[Link] [Link] Speed Frame Speed Frame: Speed frame is the m/c where the sliver is subjected to one or more attenuating process and the attenuated sliver receives a small amount of twist and is then wound on bobbins suitable for creeling at next process. Object / Function of speed frame: 1. Attenuation of drawn sliver to form roving of required count by drafting. 2. Insert small amount of twist to give required strength to roving. 3. Winding of roving into a package that can be transported to ring spinning machine. 4, Build the roving in full length of bobbin. Need to use Speed Frame / Necessity of Speed Frame: 1. The first reason for speed frame related to the required draft. Slivers from the draw frame are generally too coarse in hank number for intermediate presentation in the Spg frame for drafting and twisting to yarn. To convert this to a yarn, required 100-500 draft . But the drafting arrangement of ring spg n/c are not capable of processing sliver in a single drafting operation to create a yarn of short staple fiber. 2. The second reason is that, the drawn frame cars represent the worst conceivable mode of transport and presentation of the feed material to the ring frame.[Link] [Link] Operation involved in Speed Frame: 1.) Creeling: By this process the drawn sliver is introduced to the deraft zone from sliver can manually. Up to 120 drawn sliver can be creeled in speed frame while in the conventional machine 40 slivers can be creeled at a time. 2.) Drafting: By this process the drawn sliver is attenuated to reduce weight per unit length and form roving of required count. Tn modern machine 5-20 draft is given 3.) Twisting: To insert small amount of twist to get required strength of roving. So that not breakage of yarn and possible to wind of roving in convenient package. Usually, 30-65 turns per m which are created by flyer. But twist in roving is given such that the fibers hold its constituent fibers together and not create hinder during drafting in Ring frame. 4.) Winding: To wind the roving on to a suitable bobbin which will facilate handling, transfer and feeding to ring frame. Due to winding, as dia of bobbin is gradually increased, the speed of bobbin is continuously decreased with the help of building motion so that not breakage of too much tension. And as a result, roving is wounded on bobbin. 5.) Bui With the help of building motion, the correct or proper shaped package is made by winding of roving on bobbin in some consequent process and the two ends of package is formed tapered so that not with drawn of roving. 6.) Doffing: To replace empty bobbin at a place of full bobbin. Operating principle of simplex machine --Drawn slivers from the draw frame section are fed through driven creel rollers to drafting arrangement from the sliver can. --These driven rollers guide the sliver to drafting arrangement which is at a considerable distance from the cans. --In order to avoid variation created in this passage, smooth and correct amount of drive should be given to the rollers so that the slivers do not get stretched unduly. -- In the drafting system, silver is converted into roving form by means of suitable of draft. --Mostly 3 over 3 drafting system is used in the roving frame with break draft and finisher draft being applied in the first and second zones of drafting. --In the drafting system aprons are used to guide and transport the fibers during drafting and they exert a very significant amount of control over the short fiber movement.[Link] [Link] Top drafting rollers. as Rovi ne OG 32 C rs od S COEZY Bottom drafting rollers Flyer ——] — sliver can Roving ot Bobbin (Passage of simplex (roving frame) process) --Twist is inserted by means of flyer and the roving is wound onto bobbin. --All Bobbins are supported by a Bobbin rail that moves up and down so that roving coils are placed adjacent to each other on the surface of the bobbin. Drafting system of Simplex / Speed Frame: 1. Conventional drafting system: 4 over 4 without apron 2. Modern drafting system: 4 over 4 with apron I. SKF Pk 1600, Il. SKF Pk 1500 1. Conventional 4 over 4 drafting system : neem Botism tee! Hietbed Pat[Link] [Link] Features : . Draft range --- 6-10 Less middle % draft ( about 1.08) x Total draft 6-10 Front zone draft 2-3 Middle zone draft 1-1.08 Back zone draft 2-3 Roller weighting by dead weight and hook arrangement. Nip point is in the vertical line of the roller centre. After passing the nip point , fiber is not controllable. Nip to nip distance is higher than fiber staple length. Pressure system is dead wt and hook arrangement. Top Rollers are rubber coated & Bottom are steel and flutted. Apron is not used. eer avey Advantage: Fluted rollers causes of less slippage and synthetic rubber coating prevent more fiber damage. Disadvantage: No arrangement for properly fiber control. More tendency of roller lapping. Irregular draft distribution. Found more irregularity. Thick and thin places produce. The roller setting distance should be changed for even Less production due to more time required. Less fiber controlling capacity due to vertically central nip point.