Parks Notes

Chapter 2

Question Answer
What is a common theme in most
cultures? Health is a common theme in most cultures.
What is one of the oldest definitions of One of the oldest definitions of health is the "absence of
health? disease."
In some cultures, what is considered In some cultures, harmony is considered equivalent to
equivalent to health? health.
Harmony is defined as "being at peace with the self, the
How is harmony defined in these cultures? community, god, and cosmos."
Which ancient cultures shared the concept The ancient Indians and Greeks shared the concept of
of health and harmony? health and harmony.
They attributed disease to disturbances in bodily
What did they attribute disease to? equilibrium of what they called "humors."

Question Answer
What is modern medicine Modern medicine is often accused of its preoccupation with the
often accused of? study of disease and neglect of the study of health.
What continues to be
profound due to this
preoccupation? Our ignorance about health continues to be profound.
Examples of our ignorance about health include the unclear
What are some examples of determinants of health, elusive current definitions of health, and the
our ignorance about health? absence of a single yardstick for measuring health.
What field has great scope for
studying health? The "epidemiology" of health has great scope for study.

Question Answer
What has there been a
reawakening about in the past There has been a reawakening that health is a fundamental
few decades? human right and a worldwide social goal.
What is health considered Health is considered essential to the satisfaction of basic human
essential to? needs and to an improved quality of life.
Who decided on the main social The 30th World Health Assembly decided on the main social
target in 1977? target.
The main social target was the attainment of a level of health that
What was the main social target would permit all citizens of the world to lead a socially and
set in 1977? economically productive life, also known as "Health for All."
When was health adopted as an
integral part of socio-economic Health was adopted as an integral part of socio-economic
development? development by the United Nations in 1979.
What did health become a major Health became a major instrument of overall socio-economic
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instrument of? development and the creation of a new social order.
What goals kept health centrally The Millennium Development Goals in 2000 and the Sustainable
positioned in the years 2000 and Development Goals in 2015 kept health centrally positioned to
2015? ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

Question Answer
What is the basis of all health care? An understanding of health is the basis of all health care.
Do all members of a community No, health is not perceived the same way by all members of
perceive health the same way? a community, including various professional groups.
What are some professional groups
that have different perceptions of Biomedical scientists, social science specialists, health
health? administrators, ecologists, etc.
What can the different perceptions of
health among professional groups lead The different perceptions can lead to confusion about the
to? concept of health.
The concept of health has evolved from an individual
How has the concept of health evolved concern to a worldwide social goal that encompasses the
over the centuries? whole quality of life.
Is health considered an issue of social
justice? Yes, health is considered an issue of social justice.
The new concepts of health are based on new patterns of
What are the new concepts of health thought and emerging trends in a world of continuous
based on? change.

Question Answer
Health has traditionally been viewed as an
How has health traditionally been viewed? "absence of disease."
This traditional view is known as the
What concept is this traditional view known as? "biomedical concept."
What theory does the biomedical concept have its The biomedical concept has its basis in the
basis in? "germ theory of disease."
When did the germ theory of disease dominate The germ theory of disease dominated medical
medical thought? thought at the turn of the 20th century.
How did the medical profession view the human The medical profession viewed the human
body in the biomedical concept? body as a machine.
What was considered a consequence of the
breakdown of the machine in the biomedical Disease was considered a consequence of the
concept? breakdown of the machine.
What was one of the tasks of the doctor according One of the doctor's tasks was to repair the
to the biomedical concept? machine.
What became the ultimate goal of medicine in this Health, in this narrow view, became the
narrow view? ultimate goal of medicine.
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The criticism leveled against the biomedical concept is that it
What criticism is leveled against has minimized the role of environmental, social, psychological,
the biomedical concept of health? and cultural determinants of health.
What major health problems were Major health problems such as malnutrition, chronic diseases,
found to be inadequately accidents, drug abuse, mental illness, environmental pollution,
addressed by the biomedical and population explosion were inadequately addressed by the
model? biomedical model.
What is the consequence of relying
solely on medical technologies Relying solely on medical technologies was found inadequate to
according to the criticism? solve some of the major health problems of mankind.
What developments led to the Developments in medical and social sciences led to the
conclusion that the biomedical conclusion that the biomedical concept of health was
concept of health was inadequate? inadequate.

