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Building Design Using Cold Formed Steel Worked Examp

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Гандорж Мишигдорж
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Building Design Using Cold Formed Steel Worked Examp

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Гандорж Мишигдорж
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Building Design using Cold Formed Steel Sections: Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5: 1987 2ZSZZ_J| is Toe Steel Construction Institute. ts aim is to promote and <4 develop the proper and effective use of steel in construction. Membership is open to all organisations and individuals that are concerned with the use of steel in construction, and members include designers, contractors, suppliers, fabricators, academics and government departments in the United Kingdom, elsewhere in Europe and in countries around the world. SCI is financed by subscriptions from its members, by revenue from research contracts and consultancy services and by the sales of publications. SCI’s work is initiated and guided through the involvement of its members on advisory groups and technical committees. A specialist advisory and consultancy service is available free to members on the use of steel in construction. SCI’s research and development activities cover many aspects of steel construction including multi-storey construction, industrial buildings, use of steel in housing, development of design guidance on the use of stainless steel and cold formed steel, behaviour of steel in fire, fire engineering, use of steel in barrage and tunnel schemes, bridge engineering, offshore engineering, and development of structural analysis systems Further information is given in the SCI prospectus available free on request from: ‘The Membership and Council Secretary, The Stee! Construction Institute, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SLS 7QN. Telephone: (0344) 23345, Fax: (0344) 22044, Although care has been taken to ensure, to the best of our knowledge, that all data and information contained herein are accurate to the extent that they relate to either matters of fact or accepted practice or matters of opinion at the time of publication, The Steel Construction Institute, the authors and the reviewers assume no responsibility for any errors in or misinterpretations of such data and/or information or any loss or damage arising from or related to their use, Publications supplied to the Members of the Institute at a discount are not for resale by them. © The Steel Construction Institute 1993 Instituut voor Staalbouwconstructie Institut de ta Constru Staalkonstruktion Institut Institut flr Stahlbau Institutet for Stalbyggnad Istituto di Costruzioni in Acciaio Ivorvrobro Evinpav karaoxe ven Instituto de la Construccién Metélica Instituto da Construgao Metdlica SCI PUBLICATION P125 Building Design using Cold Formed Steel Sections: Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5: 1987 K F Chung BEng PhD DIC ISBN 1 870004 90 6 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. © The Steel Construction Institute 1993 ‘The Steel Construction Institute Silwood Park, Ascot Berkshire SL5 70N Telephone: 0344 23345 Fax: 0344 22944 FOREWORD ‘This publication was prepared by Dr K F Chung with assistance from by Ms S Williams and Mr PJ Grubb under the general direction of Dr R M Lawson of the Steel Construction Institute. ‘The worked examples have been prepared utilising a range of ‘generic’ C sections. Information on products and section properties is given in the SCI publication Design of structures using cold formed sections"! released in early 1992. It is intended that both publications are read together, as the worked ‘examples give only a brief review of the design principles. ‘The work leading to this publication was funded by British Steel (Strip Products). A list of manufacturers of cold formed sections and sources of information on strip products is given on Appendix B. ‘The publication was reviewed by the following: Mr V French Ayrshire Metal Products (Daventry) Limited Mr C Jones British Steel (Strip Products) Dr P Leach University of Salford Mr R Povey Mitchell McFarlane Mr G Raven ‘The Steel Construction Institute (now ACECAD Software Limited) Prof J Rhodes University of Strathelyde Mr J Robinson British Steel (Strip Products) Mr S Tilstey Metsec Limited ii CONTENTS Page SUMMARY a 1, INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Limit state design 1 1.2 Material properties of steel 1 2. CALCULATION OF SECTION PROPERTIES 3 2.1 Gross section 3 2.2 Effective section 4 2.3 Tabulated section properties 8 3. _ SIMPLIFIED BUCKLING DESIGN METHOD FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS. 12 3.1 Lateral buckling check on connections with single web cleat 16 4. RECOMMENDED DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS 19 4.1 Design of beams 19 4.2 Design of columns 2 DESIGN OF A LOW RISE BUILDING 24 5.1 Layout (Calculation Sheet 1) 24 5.2 Loadings (Calculation Sheet 2) 24 6. WORKED EXAMPLES ON INITIAL SECTION SELECTION 27 7. WORKED EXAMPLES ON DETAILED TRUSS DESIGN 35 7.1 Top chord 35 7.2. Bottom chord 35 WORKED EXAMPLES ON DETAILED BEAM DESIGN 40 8.1 Secondary beam 40 8.2 Secondary beam 40 8.3. Primary beam 4a 8.4 Staircase support beam 4 9. WORKED EXAMPLES ON DETAILED COLUMN DESIGN 9.1 Internal column 9.2 Corner column 10. WORKED EXAMPLES ON CONNECTIONS 10.1. Truss connection 10.2 Beam to beam connection 10.3 Beam to column connection 10.4 Connection of two channels to form a double section REFERENCES APPENDIX A: Worked Examples on section properties A.1_— Analysis of gross section A.2_ Analysis of effective section under compression A.3 Analysis of effective section under bending APPENDIX B: List of cold formed section manufacturers iv 56 56 56 64 64 64 64 64 78 79 79 79 79 88 SUMMARY ‘The desigrof a low-rise building using cold formed steel sections as primary structural members is presented. The worked examples follow BS 5950; Part 5: 1987 and cover the design of beams, columns and trusses. Recommended design procedures are given for beams and columns together with appropriate simplifications for the treatment of member buckling. Connections between beams, columns and truss members are designed and detailed in order to illustrate the use of these sections in practice, Section properties are tabulated for generic C sections, which are representative of those available from a range of manufacturers. Worked examples of the calculation of these properties are included in Appendix A. Résumé Dimensionnement des batiments utilisant des profils A froid en acier: Exemples de dimensionnement selon la BS $950: Partie 5: 1987 Le dimensionnement de batiments peu élevés, utilisant des profils a froid comme éléments structuraux est présenté dans la brochure. Elle contient également des exemples de dimensionnement selon la BS 5950: Partie 5: 1987 et couvrant le dimensionnement des poutres, des colonnes et des cadres et portiques. Des procédures de dimensionnment sont présentées pour les poutres et les colonnes avec des simplifications intéressantes concernant le flambement. Les assemblages entre poutres, colonnes et cadres sont analysés en détail et dimensionnés en vue de faciliter l'utilisation des profils @ froid dans la pratique. Des tables donnent les propriétés géométriques des sections en C représentatives des principaux Sabricants. L’annexe A donne des exemples de calcul de ces propriétés géométriques. Zusammenfassung Gebiude mit Tragwerken aus Kaltprofilen: Berechnungsbeispiele basieren auf BS 5950, eil S, Die Berechnung eines niedrigen (mehrgeschossigen) Gebdudes mit einem Tragwerk aus Kaltprofilen wird vorgestellt. Die Berechnungsbeispiele basieren auf BS 5950, Teil 5, 1987, und behandeln Trager, Stitzen und Fachwerke. Empfohlene Berechnungsgdnge fir Trager und Stiuzen, sowie Vereinfachnungen fir den knicknachweis werden aufgezeigt. Verbindungen awischen Tragern, Stitzen und Fachwerkstaben werden berechnet und dargestellt, um den Gebrauch dieser Profile in der Praxis zu illustrieren, Querschniuswerte far die am haufigsten verwendeten C-Pro-file sind tabelliert. Berechnungsbeispiele zur Ermittlung der Querschnittswerte sind in Anhang A enthalten, Resumen efi de edificaciones con perfiles de acero conformados en frio: Ejemplos Resueltos con BEBE pate S987 Se ofrece el diseno de edificios de pocas alturas con perfiles conformados en frto como elementos estructurales primarios. Los ejemplos resueltos siguen la BS 5950: Parte 5: 1987 y cubren el diseno de vigas, pilares y celostas. Se recomiendan procedimientos de diseno para vigas y pitares junto con las simplificaciones apropiadas para el tratamiento del pandeo de tos elementos. Las uniones entre vigas, pilares y elementos de las celostas estén disenadas y detalladas de manera que ilustren el uso de estos perfiles en la practica. Las propiedades de los perfiles estan tabuladas para perfiles en C genéricos, que son representativos de los que proporcionan la mayorta de los fabricantes. Ejemplos resueltos de los cdlculos de estas propiedades aparecen en el Apéndice A. Progettazione di edifici realizzati con. seguono la Norma BS 5950: Parte 5, 1987 0 sagomati a freddo: Esempi applicativi Viene illustrata la progettazione di un edificio di modesta altezza con elementi portanti costituiti da profili in acciaio sagomati a freddo. Gli esempi applicativi riportati seguono la Norma BS5950: Parte ‘5, 1987 e sono relativi alla progettazione di travi, colonne ed elementi sogetti soltanto ad azione ‘assiale. Le procedure progettuali raccomandate sono relative a travi ¢ colonne e sono inoltre riportate adeguate semplificazioni per la trattazione dei fenomeni di instabilitd degli elementi. 