International Money Laundering

in the Banking Sector1

Dr. [Link]
Professor of Finance,
Founder Chairman, Indian Institute of Finance,
Chief Editor, Finance India
Delhi 110052, India
Web: http:[Link]; Email: jda@[Link]
Phone 91-11-27136257; Mobile 9810124292

Professor Aman Agarwal

Professor of Finance &
Officiating Director, Indian Institute of Finance,
Director, IIF Business School (GGS Indraprastha University)
Delhi 110052, India
Web: http:[Link]; Email: aa@[Link]
Phone 91-11-27437917; Mobile 9810029223

____________________
Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank Ms. Kasturi Bhattacharya, Graduate
Assistant, Indian Institute of Finance, Ms. Yamini Agarwal, Lecturer, Indian Institute of Finance
and Mr. Deepak Bansal Sr. Lecturer Indian Institute of Finance for their help in preparing this
paper. The authors would also like to thank Indian Institute of Finance and Mr. Ashok Nath
(APBC Secretariat) for the logistic support.

1
Invited to be delivered as Keynote Address at the Asia Pacific Banker’s Congress 2004 in Manila,
PHILIPPINES on 24th March 2003. (23-24th March 2004)
Agarwal, J.D. and Aman Agarwal “International Money Laundering in the Banking Sector”

International Money Laundering

in the Banking Sector2

Abstract
The speech highlights different aspects of International
Money Laundering i.e. size, dimensions, effects and various
steps taken internationally to control it. How the banks can
protect their interests for being excessively used in money
laundering estimated to be one trillion annually worldwide,
threatening their survival. It would also discuss how
criminals, politicians, bureaucrats, Industry, real estate
builders, bankers, lawyers, accountants, auditors and others
are involved in money laundering. It is estimated that the
size of money laundering worldwide, is more than US$ 1
Trillion, annually. The policy prescriptions have also been
discussed in the lecture.

by

Dr. [Link]
Professor of Finance,
Founder Chairman, Indian Institute of Finance,
Chief Editor, Finance India
Delhi 110052, India
Web: http:[Link]; Email: jda@[Link]
Phone 91-11-27136257; Mobile 9810124292

Professor Aman Agarwal

Professor of Finance &
Officiating Director, Indian Institute of Finance,
Director, IIF Business School (GGS Indraprastha University)
Delhi 110052, India
Web: http:[Link]; Email: aa@[Link]
Phone 91-11-27437917; Mobile 9810029223

2
Invited to be delivered as Keynote Address at the Asia Pacific Banker’s Congress 2004 in Manila,
PHILIPPINES on 26th March 2003. (25-26th March 2004)

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Agarwal, J.D. and Aman Agarwal “International Money Laundering in the Banking Sector”

Acknowledgement

Mr. Manuel Pangilinan, President and CEO, PLDT; Mr. Edmund Muth,
Senior Director, Financial Services Group, Microsoft Corporation; Mr. Steve Laue,
Vice President, MasterCard International; Robert Ocampo, President, Asian
Institute of Management, Mr. Ashok Nath, CEO, Options Group and APBC;
Honorable members of the Organizing Committee, other distinguished dignitaries
on the dais, members of the this august audience and ladies and gentlemen, it is a
matter of great privilege for me to have been invited to deliver the keynote speech
on International Money Laundering in the Banking Sector in this prestigious Asia
Pacific Bankers Congress 2004, organized by Bank Associations and the Options
Information Group, Manila, Philippines. At the outset I must congratulate the
organizers for organizing this conference, selecting an extremely timely theme and
having representation from almost all over the globe. It reflects the vision of the
bank associations, strategic partners and the organizers. Organizing an international
conference is very difficult task and tremendous efforts are required by a team of
committed and devoted professionals to give it a final shape.

The theme of this Asia Pacific Bankers Congress – International Money

Laundering in the Banking Sector - has been rightly chosen by the organizers. I
have tried to focus on issues like - How its done, Who does it & What bankers need
to know about it in our address on International Money Laundering in the Banking
Sector. Money Laundering is generally characterized by the intensity of fluctuations
affecting the price in financial markets and generation of illegal money and a
facilitator breading terrorism in the long run. Volatility in the markets due to money
laundering is generally perceived as a measure of risk and uncertainty, and is also
tradable market instrument in itself. In case of high volatility, regulation and
financial supervision become paramount.