[Link] [Link] Modern drafting system: SKF drafting a) SKF PK1500 b) SKF PK 1600 a, SKF PK — 1500 drafting system: Features: It is 3 over 3 drafting system Draft range ~ 10-15 and break draft range form 1.05 Apron is used and thickness of apron is 1 mm . Cradles are long continuous sheet used in double apron system Top roller weighting is by spring or pneumatic. Roller setting is not necessary for small change of fiber length. Roller Pressure : Front pair — 20-30 daN, Middle Pair 20- 25 daN, Back pair 15-20 daN. Hardness of top roller 80-88 shore and hardness of bottom roller is about 60 shore . Roller dia Middle Back Front Top—28mm =. 25 mm 28 mm Bottom—30- 25-27 mm. 30-32 mm 32mm Advantage[Link] [Link] Regular and uniform draft distribution. Better fiber control. Roller setting is not always necessary. Better roving evenness. Less influenced by change in staple length of fiber. Disadvantage: If draft is below the lower limit, then drafting operation becomes difficult to control. Cracked open, badly joined leather apron produce bad roving. b. SKF PK — 1600 drafting system: ack Palos . ged pay and pois Frnt Peticer amon 5mm Features: Draft range — Max 20 Normally 10-15 Roller dia slightly change. -- 28.0 mm Top roller dia— Back 28, 3ni---28, 2nt—25 , front ---28 mm. All bottom roller dia For middle zone, draft distribution easily. Wider roller setting. Double apron is used and thickness | mm.[Link] [Link] Top roller hardness is 80-85 shore. Roller setting is not nec ary for small change of fiber length. Roller weighting by spring or pneumatic. Condenser in middle %one to hold the fibers in one place. Roller setting : Front range : -~ Middle range : Back range : --- Staple length +1/16~1/18” - Staple range + 2/16~3/16” taple range + 4/16~5/16” Advantages: Regular and uniform drafting is possible. Roller setting is draft %one for dust and fly fiber suction. Pneumatic suction in draft %one for dust and fly fiber suction. Less irregularity. Roller setting is flexible. Better controlling and guiding of fiber occurs . Capability of giving high range of draft. Less tendency of roller lapping. Disadvantage: When draft is below the lower limit then drafting is difficult to control. Cracked apron, badly joined leather apron produce bad roving and end breakages.[Link] [Link] Difference between Conventional and Modern Drafting system : Conventional Drafting system 1. Roller draft method. 2. Apron is not used. 3. Not fiber control. 4. Roller weighting by dead weight and hook arrangement. 5. Draft range 6-10. 6. More tendency of roller lapping and end breakage rate. spindle. 8. Not able to more production. 9. Various types of setting is needed to various staple length of fiber. 10. More time required to change of roller setting. 11. Nip points in the vocational line of roller centre. 12. Irregular draft distributes. Modern drafting system 1. Apron draft method. 2. Apron is used for better drafting. 3. Better fiber control 4. Roller weighting by spring and pneumatic. 5. Draft range 10-15 Maximum 20. 6. Less tendency of roller lapping and end breakage rate. 7. Spindle speed is very high. 8. Able to more production. 9. Various staple length fiber can be treated in same roller setting 10. Less time required. 11. Not. 12. Regular draft distributes. Apron: Apron is an endless sheet of synthetic rubber , Over which fiber can free movement . It may be of short or long and the thickness is about | mm. The aprons are held out by tensioning devices. Objects: To reduce the short fiber . Control the floating fiber. Prevent foreign matters. Help regular drafting by alignment of fiber.. Cradle: In figure , see top apron is supported by 4 no. parts in fig. this part is called cradle. With cradle apron is supported upto the front roller. Nose Bar: in figure, see bottom apron is supported by 3 no. parts. This part is called nose bar, With nose bar bottom apron is supported upto the front roller. Cradle length: the distance between the nip point of middle roller to the ending point of top apron is called cradle length [ for example for cotton processing cradle length =43 mm][Link] [Link] Spacer: It is used to create a gap between the two aprons of drafting system, Otherwise, fiber movement will be hampered. Just think, if no spacer is used, then top apron will be placed over bottom apron, then how fiber will move forward? So, a gap is created between two aprons. In figure-5, yellow portion is called spacer Fig : top apron with cradle [inside].[Link] Twisting Twisting is one of the main operations involved in speed frame. The process of giving spiral rotation in the drafted material along its axis is called twisting. Twist helps to bind the fibers together to give a desired strength to the drafted strand just sufficient to enable it to build up in the form of bobbin and easy with draw for the next process. Importing Twist: The flyer inserts twist. Each flyer rotation creates one turn in the roving. Twist per unit length of roving depends upon the delivery rate of front roller. RPM of flyer Front roller delivery ( Turns per inc ich min) High level of roving twist represents production losses and also draft problem in the ring spinning nv/e, But low twist levels can cause roving breaks during bobbin winding and unwinding. False Twist When the fibers strand comes out after drafting, it has very low strength because of less number of fibers present in it, It needs to strengthen before winding it onto the bobbin. This problem