CHAPTER 4 DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY Se eter ectesco ta + the processes and test methods of system Cee lacs + the processes and development methods of software CE’ ene EE nN aa Bet en CUE aC Smelira WinnyGPeart Vadana Vocational Training CenterSYSTEM . DEVELOPMENT System Development Processes TECHNOLOGY + Estimate of Software+ It is natural that in a system used in business operations, + the necessary functions must operate normally * easy to use by users (system user departments) Itis important for the department developing a system to: with various departments that would use the System BX fey ean -sa system, and their requirements and them in the system to be developed. Processes + Asystem need not necessarily be developed within one’s own company and can be to a company specializing in system development. +A is a typical contract method used at the time of outsoureing system development to another company.General procedure of developing a Ati) Pecnery The function required for a system are arranged signed onthe TH a ements defiton. The system s developed ont Gesigned contents. Aunt testis program that nas been create, an operations ae verified, A neal 09 focwheh the unt ests persion te ‘The completed systems fhe system operating requirementsRequirements definition + The “Requirements definition”: * clarifies the functions, performance, and other details required for the system and software + includes the “System requirements definition” and the “Software requirements definition." 1. The demands of the users (system user departments) are investigated and analyzed 2. It is determined whether or not the demands are technically feasible. 3. The requirements for achieving the demands are defined in detail and arranged as a “Requirement definition document.” 2May-22 ‘Winny8Pearl Yadana Vocational Training CenterRequirements definition + At the time of investigating the demands of the users, the method of finding out the requirements through the way of interviews, etc., that is called “Hearing,” is effective. * In order to implement the requirements definition smoothly ‘without any omissions, * items to be heard are clarified beforehand, + alanis set up and implemented * In order to enable checking the results of hearing at a later stage, it is important to maintain them as minutes, ete. 2May-22 ‘Winny@Pearl Yadana VocaticRequirements definition + The requirements definition constitutes the first step of system design. * Progression to the process of system design happens on the basis of the contents of the system requirements definition, * In this process, the requirements definition for software is performed. * To develop a superior system, * It is necessary to define each requirement while cooperating with various departments that would be using the system. 2May-22 ‘Winny8Pearl Yadana Vocational Training CenterRequirements definition * In the “System requirements definition," the functions that are necessary for computerization are clearly specified + Generally, the requirements conceming + system reliability (such as operation time and operation conditions) + security (such as countermeasures against a failure and maintenance) are specified. * The performance of the hardware to be used for system operation * The conditions for education of users of the system are also specified together. + In order to check if the contents specified in the system requirements definition meet the cost and achieve the maximum effect within a limited budget, it is necessary to prioritize the specified items. 2May-22 ‘Winny@Pearl Yadana Vocatic raining CenterQuality characteristics + ISOMEC 9126 (JIS X 0129- model) + ISO - Intemational Organization for Standardization 1):2001 Software engineering — Product quality — Part 1: Quality + IEC - Intemational Electrotechnical Commission + “Quality characteristics” can be: for evaluating the quality of software for improving the quality of software. + Quality characteristics include the following + Functionality + Reliability © Usability + Efficiency + Maintainability + PortabilityQuality characteristics The extent of whether or not necessary functions have been incorporated ‘The extent of whether or not a correct operation continues The extent of whether or not it is easy to use (has good operability) The extent of how small the amount of resources is required for operation The extent of whether or not revisions are easy to make (whether or not the effect of revisions is confined) ‘The extent of whether or not transplanting into another environment is easyGeneral procedure of developing a Ati) Pecnery The function required for a system are arranged signed onthe TH a ements defiton. The system s developed ont Gesigned contents. Aunt testis program that nas been create, an operations ae verified, A neal 09 focwheh the unt ests persion te ‘The completed systems fhe system operating requirementsSystem design + The system is designed on the basis of the requirements definition. + The procedure of designing a system is as described below. + External design + Systems architecture design * Software requirements definition + Intemal design + Software architecture design * Program design + Software detailed design PerneryDEE ech rst} SO eee een nto) Software architecture design+ The architecture of the system, such as the hardware, etc. is designed in a Yon the basis of the requirements definition document. * This task is proactively by the user (system user department) in cooperation with the system development department.