Question Answer
What deficiencies in the biomedical The deficiencies in the biomedical concept gave rise to other
concept gave rise to other concepts? concepts.
What hypothesis did the ecologists The ecologists put forward the hypothesis that health is a
put forward regarding health? dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment.
Dubos defined health as the relative absence of pain and
discomfort and a continuous adaptation and adjustment to
How did Dubos define health? the environment to ensure optimal function.
Human, ecological, and cultural adaptations determine not
What do human, ecological, and only the occurrence of disease but also the availability of food
cultural adaptations determine? and the population explosion.
What are the two issues raised by The ecological concept raises two issues: imperfect man and
the ecological concept? imperfect environment.
History argues that improvement in human adaptation to
What does history argue regarding natural environments can lead to longer life expectancies and
improvement in human adaptation a better quality of life, even in the absence of modern health
to natural environments? delivery services.

Question Answer
What did contemporary developments in Contemporary developments in social sciences revealed
social sciences reveal about health? that health is not only a biomedical phenomenon.
What factors influence health besides the Health is influenced by social, psychological, cultural,
biomedical aspect? economic, and political factors of the people concerned.

Question Answer
Factors such as social, psychological, cultural, economic, and
What factors need to be considered political factors need to be considered in defining and
in defining and measuring health? measuring health.
How can health be described based Health can be described as both a biological and social
Question Answer
on these factors? phenomenon.

Question Answer
What is the holistic model of The holistic model is a synthesis of all the concepts mentioned
health? above.
What influences does the
holistic model recognize on The holistic model recognizes the strength of social, economic,
health? political, and environmental influences on health.
How is the holistic model The holistic model is described as a unified or multidimensional
described in terms of a process involving the well-being of the whole person in the context
person's well-being? of their environment.
The holistic model corresponds to the view held by the ancients
What view of health does the that health implies a sound mind, a sound body, a sound family,
holistic model correspond to? and a sound environment.
Which sectors of society does The holistic approach emphasizes that all sectors of society,
the holistic approach including agriculture, animal husbandry, food, industry, education,
emphasize have an effect on housing, public works, communications, and other sectors, have an
health? effect on health.
What is the emphasis of the The emphasis of the holistic approach is on the promotion and
holistic approach? protection of health.

Question Answer
What is the difficulty associated with Most people find it difficult to define "health," although
defining "health"? they are confident of its meaning.
What has been the result of the Many definitions of health have been offered from time to
difficulty in defining health? time.

Question Answer
What is the widely accepted The widely accepted definition of health is the one given by the
definition of health? World Health Organization (WHO) in its constitution.
What is the WHO's definition of The WHO defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental,
health according to its and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
constitution? infirmity."
How has the WHO's definition In recent years, the definition has been amplified to include the
been amplified in recent years? ability to lead a "socially and economically productive life."
What criticism has been made Some argue that health cannot be defined as a static "state" but
about the WHO's definition of should be seen as a dynamic process of continuous adjustment to
health? the changing demands of life.
How is health described as a Health is described as a dynamic concept that helps people live
dynamic concept? well, work well, and enjoy themselves.
What are the limitations of the The WHO's definition is criticized for being too broad, but it is still
WHO's definition of health? seen as a positive and aspirational standard for overall well-being.
What does the concept of health The concept of health as defined by the WHO symbolizes the
Question Answer
as defined by the WHO aspirations of people and represents an overall objective or goal
symbolize? that nations should strive towards.

Question Answer
Why is the WHO definition of
health not considered an The WHO definition of health is not considered an "operational"
"operational" definition? definition because it does not lend itself to direct measurement.
What has hampered studies of The inability to measure health and well-being directly has
the epidemiology of health? hampered studies of the epidemiology of health.
Who devised an "operational An operational definition of health has been devised by a WHO
definition" of health? study group.
How is health viewed in the In the operational definition, health is viewed as having two
operational definition? orders or levels.
In a broad sense, health can be seen as a condition or quality of
In a broad sense, how can health the human organism expressing the adequate functioning of the
be seen? organism in given conditions, whether genetic or environmental.