I wonder as to what extent I would be able to justify this great responsibility

of delivering this key note address. It is a very difficult task and a great
responsibility. However, it would be my endeavor to be up to the mark as far as
possible or to the expectations of the organizers and galaxy of CEO of banks and
financial institutions and the intelligentsia.

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Agarwal, J.D. and Aman Agarwal “International Money Laundering in the Banking Sector”

I. Introduction
It is estimated that the size of money laundering worldwide through the banking
sector, is more than US$ 500 billion to One trillion annually. A recent estimate has
projected that worldwide money-laundering not only economically destabilizes a country
but also exposes it to terrorist attacks, threatening its integrity and sovereignty. It conceals
the huge, illegal profits generated by unscrupulous, organized criminal groups in various
fields of crime. The culture of these groups is "criminogenic” and are “regulatory
resistant”. The speed and case of modern electronic finance have contributed a lot to the
growth of this crime. Given the staggering volume of this crime, broad international
cooperation between law enforcement and regulatory agencies is essential in order to
identify the source of illegal proceeds, trace the fund to specific criminal activities and
confiscate criminal's financial assets.
Money laundering involves bankers, lawyers, car dealers, real estates builders,
accountants and also others, who allow their businesses to be used by someone to launder
the proceeds of a crime.
Every country has its criminal underworld. The biggest organizations and the ones
that have been active and have long standings can be found in the hubs of capitalism: the
United States (Cosa Nostra), Europe (the Sicilian Mafia) and Asia (the Chinese Lriads
and Japanese Yakusas).

II. What is Money Laundering?

The term money-laundering brings to our mind those nefarious activities of the
criminals who provide an envelope to “slush funds” in order to exhibit those as genuine
money. In other words, money-laundering is a process by which criminals give the color
of legality and legitimacy to slush funds. Ignoring economic vandalism, most crime is
economic crime. In Black's Law of Lexicon the term laundering is being referred to as
investment or other transfer of money flowing from racketeering, drug transactions and
other sources (illegal sources) into legitimate channels so hat its original source cannot be
traced. Apart from the traditional activities of drugs, racketeering, kidnapping, gambling,
procuring women and children, smuggling (alcohol, tobacco, medicines), armed robbery,
counterfeiting and bogus invoicing, tax evasion and misappropriation f public funds, new
markets are also flowering. These include smuggling, illegal labor and refugees, computer
piracy, trafficking in works of art and antiquities, in stolen cars and parks, in protected
species and human organs, forgery in arms, toxic and nuclear products etc.
Money laundering generally involves a series of multiple transactions used to
disguise the source of financial assets so that these assets may be used without
compromising the criminals who are seeking to use the funds. These transactions fall into
three stages i.e. Placement (Dirty money being inserted into the financial system through
a process through deposits wire, transfers, or other means, unlawful proceeds into
financial institutions.) Layering {Separates; the proceeds {room their criminal origin by
moving them though a series of financial transactions. This makes it harder to establish a

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Agarwal, J.D. and Aman Agarwal “International Money Laundering in the Banking Sector”

connection between them); and Integration (Creating a legitimate explanation for the
source of funds, allowing them to be retained, invested or used to acquire goods or
assets).
The characteristics of organized crime are quite evident in money laundering as it
is a group activity which is long-term and continuing; a criminal activity which is carried
out often by more than one person; an activity which is carried out irrespective of national
boundaries at large scale; and generates proceeds, which are often made available for
illicit use. Criminals involved in money laundering commit three basic types of crimes i.e.
Crimes of passion or honor; Crimes of violence or vandalism; and Economic crimes -
crime committed to make money. Most often crimes are committed for two reasons; for
kicks (to prove that they can get away with it and for unscrupulous greed for quick money
(they think that they can make more money from the crime than they can from the same
amount of legitimate endeavors).

