, and passing on traditions to offspring.

Techniques:
e Symbolism- Reverend thinking he was farming for the first time is symbolic of white naivety and
ignorance
e Juxtaposition of European campingstyle and Indigenous nguran-birrang under the stars
e Imagery of nguran-birrang camping: warm, loving, rich, joyful
e Simile: “The milky way reeled like a film above us”
e Symbolism of Quartz Crystal baptism: “I’d sata quartz crystal in there even”- this water was used
to ‘baptise’ August, after Albert had decided to kill a man.
Research of‘quartz crystal’:
o Ancient Egypt‘healing crystals’- master healer, protection
o Indigenous ‘magic stones’- carried to cure off sickness and wardoff evil spirits
o Modern Day ‘healing crystals’- meditation, manifestation and mindfulness
Significance: “It’s to protect you, darling.” > Mystery: Protection from what? Howis Albert’s
planned murder going to affect August/ put her in danger?
e Allusion to Beatrix Potter texts- author (Peter Rabbit/ children’s books about animals), natural
scientists and conservationist.
e ‘horses’ diction- traditional farming jargon (squareclicks, swag, jackaroos), colloquial language
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(yonder, blokes, reckon).

e Juxtaposition of ‘wild animals’ typically associated with danger, as ‘beautiful.’

CHAPTER 26 - AUGUST

Summary: This chapter marks the beginning of a change in August’s character. She becomesincreasingly
active, is more talkative and has a sense of purpose. She also is more open tofeelings and is willing to
reminisce (even about painful memories) and connects with people. These changes occur because she
allows herself to grieve for Albert. When alone, she cries out for her “mummy”. It is the very next morning
that she gets up with more purpose. She looks though old items from her childhoodin the attic and then
wanders around the house before bumping into Eddie who is clearing out the sheds. August goes to the
library to continue her search. She wants to see what Albert had been reading. After attaining the list of
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Ajbert’s borrowings, she bumpsinto Aunt Nicky, who nervously chats with August and asks her to lunch. As
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 she leaves, she spies her childhood tape recorder on Aunty Nicki’s desk (the clues are mounting — does
Aunt Nicki have the dictionary and what is her motive? Nana later says that Albert was using the tape
recorder for his dictionary). These suspicions are reinforced by the crowsoutside the building (ominous
symbols of evil and death). She returns home to read through the books Albert had borrowed.

Themes/ideas/values/attitudes
Loss is explored. After losing Jedda, August imagined all the ways she could die. She thinks about
wanting to go too and links it to examples in nature (pilot whales).
It is important to grieve.
Land/place/country is valued as intrinsic to Indigenous peoples.
Aunt Nicki’s foreshadowed betrayal is condemned as the motiveis greed and she is deceptive.
Condemnation of the mining industry — taking what is not theirs and not compensating the locals.

Characterisation:
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Jedda (through objects in the attic and August’s memories) — smart, protective, alert. She knows
that ‘cygnets’ are baby swans and reads to August, teaching her. She is careful and artistic. Her
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school journals reveal intelligence and sarcasm.

AUGUST 33yAt42JnkxG5z

There were some momentsin August’s childhood that she cherished — moments with Jedda. Agro
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dolls — Agro’s Cartoon Connections — having their art shown and letter read out. Empty Lip
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Smacker’s tubes — indicate August’s eating disorder (at one time she wanted to taste everything).
“If she peered under enough carpet of her memoriesin the last ten years, she knewit had been
worse, much worse.” There werealso terrible memories and experiences.

Symbols:
Childhood objects — happier times
Crows — ominous symbol, evil, death, foreboding
List of Albert’s library books — he was trying to find his place (animism, Christianity, Australian
history). He was trying to explain whythe land is special — significant as it could halt the mine.
Eddie’s and August’s separate shadowson the dirt bike, become one when she takes over and he is
the passenger — connection. “Together they looked like a sphinx” — simile 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Summer — hope optimism in August.

Brolga (Burral-gang) — symbol for Jedda. The beautiful dancing bird.

Long ago back in the Dreamtime there was a very beautiful girl called Brolga. She was very young
and the best dancer in the whole land as her dancing was so graceful and her movements so
special. Now Brolga hadn't always been such a good dancer. When she was a verylittle girl she
used to get up very early in the morning and creep out of the gunyah and ontothe plains around
her camp. Once there she would practice swooshing her arms like the Pelican, paradinglike the
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Emu and whirling like the wind. But Brolga didn't just do the old dances. She liked to make up new
ones aboutthe trees and the wind, dances about the Spirits and the animals. Soon 's dances
became so good that other tribes would come from far away just to watch Brolga dance her
beautiful dances.

