ME-307 : Convection, Boiling, Condensation & Mass Transfer Final Exam Suggestion Define hydraulic diameter and derive hydraulic diameter in fluid flow. Define and derive characteristic length in heat transfer. Describe the natural convection heat transfer process Draw the temperature and velocity profile for a vertical plate natural convection heat transfer. Define Grashof and Rayleigh number. Write the significance of them in heat transfer. Differentiate between: i) evaporation and boiling, ii) pool and flow boiling, ii) subcooled and saturated boiling, iv) flim and dropwise condensation. 7. Briefly describe the- i) poo! boiling, i) flow boiling with necessary figure. 8 Define heat exchanger and write the name of various types of heat exchangers. 9. Write the functions of baffles in heat exchanger. Explain fouling factor. 10. Draw the temperature profile for-i) boiling & condensation, ii) parallel and counter flow Problems; 1. Chapter-08: Example- 8.3, 8.5, 8.6 2. Chapter-09: Example- 9.1, 9.2 3. Chapter-13: Example- 13,3, 13.4EXAMPLE 8-3 Flow of il in a Pipeline through a Lake Consider the flow of oil at 20°C in a 30-cm-diameter pipeline at an average velocity of 2 mis (Fig. 8-23). A 200-m-long section of the pipeline passes through icy waters of a lake at O°C. Measurements indicate that the surface temperature of the pipe is very nearly O°C. Disregarding the thermal resistance of the pipe material, determine (2) the temperature of the oil when the pipe leaves the lake, (b) the rate of heat transfer from the oil, and (c) the pumping [power required to overcome the pressure losses and to maintain the flow of the oil in the pipe. SOLUTION Oil flows in a pipeline that passes through icy waters of a lake at O°C. The exit temperature of the oll, the rate of heat loss, and the pumping power needed to overcome pressure losses are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of ‘the pipe is very neatly 0°C. 3 The thermal resistance of the pipe is negligible. 4 The inner surfaces of the pipeline are smooth. 5 The flow is hydrodynamically developed when the pipeline reaches the lake. Properties We do not know the exit temperature ofthe oil, and thus we cannot determine the bulk mean temperature, which is the temperature at which the properties of oil are to be evaluated. The mean temperature of the oll at the Inlet is 20°C, and we expect this temperature to drop somewhat as a result of heat loss to the icy waters of the lake. We evaluate the properties of the oil at the inlet temperature, but we will repeat the calculations, if necessary, Using properties at the evaluated bulk mean temperature, At 20°C we read (Table A-14) p= 888 kg/m? v= 901 X 10" m/s Analysis (a) The Reynolds number is Vas __ Qmlsx0.3 m) Rea" * do x 108m \which is less than the critical Reynolds number of 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar, and the thermal entry length in this case is roughly 1, = 0.05 Re Pr D = 0.05 X 666 X 10,400 X (0.3 m) = 104,000 m which is much greater than the ttl length af the pipe. This i typical af fluids with high Prandtl numbers, Therefor, we assume thermally developing flow and determine the Nusselt number from _w 0.065 (DIL) Re Pr Nu="p 36 + Ty gos (D/L) ReP™ .065(0.3200) x 666 > 10,400 1 + 0.04[(0.3/200) x 666 x 10,400) = 366+ =373 200m FIGURE 8-23 Schematic for Example 8-3,Taina Note that this Nusselt number is considerably higher than the fully developed value of 3.66. Then, SARS Wi (37.3) = 18.0 Wim? °C Also, pl= DL = (0.3 m)(200 m) = 1885 m? 1 = pAVq = (888 kg/on)[0(0.3 m)PI2 mvs) = 125.5 kgs Next we determine the exit temperature of oll from T. -G, T) exp (—hA, (nn) 18.0 Wim? - °C\188.5 m?) 12 Tee/s)(1880 Wg * = 0°C = [(0 - 20)°C} exp - 971°C Thus, the mean temperature of oil drops by a mere 0.25°C as it crosses the lake. This makes the bulk mean oil temperature 19.86°C, which is practically identical to the inlet temperature of 20°C. Therefore, we do not need to re- evaluate the properties. (b) The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat loss from the oil are @ = hA,AT, = (18.0 Win? - *C¥188.5 m?)