+ The is designed on the basis of the contents of the requirements definition. * All system requirements in the requirements definition document are classified as shown below + TItems to be implemented through (hardware configuration) * Items to be implemented through (oftware configuration) + Items to be implemented by the (manual operation)Hardware and Software Configurations + A _ hardware — configuration (server configuration, nenvork configuration, ete.) is determined taking into account the duplication and decentralization of servers and hard disks. + A. software configuration is determined taking into account the choices of new development or use of packages, or kinds of middleware to use, ete. 2May-22 1a Vocational Training Center 16Architecture risks capacity limitations poor quality designs flaws and inefficiencies that are either rejected by the sponsor * By thus classifying the requirements, the user work scope becomes clear, and it becomes possible * to propose options in view of the risks, * to design the system configuration on the basis of effective operation and maintenance, ete. + The designed contents are arranged as a“Software requirements definition (External design) + The software requirements to be developed from the user’s perspective are designed Yon the basis of the systems architecture design document. + This task is implemented proactively by the user (system user department) in cooperation with the system development department. 1a Vocational Training Center 1°Software requirements definition (External design) + The software requirements as seen from the users are defined. * The system interface is designed. * Data to be handled is identified. + The contents defined here are arranged as a “Software requirements definition document.“ V Interface design ¥ Listing all the relevant data items ‘Winny8Pearl Yadana Vocational Training CenterInterface design + The part corresponding to the contact point between humans and computers is called a “user interface” or a “human interface." + System input and output screens and printed formats of output forms are designed here. Listing all the relevant data items When table data is designed to use a relational database, + all data items to be used in business operations are extracted ‘+ data that is overlapping as a result of data normalization is eliminated ‘Winny@Pearl Yadana Vocatic raining Center 20+ The internal functions necessary for the system are designed ¥ on the basis of the + This task is implemented by the system development department.+ An internal design for the system, such as necessary for the system is drawn. + The design is made from the viewpoint of performing in order to implement the functions determined in the systems architecture design and the software requirements definition. + The designed here are arranged as a “Software architecture design document.” + Since internal functions of the system are to be designed, * this task is performed by * the users (system user departments) to this designing® Software detailed «the internal structure of a program is designed on the design basis of the software architecture design document. (Program design) + This task is implemented by the system development department. 2May-22 WinnyaPear! Yadana Voeational Training Center 23® % The internal structure of a program is designed on the basis of the software Software detailed _»shitecturedesian design In the “Software detailed design.” (Program design) + The fimctional details of the program are defined. + The detailed processing units of the program structure, such as the access method (SQL statements) to the database, are designed. The contents designed here are arranged as a “Software detailed design document." + Programming is implementedon the basis of this design document. + Since internal functions of the system are to be designed, + this task is performed by the system development department + the users (system user departments) do not contributeto this designing 2May-22 WinnyaPear! Yadana Voeational Training Center . 24Systems architecture design RCC MCCS Cerra Becca Software detailed design eee a) Ue eC a) CoC Sree Ci Eee) Cg Software detailed design CrisNecessity of review + Itis necessary to implement a “Review” for each process of system development. + Review + refers to checking and ensuring that there are no bugs (errors) in the design or system. + purpose - to improve the quality by detecting and correcting latent bugs + Areview may be performed personally by a developer, or by a project team of a small number of persons, or else by all those who are concerned. + While a review is effective even if conducted by the developer hinvherself, + if itis performed by a person other than the developer, + checking can be done objectively + the bugs that went unnoticed by the dev +r hinv/herself may be detected. 