One day, Brolga wentoff by herself to dance out onto the dry red plain near her favourite tree, a
big old coolibah tree. Brolga began to dancein its shade moving with the shadowofthe old tree's
branches. Aslittle puffs of dust rose from her feet, an evil Spirit, Waiwera looked down from his
home in the Milky Way and saw Brolga. She was the most graceful and beautiful girl he had ever
seen. Waiwera decided Brolga mustbe his so he quickly spun himself into a whirlwind, a willy-willy

pH

PPthinkswap
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 and flew down onto the plain. As the wind came closer to Brolga it made a sudden great roaring
sound and enclosed her. Brolga was sweptoff her feet and taken away.

When Brolga's tribe discovered she was missing, they went looking for her but the wind had
covered her tracks. They found the old coolibah tree and a path wherethe willy-willy had been and
decided to follow it. For several days they followed the path of the willy-willy until they came to a
hill overlooking a small plain. There below they saw the evil Spirit, Waiwera and his captive Brolga.
The whole tribe rushed down hurling their spears and boomerangs. Realising that he couldn't
escape with Brolga decided that no one would have her. Waiwera swirled around her and just as
the tribe reached her, she vanished.

Brolga's tribe watched as the willy-willy wound its way slowly up into the sky. On the spot whereit
had been there now stood a big old coolibah tree but there was no sign of Brolga. As they stood
near the tree that Waiwera had left, a beautiful tall grey bird appeared from behind the tree. The
bird began to stretch its wings and instead offlying away it began to dance making the same
graceful moves that Brolga used to make. The bird danced taking long, hopping steps and floating
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on its graceful wings. It pranced slowly towards them and with one last graceful bound, flew up into
the air and away!

Then theyall knew that the evil Spirit, Waiwera had changed Brolga into a bird. A bird the
Aboriginals, from that day onwards, have alwayscalled the brolga.

Sensory impressions:
e Gustatory, tactile and visual imagery — August tastes the strawberries in the garden. She then
regrets being away for so long.
e Auditory imagery — the sound of locusts, birds, wind in the wheat — she is allowing her senses to
return. A healing on the land — significance of country.
e

Repetition of “land”:
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e “Augusttruly felt like herself there on the land. Her people’s land. Her people with her on the
land.”

CHAPTER 27 — GREENLEAF

Twenty Seven - letter p195

Summary
e The reverend is telling stories of how the Indigenous people are poorly treated by the white people.
They have been enslaved to a certain degree and have been tortured and whipped.
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e The owner whipped the two teenage boys until they were begging for death, the penalty for the
owner was a six pound fine.
e The reverend also was turned away at gunpoint as he witnessed white men “having their turns' ' on
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an indigenous woman. He reported this but nothing came before the courts
e During the mission the reverend was also asked to send evidence of Aborgine progress to the
World fair. They requestedfor all information with the physical developmentof aboriginals
e Revenant explained how the protection board took away non-full blood natives away from their 33yAt42JnkxG5z

mothers
e The mission tried to keep the full bloods and half castes together but were inevitable ordered by
the constable to
Quotes 33yAt42JnkxG5z

e “Provide cognitive development of savages”

o The aboriginals were perceived from the outside world as primitive animals
e “Blinding hope in me to ignore what | have seen and hope for what | had not”

pH Language Features
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 Stylistic Features
e Written in the form of the letter
e High educated language

e The aboriginals were miss treated

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e Aboriginals were perceived as savages

e Brutality of indigenous people
e Oppresion

CHAPTER 28- DICTIONARY

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Summary
Chapter 28 further continuesalberts dictionary, it questions big companies control of nature and
ownership ofthe land. Albert says “it's a scary thing to me, people trying to put a price on farmers
seeds”.
Stories of indigenouse ways of hunting and scavenging are described and how the honey bee
“became heavyand stressed. The first place he would wantto go like that would be home”which is
an allusion to August's life in England.
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The tensions between the colonists and the ingigenouse people is referenced multiple times as
albert states “| think in this country there are divisions that run further than the songlines” and “As
much as the government wantsto convince the population otherwise,it is an old thinking - locking
us up is the solution”. 33yAt42JnkxG5z