of poor strength needs to insert a little amount of twist into the fiber strand. A flyer is used to impart the twist into the roving. The flyer revolves around the roving bobbin at 700 — 1300 rpm. One revolution of flyer inserts one turn in the roving. The turns per unit length in the roving depends upon the delivery rate of the simplex machine. High turns per in the roving decrease production performance of a simplex machine and it causes draft problems during ring frame operation too. If the tums per unit length in the roving is lower than required it causes problems of false draft and roving breakage during operation of the simplex machine. The false twister is used on the flyer when the twist is imparted to between front roller and flyer. This extra amount of twist improves the strength of roving and minimize the breakage rate of roving. The production rate does not affect due to this extra twist. The roving becomes compact due to the extra twist. Because of the compactness of the roving extra length is wound onto the roving bobbin. Spindle: The spindle is simply support and drive element for the flyer without any ancillary function. It is long steel shaft, mounted at its lower end in a bearing and supported package tube acting as a neck bearing. The spindle tip is and provided with a slot. When the flyer is set on the spindle a pin on the flyer projects into the slot so that the flyer and spindle are converted into a unit for drive purpose.[Link] [Link] False twister The Flyer Flyer is an essential part pf a speed frame, By this Twist are given an roving , without any current resistance . Flyer holds the roving and pass the roving through hollow legs also maintain uniform tension during bobbin building. The second full flyer leg serves to balance the grooved leg. Mainly three types of flyers --———-- 1, Spindle mounted flyers (conventional) 2. Top mounted flyer (Modern) 3. Closed mounted flyer Flyer speed —-- 80-1200 rpm. Function of flyer To import twist on roving. It gives one twist on roving per revolution. Guiding the roving in proper place over the bobbin during winding. The pressure of the flyer on the roving helps to produce a compact bobbin. Helps in winding. Protects the weak roving from resistance of air.[Link] [Link] Factors consider for selection of twist in Roving: 1. Staple length of fiber: For higher staple length, lower TPI because of it gives sufficient strength to roving. Staple length f sufficient strength ¢ Twist | Production 2. Fire ness of fiber: Fineness } TPL | 3. Hank of roving: For fiber hank roving , TPI t 4. Type of fiber: Poly long staple, uniform fiber, Twist | Polyester—> twist | Cotton ----- Twist Yarn count Roving Hank TM 6-40 0.8-1.0 13-11 40--+ I. Winding Principle: In speed frame, normal drum winding or Cross-winding is not possible at high speed, because of its sofiness and low strength. It is wounded by the help of flyer. There are two winding principles: 1) Bobbin leading principle (for cotton) 2) Flyer leading principle (for jute) 1. Bobbin leading principle: Features: 1) In order to wind the roving on to bobbin, the bobbin speed must be higher than the flyer/ spindle speed at all winding period. 2) With the increase of bobbin dia, the bobbin speed must be decrease. 3) The variation of bobbin speed with the increase of bobbin dia must be constant. 4) Less tension on Roving or Yam, 5) Used in cotton Spinning RPM iFlyer Speed! ‘[Link] [Link] Mathematical Expression ---- Let front Roller delivery = L inch/min. Bobbin dia = d inch Bobbin speed = Nb rpm Spindle / flyer speed = Ns rpm Bobbin circumference = II d. And winding on speed (Nw) = L/TId rpm. Again, Nw = Bobbin speed Flyer speed/spindle speed. = Nb-Ns So, L/Td = (Nb-Ns) L=Id(Nb-Ns) As L, II, Ns speed constant. So, done It indicates, Bobbin dia increase, the bobbin speed must be decrease. 2. Flyer leading prin: Features 1. In order to winding the roving on the bobbin, the flyer speed must be higher than the bobbin speed at all point of winding. 2. With the increase of bobbin dia , the bobbin speed must be increased. 3. The variation of bobbin speed is constant with the increase of bobbin dia. 4) Used in Jute Spinning. Mathematical Expression --- Let, Front roller delivery = L inch/min Spindle / flyer speed = Ns rpm Bobbin speed = Nb rpm So, bobbin circumference = Id Fig : flver leading princinle Winding on speed = L/TId ‘Again Nw = Ns-Nb Lifd = Ns-Nb L=TIld (Ns-Nb) if L, IT, Ns are constant with the increase of bobbin dia , the bobbin speed must be increased.[Link] [Link] How to change bobbin speed? When the builder motion shifts the cone belt, the rotation rate of the lower cone is changed. This continuously reducing rotation rate is transmitted via gearing to the differential and is there superimposed on the constant speed of the main shaft. Further gearing then transmits the resultant movement arising in the differential to the bobbin drive. e task : / Function : Building Motion: This device has to perform three important tasks during winding operation: - 1) Shift the cone belt corresponding to increase in the bobbin dia. 2) Reverse the direction of movement of the bobbin rail at the upper and lower ends of the lift stroke, 3) Shorten the lift after each layer to form tapered ends on the bobbins. 