2May-22 ‘Winny@Pearl Yadana Vocatic raining Center a8Joint review + The system requirements definition and systems architecture design, as well as the software requirements definition and software architecture design are reviewed jointly by the system development department and users (system user departments). + The joint review involves : + prioritization of items from the viewpoint of cost effectiveness to achieve maximum results within a limited budget + checking whether the designed system architecture meefs the system requirements, whether it is feasible to implement, ete 2May-22 ‘Winny8Pearl Yadana Vocational Training Center arReview methods —————L_~SCti‘<‘( O * This isa review implemented by a creator and multiple concerned parties. * It is implemented primarily for the purpose of early discovery of errors. ne CST ) * This is a review conducted by a moderator (i.e., a person in charge of implementation). * The moderator must bear responsibility for confirmation and correction of errors. 2May-22 ‘Winny8Pearl Yadana Vocational Training Center a8General procedure of developing a Ati) Pecnery “Te tunetonsrequred fora system are aranged, The systomis designed on the bas of te equcements definton ‘The system s developed onthe bass ofthe on SA" is pert Opertne 1 ne comptes system's le system Is operaing acc requirements and tis vertea me °9 The users (system user department) actully operate te system, and make improvements any defects are foundI]| Development (Programming) * The system is developed on the basis of the designed contents. + A “unit test” is performed for each program that has been created, + The respective operations are verified e.g., checking the consistency of user requirements with the design phase ‘2May-22 ‘Winny@Pearl Yadana Vocational Training Center 30Development (Programming) + “Programming” + refers to describing algorithms (procedures for problem solving) in accordance with the rules and grammar of the programming language + also refers to others up to completing operation tests + Each program module is created on the basis of the contents designed in the system design. + In order to properly operate the system, it is important to write: * each module's procedures and processing contents, * the processed results, ete exactly following the contents specified in the relevant design documents ‘2May-22 WinnyaPear!Y. ia Vocations raining Center ETI]| Module + A“module” is the smallest unit to configure a program. + Generally, one program is made of one or more modules. ‘2May-22 32I]! Development: Unit Test * In order to ensure that each module that has been prepared operates normally according to the software detailed design document, a “Unit test (module test)” is implemented. + Aunit test is implemented to: + detect logical errors in every single module + checks whether or not the modules function in accordance with predetermined specifications ‘2May-22 ‘WinnyaPearl Yadana Vocational Training Center 3I]! Development: Unit Test (Cont’d) * Generally, unit tests are conducted mainly: + by the persons in charge of the software detailed design (program design) + by the persons in charge of program development + Mainly, the MRIS BBEESSEis used for unit tests * The program is converted to a program that can run on the computer by using a “Compiler,” and the presence of bugs in the prepared program is ruled out. ‘2May-22 raining Center 3aCompiler Source program Language processor Machine language in the C language (compiler) program main() 01110100: { 00110101 printf("Sunday\n"); 10101111 +++ printf("Monday\n"); 01011011 printf("Tuesday\n"); 00110111 }References Coding + “Coding” refers to the creation of codes through writing algorithms and data processing logic ina programming language * The codes thus created are called “source codes.” Code review + “Code review” refers to reviewing created source codes. + Itinvolves checking: * whether the readability and maintainability of codes are high * whether the codes are written in accordance with the software detailed design and programing style ‘2May-22 36I Program quality * The improvement in the quality of a program should be implemented in the design stage of the program rather than by repeatedly performing tests. ‘2May-22 ina Vocational Training Center a7Improving the maintainability of a program + In order to improve the maintainability of a program, it is necessary to abide by programming rules, such as * the way of naming variables and writing comments * restrictions on the usable characters and the maximum length of character strings * differentiation between upper- and lower-case characters, etc + These rules to be followed are called “Programming style.” * A program written in accordance with a given programming style allows anyone: * to easily understand the programmed processes + to straightforwardly make revisions ‘2-May-22 38|| Debugging + “Debugging” refers to looking for and eliminating bugs from a computer program. * Itis different from a unit test in that when a bug is found. 