To finish off the chapter Albert brings a somber tone as he talks about regrets of letting his family
down and howlifefelt like they were always imprisoned even if they weren'tin cell. 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Quotes
“Before the whirly-whirly arrived and stayed”
“All life comes from the seed... it's a scary thing to me, people trying to put a price on farmers
seeds... Can you imagine! Owning the center oflife, one company!”
“As he became heavy and stressed. The first place he would wantto go like that would be home”
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“Both Jolene and Joey made mistakes but the punishments outweighed the crimes. As much as the
government wants to convince the population otherwise,it is an old thinking - locking us up is the
solution”
“| think in this country there are divisions that run further than the songlines”
“Ngunba-ngidyala (shut place) - is first built in the mind, then it spreads”
“My biggest regretis that | let her (granddaughter) down. That will be the heaviest thing i carry
with me for all time”
“{the yurung] only brings darkness. He visited me often”
“Everyone should learn four things - how to [go fishing], how to love someone boundlessly, how to
grow your own vegetablesand howto read. The patiencefor [fishing], respect for loving, the soil
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for gardening and a dictionary for reading” 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Values Attitudes
e The land
e The colonizers brought pain upon the indigenous people

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 CHAPTER 29 - AUGUST

Summary: August packsitems from the house into boxes. As she doesthis she searchesfor the dictionary,
but cannotfind it. She is hopeful as she goesto see Eddie, thinking that she could save Prosperous and the
farm. Eddie is packing items from Southerly House. They drink, reminisce, August refuses an offer of food.
They discuss religion, war and the motives behind war — land,race, religion. They wonder if it is human
nature to find a reason to bein conflict. After trying to avoid feeling pain, August and Eddie attempt to be
intimate, yet their undealt with issues interrupt them. August’s mind goesstraight to Jedda. She is so
dysfunctional that she is incapable of intimacy, a romantic relationship or even considering living
elsewhere in Australia. She needs to heal first. Eddie becomes angered. He waited for August and has had
those he loved leave him. In anger he shows Augustthe cards from the envelope thanking his family for
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the donations of Indigenous artefacts to the Falstaff Collection at the Museum of Australia. Various items
dating back to 10 000 years. He states that her cultureis all “under glass”.

Themes/ideas/values/attitudes
e Loss—so much loss suffered by Aboriginal people (death, imprisonment, lands). lronically, August
wondered is loss would bring her family close again. Sadly, her mother has not been in touch.
e The effects of institutionalisation, it becomes home — “Gaol becomeslike home. Reckon Koories
know howto stay locked up...! think Mum just couldn’t see herself out of a cage.”
e The hardships and physical toil of farmers is highlighted. They slog constantly and getverylittle
gain.
e Paternalism — through Eddie’s viewpoint that Prosperous is wherehis family “trained” the
Aboriginals to be servants and fence builders. “We saved you!” (from being aimless drunksin
Vegemite Valley).

Symbols:
e The rumble of the Rinepalm trucks (a reference to Gina Rinehart?). Always in the background
signalling the loss of country.
e Southerly House — high on the hill (power, wealth), yet neglected and dusty. A symbol of past
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colonialism.
e Eddie’s father takes the artefacts and donates them to the Museum — another example of
colonisation and the taking of land, culture from Aboriginal people.
e After August and Eddie argue, the land and ground are described as “hot, unbearable”.

Characterisation:
e Eddie is cynical about religion and human nature. His parent’s divorced due toinfidelity. He has
waited for Augustall these years. He is a drinker and when he is angered, can swear and lash out in
violence (although not at people).
e Albert — Eddie thought he was, “likeable”.
e August — when she starts to feel, she is conflicted and her old habit is to numb the feeling
(ironically, she wants to numb her feelings — through alcohol- after talking to Eddie about her
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mother being trapped in a cage).

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CHAPTER 30

Summary: Albertis in his last days as he reflects on the physical labour/ work he has done at Prosperous.
As the final word in the dictionary of this chapter is ‘dead man’, Albert unpacks and reveals his story of his
intentions ofkilling Jimmy, wanting to know answersin regards to Jedda’s death.

pH

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 Themes/ideas/values/attitudes:
e ‘Eternity’ Paragraph
o “But | can’t tell you what the thing to come are, what happens tomorrow,just as nobody
can tell me”
o ‘But’ being a turning point/negates
o The sense of uncertainty in the future with an idea that history writes itself and is out of
one’s control