1 collegamenti tra travi, colonne ¢ bielle sono progettati e presentati in dettaglio in modo da illustrare un uso practico di questi tipi di profil. Per generici profili a C, rappresentativi di quelli disponibili presso diversi produttori, vengono riportate le caratteristiche delle sezioni. Gli esempi applicativi relativi alla valutazione di questi parametri sono riportate nell’Appendice A Sammanfattning, Dimensionering av byggnader med kallformade profiler: Ovningsexempel till BS 5950: Del 5 Publikationen innehdller dimensioneringsregler for ldga byggnader med barande stomme av kallformade stélprofiler. Ovningsexempel till British Standards, BS 5950: Del 5: 1987 omfattar dimensionering av balkar, pelare och avstyyningar. Man beskriver rekommenderade dimensioneringsmetoder fer balkar och ppelare med vissa forenklingar for beakrande av inverkan av buckling. Anslumningar mellan balkar, pelare och fackverksstanger har dimensionerats och redovisas utforligt for att illustrera anvandningen ay dessa profiler i praktiken. Tvarsnittsstorheter for allmant forekommande C-profiler finns presenterade i tabellform. Ovningsexemplen for berakning av dessa tvarsniusstorheter finns i Appendix A. vi 1. INTRODUCTION The aim of this publication is to assist engineers in designing structural members using cold formed sections according to BS 5950: Part 5: 198771, It presents simplified design procedures for beams, columns and trusses (the most commonly used structural members). Design tables are also provided for buckling checks A number of worked examples are presented to illustrate the practical design of beams and columns with different loading and boundary conditions. The publication should be read in conjunction with Design of structures using cold formed sections'"! which describes the design procedures in detail and presents tables for commonly available sections. ‘The worked examples have been selected 10 be representative of members in a real building. However, the examples have also tried to cover a broad range of design cases in order to examine the use of BS 5950: Part 5 in detail. Inevitably, most designers will only be concerned with relatively standard cases, such as simply supported beams and columns with nominal end moments. Although a working knowledge of BS 5950: Part 5 is not necessary, it is assumed that the reader is familiar with BS 5950: Part 1! particularly with regard to limit state philosophy and the concepts of local buckling and member stability. Every effort has been made to present the worked examples in a style and format with which steel designers are familiar. 1.1 All Parts of BS 5950 are presented in terms of timit state design in which partial safety factors are applied to the loads and to the material properties, The loads to be used in design are determined from the working loads multiplied by factors of 1.6 for imposed load and 1.4 for dead loads (including self weight) as specified in BS 5950; Part 512). These so-called factored loads are used to determine the moments and forces in the members, which are then compared to the ultimate resistance of the structure, as determined by modes of failure such as flexural failure, member buckling and connection failure ete. it state design ‘The methods are not applicable to working load or permissible stress design, although the maximum working loads that the structure can support may be obtained by dividing the design resistance (calculated from ultimate limit state design) by a global factor of safety of 1.6. Checks on deflections are made for working loads in order to ensure adequate performance in service. 1.2 Material properties of steel Two basic yield strengths of steel are generally used in cold formed sections, as defined in BS EN 10147!4); FeE280G - yield strength 280 N/mm? (formerly Z28) FeE350G - yield strength 350 N/mm? (formerly 235) Manufacturers of cold formed sections are almost equally divided in their use of these steel grades. The design strength of steel, p,, is taken as its specified yield strength, ¥,. Steel thicknesses are generally in the range of 1.0 mm to 3.2 mm, the upper limit being dictated by the availability of galvanized steel coil. Thicker steels are available, but these are not galvanized and are not used in commonly produced rolled sections, Galvanized steel for cold formed sections is normally provided in a grade of zinc coating, G275, which corresponds to 275 g/m? total coverage of zinc summed over both sides of the sheet. This is equivalent to 0.04 mm approximate total thickness which is normally included in the specified thickness of the sheet steel. Galvanizing gives adequate corrosion protection for members in internal conditions or subject to intermittent moisture, for example due to condensation. BS 2989!51; 1992 provides guidance on the tolerances for cold formed sections and was formerly the standard for the steel grades, before being replaced by BS EN 10147. 2. CALCULATION OF SECTION PROPERTIES Strength and stiffness properties of both the gross section and the effective section are required for design. The calculation of these properties is covered in Sections 3.5 and 4 of BS 5950: Part 512) and is reviewed in the following Sections. Elastic principles are used for calculating all the section properties. 2.1 Gross section For steel up to 3.2 mm thickness, it is sufficient to use mid-line idealized dimensions, that is assuming the material is concentrated at the mid-line of the section with the actual round corners replaced by intersections of the flat elements (see Figure 1). Account should also be taken of the thickness of galvanizing which reduces the actual thickness by about 0.04 mm. 7 |, ar ae _ n eater Fre | ole 7 ay eee — Ls Exact section Figure 1 Mid-line idealization of a lipped C section Corrections to section properties calculated with idealized dimensions may be carried out as below: A = Ay (1-¥) mM Te = day (1 = 2y) 1, = Uy (1-2y) By ™ Nam 1-4) Where Ay Ler Lym DG Ty Fe the cross-sectional area, the second moments of area about x and y axes, and the warping constant of the cross-section respectively, calculated using mid-line dimensions A, Ip 1, and 1,, are the same properties based on exact dimensions of the cross-section. ‘The factor 7 is given by: @) where number of all 90° corners number of flat elements radius of corner (mid-line dimension) = width of flat elements (mid-line dimension). n m r 2 Generally, the discrepancy is always less than 5% for sections with r/t < $ and r/b < 0.15, where ris the radius of the corner and ¢ is the section thickness. For a 200 x 65 x 2 mm lipped channel with r/: equal to 2, the correction factor is less than 0.03. Therefore, the median dimensions are sufficiently accurate for the calculation of “gross” section properties. 2.2 Effective section Flat thin elements will buckle under compression due to their slenderness (as illustrated in Figure 2), while the corners remain fully effective. The effective width of each flat element depends on the buckling coefficient, K, which is a function of element type, section geometry and stress distribution. It is important to note that the mid-line idealised dimensions may be used to evaluate all the local buckling coefficients. Simplified ‘Actual stress equivalent stresses TL 7 FEA FP [| Et AEE saeemeres Figure 2 iMlustration of effective width of a compression plate ‘The basic effective width formula for all compression elements is given in Clause 4.3 of BS 5950: Part 5 as below: for x ¢ 0.123, ba @) Por b aye D for fe > 0.123, af =|1+14 & 0.35) @) Per b Per where f, = compressive stress of the element Per = local buckling stress of the element, 185000 K [5] b= flat width of the element 1 = thickness of the element. Generally, the effective width ratio for the elements with both longitudinal edges supported (stiffened elements) is much higher than that of the elements with only one edge supported (unstiffened elements). Edge stiffeners should be of a minimum size (see Clause 4.6 of BS 5950: Part 5) so that flange elements are considered as stiffened 2.2.1 Effective section under compression All flat elements are subject to local buckling and the values of the local buckling coefficients can be obtained in Appendix B of BS 5950: Part 5. For simplicity, K can be taken as 4 for stiffened elements or 0.425 for unstiffened elements. ‘The design properties of the section are obtained assuming the compressive stress in the effective elements is equal to the design strength of the material, that is, f, = p, in Equation (4). The effective section properties are then evaluated by ignoring the ineffective portions of the section, as illustrated in Figure 3, igure 3. Effective section of a lipped C section under axial compression For elements with only one longitudinal edge supported (unstiffened elements), the effective width for design purposes may be increased as below: Dey = 0.89 bag + 0.11 b Alternatively, the effective width ratio can be obtained from Table 1 for stiffened elements, and from Table 2 for unstiffened elements. This data is taken directly from BS 5950: Part 5. Table 1 Effective widths of compression plate supported on two longitudinal edges (Table 5 of BS 5950: Part 5; 1987"; reproduced with the permission of the British Standards Institution) ag eee on eee on 20 1,000 eo | 0.673 100, 0.405 300 | 0.151 2 | roo | et | ose | tos | oer | 205 | os9 m2 [tom | 6 joes | ito | os | 310 | ona 23° | 1.000 | 63 | 0.641 118, 0.355 315 | (0.145, 24 | 0999 | 64 | 0.631 120 | 0.341 320 | 0.143 2s | 0800 | 6s [ose | 125 | ose | 326 | ov 2 | 09 | 66 jos | 10 Joss | 200 | orm zr | o907 | er | oeos | 138 | oans | aap | o1ae 2a | oss | ce |osse | 140 | ozs | 240 | 0396 | zs | oso | 0 | oses | tas | ozs | 25 | 014 30 | ossz | 70 | 0877 | 180 | 0277 | 250 | ona a1 [ose | 71 | osea | 155 | 0269 | ass | orm: 32 0.985 72 | 0.561 160, 0.262 360 | 0.130 ga | ose: | 73 | oss3 | tos | ozse | 36s | onze 3a |o97 | 74 | 054 | 170 | 028 | 370 | o.a7 ss [oo | 7s oss | 75 | ozs | avs | ozs a6 Joss | 76 | oss: | x00 | 029 | a0 | 0126 a |esss | 7 | osze | tes | ozs | ms | oxze ge foo | re | osi7 | iso | oz | a0 | ox 39 0936 | 79 | 0511 195 0.219 395 0.120 % | eae | go | soe | 200 Jozi | a00 | ons 41 0915 | 81 0.498 205 | 0.210 405 | 0.117 42 0.903 82 210 | 0206 | 410 0.116 2 | ess | 6 ne [oz | as | ons a | osm | a4 x20 | oasr | 420 | ove as [oes | a5 nas | ose | ae | ott3 46 0.852 | 86 230 0.190 430 0.112 a7 [ose | 7 235 | 0186 | aa | ont 48 0.824 88 240 | 0.183 440 | 0.109 | a fos | 2 pes | oreo | 445 | o.108 | so [or | 2 ae0 | or? | 4s0 | oor | 51 0.784 91 255 0.174 455 0.106 | se form | a ae0 | orn | ae0 | 0106 | 53 0.757 93 265 