1. the location of the bug is focused upon 2. only the part focused upon is corrected ‘2May-22 raining Center 38General procedure of developing a Ati) “The functions requred fora system are arranged, The system's designed onthe ‘The systemis developed on esigned contents, A "unt test propfam that has been create, and the respecte basis ofthe pecormed for each operations ae verified Andis programs for which the unit empleo jned oho ts chee he ere Sjsem operating normaly Bough tests periomed inihe order of"Jon les = “System test Operatonal est The completed system is instaled, and t's verted The users (system user department) actually operat he system, and make improvements any leita aiedlTesting + All individual programs for which the unit test is completed are joined. * It is checked if the entire system is operating normally through tests performed in the order of: * “Join test” — “System test” — “Operational test." atTesting * After unit tests are complete, * the modules are combined together, * other tests are conducted to ensure that the designed and developed system operates. normally, endures production operation, and other things. * Testing is an important process for checking the quality of a program and system. * Testing is performed on the basis of a test plan, and work is carried on while evaluating test results. 1a Vocational Training Center aa(1) Test implementation procedure The procedure of testing is as described below. a oe ee ceational Training Center aaCreation of test plan +The schedule, participants, and evaluation standard of the test are decided. * Tests are not repeated with the purpose of improving the quality of the program. ‘Winny2Pearl Yadana Vocational Training Center aaDesign of test specifications * The correspondence between the test data and expected results is designed on the basis of the design specifications. ‘Winny2Pearl Yadana Vocational Training Center aaSetting the test environment * The test data is created, and the test environment such as the devices, etc. used in testing are prepared. + At this time, if the creator of the program performs tasks such as preparation of the test data and setting of the test environment, » the sudden errors that can actually occur do not tend to occur. + NOt: This task is preferably performed by a person other than the creator of the program. ‘Winny2Pearl Yadana Vocational Training Center a8Implementation of the test + The test is implemented on the basis of the test specifications. * Ifa program is revised after the completion of the test, the test is implemented again. + At that time, the data for which the revised portion can be confirmed is added to the original test data. ‘Winny2Pearl Yadana Vocational Training Center arEvaluation of test results + The system is evaluated on the basis of test results, and it is ensured that there are no problems. ‘Winny2Pearl Yadana Vocational Training Center a8(2) Testing techniques * The main t + the “White box test” * the “Black box test" 2May.22 na Vocational Training Center 40White box test + The “White box test” is a technique to check the internal structure and logic of a program focusing on the control and flow of a program. + Atest case is taken into consideration so that all operation statements and all branch conditions are covered while focusing on the internal structure. 2May-22 WinnyaPear! Yadana Voeational Training Center 30tf) (2), ey (4) i 5 (6) White box test n (1] — [2] — [4] — [5] — [7] ............. Statement coverage M-a-4-8- 7 M-8-4- 8-7 {] = (2) — (4) — [6] — mJ ... Condition coverage -8-4-8-T7 (Test all) aamaytzReferences Test case | * A “test case” refers to the test items and conditions in view of the pattern to be tested. + Statement coverage + “Statement coverage” refers to the method of creating a test case so that all operations are executed at least once. It is one of the white box tests. * Condition coverage * “Condition coverage” refers to the method of creating a test case so that both true and false cases are covered for all decision conditions. It is one of the white box tests. 2May-22 22Black box test he “Black box test” implemented in accordance with specifications focusing on the results generated with respect to entered data. * This technique is used in many test processes. Considered as black box 2May-22 WinnyaPear! Yadana Voeational Training Center 33——— + Ina test plan, data is prepared to verify if expected results are produced with Tespect to entered data. + It is insufficient for completing a test if results are checked only for the case where correct data is entered, (3)Test plan + In the actual business operations, correct data is not necessarily entered at all times, and that the system is not always used under the normal condition. The test data is prepared in view of preparing for various cases as follow: + Normal data + Exceptional data * Error data 2May-22EE ——- —— Type Description Normal data _| Itis prepared to test if business operations are processed normaly. (3)Test plan Exceptional Itis prepared to test if exceptional data to occur in business data operation is processed as an exception. Error data Itis prepared to test if erroneous data is detected accurately as an error. [Note] First of al testing is performed by using normal data, and thereafter, testing Is performed by using exceptional and error data. 2May-22 WinnyaPeart 1a Vocational Training Center 35(4)Test implementation + Tests to be performed in system development include those described below: * Integration test + System test (Overall test) + Operational test Panay 22 Pi prin creas vatana vocations training Contor seIntegration test + In the “Integration test," * Modules and programs are integrated. + It is verified if they can be executed correctly in accordance with the sofiware architecture design. + The integration