III. Money Laundering: How it is done?

Some current estimates are that of US$ 500 billion to US$ 1 trillion in criminal
proceeds are laundered through banks worldwide each year with about half of that is
circulated through US banks [US Senate, Nov. 1999 & Feb. 2001]. As the banks are
widely used for money laundering they have a central role to play in curbing the menace.
Accordingly, the money 1aundering activities have been subject of eight prior
investigations in U .S. According to the Permanent Subcommittee's Report, there are five
major factors which create money laundering vulnerabilities: the role of private bankers,
private banks as client advocates, powerful customers, and a corporate culture of secrecy,
a corporate culture of lax controls and the competitive nature of the industry.

III. 1. Private Bankers as Client Advocates

Private bankers are the linchpin of the private bank system. They are trained to
service their clients and to set up accounts and move money around the world using
sophisticated financial systems and secrecy tools. Private Banks encourage their bankers
to develop personal relationships with their clients, visiting the client’s homes, attending
weddings and graduations, and arranging their financial affairs. The result is that private
bankers may feel loyalty to their clients for both professional and personal reasons,
leading them to miss or minimize warning signs. In addition, private bankers use their
expertise in bank systems to evade what they may perceive as unnecessary "red tape"
hampering the services their clients want, thereby evading controls designed to detect or
prevent money laundering.

III. 2. Powerful Clients

Private bank clients are, by definition, wealthy. Many also exert political or economic
influence which may make banks anxious to satisfy their requests and reluctant to ask

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Agarwal, J.D. and Aman Agarwal “International Money Laundering in the Banking Sector”

hard questions. If a client is a government official with influence over the bank's in
country operations, the bank has added reason to avoid offence. Moreover verifying
information about a foreign client's assets, business dealings, and community standing can
be difficult for US banks. The Federal Reserve board found in its private banking review
that foreign clients were particularly difficult for private banks to assess due to a lack of
independent data bases of information, suit as credit reports. While private banks
routinely claim that their private bankers gain intimate knowledge of their clients, the case
histories demonstrate that too often is not true. For example, in one case, a private banker
was unaware for more than three years that he was handling the accounts of the some of
the an African head of state.

III. 3. Culture of Secrecy

A culture of secrecy pervades the private banking industry. Numbered accounts at
Swiss banks are but one example. There are other layers of secrecy that private banks and
clients routinely use to mask accounts and transactions. For example, private banks
routinely create shell companies and trusts to shield the identify of the beneficial owner of
a bank account. Private banks also open accounts under code names and will, when
asked, refer to clients by code names of encode account transactions.

III. 4. Secrecy Jurisdictions

In additions to shell corporations and codes, a number of private banks also
conduct business in secrecy jurisdictions such as Switzerland and Cayman Islands, which
impose criminal sanctions on the disclosure of bank information, related to clients and
restrict US bank oversight. The secrecy laws are so light, they even restrict internal bank
oversight.

III. 5. Culture of Lax Controls

In addition to secrecy, private banking operates in a corporate culture that is at
times indifferent or resistant to anti-money laundering controls, such as due diligence
requirements and accounts monitoring. The problem begins with the private banker, who,
in most private banks, is responsible for the initial enforcement of anti-money laundering
controls. It is the private banker who is charged with researching the background of
prospective clients, and it is the private banker who is, asked in the first instance to
monitor existing accounts for suspicious activity. But it is also the job of the private
banker to open accounts and expand client deposits. According to John Reed, Co-
chairman of Citigroup (with 30 years of banking experience), private bankers tend to
become advocates for their clients and has lost the detachment needed to monitor their
transactions. He also observed that private bankers often don't have the temperament or
discipline needed to ask clients detailed questions about their funds and transactions and
to record the information provided in a proper form.