0.168 465 0.105 | be [ozs | ot aro | ores | a7 | oxos ss [ove | 35 ns | oss | a75 | oa ss | 070 | 96 280 | 0160 | 220 | 0.102 sr | 0708 | 97 es | ose | 4a | 101 sa | oes | ee | oar | 200 | ors | 420 | 0100 5 | oss | 99 | o4os | 205 | oso | a5 | cose 8 | 07s | 100 | aaos | a0 | oxi | s00 | coos T Complete copies can be obtained by post from BS! Sales, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes, MK14 6LE Table 2 Effective widths of compression plate supported on only one longitudinal edge (Table 6 of BS 5950: Part 5): 1987"; reproduced with the permission of the British Standards Institution) oie | byuto | ore 1 | 1.000 | 31 | 0489 2 | 1000 | 32 | 0.477 3 | 1000 | 33 | 0.466 4 | 1000 | 34 | 0.456 5 | 1.000 | 35 | 0.447 6 | 1.000 | 36 | 0.438 7 | 1000 | 37 | 0.429 8 }os99 | 33 | 0422 9 |os97 | 39 | osta 10 | 0901 | 40° | 0407 1 | o980 | 41 | 0.400 12 | 0961 | 42 | 0.394 13 | 0935 | 43. | 0.388 14 | 0903 | 44 | 0382 16 | ogee | 45 | 0376 16 | 0831 | 4s | 0.971 7 | o794 | 47 | 0.366 1g | 0759 | 48 | 0361 19 | 0726 | 49 | 0.356 20 | 0696 | 50 | 0.362 21 | oes | 51 | 0.348 22 | 0643 | 52 | 0.383 23 | oe | 53 | 0239 24 | oss | 54 | 0.336 2 | 0578 | 55 | 0332 2s | oss | 56 | 0228 27 | oss | 57 | 0.325 28 | os2e | se | 0322 29 | 0514 | 59 | os19 30 | 0501 | 60 | oss Hfective widihe are based on the limit stato of strongth for stool with Y, = 280 Nim? and having a buckling cceffciant K = 0.425, For stecls with other values of ¥, or sections having K 0,425 45.1 * Complete copies can be obtained by post from BSI Sales, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes, MK14 6LE 71 2.2.2 Effective section under bending By limiting the maximum compressive stress in the web, the entire web may be considered to be fully effective and only the effective width of the compression flange is required when calculating the section properties, as illustrated in Figure 4. bon /2 Don /2 Compression Neutr oe axis / /- LE =a L Tension Figure 4 Effective width of compression flange and fully effective web The limiting stress for stiffened webs in bending is given in Clause [Link] of BS 5950: Part 5 as below: 1.13-000192 | tp < © 130.0019 FN 280)?» = Py overall depth of the web thickness of the web jd strength of the material design strength of the material Po = For web with intermediate stiffeners, refer to Clause [Link]. The limiting stress then determines the design strength of the whole section in bending, Hence, the compressive stress in the effective compression flange is equal to the limiting stress in the web in evaluating the effective width of the compression flange, that is, f, = pp in Equation (4). For asymmetric sections where the section modulus in tension is greater than the section modulus in compression, ‘tension yielding” is permitted to enhance the performance of the section. This method is conservative for deep sections with narrow flanges. In Eurocode 3: Part 1.3, an effective width approach for the web elements is used which is more accurate. 2.3 Tabulated section properties In order to assist designers, both the gross and the reduced section properties of commonly used cold formed sections have been evaluated in accordance with BS 5950: Part 5 and tabulated in Reference 1 ‘The section properties for a range of generic lipped channels are presented in Table 3. It is assumed that the generic channel is representative of a range of this type of section. The flange widths are ‘55 mm for section depth up to 165 mm and 65 mm for section depth up to 300 mm, while the edge lip is 15 mm in all cases. The notation used in the table are defined as: Axes X direction of major axis bending =x Y direction of minor axis bending , r Dimensions a > D section depth Contre eres contre] of gravity Gross Section Properties Teg second moment of area for major axis bending Tyy second moment of area for minor axis bending Ty tadius of gyration in major axis direction Ty __tadius of gyration in minor axis direction Z, section modulus for major axis bending, Zy section modulus for minor axis bending J torsion constant (pure torsion) C, warping constant € horizontal distance of the shear centre of the section from the web/flange junction (positive outwards) horizontal distance of the centre of gravity of the section from the web/flange junction (positive ourwards) ¢, horizontal shift of the neutral axis of the section under axial compression Effective Section Properties @ factor representing reduced cross-section for pure compression (at a stress of p,) Zz reduced section modulus for major axis bending (at a stress of p,) Zr, reduced section modulus for minor axis bending (outstand in tension) Z2, _ teduced section modulus for minor axis bending (outstand in compression) Jy, reduced second moment of area (reduced value at a stress of p,, but not exceeding J.) Section Resistances Pz, compression resistance in KN of shear column M,, bending resistance in kNm of restrained beam in major axis direction My; _ bending resistance in kNm of restrained beam in minor axis direction (outstand in tension) M,yz bending resistance in kNm of restrained beam in minor axis direction (outstand in compression) 5 “0 2 - zossz isee"o ad - tooat atve*o os - zpovt sste-o we - tezet pzet-o ad - cetot pzct-o ccd - sues pSzT-0 ze" = 2258 @280"0 vere - seze ezst-o 06-2 - ve9e tatt-o 162 - ves £z80°0 core - zite psot-o were - zsce geL0°0 apz - etre oo0t"o es:z - ozte 00L0°0 ss-2 | - cet $920°0 692 uoyae05| S sett 6£z0°0 ee"z etaneg| zorz | ome “0 zo-z ore | pppe ‘0 90°2 ue | cosy ‘0 ove gece | p99 ‘0 sue vez | ate “0 zee zs-z | o9sz +0 sez ss-z | avez “0 gt-z isz | sete 0 ane tere | ezoz "0 ace yo"? | 9S0T "0 62-2 g9-z | test "0 Tez ez | 9zor S61 sez | 268 96°T oe-z cee tert cere | ese 66°T 18° tor so°z 99°% ssz to-z rn wo wo | wo wo eax ° "9 i fag kez | SUInZunaoud NOITZOES ssouD Jeuueya paddy 210U06 yo sensedosd uonoag goes S tesz | covez sorez prter | 6970 “9 “8 ozez | eter erst overt | z9°0 o0€ “3 tert | ett etret evett | 69°0 ose s s gett | etrer etet pezot | seo | ” 7 ststs | gest eerst pzvea | 69°0 oze ” oy Trove | gevot weror o9've | eL-0 ” w vreso | te"pt te"pt ga's9 | oL-0 oe “ treag | ever cere 64-95 | 99°0 o0z oy aa brves | cevot Levst vo"99 | Lc70 y ” ovizs | test Teret pas | te-0 “e “ ovuse | sever sevet 6sr0s | aL-o ost “e te 6rese | oertt oertr serey | 940 oz “% zeppe | error Lt-ot ety | zt-0 sor “ “ Troze | of'tt oe'tt 69"zy | o8'0 z z grove | error ator eevee | 92-0 ost “ 2 tever | eed eer etre | zero s2t_ |uor3oos “ < esee | esc 6x ps-ot | 09-0 oor | eranog| sz atte sert | vt-or zerpr ots | 999-0 | ove | "% EEE orrt | ese gett zorwe | stato | wz ooe | 2 ouee ssp | ov-e gartt saves | re9'0 | wz ose stoke tress | 06-8 sect oz-ts | epero | #2 12 aye e wre ts"6 zarte | 69970 | o-z ooze st agz on gore 956 oevee | cee-0 | ove nT Sere rg tes gers perze | sesro | art et Z0°e t 6 Fes zzz ovraz | as9-0 | 9°T 02 ot u9ce 6 z oo-z © §5"6 oree | tecro | ove oT per 8 ops cere szvez | gec-o | art et z0°e ot “is oere = 6z'sz_ | Lesvo | 9°t ost “1 gat “3 usy esto carez | toe-0 | are Tt ast “5 te vers Sgoz | ezero | 9-t sor Teer "8 egy esa verte | toaro | ect To ast “5 See 9S Olver | T9470 | 9°T ost 0 90°T ie tere etre asror | zzero | zt szt_ {uoraces 0 90°t zee | eyes | corte | cere gee ze | 96c'0 | zt oor | orburs are we = wo wD waxa | a Selz eag ag 8 | e255 uota2a5| rUM/N 082 = Y3BuOZIs PTETA UBTSeq SaIaumaowa NOTZOgS amonaau Panunuog - jeuueys peddy 218Ue6 40 sensedosd uoRIEg & @IAEL. 3. SIMPLIFIED BUCKLING DESIGN METHOD FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS In order to assist designers wishing to use cold formed steel sections, certain simplifications concerning the design of beams and columns subject to lateral buckling have been made in this publication. However, the basic principles of BS 5950: Part 5! are retained (see Sections 5 and 6 of the Code). The slenderness approach is adopted to avoid the lengthy evaluation of elastic buckling resistances. By re-writing the Perry-Robertson interaction formula in terms of compression or bending resistance ratio, the solution of the quadratic equation may be presented in a tabular form. Consequently, once the section is selected, the design resistance of the members can be evaluated very easily according to its slenderness ratio, which is a concept familiar to steel designers. For beams without sufficient lateral restraint, it is possible that the member will undergo lateral torsional buckling, that is, to move sideways and rotate along its longitudinal axis simultaneously. This instability behaviour is dependent on its slenderness, the bending moment envelope along its length and also the boundary conditions at supports. All these effects can be combined into one parameter, the modified slenderness, 7, and is defined according to the expression: Mr = uve © where slenderness correction factor, depending on the bending moment envelope buckling parameter, depending on the section shape slenderness factor, taking account of the torsional stiffness of the beam slenderness of the beam, that is, the effective length of the member divided by the radius of gyration of the section. In general, for all commonly used cold formed sections, u can be taken as 0.85 for beams. For simplicity, v can always be taken as unity by neglecting the torsional stiffness of the beam. The value of n may be obtained from Table 4 for a number of different loading conditions. For further details on the evaluation of n, u and v refer to Appendix B, BS 5950: Part 1. Table 4 Slenderness correction factor for various bending moment envelopes Bending moment envelope a _| nav | Notes: CG +) Beams or columns subject to ———) 1.0 | 0.85 Beams subject to uniformly = 0.95 | 0.81 | distributed load Beams under central point ——— 0.76 | 0.65 | toad restrained at load position Beams or columns subject to ———?) 