ENGLISH REVIEWER
Using Conventions in CITING YOUR SOURCES
CITATION
It is a reference to the sources of information used in one’s written work.
It is a way of giving credit to the individuals for their creative and intellectual works or ideas that you
utilized to support your academic work or paper.
WHY SHOULD BE CITED?
It identifies the sources used in a research paper or project.
It gives credit to the author/s, writer/s, or researcher/s that you used for academic purposes.
It allows the readers to follow-up or retrieve the material/s.
To avoid charges of PLAGIARISM.
WHAT ISPLAGIARISM?
It is the unacknowledged use or appropriation of another person’s work or ideas.
It is a form of cheating and a serious academic offense.
CITATION STYLES
[Link]
Modern Language Association
It is usually used in Humanities like English, History, or Drama.
[Link]
American Psychological Association
It is used in Social Sciences like Psychology, Education, Sociology and other disciplines.
IN-TEXT CITATIONS: BASICS
IN-TEXT CITATIONS HELP READERS LOCATE THE CITED SOURCE IN THE REFERENCES
SECTION OF THE PAPER.
APA IN-TEXT CITATION
1. APA in-text citation formats:
a. Text (author’s surname, date)
Example #1:
APA style is a difficult citation format for the first-time-learners (Jones, 1998).
b. Text (author’s surname, date, page number)
Example #2:
APA style is a difficult citation format for the first-time-learners (Jones, 1998, p.199).
c. The use of DIRECT QUOTATION
It is important to note in APA style citations for the direct quotation, or the exact words of the author
include the page number/s where the piece or pieces of information were obtained.
Example#3:
“Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time” (Jones, 1998, 199)
Example#4:
According to Jones (1998), “Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their
first time” (p. 199)
The MLA in-text citation
2. The MLA in-text formats:
a. Text (page number)
Example #1:
Lester recommends that students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help
minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (46-47).
b. Text (author’s surname, page number)
Example #2:
Students should take just few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of
quoted material in a research
paper (Lester 46-47).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
It is taken from the Greek word “biblion” which means ‘book’ and “graphia” which means ‘to
write’.
It is a list of all the sources or references which you use in writing your paper or project.
The sources are arranged in an alphabetical order.
APA Formats
The bibliography entry using the APA format consist of the following:
Author’s Surname, First Name Initials. (Date of Publication).Title of the Book. Place of Publication:
Publishing House.
BOOK WITH ON AUTHOR:
EX: EHRENREICH, B. (2001). NICKEL AND DIMED: ON (NOT) GETTING BY IN AMERICA. NEW
YORK : HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY.
BOOK WITH MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR:
EX: HUTCHENS, D.L., AND ROSS, L. (2007). PEARL, THE MAN AND THE PLACE: THE ORIGIN
OF MOUNT PEARL. ST. JOHN’S, NL:
BOOK WITH MORE THAN 6 AUTHORS:
LIST ONLY THE FIRST ONE (AUTHOR) AND USE ET AL FOR THE REST.
EX: EHRENREIH, B. ET AL. 92001). NICKEL AND DIMED: ON (NOT) GETTING BY IN AMERICA.
NEW YORK: HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY.
MAGAZINES AND NEWSPAPERS ARTICLES
AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, FIRST INITIAL. (PIBLICATION DATE). ARTICLE TITLE. PERIODICAL
TITLE, VOLUME NUMBER (ISSUE NUMBER IF AVAILABLE), INCLUSIVES PAGES.
Magazine Article:
Example: Pincott, J. (2012, March. “Slips of the Tongue”. Psychology Today, 15-22
ENCYCLOPEDIA AND DICTIONARY
AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, FIRST NAME INITIAL. (DATE). TITLE OF ARTICLE. TITLE OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA, (VOLUME, PAGES). CITY OF PUBLICATION: PUBLISHING HOUSE.
EXAMPLE #1: (ENCYCLOPEDIA)
TOBIAS, R. (1991), THURBER, JAMES. ENCYLOPEDIA AMERICA. (P.600). NEW YORK:
SCHOLASTIC LIBRARY PUBLISHING.
EXAMPLE #2: (DICTIONARY)
(1993). MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY (10TH ED.). SPRINGFIELD, MA:
MERRIAM-WEBSTER.