test is implemented between modules and programs, for which unit tests are complete, + to examine if data delivery between programs and screen transition are performed correctly. + Generally, persons in charge of the software architecture design (intemal design) prepare test cases, and integration tests are conducted in the system development department. + The integration test includes the tests described below. + Top-down test * Bottom-up test 2May-22 7ee lacie . wu a module (i.e., software that is the target of Ry Cet NT iT: (0 UTR Ciirele mec ICR meee) in place of the calling module (i.e., main routine). Prrnery Driver (dummy module) Module that is the target of testing Callee stub CAML ole (0) ear a Re oee eee ET Tl (0 Ca OTR Ciilele Melo eS om eT) in place of the called module ((ie., subroutine). Module that is the target of testing Stub (dummy module) CallTop-down test Test in an order starting from the upper module + It is a method by which testing is performed in an order starting from a Eero mu * Since in many cases all lower-level modules are not complete, provisional modules “stubs” are substituted to be called from upper-level modules. Vocational Training Center 60Bottom-up test + It is a method by which testing is performed in an order starting from a lower-level module. * If the higher-level module is not complete, a provisional module “driver” to call the lower-level modules is substituted. 1a Vocational Training Center etSystem test (Overall test) In th stem test, | | + The programs for which integration tests are complete are combined together. + It is verified whether all functions satisfy the requirements specifications designed in the systems architecture design (external design). + The following persons conduct the test in cooperation with each other. 1) persons in charge of the systems architecture design (external design) prepare test cases, 2) the system development department 3) users (system user departments) 2May.22 ‘Winny@Pearl Yadana Vocational Training Center¢ 2May-22 In the system test, the tests shown below are conducted depending on the purposes. Test Function test Performance test ‘Exception handling test Load test, (Rush test) Operabilty test Regression test Penetration test | I 03525 ‘Verifying if all the necessary functions are incorporated Verifying if the processing performance such as the re- ‘sponse time, turnaround time, and throughput satisfies the requrements Verifying enor handing funclons and recovery functions work normaly Veriving fhe system Gai WARSI WHS ISBB given through toading a large volume of data, creasing the number of er rrnals to operto concurenty end oer ways Verifying i a system can be operated easily by users (system user departments) Verifying fal program modules are naifected after one or more errors detected in test processes ere corected or after specications ere changed Detecting Seeurily Roled| of a system and the weak points (vulnerabilities) of the firewall by actually performing an at- tack oF intrusion from outside ‘Winny8Pearl Yadana Vocational Training Centef Dag 6+ In the “Operational test," the actual business data is used to verify: + if the system corresponds to the actual form of business, + if it can be operated according to operation manuals. * This test is implemented mainly (system user departments).¢ The following items are tested during the operational test. Item Description Business functions | Verifying if the functions necessary for performing business operations are implemented Operability Verifying if the system can be operated easily by users (system user departments) Abnormality Verifying if measures have been taken for cases such as measures data errors, abnormal operations, device errors, etc. Throughput Verifying if sufficient throughput is achieved under the current device configuration 1na Vocational Training Cent hg 6‘ (5)Evaluation of test results * It is necessary to have good test results in order to accept a system. 3 + At this time, a standard for system evaluation must be taken into consideration on the basis of the test results. + A typical evaluation standard is the “Bug control Q> chart.” Q3 +A bug control chart represents on a graph the relationship between the cumulative number of detected bugs and progress of the test. + An ideal bug control chart is a curve in the form of a “Gompertz curve (reliability growth curve)."Evaluation of test results — No increase in no. of bugs > Test may be ended Q> Q3 Cumulative number of detected bugs Test time ‘Gompertz curve) 1 Yadana Vocational Training Center er“Test coverage” refers to the proportion of coverage of a test. If this proportion becomes 100%, a test can be considered to be complete. Test coverage It is also called the “Coverage rate” or “Coverage.” The quality of the deliverable can be evaluated on the basis of the test coverage. 2May-22 ‘Winny@Pearl Yadana Vocational Training Center eoExample Explain what the two graphs shown below imply respectively? io} + Inthe initial stage, bugs come out and not much progress is made in terms of completion of test items. + In the middle stage, a progress is seen in the course of completion of testitems, and the number of bugs detected also increases. Tentme + Inthe final stage, the number of bugs detected is converging. + From the description, it is clear that the test can be finished. + However, if incomplete test items remain even if the detection of bugs has converged, it can be assumed that the test has not progressed sufficiently. + When examining completion of a test, fhe) progress status Of theltest also needs to be taken into consideration. 