0.66 | 0.56 | asymmetric end moments Beams or columns subject to a 0.76 | 0.65 | moment at one end a For columns, the same approach may be used but the slenderness is only reduced by the end fixity. Hence, ‘nuv’ is unity. Guidance on the effective length of columns is given in Table 9 of BS 5950: Part 5. In general, columns in simple construction may be conservatively analyzed using the actual slenderness, 2. Columns subject to moment may be analyzed by independent assessments of the effect of axial force and moment; the two effects are then combined linearly. By dividing the modified slenderness, 7, with a material parameter Ay, the modified slenderness ratio is obtained as below: = y Rr = §Z for beams o Y rt =a x = > for-columas ®) y where Ay = o Py = 85 for Z28 (p, = 280 N/mm?) steel, or 16 for Z35 (p, = 350 N/mm?) steel Once the modified slenderness ratio of the member is obtained, the design resistance ratio can be obtained from Table 5 for bending and Table 6 for compression. In using these tables, the following parameters are defined: M, = buckling resistance moment as a function of Xyy My lastic yield moment of the gross section _ axial buckling resistance as a function of X hort strut resistance of the column. P. For beams, the buckling resistance moment at low slenderness cannot exceed the moment resistance of the effective section, M, , which incorporates local buckling of the compression flange of the cross-section in ber ‘The evaluation of the reduced section modulus Z,, is covered in the Appendix A. For columns, P,, takes into account the influence of local buckling of the elements of the cross-section in compression. The efficiency of the cross-section in compression is defined by the @ factor which is the ratio of the effective area of the section and the gross area, A. Hence Pi, = A py Q. The calculation of the Q factor is covered in Appendix A. 13 Table 5 Buckling resistance ratio for beams (# aur My fur My ur My m i ty 0.40 1.00 094 0.80 148 0.40 oz 1.00 0.96 078 1.50 0.39 ose 1.00 0.98 076 182 0.39 os 1.00 1.00 07 1.54 0.38 os 1.00 1.02 073 1.56 0.37 oso 0.99 1.04 on 1.58 0.36 os2 0.99 1.06 0.70 1.60 0.36 ose 0.98 1.08 067 162 0.34 056 0.98 110 06s 164 0.34 ose 0.97 12 ose 1.66 0.33 0.60 0.7 1a 062 1.68 0.2 062 0.96 16 ost 170 0.31 oss 0.96 18 0.60 12 0.31 oss 0.95 1.20 ose 17 0.30 ose 0.94 122 056 176 0.29 070 0.93 1.24 056 178 0.29 072 0.93 1.26 osa 1.80 028 074 0.92 1.28 052 102 0.28 076 oat 1.20 ost 104 o27 078 0.90 1.92 0.48 1.86 0.26 0.80 0.89 1.94 0.48 1.88 0.26 oa 0.7 1.36 0.47 1.90 028 oa 0.86 1.28 0.48 1.92 0.28 os 0.88 1.40 0.45 194 024 0.88 oes 142 0.43 1.96 0.24 0.90 0.82 144 0.42 1.98 0.24 0.92 oat 148 0.1 2.00 0.23 14 Table 6 Buckling resistance ratio for columns [| 7 Pe e Pe es Pe i Pa i Be i Pe 0.20 1.00 0.80 0.83 1.40 0.43 0.22 1.00 0.82 0.82 1.42 0.42 0.24 1.00 0.84 0.81 1.44 0.41 0.26 1.00 0.86 0.80 1.46 0.40 0.28 0.99 0.88 0.78 1.48 0.38 0.30 0.99 0.90 0.77 1.50 0.39 0.32 0.98 0.92 0.76 1.82 0.38 0.34 0.98 0.94 0.74 1.54 0.37 0.36 0.98 0.96 0.73 1.56 0.36 0.38 0.97 0.98 0.71 1.58 0.35 0.40 0.97 1.00 0.70 1.60 0.34 0.42 0.96 1.02 0.68 1.62 0.34 0.48 0.96 1.04 0.87 1.64 0.33 0.46 0.95 1.06 0.65 1.66 0.32 0.48 0.95 1.08 0.64 1.68 0.31 0.60 0.94 1.10 0.62 1.70 0.31 0.82 0.94 412 0.61 172 0.30 0.54 0.93 114 0.60 1.74 0.30 0.56 0.93 1.16 0.58 1.76 0.29 oss 0.92 1.18 0.57 1.78 0.28 0.60 0.92 1.20 0.55 1.80 0.28 0.62 0.91 4.22 0.54 1.82 0.27 0.64 0.90 1.24 0.53 1.84 0.27 0.66 0.90 1.26 051 1.86 0.26 0.68 0.89 1.28 0.50 1.88 0.26 0.70 0.88 1.30 0.49 1.90 0.25 0.72 0.87 1.32 0.48 1.92 0.25 0.74 0.86 1.34 0.47 1.94 0.28 0.76 0.85 1.36 0.46 1.96 0.24 0.78 0.84 1.38 0.44 1.98 0.23 2.00 0.23 15 3.1 Lateral buckling check on connections with single web cleat One of the most commonly used cold formed sections in buildings is the lipped channel. Due to the different orientations of the beams and the columns in a building, four basic connection configurations (Figure 5) should be considered in practical design. It is found that single web cleat provides a simple and effective means of connecting beams to beams and beams to columns. However, as the load from the supported beam is applied at an offset to the supporting beam or column, moment is induced in the leg of the web cleat attaching to the supported beam. The magnitude of the moment depends on the geometry of the connection configuration. Due to the thinness of the web cleat and the partial lateral restraint to the web cleat in its compression zone, lateral buckling may take place. ‘A design method is presented which gives a conservative treatment of buckling of the web cleat, It is assumed that the web cleat will fail when the compression zone of the loaded leg of the web cleat starts to buckle as a strut. Moreover, a multiple of 1.25 is applied to the unrestrained length of the loaded leg to represent the increased effective length of the web cleat under compression. This allows for the partial lateral restraint provided by the web of the connected section. ‘The moment applied to the web cleat is then checked against the maximum bending moment that the cleat can resist. Configuration 1 Configuration 2 Beam to beam (Web) connection Beam to beam (Open side) connection — ay 8} Configuration 3 Configuration 4 Beam to column (Flange) connection Beam to column (Web) connection ‘igure 5 Schematic connection configurations for cold formed channels in buildings 16 ‘The following condition must be satisfied in order to eliminate lateral buckling in the single web cleat: Mi < My where M = bending moment in the single web cleat due to the offset, e, and the applied load, P = Pxe Mgyc = moment resistance of the single web cleat, of a stress p, Zoe Pe Zoye = elastic section modulus of the single web cleat 6 a depth of the single web cleat Pe = design strength of the single web cleat based on compression from (Table 7) en effective length of the loaded leg of the single web cleat 1.25 X unrestrained length of the loaded leg, ¢ € = offset of the centre line of the fastener group in the loaded leg from the other leg of the single web cleat 1 = thickness of the single web cleat. ached to period beam Attached to tho { supporting beam J or column 4 trough tre tne of the er group ‘The design strength of the single web cleat in compression, p,, is defined as a function of the ratio of &, /t. It is tabulated as design strength ratio, p, /p,, for two steel grades in Table 7. The ratios are based on the unrestrained length of the loaded leg being designed as a strut. 17 Table 7 Buckling design table for connections with single web cleat Pe 2, Py = 280 Nimm? | p, = 350 Nimm? 8 1.00 1.00 10 0.97 0.97 12 0.95 0.94 14 0.93 0.92 16 0.90 0.88 18 0.86 0.84 20 0.82 0.78 22 0.77 0.72 24 0.72 0.85 26 0.68, 0.58 28 0.60 ost 30 0.84 0.46 32 0.49 0.41 34 0.44 0.37 36 0.40 0.33 38 0.36 0.30 40 0.33 0.27 42 0.30 0.25 4a 0.28 0.23 48 0.26 0.21 48 0.24 0.19 50 0.22 0.18 52 0.20 0.17 54 0.19 0.16 56 0.18 0.18 58 0.17 0.14 60 0.16 0.13 effective length of the loaded leg of the single web cleat attached to the supported beam t = thickness of the single web cleat Pe design strength of the single web cleat for different grades of steel. 18 4. RECOMMENDED DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS ‘The following recommended procedures are aimed at providing guidance on the design of the most commonly used sections as beams and columns. These should be read in conjunction with BS 5950: Part 5!°I. For the design of all other members, refer to the Code. Design loads are calculated using limit state design principles. The dead and imposed loads are factored by 1.4 and 1.6 respectively to give the design loads against the design resistance of the member. Deflections are calculated for working (or unfactored) loads. 4.1 Design of beams In general, cold formed sections may undergo the following modes of failure under vertical loads applied along their length: (@ Flexural failure involving local buckling in compression, (©) Lateral torsional buckling due to insufficient lateral restraints. (©) Shear failure. @ Web crushing under direct loads or reactions, (© Combined effects between bending and web crushing, and bending and shear. () Excessive deflection. For floor beams, the member is generally regarded as being fully restrained when sufficient fixings between the beam and the floor are provided. Where the restraint is lacking, it is generally good Practice to use double sections (i.e. back to back) due to their better structural performance. 4.1.1 Design procedure ‘Step 1 Check the flexural resistance of the beam, restrained or unrestrained For restrained beams, the applied moment based on factored loads should not be greater than the bending moment resistance of the section, M,. For commonly used cold formed sections, the bending moment resistances are tabulated in Reference 1. These resistances take account of local buckling and are based on the reduced properties of the sections. Alternatively, the bending moment resistance of the section may be calculated from the effective section, as determined in Appendix A. For unrestrained beams the applied moment based on factored loads should not be greater than the smaller of the bending moment resistance of the section, M, , and the buckling resistance moment of the beam, M,. 