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Agarwal, J.D. and Aman Agarwal “International Money Laundering in the Banking Sector”

The fundamental problem is that private bankers are being asked to fill
contradictory roles-to develop a personal relationship with a client and increase their
deposits with the bank, while also monitoring their accounts for suspicious activity and
questioning specific transactions. Human nature makes these contradictory roles difficult
to perform, and anti-money laundering duties often suffer.
Private Banks have dealt with this problem by setting up systems to ensure that
private banker activities are reviewed by third parties, such as supervisors, compliance
personnel or auditors. The subcommittee staff investigation has found, however, that
while strong oversight procedures exist on paper, in practice private bank oversight is
often absent, weak or ignored.

III. 6. Cut throat Competition

Another factor creating money laundering concerns is the ongoing competition
among private banks for clients, due to profitability of the business. A Federal Report on
private banking states. : “As the target market for private banking is growing, so is the
level of competition among institutions that provide private banking services” [FRB,
1997]. Private Banks interviewed by the subcommittee Staff confirms that the markets
remain highly competitive; most also reported to have plans to expand operations. The
dual pressures of competition and expansion are disincentives for private banks to impose
tough anti-money laundering controls that may discourage new business or cause existing
clients to move to other institutions.
In addition to the general factors cited above, the actual products and services
offered by the private bank also create opportunities for money laundering.
1. Multiple Accounts: A striking feature of the private bank accounts examined is
their complexity. Private bank clients often have many accounts in many locations.
Some are personal checking, money market or credit card accounts. Others are in
the name of one or more shell companies and multiple investment accounts are
common, including mutual funds, stock, bonds and time deposits. The reality right
now is that private banks allow clients to have multiple accounts in multiple
locations under multiple names and do not aggregate the information. This
approach creates vulnerabilities to money laundering by making it difficult for
banks to have a comprehensive understanding of their own client's accounts. In
addition, it complicates regulatory oversight and law enforcement, by making it
difficult for banks to have a comprehensive understanding of their own clients
accounts. It also complicates regulatory oversight and law enforcement, by making
it nearly impossible for an outside reviewer to be sure that all private bank accounts
belonging to an individual have been identified.
2. Secrecy Products: Most private banks offer a number of products and services that
shield a client's ownership of funds. They include offshore trusts and shell
corporations, special name accounts, and codes used to refer to clients or fund
transfers.

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Agarwal, J.D. and Aman Agarwal “International Money Laundering in the Banking Sector”

3. Movements of Funds: Current account transactions at private banks routinely

involve large sums of money. The size of client transaction increases the banks
vulnerability to money laundering by providing an attractive venue for money
launderers who want to move large sums without attracting notice. In addition,
most private banks provide products and services that facilitate the quick,
confidential and hard-to-trace movement of money across jurisdictional lines.
4. Credit: Another common private bank service involves the extension of credit to
clients. Several private bankers told the subcommittee that private banks urge their
private bankers to convince clients to leave their deposits in the bank and use them
as collateral for large loans. This practice enables a bank to earn a free not only on
the deposits under their management, but also on the loans. This practice also
however, creates vulnerablilty for money laundering by allowing a client to deposit
questionable funds and replace them with “clean" money from a loan. Moreover, as
the client loans are fully collaborative by assets on deposits with the bank, the bank
may not scrutinize the loan purpose and repayment prospects as carefully as for a
conventional loan, and may unwittingly further a money launderer's efforts to hide
illicit proceeds behind seemingly legitimate transactions.
5. Development of Off -Shore Banking: Originally, off-shore centers were quite
literally islands, hence the expression. Today the term is used rather loosely for
financial centers, which operate within a low tax regime; this enables international
transfers of money to take place with a great deal of facility and with no hindrance
to capital flows.
i. The development of the offshore banking sector has made it difficult to
prevent money laundering.
ii. As Helmut Schmidt once observed, central banks "did not see that they
were losing their grip over the markets when they allowed commercial
banks to establish offshore affiliations."
iii. Governments regard it as synonymous with enhanced competitiveness.
iv. Competitiveness is deemed to be inconsistent with tight monitoring and
control, and offshore banks and corporations attract funds largely because
they promise both anonymity and the possibility of tax avoidance, and in
some cases, tax evasion.
v. The Cayman Islands, the Netherlands Antilles, Aruba and Cyprus are all
examples of offshore banking havens that have been used or confirmed to
be used by criminal organizations for laundering the proceeds from their
illicit activities.
vi. Such centers offer offshore attractive opportunities for the transfer and
secretion of funds in places where they are relatively safe from
identification and seizure by law enforcement.
vii. Most often, offshore corporations are created simply to launder and hide
money.