2May-22 ‘Winny@Pearl Yadana Vocational Training Center 62 + Inthe initial stage, bugs come out and not much progress is made in terms of completion of test items. + In the middle stage, the number of bugs detected continues to increase, and there is no indication of convergence, Moreover, not much progress is made in terms of completion of test items. Cumulative number of detected bugs Test time From the description, it can be assumed that there is a problem in the program quality and test method, since the number of incomplete test items is large. It is necessary to examine again if there are no defects in the program or the test method is appropriate. 2May-22 WinnyaPear! Yadana Voeational Training Center 10Example The graph shown below expresses the person-hours required for han- dling the errors that have occurred In each stage of system develop- ment. Explain what this graph tells? Required person-hours Design Development Testing Operation 2May-22 1a Vocational Training Center nPerson-hours + While the occurrence of errors is unavoidable in system required for development, . + the number of person-hours required for handling handling the the error varies depending on the time of detection error and handling of the error. 2May-22 WinnyaPear! Yadana Voeational Training Center n+ In the initial_stage of system development, since program modules exist as individual entities, Person-hours + only the program module in which an error has required for occurred can be revised and handling the * the test can be implemented. error + A comparatively lesser person-hours are required for handling errors. 2May-22 WinnyaPear! Yadana Voeational Training Center Ey+ As system development progresses to a later stage, program modules are linked together. Person-hours required for . . 1. the program module in which an enor has handling the occured error 2. the surrounding program modules, which + It becomes necessary to perform a test for: immensely increases the person-hours required for testing as compared to that in the initial stage. 2May-22 ‘Winny@Pearl Yadana Vocational Training Center 1”+ The increase in person-hours for development Person-hours generates a large difference between the actual cost and required for its estimate. handling the + Since the person hours for system development can be straight away considered as cost (personnel expenses), error * it is necessary fo improve the quality of programs in the initial stage of development 2May-22 WinnyaPear! Yadana Voeational Training Center 15General procedure of developing a Ati) The functions requred for a system are ranged, ‘The systems designed on the basis ofthe requrements defriton ‘The systemis developed onthe bass ofthe signed contents, A "unt testis perormed for each ropfam tha: nas been create, and the especbve operations ae veriied Ainchsal programs for which the unt ests ‘completed are joned, and its checked ithe entre ‘ys operating normaly Bough tests pefomed inte erdr of "Jon tes» “System test persona test “The completed system s installed, ands vertied the system is operating according othe requirements The users (system user department) actualy operate the system, and make improvements i any detects are ound+ The completed system is installed, and it is verified if the system is operating according to the requirements * Once a system is complete, it is from the environment where it was developed to the environment where it will be actually operated. (1) Installation procedure (2) System installation plan (3) Installation (4) Acceptance+ When you migrate to a new system, it is necessary to beforehand the detailed items. + E.g., how to handle the existing data and system, ete. are also likely to occur at the time of migration, * it is necessary to set up a schedule in view of such errors.A system migration should be done in such a procedure described below. The data tobe migrated from the old system tothe new systems decid. The data migration methods, such as whether the data to be migrated is used as is, or whether the data require conversion are clarified Pans, such as the procedures and schedule for system instalation are set up. The systom i installed onthe basis ofthe system installation plan(2) System installation plan - e: Asystem installation plan clarifies the The installation plan prepared here is points described below. documented as a “System installation ‘System environment maintenance necessary for the plan document.” ‘operation of the system (hardware, software) Cost involved in system installation and operation Time of system migration Backup method for migrating data Impact of system installation on business operations and countermeasures to be taken ‘Schedule for system installation ‘Support framework for system installation ‘2May-22 ‘Winny@Pearl Yadana Vocational Training Center eoC1 Once the procedure and framework for system installation have been put together, (3 ) = the system installation operation is performed on the basis of the installation plan. Installation O The results of the system installation operation are documented and maintained. + facts can be checked at a later stage. 