19 ‘The buckling resistance moment, M, , of an unrestrained beam may be calculated as below: * Evaluate the effective length between restraints. Refer to Clauses 5.6.3 and 5.6.4 of BS 5950: Part 5. For beams with different conditions at the supports, refer to Clause 4.3.5, BS 5950: Part 1: 1990. ‘+ Evaluate the elastic moment resistance of the section, My, corresponding to gross section My = ZeePy — (Zxq from Reference 1) . Calculate the modified slenderness ratio, hy, as in Equations (6) and (7) Le nuy—= y Mr = where Le = effective length of the beam 1, = radius of gyration of the section dy = 85 for py = 280 N/mm?, or 76 for p, = 350 N/mm? from Equation (9) nuv is given in Table 4 for various loading conditions, Once the modified slenderness ré is known, the buckling resistance moment ratio can be obtained from Table 5 to evaluate M,. Alternatively, the elastic lateral buckling resistance, Mg, may be evaluated as described in Clause [Link] of BS 5950: Part 5. M, may then be obtained as the solution of the Perty- Robertson formula in Clause [Link] of BS 5950: Part 5. Step 2 Check the shear resistance at the supports See Clauses 5.4.1, 5.4.2 and 5.4.3 of BS 5950: Part 5. Step 3 Check web crushing resistance at load positions or supports, if applicable No check is necessary if a suitable web cleat is used for the connection. In other cases, see Clause 5.3 and Tables 7 or 8 of BS 5950: Part 5. The design formula depends on the following criteria: © Degree of restraint provided to the web against rotation, © Single load/reaction or two opposite loads or reactions. ‘* Distance of load position or support relative to the end of the member. * Sections of the member with stiffened or unstiffened flanges. For unrestrained single sections, the design formulae in Table 7 of BS 5950: Part 5 are applicable. In all other cases, such as double sections or restrained single sections, the design formula in Table 8 of BS 5950: Part 5 may be used. 20 Step 4 Check the combined effect of bending and web crushing, if applicable See Clause 5.5.1 of BS 5950: Part 5. Step 5 Check the combined effect of bending and shear, if applicable See Clause 5.5.2 of BS 5950: Part 5. ‘Step 6 Check the deflection at working loads See Clause 2.4.2 of BS 5950: Part 5 for recommended deflection limitations for beams. Normally, the check is for the effect of characteristic imposed load for which the deflection is limited to a maximum of span/360. ‘The deflection of the member can be calculated using a representative stiffness, conservatively based on the average of the gross and effective second moments of area of the section. Alternatively, the design method in Clause 5.7 of BS 5950: Part 5 may be adopted. 4.2 Design of columns In general, cold formed sections may undergo three compression. These are: ifferent modes of failure under axial Mode a: Compression yielding involving local buckling of the cross-section. ‘The axial resistance depends on its short strut resistance, P,,, when the section is fully restrained against buckling. Mode b: Overall flexural buckling of the member about its minor axis. The axial resistance depends on its critical elastic flexural buckling resistance, Pz. This is usually the critical mode for doubly symmetrical sections and may govern in singly symmetrical sections with large depth/width ratios or narrow flanges. Mode c: Overall torsional flexural buckling of the member. This is a combination of mode b and twisting of the cross-section about its shear centre. The axial resistance depends on its elastic torsional flexural buckling resistance, Py. This does not occur in doubly symmetrical sections but may be the critical mode in singly symmetrical sections with small depth/width ratios or wide flanges. It is generally good practice to use doubly symmetrical sections in unbraced columns for better structural performance, This is usually achieved by putting two channel sections back to back. ‘Box’ sections using two channel sections (toe to toe) are more effective as columns, but are more difficult to construct. Clause 8.6.2 of BS 5950: Part 5 provides rules for connecting two channels back to ‘back to form an I-section. 4.2.1 Design procedure for fully braced columns ‘Step 1 Check against the short strut resistance of the column, P,, (mode a) ‘The total applied load based on factored loads should not be greater than the short strut resistance, of the column. Poss The short strut resistances of commonly used cold formed sections are tabulated in Reference 1. Alternatively, the direct calculation of the effective section properties may be used. A worked ‘example on the calculation of effective cross-section under compression can be found in Appendix A. 2 4.2.2 Design procedure for unbraced columns, ‘The total applied load based on factored loads should not be greater than the axial buckling resistance, P,, of the column, The axial buckling resistance of an unrestrained column may be calculated as below: Step 1 Determine the effective length of the columns or struts between points of lateral restraint Check for the maximum permitted slenderness ratio. See Clause 6.2.2 of BS 5950: Part 5. Step 2 Comparison between flexural buckling (mode b) and torsional flexural buckling {mode c} In Clause 6.3.2 of BS 5950: Part 5, the « factor approach is used to identify the critical buckling mode from the flexural buckling mode and the torsional flexural buckling mode. Doubly symmetrical sections: Flexural buckling is always critical and a is equal to unity. No calculation is necessary and the design proceeds to Step 3. Singly symmetrical sections: Values of a for commonly used sections are tabulated in Table 13 of BS 5950: Part 5 Appendix C as functions of cross-section geometry and overall slenderness. Alternatively, a can be evaluated directly after calculating both the elastic flexural buckling load, Pg, and the torsional flexural buckling load, Pye: In general, a = 1 for sections with large depth/width ratios or narrow flanges. If a > 1 then torsional flexural buckling is more critical than flexural buckling and the effective length should be increased to « Lp. For sections other than C channels, BS 5950: Part 5 considers the x axis to be the axis of symmetry and not the principle major axis. Similarly, the y axis is the axis perpendicular to the axis of symmetry and not the principle minor axis. Step 3 Calculate axial buckling resistance, P, Once the critical effective length of the column is known, the modified slenderness ratio can be calculated as below: ale where aL = critical effective length of the beam 5 radius of gyration of the section dy 85 for p, = 280 N/mm?, or 76 for py = 350 N/mm? from Equation (9). 2 ‘The axial buckling resistance ratio can then be obtained from Table 6 and thus the axial buckling resistance, P,, can be evaluated. Alternatively, the value of P, may be obtained as the product of the reduced design strength (obtained from Table 10 of the Code) and the area of the gross section, Otherwise, it may be evaluated as the solution to the quadratic Perry-Robertson formula with the modified P,, defined as below: El, (ate) ‘The axial buckling resistance, P., cannot exceed the short strut resistance, P.,. ‘Step 4 Reduction of axial buckling resistance due to the shift of neutral axis Doubly symmetrical sections: No reduction is necessary as the effective neutral axis of the section does not move under axial compression due to the double symmetry of the section. Singly symmetrical sections: See Clause 6.2.4 of BS 5950: Part 5. No reduction is required when torsional flexural buckling is the critical mode. When flexural buckling is the critical mode, Clause 6.2.4 of BS 5950: Part 5 recommends that the axial buckling resistance of the section may be reduced linearly according to the shift of the effective neutral axis from that of the gross section to that of the effective section under axial compression. Step 5 Check for combined bending and compression Refer to Clause 6.4 of BS 5950: Part 5. For the local resistance and overall buckling checks, see Clauses 6.4.2 and 6.4.3. of BS 5950: Part 5 respectively. Clause 6.4.1 states that the checks in Clauses 6.4.2 and 6.4.3 apply to members which have at least one axis of symmetry and which are not subject to torsional or torsional flexural buckling. However, it is understood that they are actually also applicable to columns subject to torsional flexural buckling, but give very conservative results. In the absence of any other guidance, it is appropriate to apply these checks to all columns with sections of at least one axis of symmetry until further guidance becomes available. It is noted that the design of unbraced columns using double sections is simpler than that of single sections, and it is recommended that double sections should be used for heavily loaded columns. Stud walls, which are lightly loaded and where the component sections are restrained about their weak axis, may be constructed with single cold formed sections. 23 5. DESIGN OF A LOW RISE BUILDING The design of a low rise building using cold formed sections has been selected to illustrate the use of BS 5950: Part 5. The Worked Examples in Sections 6 to 10 cover the cases that are representative of general design. ‘The following conditions are assumed in the design of the building: (@ The building is for commercial use. (©) The frame is braced against wind loads; lateral loads are not considered further in the design example. (© Timber flooring provides lateral restraint to all beams except the staircase support beam. @ The column bases are assumed to be pinned. © The roof covering is of clay tiles. (© The stairs are of light steel frames. A limited range of ‘generic’ C sections is considered in these Worked Examples. ‘The gross and reduced section properties of the sections are given in Table 3. 5.1 Layout (Calculation Sheet 1) The general layout of the building is presented in Calculation Sheet 1. The building is two storey, 16.8 m long and 5.4 m wide with regular grid of 4.2 m. All the roof trusses are supported by the side columns. The following members have been selected in order to present typical examples on the use of BS 5950: Part 5 in building design: Chord 1 Top Chord = double section Chord 2 Bottom Chord = double section Beam I Secondary Beam ~ single section double span (option 1) - single section single span (option 2) Beam 2 Primary Beam - double section single span Beam 3 Staircase Support Beam - single section single span Column 1 Internal Column = double section Column 2 Corner Column - double section 5.2 Loadings (Calculation Sheet 2) Unfactored and factored loads have been established in Calculation Sheet 2. They are typical values which would be used for a commercial development. The unfactored loads are used for the initial section selection and deflection checks, and the factored loads are used for detailed design of the members. 