Techniques/language devices:
e Structure
o Dictionary starts with ‘Eternity’ > ‘Day after tomorrow’(both being hopeful, futuristic,
everlasting) > ‘Dead man’ (death, sense of destruction, ending of one’s life)- changein
mood
e Possessive pronoun- ‘Eternity’ Paragraph
o “Did you remember the ‘rr’ is thrilled?”- RQ, readers can recite it in a way, “This might
disappoint you”- direct
e Listing- ‘Day after tomorrow’ Paragraph
o “Repairing the roof, installing sealed windowsinto new frames,the guttering, fixing loose
floorboards, painting the outside” highlights Albert was a handyman around the home,
quite stereotypical with an idea that ‘men deals with the tools and physical labour side of
things’ 33yAt42JnkxG5z

e Sentence structure- ‘Day after tomorrow’ Paragraph

o “Maybe | won’t finish everything, but maybe someone else will tomorrow, next day, some
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day” creating a sense of hopefulness/optimism with the repetition of the word ‘day’
representing a sense of newness/freshness- repetition of the word ‘maybe’ creating a sense
of uncertainty to the future as well
e Then followed by bible verse Matthew 6:34(biblical allusion)
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o “Therefore do not worry about tomorrow, for tomorrow will worry about itself. Each day has
enoughtrouble of its own”
e Repetition of the word ‘tomorrow’is thought to be futuristic and Albert conveying a
message that communicates to worry about the present and not the future, take
each moment/obstacle/challenge day by day
e ‘Dead man’ Paragraph
o Jimmy killed/raped Jedda responsible for her disappearance causing a lot of grief for the
family 33yAt42JnkxG5z

o “He was watching telly, feet up and drinking a beer like he didn’t have a worry in the
world”- Describing Jimmy. A stereotypical image of a carefree/alcoholic man drinking a beer
symbolizing Australian culture. Jimmy using this as a distraction to desensitize his
feelings/escape reality

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CHAPTER 31
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Summary:
Greenleaf is suffering from constant provocations such as death threats from people, mainly the police
station, because of his work with the natives. He then continues to think ofall the injustice that the natives
are facing such as the capturing of their children. Later on a newsarticle arrives with the headline of
“Britain has declared war on Germany.” This then makes him become under strict surveillance and changes 33yAt42JnkxG5z

his position within the community to one wherehe is slightly resented by the natives because of the
abduction of their children and also one wherehe has a target on his back by the police officers limiting his
freedom.
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 Voice:
First Narrative view point of Greenleaf
The voice and the beginning of the chapter is scared, desperate and conflicted as he describeshis ‘fear’ of
the police of Massacre Plains and whether he should really continue his work with the natives.
He later take on a sorrowful voice which expressespity to the native as he talks about how their children
are being taken away.
He later takes on a voice of contempt with an attitude of feeling guilt within.

Methods of representation
Through the useoffirst person narrative the writer can indicate the emotions of the character and is able
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to engagewith the reader.

Syntax - long sentences are used in order to show the chaos around the character
Bible - religious symbolisms - shows how the statetries to control the people though means of enforce
beliefs through religion 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Useslisting to show how much pressure he was under : “I was questioned for some hours, interrogated
about my ancestors, my Bible and loyalty.” 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Listing is also used to indicate the severity of the situation the aboriginals are in of their children being
taken such as “John, Michael, Bobby...”
Symbolism is used as “Law is written with capital letters symbolising how domineering and absoluteit is 33yAt42JnkxG5z

and howit cannot be contested

Diction - use of negative word such as “terrible” to indicate the feeling the character towards colonisation.

CHAPTER 32 — DICTIONARY

Summary-
This is a part of the dictionary where Albert talks about how he found out about what happened to Jedda
and tries to dig about where the uncle buried her(whois the alleged pedophile whois represented as one
who had tried something on Jedda).in this chapter slight information about Jedda being sunk undera river
or lake is suggested when hereplies “in the water, uncle” when his being confronted by Albert.

Voice
First person narrative is usedin this text
And angry toneis predominantly used throughout the text however towards the end one ofonethat is calm
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yet sad starts to be used

Method used
Short powerful sentence for strong emphasis -’We have always beena civilisation, us “
This is used to contradict and challenge people's knowledge learnt at school of and howthe native people
were not civil and neededto be civilised by Europeans
Diction-sorrowfilled word such as eternal(in terms of context) are used to comfort himself yet at the same
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time reflect upon his broken heart

This broken heart come from him confronting Corvette about Jedda...in this text violent and aggressive
diction is used such as the Indigenous words “dha-l-girri-dhu-nyal-”
A lot of dialogue is used in order to show the emotions of Albert particularly the anger and contempthe has
towards Jimmy.

CHAPTER 33 - AUGUST
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Summary: August, Aunt Missy and Elise make their way to the Prosperous Library to retrieve the archived
files of Albert to explore and further investigate the remains/evidence that holds significant value for
upholding the Indigenous culture/land/memory.
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 Voice and character:
e August’s determination to save the remnantsof Indigenous culture through evidenceleft behind by
Albert
e Driving plot to save the land becoming a mine site
e August although has an implied eating disorder when Aunt Missy buysfish and chips, “her mouth
salivates as she realisesit is the first time she has eaten in a long time”.