2May-22 1a Vocational Training Center a(4) Acceptance + When system development is outsourced to a specialized vendor, * the development department that is entrusted with the development work hands over the system to the user (customer). * At this time, the user accepts the system from the development department. + At the time of system acceptance, an “Acceptance test (approval test)” is performed to check: * if all user requirements have been satisfied, * if the system is operating normally, * if the system has been completed in accordance with contract details. + If there is no problem in the acceptance test, the development department: * delivers the system to the user, and the user accepts the system. * offers education and training, as well as support to the user. + The support period and other details depend on the terms and conditions of the system Bblartforence Contract WinnyaPearl Vadana Vocational Training CenterReference + “Receiving inspection” + refers to the testing and acceptance of a system by a user. + “Warranty against defects” + refers to the responsibility taken by a seller (developer) to a buyer (user) ¥to remedy any defect (such as flaws that are not known immediately) in a delivered system. * For defects that are found within a certain period of time from the acceptance of a system, * the seller is liable to perform correction work fice of charge or pay compensation. 2May-22 @Reference + A “user manual” + is an explanatory document that specifies how to use software or a system. It describes: * operational procedure for using a system. + operation methods and operations regulations for a computer * Before the start of production operation, + operational training is performed by using a user manual, * While the production operation is suspended, + operational skills are acquired through checking a user manual and manipulating a system in accordance with the contents of business operations. 2May-22 ‘Winny@Pearl Yadana Vocational Training Center esReference + Custody of documents * Itis important to keep documents for each process of system development + Specific kinds of documents to keep include : ¥ “Requirements definition document,” ¥“Design document,” ¥ “developed programs,” ¥ “Test implementation plan document,” ¥ “Test implementation report,”etc For example, + the design document is an important document that persons in charge of development consult at all times as a blueprint of the system to be developed, and thus proceed with the development work. + the test implementation report serves as the only document for understanding the current system when it becomes necessary to change the program in the operation and maintenance stage. 2May.22 WinnyaPear! Ys 1a Vocations raining Center esGeneral procedure of developing a Ati) Pecnery The funcbonsrequres fora system are arange ‘The systems designed on tho bass ofthe requrements defvton The system s developed one bass of he desgnes coents Aunt testis pecormed foreach program tha: nas been creat, and the respecte operations are verified ‘The completes system is installed, ans veries ithe system is operating accorang to the The users (ystem user department) actly operate the sytem, and make improvements i any eects are ound* Once system development is complete, (system user departments) actually use the system. + The users monitor the and of the system and make if any defects are found. + The users may also programs to meet the development of information technology and to comply with changes in the business strategy. 1) Points to consider with regard to operation and maintenance 2) System maintenance 3) Measures against system failures® Points to consider with regard to operation and maintenance 2May-22 wo Programs that are currently runing in the production environment should not be modified directly. + A backup must be taken for such programs before making modifications. After modifying the program, testing must be performed in an environment that is of a level equivalent to the production environment. When a program is changed, every change must always be recorded as a revision history since they are useful for investigating the cause of future failures and others, * A regression test must be performed to ensure that other programs are not affected. WinnyaPear! Yadana Vocational Training Center 2® % The set of documents (such as the design document and the Pointsto consider operation manual, ete.) concerning system development must with regard to always be maintained in the latest state, operation and 5. Matters must always be monitored, such as: maintenance + whether the hard disk capacity has become insufficient because of a data volume increase + whether a performance degradation has occurred + Ifnecessary, remedy measures or actions must be taken. 