24 Taba av ao PUB 125 shoot Lot 55 Steel Constru Tee Tie Ste co a SS Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 See eer Design of a Low Rise Building: General Layout Chant Made Date ee eee "RFC Sept 1992 Tee Date CALCULATION SHEET ™ PIG "july 1993 Est Floor Plan oy pene | MT a | 1] - | e | |Beam 2| Slama] le ; 3 é el @ | Column |t ae oi | | Hs | 5 3 et hac 4 1 l Tob Wo. ea PUB 125 shoot 2 of 5S Loa ra Steel Construction SQ Pet Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 ‘Subjet Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 70N Design of a Low Rise Buildin eee Glen Wade by Feeretnt 2085 xc sept 1992 Chesked by Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 LOADS (Note: All loads are on-plan.) Dead load: Roof, UDL 0.7 KN/m? Floor, UDL 0.5 kN/n? Stairs, UDL 1.0 kN/m? Imposed loads: Roof (snow), UDL = 0.6 kN/m? Floor, UDL = 2.5 KN/n? Partitions, UDL = LOKN/n? Stairs, UDL = 4.0kN/n? LOAD FACTORS BS 5950: Dead load factor 4 = 14 Part 1 Imposed load factor 1% = 16 Table 2 DESIGN LOADS Ultimate Limit State Unfactored Factored Load Load Roof Dead load 0.7 x 1.4 = 0.98 kN/m? Imposed load 0.6 x 1.6 = 0.96 kN/m? Total load = 1.3. KN/n? 1.94 kN/m? Loft Dead load 0.5 X14 = 0.70 kN/n? Imposed load 2.5 x 1.6 = 4.00 KN/n? Total load 3.0 KN/m? 4.70 KN/n? Floor Dead load = 0.5 X 1.4 = 0.70 kN/n? Imposed load (2.5+1)X 1.6 = 5.60 kN/m* Total load = 4.0 kN/mt* 6. Staircase Dead load 1.0 x 1.4 = 1.40 N/m? Imposed load 4.0 x 1.6 = 6.40 KN/m? Total toad 5.0 KN/m? 7.80 KN/m2 Serviceability Lit State Total load on floor 2.5 +10 = [Link]/n? Total load on stairs = 4.0 kN/m? 26 6. WORKED EXAMPLES ON INITIAL SECTION SELECTION Initial section selection is an ess part of a scheme design. The members of the low rise building as given in Section 5 have been selected to illustrate the use of the load-span tables for beams and the load-height tables for columns in Reference 1. It is noted that the safe loads obtained from the design tables are based on working (unfactored) loads given in Calculation Sheet 2. For details about the use of the design tables, refer to Section 6 in Reference 1. Chord 1 Beam 1 Beam 2 Beam 3 Column 1 Top Chord (Calculation Sheets 3 and 4) This is a double section channel (back to back) subject to axial compression only. The effective length coefficient for minor axis buckling is taken as 1.0 conservatively. Secondary Beam (Calculation Sheet 5) This is a double span single section channel supporting the floor. The top flange of the section is fully restrained by chipboard flooring. Primary Beam (Calculation Sheet 6) This is a single span double section channel (back to back), simply supported between columns. It is loaded through the secondary beams which also provide restraint to the top flange at 600 mm intervals. Staircase Support Beam (Calculation Sheets 7 and 8) ‘This is a single section channel, simply supported between columns. ‘The top flange is assumed to be unrestrained over part of its length to illustrate the design procedure for a beam subject to lateral torsional buckling. Internal Column (Calculation Sheet 9) This is a double section channel (back to back) subject to axial load only. For the section above the ground floor level, the overall buckling check is critical while the local capacity check should be carried out for the section below ground floor level. 27 Tob We ‘The "PUB 125 shoot 3 of 55. Fev. ‘Steel Construction ob Tite Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subject Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Initial Section Selection: Truss Analysis oe ont Wade By Date eet sma KFC Sept 1992 Cheaked By Dae CALCULATION SHEET PIG. July 1993 INITIAL TRUSS DESIGN The trusses are spaced at 4.2 m and are subject to roof load via purlins land loft load via secondary beams. Uplift of the roof has not been considered. For initial section selection of the members, reference is made to the design tables of the Ref. 1. Unfactored loads as given in Section 5.2 are used at this stage. | Load Unfactored load on roof = 13 Nin? Unfactored load on loft = 3.0 kN/n? Internal purlins supported roof area 342% 21 = 8.82 m? unfactored load = 1.3 x 8.82 =1LSKN Perimeter wall = 15/2 = 5.8kN Internal cross beams on loft floor supported floor area = 42x 2.8 = 11.76 m* total load =3.0x 1.76 = 35.3 kN Perimeter wall = 35.3/2 = 17.7 KN Total load on the perimeter wall = 17.7+5.8 = 23.5KkN = 5.6kN/m [Reaction at the truss support = 35.3 + 115 * 1S = 52.6 kN Only the maximum compressive force in the truss is evaluated at this stage. Consider the vertical equilibrium at A. 52.6 - F; sin 30 = #F 0 105.2 kN (compression) 28 Tab Wa; The 22s PUB 125 shoot 4of 5S Tob Tile Steel Construction Institute * ‘Subject Silwood Park Ascot Berks SL5 7QN Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Initial Section Selection: Chord 1 - Sian Tada by Date Poug 200 KFC Sept 1992 Teaeed oy Bae CALCULATION SHEET PIG ‘July 1993 INITIAL SECTION SELECTION : TOP CHORD (Chord 1) Unrestrained length, L 4.85m /2 = 2.425m Effective length, Ig =10L 2.425m Try Double Section 180x65x2 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. |Concentrically loaded Max. load with restraints (L = 2.0m) 139.5 kN « 3.0m) 94.5 kN By linear interpolation, (L = 2.425m) 120.4 kN > 105.2kN .. Le Section 180% 65 x2, than: Note: Detailed design shows that a lighter section can be used. Ref 1 Table 40 OK 29 ‘The Tob We PUB 125 shoot 5 of 5S ‘Steel Construction Job Tite ‘Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subject Initial Section Selection: Beam 1 Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 70N ‘Telephone:(0344) 23345 Chent Wee ae Ba *° Sept 1992 Pax:(0344) 22944 Checked by CALCULATION SHEET PIG Dae July 1993 INITIAL SECTION SELECTION: SECONDARY BEAM (Beam 1) For initial selection of the members, reference is made to the design tables of the Ref. 1. Unfactored loads as given in Section 5.2 are used at this stage. The beam is firstly considered as a double span single section member supporting the floor. The top flange of the section is fully restrained by chipboard flooring. Ry Ry Re Loads Unfactored load on floor 4.0 KN/n? Supported area 0.6 x 4.2 2.52 m? Load on each span, W 4.0 X 2,52 10.1 kN Try Single Section 180x652.0 mm Z 28 Generic Lipped Channel. Bending strength of beam Max. load with full restraint — (L = 4.5 m) = 9.8KN (L = 4.0m) [Link] By linear interpolation, (L = 4.2m) 10.5 kN OK Deflection of double span beam Max. load for limit L/250 (= 45m) = 15.0kN OK Web crushing ‘Support width = 50 mm (conservative) Max. load for double span single restrained section = 16.3 kN “. OK Use Single Section 180x65x2.0 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel, Double Span. Calculation Sheet 2 Ref 1 Table 7 Steel Construction Tob Tile Institute Tab Wa The PUB 125 Sheet 6 of 55 Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subject Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Initial Section Selection: Beam 2 Cent Wade By Date Telephone:(0344) 23345 Retcrpecy KFC Sept 1992 Thesked By Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 INITIAL SECTION SELECTION : PRIMARY BEAM (Beam 2) The beam is a double section (two channels back to back) member, simply supported between columns. It is loaded through the secondary beams which also provide restraint at regular intervals to the top flange. e RO6 m Loads Unfactored load on secondary beam, P = 10.1 kN Calculation Sheet 5 Total unfactored load, W =10.1x6 = 60.6KkN Try Double Section 300x65x3 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. Ref 1 Table 14 Bending strength of beam Max. load with full restraint (L = 4.0 m) = 64.0 KN ©. OK Deflection Max. load for limit L/250 =115.2 kN-. OK |Web crushing Support width = 50 mm (conservative) |Max. load for double section single span = 95.0 kN «. OK Ise Double S 22 ed Chan. 31 Tab We The eae |_— puss shoot 7 ot 55 Fev, Steel Construction Tob Tis Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Institute #4 Subject Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Initial Section Selection: Beam 3 Gient Mads By Date ‘Telephone:(0344) ee rane) 0a a KFC Sept 1992 Checked By Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 INITIAL SECTION SELECTION : STAIRCASE SUPPORT BEAM (Beam 3) The beam is a double section channel (back to back) simply supported between columns. The top flange is unrestrained between B and C. In A c 8 Ry Re restrained unrestrained Loads Unfactored load on stairs = 5.0 kN/m? Calculation Sheet 2 Supported (Staircase) area 05x 22x15 =1.65 mm [Load on restrained span, W 1.65 x 5.0 =B.3KkN Reactions Taking moments about A, 42% Rg = 8.25 X 0.75 Rp =15kN Ry = 83-15 = 6.8 kN Moment Approximate max. moment = 15x 2.7 =4.1kNm Restrat , c For equivalent UDL, W =41x8/42 =7.8kN Try Single Section 180 x 65 x 2mm 228 Generic Lipped Channel, as Ref 1 Secondary Beam. Table 7) | Bending strength of beam Max. load with full restraint (L = 4.5 m) =9.8KN *. OK 32 Tab Wer Favs The Sar PUB 125 shoot Bot 55. Steel Construction << eB Tile Institute cae Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Eee eee reece Initial Section Selection: Beam 3 Teloponer(abad) 23948 Glent Made By Date ee cia ae KFC Sept 1992 Checked by Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Max. load with limit L/250 (L = 45m) = 9.0kN *. OK Web crushing Support width = 50 mm (conservative) Max. load for single span single restrained section = 22.5 kN “OK | Unrestrained section between B and C For equivalent central point load with span 5.4 m and restrained at 4 span, Wo =41/2.7x2 = 3.0kN Bendir ngth of beam Max. load with restraint at 4 pts (L = 6.0 m) = 2.8kN (L = 5.0m) = 3.9kN By linear interpolation, (L = 5.4m) = 3.5kN . OK Deflection of si Max. load with limit L/250 (L = 6.0m) =3.2kN *. OK Web crushing |As in restrained section between A and B Use Single Section 180x 652.0 mm 228 Gene! aoe Tab We; aaa PUB 125 sheet 9 ot 55 The Farensrntan ERG PP Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Seat ; snd a ee 13 7 amae—itit Section Sleton: Column 1 one: (0344) 2334 Pax(0344) 72944 KFC Sept 1992 Cheskod By Dare CALCULATION SHEET PIG ‘July 1993 INITIAL SECTION SELECTION : INTERNAL COLUMN Note: Internal columns do not carry roof loads and only Column 1 is considered. Unfactored loads as given in Section 5.2 are used at this stage. Loads Unfactored load on floor = 4.0 kN/m? Floor area supported by each internal column =4.2x 4.2 = 17.64 mi? Load above ground level = 17.64 x 4.0 = 70.6 kN Load below ground level = 70.6 + 70.6 = 141.2kN Effective Length of Column Length, L = 227m Effective length, Lg = 0.85 .L taking account of restraint at connections for this ground level column = 23m Try Double Section 200x 652.0 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. incentricall Max. load with restraints (L = 2.0 m) 138.6 KN (L = 3.0m) 93.8 KN By linear interpolation, (L = 2.3 m) = 125.2 kN > 70.6KN .. OK Squash load Max. load with continuous restraints = 170.5 kN > 141.2kN .. OK Ise jeneric Lipped Channel. Calculation Sheet 2 Ref 1 Table 42 34 7. WORKED EXAMPLES ON DETAILED TRUSS DESIGN ‘Two members of the roof truss of the low-rise building as given in Section 5 have been selected to illustrate the use of BS 5950: Part 5 in the practical design of tension and compression truss members Chord 1 Top Chord == ~—double section Chord 2 Bottom Chord - double section ‘The design procedures of the tension and compression members are illustrated in detail in accordance with BS 5950: Part 5 using the partial safety factors given in Section 1.1. For each member, a brief description of its structural behaviour is first given, This is followed by a list of clauses from the Code. The gross and reduced section properties for generic lipped channels can be found in Table 3. Factored total loads given in Calculation Sheet 2 are used. References to BS 5950: Part 5 are noted by the relevant clause or table number adjacent to the calculation ‘The truss analysis based on factored loads is presented in Calculation Sheets 10 and 11. 