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Agarwal, J.D. and Aman Agarwal “International Money Laundering in the Banking Sector”

IV. World's Worst Banking Scandal

The world's worst banking scandal, inflicting huge financial losses on thousands
of people worldwide, surfaced in the media in 1991. This was the Bank of Credit and
Commerce International (BCCI). As could be expected, it had heavy ties with the CIA,
terrorist organizations, drug traffickers, and any other crooked financial transactions
shunned by most other banks. It financed terrorist activities, financial drug trafficking
deals, defrauded depositors. Years before it was shut down, Robert Gates, FBIO Chief,
referred to BCCI as the Bank of Crooks and Criminals.
BCCI started operations in Pakistan in 1972, with much of its funding provided by
Bank of America and the CIA. Bank of America claims that it sold its BCCI interest in
the early 1980s, but records show that Bank of America continued to control much of
BCCI's operations until shortly before BCCI was shut down. In the early 1970s, CIA
operative Gunther Russbacher transferred sizable amounts of CIA funds into the bank for
the start-up operations.
The CIA knew about BCCI's activities, and found its mindset to be very
manipulating and planned its own operations through BCCI. BCCI was customers made
for the covert and corrupt activities of the CIA, the MOSSAD, drug dealers and terrorists.
CIA operatives used the bank to launder money from CIA enterprises, including drug
trafficking proceeds, and from its various financial activities within the United States,
including its use of savings and loans, to fund unlawful arms shipments, finance terrorist
operations, undermine foreign governments, and other covert activities. Investigating
reports showed that BCCI was able t o simultaneously manipulate the spy agencies of
numerous countries, including the US, Israel, Pakistan, China, Saudi Arabia, among
others. BCCI was supplying funds for terrorist Organizations such as Abu Nidal. BCCI
rigged international commodity markets that permitted certain insiders to make hundreds
of millions of dollars in profits, offset by the same amount lost by depositors. BCCI was
laundering money (drug money) for drug cartels throughout the world.

IV 1. Frauds from Small Bank Accounts

The "fraudsters" use fake certificates of deposit drawn on other branches of an
international bank, which can range from US$10 million to US$ 25 million. The
“fraudsters” also use fund transfers, which involve real dollars, opening up small accounts
into which they then pour millions of dollars. “Fraudsters” will also use counterfeit letters
of agreement, drawn on bank letter heads, seemingly vouching for a client from another
branch of that bank, or confirming a deal has been approved etc. The problem which
creates a temptation to approve such transactions, is that these banks May be turning
away legitimate business. Thus there is concern that banks operating overseas may be at
a competitive disadvantage because they adhere to standards for “knowing your
customers” identifying beneficial owners of transactions refusing suspicious or unusual
transactions, etc. The banks should be advised informally that the answer is not to lower
standards in t he home country o r a broad, but to intensify efforts to ensure that all major
financial centers operate within the limits of an international consensus on counter

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Agarwal, J.D. and Aman Agarwal “International Money Laundering in the Banking Sector”