Question Answer
In a narrow sense, what does health In a narrow sense, health means that there is no obvious
mean? evidence of disease and a person is functioning normally.
Functioning normally means conforming within normal limits
What does it mean to function of variation to the standards of health accepted for one's age,
normally in terms of health? sex, and geographic region.
What does it imply for the several
organs of the body to be
functioning adequately in It implies a kind of equilibrium or homeostasis, where the
themselves and in relation to one organs are functioning adequately in themselves and in
another? relation to one another.
Homeostasis refers to a condition that is relatively stable but
What does homeostasis refer to in can vary as human beings adapt to internal and external
terms of health? stimuli.
The criteria generally accepted for measuring health in a
narrow sense include the absence of obvious disease, normal
What are the criteria generally functioning within the limits of variation for age, sex, and
accepted for measuring health in a geographic region, and adequate functioning of the organs in
narrow sense? relation to one another.

Question Answer
What is the new philosophy of health
that has emerged in recent years? The new philosophy of health can be stated as follows.
What is the view on health as a
fundamental human right? Health is viewed as a fundamental human right.
What is emphasized as the essence of Health is emphasized as the essence of productive life, not
Question Answer
productive life in relation to health? solely the result of increasing expenditure on medical care.
What is meant by health being Health is interconnected with various sectors and areas of
intersectoral? society.
How is health considered in relation to
development? Health is seen as an integral part of development.
What role does health play in the
concept of quality of life? Health is central to the concept of quality of life.
Who shares the responsibility for The responsibility for health involves individuals, the state,
health? and international entities.
What is the significance of health in Health and its maintenance are considered major social
terms of social investment? investments.
What is the overarching goal of health
in the worldwide context? Health is a worldwide social goal.

Question Answer
The three specific dimensions of health according to
What are the three specific dimensions of the WHO definition are the physical, the mental, and
health according to the WHO definition? the social dimensions.
Besides the physical, mental, and social Other dimensions of health that can be cited include
dimensions, what other dimensions of spiritual, emotional, vocational, and political
health can be cited? dimensions.
Can the list of dimensions of health expand Yes, as the knowledge base grows, the list of
as the knowledge base grows? dimensions of health may expand.
Do these dimensions of health function and Yes, these dimensions of health function and interact
interact with one another? with one another.
Despite their interaction, how are the
dimensions of health treated for descriptive For descriptive purposes, each dimension of health is
purposes? treated separately and has its own nature.

Question Answer
What is the physical dimension of The physical dimension of health refers to the state of physical
health? well-being.
How is physical health Physical health is conceptualized as a state in which every cell
conceptualized in terms of the and organ in the body is functioning at optimum capacity and in
body's functioning? harmony with the rest of the body.
How is the term "optimum" in
relation to physical health The term "optimum" is not definable when it comes to physical
described? health.

Question Answer
What are the signs of physical The signs of physical health in an individual include a good
health in an individual? complexion, clean skin, bright eyes, lustrous hair, firm flesh,
appropriate weight, a sweet breath, a good appetite, sound sleep,
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regular activity of bowels and bladder, and smooth, easy,
coordinated bodily movements.
How are the organs of the body
described in terms of physical All the organs of the body are described as being of unexceptional
health? size and functioning normally.
What condition should the
special senses be in for physical
health? All the special senses should be intact for physical health.
What should be within the
range of "normality" for an The resting pulse rate, blood pressure, and exercise tolerance
individual's age and sex in terms should all be within the range of "normality" for an individual's age
of physical health? and sex.
In young and growing individuals, there is a steady gain in weight,
How is weight described in and in the future, this weight remains more or less constant at a
relation to physical health for point about 5 lbs (2.3 kg) more or less than the individual's weight
young and growing individuals? at the age of 25 years.
How are the limits of normality The limits of normality are set by observation of a large number of
for physical health determined? "normal" people who are free from evident disease.

Question Answer
What tools and techniques have evolved for Various tools and techniques have evolved for the
the evaluation of physical health? evaluation of physical health.
What is one method for assessing physical
health? One method is self-assessment of overall health.
What should be inquired about in terms of In assessing physical health, inquiries should be made
assessing physical health? about symptoms of ill-health and risk factors.
What should be inquired about regarding In assessing physical health, inquiries should also be
medications? made about medications.