Themes/ideas/values/attitudes:
e Anevident encounter of racism as August encounters a bloke with a Southern Cross tattoo in the
queue at the ATM
o “See that? That’s the Southern Cross lady. That means you don’t belong here”
o Invoked the Southern Cross as a symbol of freedom against the tyranny ofcolonial
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authorities, and of loyalty to the continent of Australia

o Ironically serves as a reminder of Australia's geography

Techniques/languagedevices:
Alliteration
e “Dry dishwashing skin flaking off’- heavyalliterative ‘D’ highlighting August’s physical natureis
deteriorating. Through the state of her hands it is implied she does the dishes/washing, dominant
in the household kitchen reinforcing the stereotypical role of females- do the cooking, cleaning,
washing etc
e The word ‘flaking’ also connotes to something ‘crumbling down’, possibly symbolic and linked to
the sense of Indigenous culture slowly disintegrating/falling apart/vanishing if nothing is being done
to help the circumstance
Colloquial language
e Dialogue is a vernacular style of speaking between conversations between Aunty Missy, Elsie and
August
e Humour is used creating a light hearted natureinitially in the conversation
o “Aunty just farted” replied as “August thought it was a new perfume from town”
e Transitioning into a more unfeigned tone where Aunt Missy asks Augustif she is staying
e “When’s your flight to London?” August: “Couple of days” Missy: “You really going back to
England, niece?” August: “No” Missy: “Good. You’re home now. That’s good darling” Home
= Australia
e Augustfinally finding a sense of belonging? 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Italicised words
e Highlights a word’s importance
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o “The Historic Museum Australia” , “Best friends use the back door” “my friend” “Rinepalm
Mining Activity Pack” “Over and out”
Repetition
e “Over and out ... More than...”
Yt
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CHAPTER 34 — DICTIONARY

Biyami, spirit that ruled the Gondiwindi — Creation myth & the history of the Gondiwindi are told. In the
myth, readers are told about the sacredness of Kengal [Link], this is where the protesters are
camping (well meaning, but offensive due to their ignorance of Aboriginal Dreamtime beliefs).
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Theme/Idea — Eurocentric view of ecology offends Aboriginal people and their belief system.

Be anxious,longing for — In defining this word Albert expresses his longing for Jedda. He and Elsie were
alwayssearching for her.
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 Biyaami’s son — Albert looks at the links and differences between his beliefs and Christianity. In the end
the beliefs are quite separate and there is more emphasis on the worship of the creation rather than the
creator.

Blood — Albert plays upon the cliché that “blood is thicker than water” when he hints at Jimmy Corvette’s
betrayal of the family. “He drained from me who wearelike the blood leaving the body. In that case water
is thicker than blood.”

Bogong moth — Albert recalls eating roasted moths and feeling strong.

Book, paper — Ironically, Albert is misled by his daughter Nicki who offers to look after the dictionary and 33yAt42JnkxG5z

take it to the council (another plot line climax, now readers are sure that she has his dictionary and is not
using it to save the land and culture). Characterisation of Nicki as a liar and whose motivation for betraying
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her father and people is greed. Could she be a metonym for Aboriginal people who betray their own
culture for economic gain?

Breast — Albert recalls this word he learnt when being nurtured by his mother — loving.

Brolga — Brolga is Jedda. Both Albert and August see the Brolga as Jedda. The ancestors assure him that
she is safe now (spiritual realm).

Burnt grass — Indigenous peoples tending the land — agriculture.

33yAt42JnkxG5z CHAPTER 35 — AUGUST

Summary:
Augustis at the Historic museum of Australia with her Aunt Missy. This chapter explores indigenous culture
and significant symbols and artworkwithin the culture. August and her Aunt have evidencethat certain
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artefacts within the museum belongto their family and they come to the museum in an attempt to reclaim
them. After returning from the museum, Augustand her Auntfind themselvesin the midstof a large protest
going on back at Prosperous that was sparked by deforestation.
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Themesand Ideas:
e Loss and potential extinction of animals (“Mob here must haveate plenty offish”) - conveying the
idea that there are no fish in the ocean due to pollution, increased ocean acidification, increased 33yAt42JnkxG5z

ocean temperatures- all problems that have arisen due to colonisation. This is done to convey the
characters negative view about colonisation
e The text changesthe font whenreferring to the country, “Our Country”, which represents the
spiritual connection of the character towards the land.
e “. Amazing. Beautiful. ... weren’t the words for what she saw in the museum”, syntax was adopted
by the text to place two one word sentences between long complex sentences. This presents the
emphasis on the fact that she believes the museum is so important to her that words can’t describe
it.
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Contrast in syntax with varying lengths of sentences to emphasise the beauty in nature( scenery) and
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comparedto the horrors (massacre comparedto killing of fish) that the indigenous people havefaced.
Extensive useof dialogue allows for the understanding of perspectives and insightful thoughts from August
and heraunt in this setting, this may be quite different from what is actually spoken giving a senseof an
unreliable or reserved character.
Colloquial language such as ‘Nah’ and ‘Yea’ provides the colonial influence that is seen throughout the
text.