7.1 Top chord (Calculation Sheet 12) The top chord is a double section channel (back to back) subject to axial compression only. The effective length coefficient for minor axis buckling is taken as 1.0 conservatively. The following check is carried out to BS $950; Part 5: (@ Axial bucking resistance to Clauses 6.2.2 and 6.2.3. 7.2 Bottom chord (Calculation Sheet 13) ‘The bottom chord is a double section channel (back to back) subject to axial tension from truss action and bending moment from loft load. The following checks are carried out to BS 5950: Part 5: (@ Tension resistance to Clause 7.2. (©) Combined bending and tension check to Clause 7.3. 35 Steel Construction Institute Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Tetephone:(0344) 23345, Fax:(0344) 22944 CALCULATION SHEET Tab Wo. The Za PUB 125 sheet 10 of 55 ab Tile Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subjest Detailed Truss Design Cent Wade by Date KFC Sept 1992 Checked by piG__|°*” July 1993 DETAILED TRUSS DESIGN design. Load Internal purlins: Factored load on roof supported roof area total factored load Perimeter wall Internal cross beams on loft: Factored load on loft supported floor area total factored load Perimeter wall Total load on the perimeter wall The trusses are spaced at 4.2 m and are subject to roof load via purlins and loft load via secondary beams. considered. Factored loads as given in Section 5.2 are used for detailed =42x21 1.94 x 8.82 =171/2 4.2 x 2.8 4.7 x 1.76 = 55.3/2 = 27.7 + 8.6 Note: References to BS 5950: Part 5 are noted by the relevant clause or table number adjacent to the calculation. Uplift of the roof has not been Calculation Sheet 2 Calculation Sheet 2 36 Tob Wo, PUB 125 Shoot 1 of 55 The Steel Construction ob Tile Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Sa : ; Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN —_ ee Design: Loading Telephone:(0348) 23345 on ie ae Faxs(0344) 22944 rere fe | Set 1992 CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Loading Analysis Reaction at the truss support =S5534171X15 = 81kN Consider vertical and horizontal equilibrium at A, 81 ~ F; sin 30 =0 2 F = 162.0 kN (compression) F,cos30+F, =0 = = 140.3 KN (tension) Taking moments at A, I7.1X2,1455.3%2.8+F5X4.85 sin 30 = 0 = Fy = 78.7 KN (tension) Consider vertical and horizontal equilibrium at B, F, sin 60 + 55.3 - 78.7 sin 60 =0 ~ = 14.8 KN (compression) -140.3+14.8 cos 60+78.7 cos 60+F, = 0 = Fs 93.6 KN (tension) Consider horizontal equilibrium at C, 162 cos 30 - 14.8 cos 60 - F; cos 30 7 Fr 0 153.5 kN (compression) 37 Tab Wor The S25 PUB 125 shoot 12 ot 55 % 29.1 For a double section, torsional flexural buckling is not critical and thus « = I, Modified slenderness ratio, Pz, = 0.71 x 235.9 = 167.5kN > F, (= 162.0kN) . OK No reduction in the axial buckling resistance is necessary as there is no neutral axis shift in a doubly symmetric section. Ise Double Section 180 65%1.8 mm 72: red Chann Steel Construction “Seq [TH 5 ncanae =~ L. Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 [Sitwood Park Ascot Berks SL5 7QN Desziled raze] Designs] Chora t Tae eae Treat Wate ee | sem 1990 | Fax:(0344) 22944 Checked By Bae sept CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Detailed Design : Top Chord (Chord 1) Unrestrained length, Lo = 4.85/2 = 2.425m Table 9 Effective length, Ly =10L = 2.425m Try Double Section 180 65x1.8 mm 228 Generic Lipped Channel. Table 3 of the text Material properties : E 205.0 kN/mm? Py 280.0 N/mm? Section properties : A = 1144.0 mm? 5 = 29.1 mm Reduced section resistance: P., = 235.9 kN Load Applied compressive force, F, = 162.0 KN Calculation Sheet 11 Buckling Resistance Check for maximum allowable slenderness : ye ee =8 << 180 +. OK Table 6| of the text) Cl. 6.2.3 38 Tob We Fave The PUB 125 shoot 13 of 55 ‘Steel Construction Jeb Tide . Institute = ares orked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Sin Pk At e578 ea Dita Truss Design: Chord 2 elephone:(0346) 23345 Fax (0344) 22944 KFC Sept 1992 Chacko By Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Detailed Design : Bottom Chord (Chord 2) The member is under combined tension from truss action and bending moment from loft load. Try Double Section 180 651.8 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. Table 3 of the text (Material properties : E = 205 kN/mm? Py = 280 Nim? | Section properties : A = 1144 mm? Moment resistance : Ma = = 16.38 kNm Axial tensile resistance, P, = Apy = 144 x 280 x 107 = 320.3 kN Load Applied tensile force, F, = 140.3 kN Calcualtion Sheet i Bending Moment Factored load on loft = 47KNIn? Calculation [span between supports = 8.4/3 = 28m Sheet 2 supported loft area 2.62.8 = 1.68 m? total factored load = 1.68% 47 = 7.9KkN Mya = WE = 79x28 2.77 kNm & 8 Axial Tensile Resistance At Mid-span P, = Apy = 1144 x 280x 10% = = 320 kN CL 7.2.1 |Combined Bending and Tension The following interaction equation must be satisfied: 8.3 kNm Calculation ”. OK Sheet 14 Shear Resistance Shear yield strength, Py = 0.6p, = 0.6 x 280 = 168 N/mm? C1. 5.4.3 Shear buckling strength, a = (1000x1.96 Ge 180 = 118.6 N/mm, which is more critical. Max. shear force, Fymox = 9.9 KN Shear area = 180 x 1.96 = 352.8 mm? Average shear stress, 9 x10? F So= Fog 7781 Niam? < Ger “0K 4a Tob We The Sag PUB 125 Shoot 16 of 5S Steel Construction “SS [FT Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Institute = Subject Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Detailed Beam Design: Beam 1 (option 1) Bi benebarSreecrs Grea Wade by | Fax:(0344) 22944 Sept 1992 Creche by Dae CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 |Web Crushing at End Supports cl. 5.3 Check the limits of the formulae: Do = HL = 92 5200 :. OK t 1.96 rz =40 22056 OK t 1.96 |At the end supports, the bearing length, N, is 65 mm (taking conservatively as the flange width of a single section). For c = 0, N/t = 33.2 and restrained section, use Py = t7Cppy (8.8 + 1.11 (Nh ee CG =1+P4 730 =1+2% a1 750 P, = 1.96? x1.12 x280 x{8.8 +1.11 x 33.2} x10? = 18.3KkN > R,(=7.0KkN) -. OK Calculation Sheet 14| Web Crushing at Internal Support Cl. 5.3 |At the internal support, the bearing length, N, is 130 mm (taken as the [flange width of a double section). For c > 1.5 D, N/t = 130/ 1.96 = 66.3, and restrained section, Use Py = 17C5Cgpy {13.2 +2.87~N1t } dl k = 280 = 1.23 228 Cs 1.49 — 0.53k 0.84 Cs 0.88 + 0.12 x (1.96/19) = 1.0 Py 1.96? x0.84 1.0 x280 13.2 +2.87 x 66.3 } x10 33.0KN << Ry (= 19.9 KN) 44 Tab Wa The Seas PUB 125 shoot 17 of $5 Steel Construction Tob Tile Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subject Detailed Beam Design: Beam 1 (option 1) Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Telephone:(0344) 23345 a Madey EC Fax:(0344) 22944 Sept 1992 Checked by CALCULATION SHEET P, July 1993 Be ishing at Internal Suy It is necessary to check the section at the internal support and the [following equation must be satisifed: “8 19.9 kN and P, = 33.0 kN, as <1 +. OK | M, = 8.3 kNm and M, = 9.2kNm, as <1. OK M, My 19.9 1a (22) + (82) = 157 os The section just fails under the combined bending and web crushing at the internal support. This failure mode has not been registered in the initial section selection designed with unfactored (working) load. It may be necessary to use a double section (back to back) over the internal support to prevent web crushing, which gives: Py =33.0 x 2= 66.0 kN jand 1 (22) (83) 66.0, 9.2 The double section should extend 1.5 x D or 270 mm from each side of the support, i.e., 2 x 270 mm + 130 mm or 675 mm in length. The sections should be fixed together by screws or bolts. 