Question Answer
Examples of indicators used to assess levels of activity
What are examples of indicators used to include the number of days of fitness activity within a
assess levels of activity in physical health? specified time and the degree of activity.
What can be inquired about to assess the Inquiries can be made about the number of visits to a
use of medical services in physical health? physician and the number of hospitalizations.
What are some examples of standardized
questionnaires used for assessing specific Examples include standardized questionnaires for
diseases in physical health? cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases.
What methods are used for clinical Clinical examination is a method used for assessing
examination in physical health assessment? physical health.
What assessments are conducted for
nutrition and dietary factors in physical
health evaluation? Assessments include nutrition and dietary assessment.
Question Answer
What types of investigations are carried out Biochemical and laboratory investigations are
for assessing physical health? conducted for assessing physical health.
At the community level, what are examples
of indicators used to assess the state of Examples of indicators used at the community level
health? include death rate and infant mortality rate.
What is the goal when combining different The goal is to obtain a more complete health profile of
pieces of health information? individuals and communities.

Question Answer
What does the
mental dimension of The mental dimension of health involves more than just the absence of
health entail? mental illness.
How is good mental Good mental health is defined as the ability to respond to the various
health defined? experiences of life with flexibility and a sense of purpose.
More recently, mental health has been defined as a state of balance between
How has mental the individual and the surrounding world, a state of harmony between
health been more oneself and others, and a coexistence between the realities of oneself, other
recently defined? people, and the environment.

Question Answer
What was the traditional view The traditional view regarded the mind and body as
regarding the mind and body? independent entities.
What has research revealed about Research has revealed that psychological factors can induce
psychological factors and illness? various illnesses, not only mental ones.
Can psychological factors contribute to
conditions like essential hypertension,
Yes, psychological factors can contribute to conditions like
peptic ulcer, and bronchial asthma? essential hypertension, peptic ulcer, and bronchial asthma.
Do some major mental illnesses have a
Yes, some major mental illnesses, such as depression and
biological component? schizophrenia, have a biological component.
The inference is that there can be a dysfunction in
behavior, psychology, or biology, and the disturbance in
What inference can be made based on mental equilibrium is not solely related to the individual's
these findings? relationship with society.

Question Answer
What is the scientific understanding of mental The scientific foundations of mental health are not
health? yet clear.
Why is it challenging to assess the state of Unlike physical health, there are no precise tools to
mental health precisely? assess the state of mental health.
What are some characteristics attributed to a
mentally healthy person according to Psychologists mention several characteristics of a
psychologists? mentally healthy person.
What does it mean for a mentally healthy It means they are not at "war" with themselves,
Question Answer
person to be free from internal conflicts? indicating a lack of internal conflicts.
A mentally healthy person is well-adjusted and able
How is the interpersonal aspect of mental to get along well with others. They accept criticism
health described? and are not easily upset.
What aspect of mental health involves the The search for identity is considered an attribute of
search for identity? mental health.
What is meant by having a strong sense of Having a strong sense of self-esteem is an attribute
self-esteem in mental health? of mental health, indicating a positive self-image.
What does it mean for a mentally healthy Knowing oneself, including needs, problems, and
person to know themselves in terms of needs, goals, is an attribute known as self-actualization in
problems, and goals? mental health.
How is self-control described in relation to A mentally healthy person demonstrates good self-
mental health? control, balancing rationality and emotionality.
A mentally healthy person faces problems and tries
How does a mentally healthy person approach to solve them intelligently, effectively coping with
problems and stress? stress and anxiety.

Question Answer
How can mental health be
assessed at the population Mental health at the population level can be assessed by
level? administering mental status questionnaires by trained interviewers.
The commonly used questionnaires aim to determine the presence
What is the purpose of the and extent of "organic disease" and symptoms that could indicate
commonly used questionnaires psychiatric disorders. They also include personal assessments of
in mental health assessment? mental well-being.
The primary decision to be made in assessing mental health is
What is the primary decision to whether to assess mental functioning, considering the extent to
be made in assessing mental which cognitive or affective impairments hinder role performance
health? and subjective life quality, or to focus on psychiatric diagnosis.