Techniques
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 Profanity - “Where’s our fucking artefacts”, This use of profanity conveys the importance ofthe artefacts to
the character. This reveals the deepervalue of the aborigneesculture to the character.

Quotes:
“It made August tearful” - this is written when August is viewing some artwork at the museum. Symbolic of
just how important these traditional artworks and artefacts are to indigneous people - enough to make them
cry.

“It’s appreciation for art, Aunty” and “Wheresour fucking artefacts, | need some fresh air” - there are many
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quotes which conveythe passion andsignificance of artefacts to Indigenous people.

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CHAPTER 36 — GROUP 3

Summary: Reverend Ferdinand Greenleaftalks about his final moments at the Mission and makesa plea
that his writings are preserved sothatthe injustices faced by the Indigenous people will not be forgotten.

Characterisation:
e Greenleafis losing his connection with religion and his faith in mankind.

Language features
e Rhetorical questions — these indicate his epiphany, crisis of identity and loosoffaith in centralised
powersand structures.
o God aboveall?
o The law and the Church?
o The White man over the Black?

Themesand Idea:
e The importance of speaking out:
o Thefinal paragraph is Greenleaf’s final pleas for the Dr George Crossto preserveall his
writings explaining the history and the events that happened during his time on the Mission.
e Prejudice
o Notonly are the Indigenous people being discriminated against but also the Germans and
Prussian descendants
« “Many moreof the German and Prussian descendants’ homes and businesses were
razed by fire, and more posters hung about the town of Massacre Plains
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» INTERN THE LOT

» ANTI-GERMAN LEAGUE MEETING
= DO YOURBIT. KILL A GERMAN
e The evils of men
= Weseethat Greenleaf has realised his wrongsin life as he now sees himself as the
beast through his rhetorical questions.
«= He onceused to be considered part of ‘men’ but after the war he is now considered
the ‘beast’.

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CHAPTER 37 — AUGUST

Summary: This chapter sees the climax of the main plotline. A fire burns through the fields of Prosperous
(lit by the protesters). It is a chaotic scene as police and fire services are on the scene, arresting protesters
and putting outthe fire. Joey is high after returning from the nightclub. In the house the family talk about
how the protesters started the fire. It is then that August realises that Aunty Nicki has the dictionary. The
pace of the chapter rises as August and Joey drive to confront Nicki. She lives in the “Minties” area further
characterising her as abandoning her cultural identity. Nicki comes to the door and August accusesher:
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 “Did you bribe them with the dictionary? Did you say you’d make the Gondis claim NativeTitle if they
didn’t give you some money? Or have you just kept it?” Nicki saysit’s in the Council Office.

Symbol — the duality offire

CHAPTER 38 - ALBERT

Chapter 38 - Albert’s POV

Afraid to speak - giya-rra-ya-rra 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Alcohol,wine, strong drink - widyali, girrigirri

All together in one place - ngumbaay-dyil
Alwaysbe,exist - ngiyawaygunhanha

Plot Summary
AFRAID TO SPEAK
Elsie (Alberts wife) was a uni student when they met, she and the other uni students decided to
help the aboriginal community by helping them push for equal rights. It ends up with them going to
the community pool where “black fella” aren’t allowed to swim a giant “NO ABORIGINI” sign was
on the wall hence why the uni activists were here to help gain equal rights for the Aboriginal people
of Massacre Plains. They got off the bus and a fight between the white fella and black fella
happened. Words exchanged with the aboriginal kids crying, a lot was going on. Albert got the kids
back on the bus but eventually the uni students with video proof of the lack of equal rights being
filmed got the Aboriginal kids into the pool. The uni students (Elsie) then had to leave and as soon
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as they left Albert and the kids were kicked out of the pool.
Then he goeson to talk about how years later when the rules changed allowing Aboriginals in the
cinemas and pools, he could still recognise fear in peoples eyes and the distrust they have of the
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Natives
“| was afraid to speak for so long, for so much of mylife, but not anymore”

ALCOHOL, WINE, STRONG DRINK

He calls it poison, nothing good has ever come outofit.
He calls it a drought followed by a flood

ALL TOGETHER IN ONE PLACE

To beisolated is to be unable to act.
That’s what we “were”- isolated - from our family, from our language, from our cultural ways and
from our land. 33yAt42JnkxG5z

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Albert talks about how they were connected but not connected, how they were only connected
through their humiliation and crimes againstliving life.