1.23 < 1.5-. OK. Cl. 5.5.1 Cl. 8.6.2) 45 Tab We Rev. The agar |__ PUB 125 shoot 18 ot 55 i Tas Tite Fase Nest Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subject Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 70N Detailed Beam Design: Beam 1 (option 1) It may be possible to use single span beam, provided the deflection limit is relaxed. Refer to option 2 : Secondary Beam - Single Span. Telephone:(0348) 23345 oo Cao cD Petes an Tema oe CALCULATION SHEET PIG uly 1993 fection Check Cl. 2.4.2 A coefficient of a is used to take account of unequal loading on a double span. Total unfactored imposed load is used for deflection calculation. baa = 3, WE? neal 384 ET, Ref 1 where = 304.2 x 104 mm? Section 6.5) W = 3.5 x 0.6 x 4.2 = 88 KN Calculation Sheet 2 5, = 3 x 8.8% 4200 mes 384205 x 304.2 10° = 8.2mm Deflection limit = = si ‘for imposed load ee 4200 = = 11.7 mm > 8.2mm. OK mm > 8.2mm. 0) <. In the Double Span construction: se Si ion 180%65X2.0 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. Use Double Section of 675 mm in length over the internal support. Note: 46 Tae We Tew. The & a PUB 125 Sheet 19 ot 55 Tee ea > aps Orted Examples to BS 5950: Part § Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN _ Detailed Beam Design: Beam 1 (option 2) “Telephone:(0348) 25345, oe eae OF Sept 1992 cae Checked by Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Detailed Design : Secondary Beam (Beam 1) - Single Span (option 2) Option 1 has shown that the continuity of the spans causes a high reaction over the internal support. This results in a double section over the internal support to avoid web crushing and a 25% increase in the total load on the internal column. The beam is re-designed as a single Span beam using the same section. w m0 Ry 4.2m ___ > Loads Total load on each span, W = 15.9 kN Calculation Sheet 14 Bending Moment Max. moment 125 x 15.9 x 4.2 = 8.3kNm Calculation 11.7mm (deflection limit) Calculation Sheet 18 Actual deflection = span / 307, which may be reasonable for a building of this type. ingle Section 180x 65x. Z2: ic ipped Channel, Single Span. 47 Steel Construction Tob This ‘Institute wnt The ae PUB 125 Sheet 20 of 55 <4 Worked Examples to BS $950: Part 5 saa 5 Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN = Detailed eee Beam 2 = “etephone(0348) 23345 Fax:(0344) 22944 —— AFC oa Sept 1992 CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Detailed Design : Primary Beam The beam is a double section (back to back) simply supported between ‘columns. The column is a Double Section 180 x 65 x 1.8 mm Generic Lipped Channel, and thus the span of the primary beam is reduced by lone column section depth, that is 180 mm. It is loaded through the secondary beams which also provide restraint at regular intervals to the top flange. Web cleats are used to connect the primary beam to the columns. bis 4.02 m 42m Load Point Load, P (total load on secondary beam) = 15.9 kN Bending Moment Assume loading to be uniformly distributed, w = BI = 26.5 kN/m 0.6 2 oe wh? _ 265x400? _ 53 5 4Nm 8 & | Shear Force Ry =3xP=3xI59 = 47.7KkN fos =R = 47.7 kN Calculation Sheet 14} 48 Tab We Fev. The PUB 125 shoot 21 of 55. ob Tie Steet Construction Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part § Laas ‘Subject Detailed Beam Design: Beam 2 Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN ene Cleat Made By Date Pot 030) 22984 | KFC Sept 1992 Checked by Date CALCULATION SHEET | PIG July 1993 Try Double Section 300% 65%3.0 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. Table 3 of the text| | Material Properties: E = 205 kN/mm* Py = 280 N/mm? Section Properties: t 2.96 mm D 300 mm ty = 24.1 mm ae 204.2 x 10? mm Teg 3062 x 104 mm* Reduced Section Properties: Tey 2871 x 10° mm* My 53.59 kNm Moment Resistance Cl. 5.2.2 [Since the top (compression) flange is restrained at 600 mm intervals, it is fully restrained. Hence, the moment resistance is: Mog = 53.59 KN > Mya = 53.5 kNm <. OK Caleulation Sheet 20 Shear Resistance Cl. 5.4.3 Shear yield strength, p, = 0.6py = 0.6 x 280 = 168 N/mm? Shear buckling strength, 0 = (10008 = (1000x2.967 D 300 = 97.4 N/mm’, which is more critical. Max. shear force, Fymax = 47.7 KN Calculation Sheet 20 ‘Shear area = 2x 300 x 2.96 = 1776 mm? Average shear stress, 47.7 x10 2 = 26.9 Ninn? < OK tr 1776 fmm! < der 49 Thi Steel Construction << Tob We PUB 125 Fav Sheet 22 of 55 Tab Tile Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Institute Silwood Park Ascot Berks SLS 7QN Sabjese Detailed Beam Design: Beam 2 15.9) , ( $3.5 117.5) \53.59 Siwood Fak Ascot Be Giant Was By Da Fax(0D44) 22944 paeenere Sept 1992 CALCULATION SHEET Pi July 1993 |Web Crushing at End Support Cl. 5.3 No check is necessary at the end supports as web cleats are used to transfer loading to the columns. Combined Bending and Web Crushing at Loaded Position CL. 5.5.1 iit is also necessary to check the section at the first loaded position adjacent to the mid-span for combined bending and web crushing. (=) (=z } 11 (22) +(=+) ns P, M., At the loaded position, the bearing length, N, is 65 mm (taking as the [flange width of a single section). For a single load on a double section, Use P, = 2x #C,C,p, 3.2 +287 |X Table 8} k = p, / 228 = 280 (228 = 1.23 Cs 1.49 ~ 0.53k Ce = 0.88 + 0,12 x 2.96/19 Py -=2x2.967 sasasaoraioxina +287, 4] 107 =UI7S5kN F, = 15.9KN Ph = HI7SKN = F,/Py <12. 0K M, = $3.5 kNm Mg = $3.59kNm + M/M, <1. OK Ld LIS < 15 +. OK 50 Tob Wo, The waza | PUB 125 sheet 23 of 55 Fev, Steel Construction Tob Tila Institute Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subject | Silwood Park Ascot Berks SL5 7QN_ Detailed Beam Design: Beam 2 Snood Park Ascot Bes Siar Wade by Dae rante z Tag oe CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Deflection Check Cl. 2.4.2 A coefficient of a is used for the uniformly distributed load. Total lunfactored imposed load on the primary beam is equal to the total lunfactored imposed load of the six secondary beams. 5 WL ona = 5 WEP max 384 ET, Cl. 2.4.2 + + Ref. 1 phere fg = BEB = 02 #2871 ap6y x sat ant | saeaalcs Ww = 88x 6 = 52.8kN Calculation Sheet 18, 3 = 5 x 52.8x 4020 mas 384" 205 x 2967 108 = 7.3mm Deflection limit = = s for imposed load ee = 420 < 112mm > 7.3mm .. OK 360 . Use Z28 Gen ed ingle uM. 51 Top We, Tew The PUB 125 shoot 24 of 55, Steel Construction Tob Tie Institute > eestor Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Reese pee srs an eel Beam Design: Beam 3 Telephone:(0344) 23345 Fax(0344) 22944 eaeeare ee e992 CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993, Detailed Design : Staircase Support Beam (Beam 3) The beam is a single section channel simply supported between columns. It is assumed that the top flange is unrestrained between B land C due to a discontinuity in chipboard flooring. The purpose of this loading case is to illustrate the design procedure for a beam subject to lateral torsional buckling. The overall span is taken conservatively as 4.2m. restrained Load Total factored load on stairs 7.8 kN/nt? Supported staircase area 0.5 x 2.2 x 1.5 = 1.65 m? [Load on restrained span, W = 165 x 7.8 = 12.9 kN | Bending Moment Taking moments about Ry 42% Rg = 12.9 x 0.75 Es 2.3 KN 12.9 - Rg 10.6 kN Position of zero shear 5X 10.6 / 12.9 1.232 m In restrained section, M (at distance x from R,) 2 = Rx" andw= 2 = 8.6 kNm 2 15 Myaz = 10.6 x 1.232 - Senza = 6.51 kNm In unrestrained section, Myox = 2.3 X 2.7 = 6.21 kNm x 3 Sar OF ann Shear Force Fymac = 10.6 kN Calcualtion Sheet 2 52 Tab We The PUB 125 Shoot 25 of 55 Tab Tite Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Subject Steel Construction Institute simi cats [ Detlld Beam Desi: Beam 3 elephone:(0348) 23345 Fac lones 22944 KFC Sept 1992 Checked By Date CALCULATION SHEET PIG July 1993 Try : Single Section 180x65%2.0 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel. The section is chosen to be the same size as other secondary beams for Table 3 ease of construction. of the text| Material Properties: E 205 kN/mm? Py 280 N/mm? Section Properties: t = 1.96 mm D 180 mm ne 22.8 mm Ley 34.59 x 10) mm) Tee 311.2 x 104 mm Reduced Section Properties: Tey 297.2 x 104 mm* Me 9.25 kNm ect Cl. 5.2.2 lex = 9.25 kNm > M = 6.51 kNm 2. OK ing Resistance Moment of Unrestrained Sectio Cl. 5.6.2 Length L = 2700mm : _ (1.000.85) , _ _ BS 5950: Effective length, Lz = (425) L = 0.925 L = 2498 mm raat L 43.5 (0) =e = 28 = 0 ry 22.8 Elastic yield moment My = 2x, Py = 34.59 x 280 x 10% = 9.7 kNm 53 Tob Wo. Fav The ry | PUB 125 shoot 26 ot 55 Steel Construction << Tab Tale - —_ Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5 Institute soa “ ee Detailed Beam Design: Beam 3 Pesesricatieted KFC Sept 1992 Treckea By Date CALCULATION SHEET Pj July 1993 Modified slenderness ratio, L auy—= = 7, i, = y br wy where nuv = 0.65 Ay = 85 for 228 steel Z 0.65 x 110 Tig = SEX C08 a 85 jw es 086 1.86 X 9.7 8.3kNm < M,, (=9.25kNm) > Myax (= 6.21 kNm) 2. OK | Shear Resistance Max. shear force, F,max = 10.6 kN Shear area = 180 x 1.96 = 352.8 mm? | Average shear stress, L061? = 30.0 Nim? 352.8 < Ger (=118.6 N/mm? from Beam 1) °.OK |Web Crushing |As web cleats are used at the end supports, the web crushing check is not applicable. Section 4.1.1 of the text Table 4 of the text Table 5 of the text Calculation Sheet 24) Calculation Sheet 24 Cl. 5.4.3) Calculation Sheet 15 Cl. 5.3. 54 Tob Fev Institute co The Co "PUB 125 sheet 27 of 55 i TT eon 8.2mm :. OK Use Single Section 180x65x2.0 mm Z28 Generic Lipped Channel, Single Span. Cl. 2.4.2 Calculation Sheet 2 Calcualtion Sheet 24) Calculation Sheet 18! Table 3 55 9. WORKED EXAMPLES ON DETAILED COLUMN DESIGN ‘Two columns of the low-rise building as given in Section 5 have been selected to illustrate the use of BS 5950: Part 5 in the practical design of compression members using cold formed steel sections: Column 1 Internal Column. - double section Column 2 Corner Column - double section ‘The design procedures of the columns are illustrated in detail in accordance with BS 5950: Part 5 using the partial safety-factors given in Section 1.1. For each member, a brief description of its structural behaviour is first given. This is followed by a list of clauses from the Code. The recommended design procedure for columns can be found in Section 4.2. The gross and reduced section properties for generic lipped channels can be found in Table 3. The factored total loads given in Calculation Sheet 2 are used. References to BS 5950: Part 5 are noted by the relevant clause or table number adjacent to the calculation. ‘The applied total factored loads to Columns 1 and 2 are presented in Calculation Sheet 28. 9.1 Internal column (Calculation Sheets 29 - 30) The column is a double section channel (back to back) subject to axial load only. For the section above the ground floor level, the overall buckling check is critical while the local capacity check should be carried out for the section below ground floor level. The following checks are carried out to BS 5950: Part 5: @ Axial buckling resistance to Clauses 6.2.2, 6.2.3 and 6.3 (©) Local capacity check to Clause 6.4.2. 9.2 Corner column (Calculation Sheets 31 - 34) ‘The column is a double section (back to back) which is eccentrically loaded about both axes. It must be designed to withstand a combination of axial load and bending moments for the section above ground floor level. The local capacity check is critical to the section below ground floor level. The following checks are carried out to BS 5950: Part 5: (a) Axial buckling resistance to Clauses 6.2.2, 6.2.3 and 6.3 (&) Local capacity check to Clause 6.4.2 (© Overall buckling check to Clause 6.4.3. 56

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