measures.
V. What Bankers need to Know: Anti Money Laundering Controls?
International banking continues to grow, developing worldwide connections
among banks, as well as the increasing sophistication of banking methods. The constant
challenge is to ensure that every bank can account for its customers. Every government
has laws which ensure the prosecution of financial crimes, and that every society sets
moral and ethical standards for the conduct of commerce. Many important financial
centers have now adopted legislation to curb drug related money laundering, and the
number of governments which have ratified the 1988 UN Convention continued to
increase. But the race between criminals seeking new ventures, and oversight bodies
seeking more widespread compliance, still goes to the crooks.
Money Laundering is the biggest Fear for Finance Industry. The entire industry in
the world or any separate country must understand that financial crime needs to be
understood, analyzed and fought proactively. Banking Industry needs to be one step ahead
of money launderers in order to control the menace of money laundering and financial
crimes. Concern regarding financial crime is growing to unprecedented levels amongst
UK financial institutions, [Logic CMG Report, 2003]
One of the best control techniques for the banks to control money laundering is to
know your customer.[FSA Report, 2003] The consultation paper, published in August
2003, describes the FSA's money laundering directions on two important anti-money
laundering controls: One, Issues relating to obtaining and using customer information for
anti-money laundering purposes, and secondly on Anti- money laundering monitoring,
assessing customers use firms' products and services and how possible money laundering
activities can be identified from this.[FSA]
Eleven world money centre banks agreed in October 2000, to a set of anti-money
laundering guidelines - for private banking activities. These guidelines state at the outset
that “bank policy will be to prevent the use of its worldwide operations for criminal
purposes.”
SWIFT is the principal international service for wire transfer message trafficking
that can initiate funds transfers. In Russia and some East European states, banks can be
readily purchased for very little money - though few of them have electronic banking
access to SWIFT. SWIFT is a co-operative society located in Belgium having 2600
institutions in 65 countries. It provides services to security bankers and dealers; clearing
institutions; and recognized security exchanges
This is what the future nightmare envisioned by the authorities will be like - with
organized crime in control of banks and able to launder huge sums of money not only for
themselves but also for other criminal organizations. Already in Russia it is said that
criminal groups control over 400 banks and 47 exchanges. This is worrying bank
chairmen in Russia as between 1994 to July 1995, there were thirty assassination attempts
against top bank officials, sixteen of who were killed. These killings along with earlier
ones were important indicators of the efforts by criminal organizations to infiltrate the

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Agarwal, J.D. and Aman Agarwal “International Money Laundering in the Banking Sector”

Russian banking system. Infiltration of the banking system offers significant advantages
for criminal organizations, not least the opportunity it gives to facilitate money
laundering for both Russian and foreign criminal organizations. Russian officials have
worked with FATF and us government agencies to put into place more effective
regulations and proceedings to combat money laundering, in accordance with
international standards.
In February 1988, the OECD's Financial Action Task Force- for money laundering
in its Annual Report highlighted the problem in Mexico and stated “One of the most
favored technique continues to be out bound currency smuggling, along with electronic
transfers, Mexican bank drafts and the parallel peso exchange market. Corruption remains
the chief impediments to Mexican's anti-laundering efforts.”
Under the auspices of UNO, there is an international campaign to crack down on
an essential component of the problem of money laundering. Now countries have enacted
laws to prevent money laundering and allow closer scrutiny of suspect bank accounts of
criminals.
Government of India has issued anti-money laundering guidelines before
introduction of the Prevention of Money Laundering Bill in Parliament. Indian Bill
embraces money laundering from drug-trafficking, terrorism, profits from prostitution,
extortion, smuggled items 1ike gold, diamond etc. India ' s security is threatened by the
spread of international crime control, free trade, globalization and advances in
telecommunications leading to the increased reach of crime syndicates. The Bill in
Section 3 deals with the offense of money laundering which states that whenever a person
acquires, owns, possesses or transfers any proceeds of crime or knowingly enters into any
transactions or deals or aids the concealment of the “proceeds of crime”. Means any
property derived or obtained, directly or indirectly, by any person as a result of criminal
activity relating to a scheduled offence or the value of such property. The Bill has the
schedule offence which lists 16 sections of Indian Penal Code, 6 Sections of Arms Act, 9
sections of Narcotic Drugs Act and 4 sections of the Prevention of Corruption Act. Thus
the Bill covers all activities which are capable of producing illegal money. The Reserve
Bank of India's panel has recommended rules against money laundering [RBI]. According
to the RBI's panel “The existing framework against money laundering activities in India
needs further strengthening”, This can be done by improving procedures and policies for
preparing appropriate (banks) customer profiles and coordination and cooperation with
regulatory and other authorities. The panel said banks operating in India should ascertain
the source of funds in deposit schemes offered to expatriate Indians as part of their drive
to prevent money laundering. It also suggested each bank appointed an anti-money
laundering compliance officer and create profiles of customers. It called for creation of a
data bank of suspicious transactions, which could then be circulated to banks to help them
defect patterns of suspicious behaviors. However, the REI did not say when it intends to
implement the recommendations. But technological initiatives in the Indian banking space
have gradually gathered momentum ever since REI announced the policy of privatization
of banking in 1993. Infrasoft Technologies has launched a money laundering software in
India on the 17th of September, 2003. This is a huge development being India's first