They were: Criminals by birth - Together and isolated at once Like prisoners “they were together in
the same place - but isolated”

ALWAYSBE,EXIST
A person exists beyond the living and dead
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In the planes of time where gods roam

When they knowthe seen and unseen at once

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 Chapter 38 - Albert’s Dictionary
Summary
Albert reveals howhe fell in love with Elsie, detailing how when theyfirst met she was working as a
university student visiting Massacre Plains to talk to the Aborigines about human rights. The title wordis
further discussed , detailing one particular incident of racial discrimination that both Albert and Elsie
experienced taking a group of Indigenous children to a local swimming pool.
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Themes/Issues/Values and Attitude

e The unjust racial discrimination that Indigenous Aboriginal peoples experienced.
e Strong paternalistic attitudes are conveyed, ‘patronising and corrosive notion that governments
know better’; conveyed through a scene in which Elsie opposes an antagonising leisure centre clerk
who quotes governmentpolicy of why the group are notallowed to go in the communal swimming
pool.
e Duality of protest? Peaceful conversations juxtaposed to hostile arguments.

Key Quotes
e “She was beautiful, she was smart, so | listened right away.”
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CHAPTER 39 - AUGUST

Summary: After leaving the burning fires at Prosperous, August plans to raid the Town Council offices. She
knowsthat Aunt Nicki has the dictionary and she wantsit to fight the mine — nativetitle claim provingit is
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a site of significance with language, history and artefacts. She does this with Joey (her cousin who wentto
juvenile detention for a crime she and Eddie werealso involved in). She apologises. She decides not to
smash into the building and returns to Prosperous instead. Most of the fires have been put out or are
contained. The protesters have been put in the paddy wagon. The next morning a reporter is there
covering the protest — “Rinepalm Mining has federal approval for a 2km, 300m deep tin mine, a boom for
the local economy.” Nana ringsto see if the houseis still there and then tells them she is coming to the
protest. The protest camp and Southerly are packed up.

They join the protest at the gate of Prosperous and after some time Eddie comesto argue that the mining
company owns it now. They continue to protest. They hold fast through water cannons and tear gas. In
chains, August feels close to her ancestors, “She was chained like the people, the Gondiwindi who came
before her, but it was her choice then, she thought....She felt whole.”
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The chapter end on a cliff hanger — Aunty Mary has Aunty Nicki — she is holding the cassette recorder and33yAt42JnkxG5z

pagesof the dictionary in her hand — saved at the last minute!

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Themes/ideas/values/attitudes
e Negative Aboriginal stereotypes are raised — sadly — Albert’s sign outside Prosperous: “No Grog, No
Cash, No Yarndi, No Good Times Here.”
e Aboriginals and crime — “Reckon we’re too old for crime?...Nah, it just that we’d definitely do the
time.”
e Native title — Joey: “They want to take land that wasn’t theirs to take, land that wasn’t theirs to
give!” . Joey states: “We are the companyand the government. This is our minister, second female
Prime Minister (August)...l’m the president, we co-run this country...” There are different
perspectives on land in Australia. Land —home and whereancestorsare.
e Overt racism in Australia — they get a hate call from a teenagegirl “You f****** Abos better get the
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f*** out of this town!” Raises the idea that racism is learned and indoctrinated into people. August
doesn’t hate her and considers the roots of racism — fear of what is not understood or known?
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 e Paradox about the nature of protesting: Mandy “These days, we can’t do something as somebody,
wecan only do something as nobody.”
e Identity and colonisation (especially respecting the indigenous culture are explored through
Mandy’s speech (authorial voice?). p 299.
- We’re all migrants here
- Weforget we are in someone else’s country
- Wedon’t havethe vision, the respect to bother learning the native language and culture
- Wehavetolearn,it’s personal
- Welearn that through looking after the land
- We'll all not have a collective identity unless we look back, accept the past and save the land
e Protesting — “To riot is the voice of the unheard.” “(The police) movedin on the inert of them, the
peaceful, the passive.”

Characterisation:
e August — before breaking into the office she dismisses her logical thoughts, “But August wasn’t
thinking, she was feeling.” This is a turning point for August — p. 294 “She thought of how long
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she’d been living her life in a box of to-do,like a never-ending winter, her own long
hibernation...but she was here...she cared about somethingand for her family for the first time in
forever.” Her grief is ending and “She whispered to Jedda and Poppy: / am here.” — belonging leads
to a healing and an end togrief. 33yAt42JnkxG5z

Allusion to Greek Mythology — Atlas (a titan) condemned to hold the celestial heavens for eternity.
Sisyphus — King of Corinth, trickery, dodges death twice — punished byever rolling a boulder up a hill in
hell.