Question Answer
Social well-being implies harmony and integration within the individual,
What does social between each individual and other members of society, and between
well-being imply? individuals and the world they live in.
Social well-being has been defined as the quantity and quality of an
How has social well- individual's interpersonal ties and the extent of involvement with the
being been defined? community.

Question Answer
The social dimension of health includes levels of social skills,
What aspects are included in the social functioning, and the ability to see oneself as a member
social dimension of health? of a larger society.
What does social health focus on in Social health focuses on the social and economic conditions,
Question Answer
as well as the well-being of the "whole person" within the
terms of an individual's context? context of their social network.
What does social health
acknowledge regarding an Social health acknowledges that every individual is part of a
individual's relationships? family and a wider community.
What does the term "positive
material environment" refer to in The term "positive material environment" focuses on financial
social health? and residential matters as part of social health.
What does the term "positive The term "positive human environment" pertains to the social
human environment" refer to in network of the individual and is concerned with their social
social health? interactions.

Question Answer
The spiritual dimension of health refers to that part of the individual
What is the spiritual which seeks meaning and purpose in life, reaching beyond physiology
dimension of health? and psychology.
How is spiritual health
described in relation to Spiritual health is seen as an integral part of holistic health and is given
holistic health? serious consideration by proponents of holistic health.
What does the term The term "spiritual health" encompasses integrity, principles, ethics,
"spiritual health" the purpose in life, commitment to a higher being, and belief in
encompass? concepts that are not easily explained by current knowledge.
Is the spiritual dimension of No, as a relatively new concept, the spiritual dimension of health is
health easily defined? challenging to define concretely.
What does the spiritual
dimension transcend? The spiritual dimension transcends physiology and psychology.

Question Answer
Historically, the mental and emotional dimensions have
How have the mental and emotional been seen as either one element or closely related
dimensions historically been perceived? elements.
What is the emerging understanding As more research becomes available, a definite
regarding the mental and emotional difference is emerging between the mental and
dimensions? emotional dimensions.
How can mental health be described in Mental health can be seen as pertaining to "knowing" or
relation to cognition? "cognition".
How can emotional health be described? Emotional health relates to "feeling".
What have experts in psychobiology
achieved in relation to mental and Experts in psychobiology have been relatively successful
emotional dimensions? in isolating these two separate dimensions.
How should the mental and emotional With this new data, the mental and emotional aspects of
aspects of humanness be viewed based humanness may need to be viewed as two separate
on new data? dimensions of human health.
Question Answer
What is the vocational dimension The vocational dimension of life refers to the aspect of human
of life? existence related to work and employment.
How can work contribute to When work is fully adapted to human goals, capacities, and
promoting physical and mental limitations, it can play a role in promoting both physical and
health? mental health.
What are the benefits associated Physical work is usually associated with an improvement in
with physical work? physical capacity.
What are the psychological Goal achievement and self-realization in work can be sources of
benefits associated with work? satisfaction and enhanced self-esteem.
When does the importance of the The importance of the vocational dimension becomes apparent
vocational dimension become when individuals suddenly lose their jobs or face mandatory
apparent? retirement.
For some individuals, the vocational dimension may be seen
How do individuals perceive the merely as a source of income, while for others, it represents the
vocational dimension? culmination of their efforts in other areas.

Question Answer
What are some examples of levels of activity that can e.g., number of days of fitness activity within
be measured? a specified time
What can be assessed through an inquiry into the use e.g., the number of visits to a physician, the
of medical services? number of hospitalizations
What are some methods of assessment for standardized questionnaires, clinical
cardiovascular diseases? examination
What are some methods of assessment for respiratory
diseases? standardized questionnaires
What are some methods of assessment at the indicators such as death rate and
community level? expectation of life
What is the goal of gathering information about To obtain a more complete health profile of
individuals and communities? individuals and communities
What are some examples of biochemical and nutrition and dietary assessment,
laboratory investigations for assessment? biochemical and laboratory investigations
What are some examples of indicators used to assess
the state of health at the community level? death rate, infant mortality