2May-22 WinnyaPear! Yadana Voeational Training Center . e9System maintenance The main maintenance activities for preventing failures include the following + Preventive maintenance ® * It involves removing the causes of failure beforehand to deal with the possible occurrence of failure in future. + Periodic maintenance * It involves daily checks performed on a regular basis. + Ammaintenance agreement is signed with a specialized vendor. + Eg. the inspection of hardware is requested on a monthly basis. + Remote maintenance + A maintenance agreement is signed with a specialized vendor to allow the connection of the user system with the specialized vendor over a communication line, and the causes of the failure are removed from a remote location (through remote operation). 2May-22 WinnyaPear! Yadana Voeational Training Center 90Measures against system failures + An important point on maintaining the system operation is taking preventive measures to ensure that system failures do not occur. (However, unexpected events are likely to occur.) + At the time of system development, it is necessary to bear in mind that the occurrence of failures cannot be avoided. + Important is preparing in advance sufficient countermeasures in the development stage so that + the entire system is not affected, or * business operations are not discontinued as a result of the failure. + Failures have various magnitudes. + When the probability of occurrence is extremely Jow, or the degree of damage during the occurrence of a failure is very small, + prior countermeasures may not need to be prepared beforehand in view of the cost for implementing such prior countermeasures. 2May-22 WinnyaPear! Yadana Voeational Training Center 1+ In what way should prior countermeasures be taken against the three failures described below in the IT system (total system cost: 520,000 dollars) of a company? * Probability of occurrence: 0.07% * Damage situation at the time of failure occurrence: Employee search to be disabled (until 24:00 hours of the day of failure occurrence) * Cost involved in implementing prior countermeasures: Equivalent to 25% of the total system costAnalysis 1. The probability of occurrence is comparatively low 2. The damage situation at the time of occurrence is confined to the company and is automatically recovered the next day Decision Making: + The decision should be made on the basis of whether or not and against the failure are in balance. + Since the cost of prior countermeasures is as high as 2. (130,000 dollars) of the total system cost. deciding to put the prior countermeasures for this failure on hold can be said to lead to better cost performance+ In what way should prior countermeasures be taken against the three failures described below in the IT system (total system cost: 520,000 dollars) of a company? * Probability of occurrence: 0.56% * Damage situation at the time of failure occurrence: Access to customer database to be disabled (until 24:00 hours of the day of failure occurrence) * Cost involved in implementing prior countermeasures: Equivalent to 3% of the total system costAnalysis: 1. The probability of occurrence is comparatively 2. The damage situation at the time of occurrence of the failure is the same as that in Case [1] above, where the damage is confined to the company and is Decision Making: * Since the cost to implement prior countermeasures for the failure is 3% (1,560 dollars) of the total system cost, which is comparatively + Itmay be against the failure+ In what way should prior countermeasures be taken against the three failures described below in the IT system (total system cost: 520,000 dollars) of a company? * Probability of occurrence: 0.07 to 0.1% * Damage situation at the time of failure occurrence: The server for an external website to fail (until the server is started again manually) * Cost involved in implementing prior countermeasures: Equivalent to 18% of the total system costAnalysis + the probability of occurrence is comparatively + the cost involved in implementing prior countermeasures for the failure is as high as 18% (93,600 dollars) of the total system cost, it may be desirable to put the prior countermeasures on hold in the same way as in Case [1] above. Decision Making * Since the damage caused by the occurrence of the failure includes . putting the prior countermeasures on hold may lead to a decline in the corporate image. * In this case, it couldbeOutsourcing of NTE an * When system development is outsourced, 1. the to be concluded development 2. the to be issued to the employees of the outsourced vendor are described below * Contract for work + Time and material Contract * Dispatch contract perme!Contract for work * The outsourced company (the company that receives an order for system development) * proceeds with the work under its for accompanying risks. * The outsourced company issues __ work instructions to its employees, and can, in some cases, use as well. + The outsourcing company (the company that places an order for system development) * cannot issue work instructions to the employees of the outsourced company.Time and material Contract + The (the company that has been entrusted the system development work) + receives a request fiom the (the company that has entrusted the system development work), + issues work instructions to its employees.* The (the company that dispatches Dispatch (ceyplag-lan personnel) employs workers to be dispatched, + dispatches them to the (the company requesting the dispatch of personnel) with which a dispatch contract has been concluded. * The dispatched workers perform work in accordance with the work instructions issued by the dispatch destination. perme!