CHAPTER 40 - GREENLEAF

Chapter 40 - Newspaper Article

Summary
Chapter 40is a short passage that serves as a notice for the passing of Reverend Greenleaf at the age of
78. It has been published by the ‘Australian Argus’, researched as an iconic Australian daily morning
newspaper based in Melbourne that ran from 1846 to 1957. His death is said to have come after the
newspaper recently, controversially, republished a passionate message from Greenleaf to the British
society of Ethnography (ethnography relating to the study of peoples and cultures). The religious
gentleman is said to have been a ‘well-known and combative figure’ and one with no immediatekin, yet
his death has resulted in turbulence being felt throughout the town of Massacreplains, in both indigenous
and colonial communities. Structurally the letter is significant following immediately after August attempts
to protest for Prosperous House,laying her life down for a cause like that of Reverend Greenleaf’s.

Themes/Issues/Values and Attitudes

e Adire and fierce commitmentto justice for Indigneous Australian communities, conveyed through
the values of Reverend Greenleaf
e Writer of the article communicates that Reverend Greenleaf may have been martyred for his
beliefs.

Key Quotes
e “...such was his fierce commitment to justice for his friends the Aborigines.”
e “We will remember him as a British subject and a soothsayer of our turbulent age.”

CHAPTER 41 — AUGUST(group 5)
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 Summary
e The nana is finally told about Jedda beingofficially gone
e Alberts tape of the old languageis available for the whole town tolisten to
e Augustis finally eating again
e The dictionary was printed out and handed toall the local kids
e A foreword was written to show the importanceof the old language
e Historians classified the Gondiwindi people as civilisation
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e August reveals the reason to keep her life small and control the things around her
e August mother was released from prison
e They all farewelled Jedda together

Quotes
“She wasnt ngarran anymore”
“The smells, tastes and burdens left August”
e Personification
“Gondiwindi ticked the boxesto classify as a civilization”
“Land of Prosperous has begin to grow over itself, like the blanket covering the dead”
e The indigenous people that werekilled by the colonizers have been laid to rest

Ideas
e The grieving period had stopped for the characters
e They have all come to accept the death of Jedda and Albert
e The dictionary had been handedoutto the local children to continue the language and
traditions of their ancestors
e August had come to accept the complexity oflife and she cannot control everything
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o She comparedit from a poem and a big story

e The damage Prosperous faced during the initial colonization had been finally put to rest

CHAPTER 42- ALBERT

Summary: The final chapter. This chapter is divided into four words in the [Link] ‘artist’,
‘ashamed’, ‘ashes’ then concluding the entirety of this book with ‘Australia’
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Themes/ideas/values/attitudes:
‘Artist’ Paragraph
e Albert comparesart as an idea of howit can be seen as remains/evidenceto allow people to
remember
o Acity was burned and destroyed however it was the painting left behind to what the city
looked like before that allowed them to rebuild it
o “They rebuilt the city from paintings done generations before the city was bombedto bits”
o Something that is valued, treasured and should be respected

Techniques/languagedevices:
Sentence structure
e ‘Ashamed’Paragraphconsists of short, simple sentences
o “I’m done with this world.”, “I’d leave it out completely but | can’t.”, “We mustn't anymore”
e ‘Ashes’ Paragraph consists of long sentences separated by commas (parataxis)
o “Il want to spread everywhere | can over Prosperous, | want the body to float up to the
leave, | want to rest in the wheatfield, the last yield, before it’s dug open”
o That is the whole paragraph
o The use of anaphora with the repeated phraseof‘I want’- he desires this- image of freedom
pH feeling uplifted- visual imagery
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 o
The verbs ‘float’, ‘rest’, ‘spread’ connotes to a sense of heaven/afterlife even
o
Idea of rising from the ashes/ regenerating/spirits living in the afterlife - still being
alive/existing and not forgotten
Simile- ‘Ashamed’ Paragraph
e “We mustn’t anymore. See, pain travels through our family tree like a song line”- generational pain
that is passed on and never forgotten
Possessive pronoun- ‘Australia’ Paragraph
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e “That’s my country”, “Ngurambangis my country; in my mind it will always be on the waterfront”

yt

Imperative tone- ‘Australia’ Paragraph

e “Say it- Ngu-ram-bang!”- leaves a ring in the reader’s ears

The novel ends with an emphasis on place = identity.

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