1) Shifting on the cone belt: ig Th vevaraing gore of tha Sifter motion The mvc part that induces all changes is the change over mechanism , which comprises metal brackets (3/7) and rods (5/6) This mechanism is secured to the bobbin rail and is raised and lowered as a unit with the rail.[Link] [Link] A stationary pin is struck by one of the rods (5/6) on the upward stroke and by the other on the downward struck. and each time a micro switch (4) emits a pulse. Each pulse from micro switch causes operation of a release mechanism to permit rotation of the ratchet wheel through one half tooth. 2) Reversal of the bobbin rail movement: Reversal of the rail movement originates from the reversing gear. An electrically operated valve pressurizes the left and right chambers of the double acting cylinder (9) alternately. Thus, the left-hand clutch and right-hand clutch are operated successively so that the pinion is meshed either with. gear wheel | or gear wheel 2. The shaft on which gear wheels | and 2 are mounted, always rotates in the same direction. Accurately , operation of clutch ( 1or ( 2) causes left or right hand rotation of the pinion and shaft The bobbin rail is correspondingly raised or lower via the bevel gear, pinion , sprocket and lifting chain. 3) Shorting of the lift:[Link] [Link] Rods 5 and 6 are inclined, The inclination is adjustable and corresponds exactly to the taper of the bobbin ends (a) During winding of a package, the ratchet is rotated at every change-over and also the micro switch is gradually shifted further to the right on a slide. The rods engage the micro switch steadily earlier in the lift stroke and reversal occurs correspondingly earlier. This gives a continuous reduction in the lift of the rail. The bobbins are thus built with a taper. Break draft: The greater portion of draft in speed frame is obtained between middle and front roller. But the draft between back and middle roller varied from 1,03-1.5 which is known as break draft. Function: To prepare the processed sliver for final drafting in the front zone. Engage to break the twist in the curled mtl to prepare it for final drafting. Helps to acquire higher draft between middle and front roller. Excessive break draft is undesirable from evenness and quality point of view. The twist of the speed frame roving is well broken in the break draft field, so that the roving, enters the main draft zone , is in sufficient loose condition. Efficiency loss for different types of stoppage : . Roving breakage v Roller lapping in drafting roller Power failure Mechanical fault. Electrical fault, Unskilled worker. Workers regularly. Doffing. Creeling, PRPHP PS 10. Piecing.[Link] [Link] 11, Can shortage. 12. Sliver shortage. 13. Sliver breakage. 14, Bobbin shortage. Recent development of speed Frame : 1. Improved drafting system : By Improved drafting system, 6-20 Draft can be imported to sliver. SKF pk 1500, SKF pk 1600, SKF pk 5000 etc. give better controlling to fibers. 2. Higher spindle speed : Range 1400-1500 rpm which gives up to 50% increased Production. 3. Plastic flyer : Lighter in wt and less power consumption. 4. No spindle present , flyer gets drive from the top. 5. Auto stop motion : 1) Atcreel : When slivers breaks or slivers can is empty. 2) At front Roller : When roving breaks. 3) Auto doffing : Full bobbin is ejected and empty bobbin is replaced automatically. 6. Gearing in the oil bath : Smooth running of the m/e and high production. 7. Inching motion : This involves in turning the flyer to correct position for piecing when nic stops for any end breakage and important due to relationship between bobbin dia and winding speed. 8. Monitoring system : Includes Process setting Drive setting Production report Efficiency Speed of flyer Quality monitoring Stoppage time. 9. Auto tensioning device : To determine tension on roving and send this data to inverter motor . If tension is more , decreases motor speed and vice — versa. [Link] belt returns automatically. [Link] in drafting zone. [Link] motor :[Link] [Link] Decrees speed of bobbin with the increase of bobbin dia. Controls traversing motion. Controls tension on roving. Controls the fast wheel directly. [Link] roving quality. [Link] range of roving court ( 0.5-2.5 Ne) [Link] changing. Differential motion: Differential motion is actually the resultant of two different motion’s namely --- © The const motion of main shaft driven from motor. © The variable motion of cone drum (particularly bottom can drum) Differential; motion is generated in differential box and get the output motion from the last wheel. Function or necessity of differential motion: Necessity of differential motion is very much. —+ For winding roving on to bobbin we have to keep bobbin speed more than flyer speed. This excess speed of bobbin is controlled by differential motion. — Bobbin dia increases after winding every layer of roving onto it. So, to keep constant winding on speed (ie difference between bobbin and flyer speed) we have to decrease bobbin speed. For this purpose, differential motion is used — Differential motion helps to transmit the variable speed of bobbin cone drum to bobbin with the increase of bobbin dia. So, its necessity is very much for winding operation of speed frame. Why Drawn Sliver directly don’t use in ring frame?