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Agarwal, J.D. and Aman Agarwal “International Money Laundering in the Banking Sector”

globally of adoptable Anti Money Laundering (AML) Software named OMNI Enterprise.
Considering the size and dimension of the problem, and the alarm, Infrasoft
Technologies, a specialist banking product player, is counting on its early mover
advantage to make the lead way in the anti- money laundering products sphere that is
estimated to be worth close to US$ 10 billion.
The United States has desired India to play a more aggressive role in its global
campaign against terrorism and terrorist financing by joining groups striving to curb
money laundering. The Indian Parliament is yet to pass The Prevention of Money
Laundering Bill, 1999, and the country is yet to join the Paris based Financial Action
Task Force consisting of 29 nations which was set up in 1989 to prevent international
money laundering. Since the September 11 attack, cutting off money to terrorists has
topped the agenda of FATF, which includes the United States, Britain, Canada, France,
Brazil and Switzerland. The panel has used FATF rules as a guideline. Alarmed with
reports of money from global terrorist organizations flowing into their account, banks
across the globe are implementing special anti-money laundering software to detect
unusual flow of money.

References
1. Agarwal, J. D. and Aman Agarwal (2002) "Liberalization of Capital Flows, Banking
System & Trade: Focus on Crisis Situations"; Invited paper for INTERNATIONAL
REVIEW OF COMPARATIVE PUBLIC POLICY titled “International Financial
Systems and Stock Volatility” Volume 13, pages 151-212.
2. Agarwal, J. D. and Aman Agarwal (2004) "Globalization and International Capital
Flows", Invited to deliver the Keynote Address at the National Conference on
“Globalization – Decadal Indian Experience”, organized by ATMA MAYYIL and
the Institute of Technology, Kannur University, Kerela, INDIA on 17th January
2004. ANANYA, Journal of National Institute of Financial Management (Invited
Paper),INDIA 2004.
3. Agarwal, J.D., (2004a), “Financial Developments in the World Economy” delivered
the late Professor K.S. Mathur Memorial Lecture, by University of Rajasthan on
Saturday, 3rd January 2004 in Senate Hall of University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, INDIA;
forthcoming Finance India Vol. XVIII Special Issue, 2004.
4. Agarwal, J.D., (2004b), “Volatility of International Financial Markets: Regulation
and Financial Supervision” delivered as Keynote Address at the 4th International
Conference in Finance organized by Faculty of Administration & Economics,
University of Santiago de Chile, CHILE on 7th January 2004; forthcoming Finance
India Vol. XVIII No. 1, March 2004.
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Mobility and Trade” Essays in Honor of Robert Mundell (Volume I & II), MIT
Press, London, England
6. FRB, (1997); “Federal Reserve Report 1997”, Federal Reserve Board, 1997

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Agarwal, J.D. and Aman Agarwal “International Money Laundering in the Banking Sector”

7. FSA Report, (2003); “Reducing money laundering risk – Know your customer and
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Frauds”, Siddharth Publications, Delhi, India.
11. Logical CMG Report, (2003)“Money Laundering ascending to research announced”
by Logical CMG on l7th November 2003.
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d’economie financiere, France
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Investigations”, US Senate Committee on Government Affairs, November 9, 1999
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Investigations on Correspondent Banking: A Gateway for Money Laundering”,
Senate Committee on Government Affairs, February 5, 2001
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Laundering Principles Banks Work with Transparency International on Guidelines
for Private Banking" Wolfsberg Press Releases, Zurich, October 30, 2000
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[Link]

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