Online Document or Reference:
Author’s surname, First name initial. (Date of Publication). Title of Work. Retrieved month day, year,
from full URL.
Example: Holland, N. N. (1982). Laughing: A psychology of humor. Retrieved from
[Link] psal&m=hd2J&i=45367
MLA Format
Surname of the author, First name. Title of Work. Place of Publication: Name of Publishing House, Date
of Publication
Examples: Book with one author:
Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York: New American Library, 1959
More than one author:
Warriner, John C., Mary Evelyn Whitten, and Francis Griffith. English Grammar and Composition.
Chicago: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1958
Periodical:
Tevlin, Michael. “Board Split on Higher Standards”. Valley Times. June 17, 1982, p.1.
ENCYCLOPEDIA AND DICTIONARY
AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, FIRST NAME. “TITLE OF ARTICLE”. TITLE OF ENCYLOPEDIA.
DATE.
EX #1: (ENCYCLOPEDIA)
PETTINGIL, OLIN SEWALI, JR. “FALCON AND FALCONRY”. WORLD BOOK
ENCYCLOPEDIA.1980.
EX#2: (DICTIONARY)
“AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION.” MERRIAM-WEBSTER COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY.
10TH ED. 1993.
Online:
Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Page.” Address (URL). Day Month Year of Posting.
Example:
Kearney, Kevin. “Creating Your Own Web Pages: A
Beginning.”[Link] November 1999.
PERSUASION
WHAT IS PERSUASION?
AN ATTEMPT TO INFLUENCE
TRANSMISSION OF A MESSEAGE
SYMBOLIC PROCESS
FREE CHOICE
3 PILLARS OF PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION
ETHOS – APPEAL TO ETHICS, REFERS TO THE EFFORT TO CONVINCE YOUR AUDIENCE OF
YOUR CREDIBILITY OR CHARACTER.
PATHOS – APPEAL TO EMOTIONS, REFERS TO THE EFFORT TO PERSUADE YOUR
AUDIENCE BY MAKING AN APPEAL TO THEIR FEELINGS.
LOGOS – APPEAL TO LOGICS, REFERS TO THE EFFORT TO CONVICE YOUR AUDIENCE BY
USING LOGIC AND REASON.
Graphic Organizers and Representational Diagrams
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
They are visual and graphic displays that show the relationships between knowledge, concepts, thoughts,
or ideas within a learning task.
Sometimes they are referred to as knowledge map, concept map, mind map, cognitive organizer, or ideas,
in seeing relationships, and retaining information.
Chain diagrams, also called sequence of events diagrams, are a type of graphic organizer that describe the
stages or steps in a process.
Problem and solution graphic organizer is defined as a graphical representation of a problem-solving
process. The diagram involves writing the essence of the problem in the beginning, then suggesting steps
for resolving it, and finally coming up with a solution.
Compare/Contrast Matrix Graphic Organizers allow to compare and contrast multiple objects, characters,
or concepts from a given text.
Instructional Writing Frame consists of a skeleton outline given to learners to scaffold their writing.
Persuasion Map is an interactive graph that helps people connect their arguments for a persuasive essay,
speeches, debates, etc., which means makers of persuasion maps need to identify their reasons and clarify
their examples or factors to support their argument.
REPRESENTATIONAL DIAGRAMS
Definitions: They enable us to think, calculate, analyze, predict, and understand the information.
They are effective and economic device for the presentation, understanding and interpretation of the
collected information.
Types of Graphical Representations
Table- is a representation display of data or information in rows and columns.
Chart - is an illustrative presentation of information. It is used to explain the relationship between a large
quantity of data and its parts.
Line chart- constitutes a series of factual information or data points connected with a straight line.
Pie Chart- represents data concerning the proportion of a whole (pie) which is divided into segments or
“slices” to illustrate a portion of the whole.
Graph is a visual display of appraisals over grids (horizontal and vertical lines) that provide an easy way
to view interpretation of all the values.
Bar Graph is a chart that uses either horizontal orvertical bars to show comparisons between categories.
Line Graph uses a line to connect the data points or information. It shows trends and identifies whether
two variables relate to or correlate with one another.
Pictograph is also known as a pictogram, is the pictorial representation of data using images, icons, or
symbols.
Information Maps
Information Mapping is a method of identifying, categorizing, and interrelating information for learning
and referencing.