(—19.85°C) = ~6.74 x 104 ‘Therefore, the oil wll ose heat at a rate of 67.4 KW as it flows through the pipe in the icy waters of the lake. Note that 47, is identical to the arithmetic mean temperature in this case, since AT, ~ AT. (0) The laminar flow of oil is hydrodynamically developed. Therefore, the friction factor can be determined from 64 6 f= B= & = 00961 ‘Then the pressure drop in the pipe and the required pumping power become LV 1 200.m (888 ky/m’)(2 mis)? ap = £57 = 0961 202 : 1.14 x 10° Nin? ridp _ (1255 kp/s)(114 % 108 Nim Mae SE ge a TSAR Discussion We will need a 16.1-kW pump just to overcome the friction in the pipe as the oil flows in the 200-m-long pipe through the lake,445 ia 4,= constant peer ay FIGURE 8-29 ‘Schematic for Example 8-5, Therefore, power input in the amount of 461 W is needed to overcome the fric- tional losses in the pipe. Discussion The friction factor also could be determined easily from the explicit Haaland relation. It would give f = 0.0172, which is sufficiently close to 0.0174. Also, the friction factor corresponding to e = O in this case is 0.0171, which indicates that stainless steel pipes can be assumed to be smooth with negligible error. EXAMPLE 8-5 Heating of Water by Resistance Heaters in a Tube Water is to be heated from 15°C to 65°C as it flows through a 3-cm-internal- diameter 5-m-long tube (Fig. 8-29). The tube is equipped with an electric re- sistance heater that provides uniform heating throughout the surface of the tube. The outer surface of the heater is well insulated, so that in steady opera- tion all the heat generated in the heater is transferred to the water in the tube. I the system is to provide hot water at a rate of 10 Limin, determine the power rating of the resistance heater. Also, estimate the inner surface temperature of the pipe at the exit. SOLUTION Water is to be heated in a tube equipped with an electric resis- tance heater on its surface. The power rating ofthe heater and the inner surface temperature are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The surface heat flux is uniform, 3 The inner surfaces of the tube are smooth. Properties The properties of water at the bulk mean temperature of T, = (T,+ Tol2 = (15 + 65)2 = 40°C are (Table A-9). p= 992.1 kgf? G,= 4179 kg °C = 0631 Wim + °C Pr=432 lp = 0.658 10-6 m/s Analysis The cross sectional and heat transfer surface areas are Ac= bud? = $1(0.03 m)? = 7.069 x 10-4 mi? A, = pL = mDL = (0.03 m)(5 m) = 0.471 m? 10 Limin = 0.01 m*/min, Then The volume flow rate of water is given as the mass flow rate becomes rit = pV = (992.1 kg/m')(0.01 m/min = 9.921 kg/min = 0.1654 ke/s “To heat the water at this mass flow ate from 15°C to 65°C, heat must be sup- plied to the water ata rate of 0 = nCyT.- 1) (0.1654 kg/s)(4.179 kI/kg - °CX65 — 15)°C 3461s = 4.6KWAll of this energy must come from the resistance heater. Therefore, the power rating of the heater must be 34.6 kW. ‘The surface temperature T, of the tube at any location can be determined from a T,~ Ta) > T= Ta a where his the heat transfer coefficient and Tr, is the mean temperature of the fiuid at that location. The surface heat flux is constant in this case, and its value can be determined from O_ s60w A,” OAT me 3.46 kWim? ‘To determine the heat transfer coefficient, we first need to find the mean ve- locity of water and the Reynolds number: VY. _0.010 mymin A.” 7069 x 10~* ‘VP _ (0236 m/s}(0.03 m) = 0658 X 10°F ms ¥, 14.15 m/min = 0.236 mis 10,760 which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry length is roughly 1, = L,= 10D = 10 0.03 = 03 m which is much shorter than the total length of the pipe. Therefore, we can as- ‘sume fully developed turbulent flow in the entire pipe and determine the Nus- selt number from AB — 01023 Re Pi = 0,023(10,760) (4.34) = 69.5 Then, k yy, 0.631 Wim = °C - p™ 003m (69.5) = 1462 Wim? - °C and the surface temperature of the pipe at the exit becomes a 73.460 Wim? yee a t= OC + Ta62 Wink °C NSE Discussion Note that the inner surface temperature of the pipe will be 50°C higher than the mean water temperature at the pipe exit. This temperature dif- ference of 50°C between the water and the surface will remain constant ‘throughout the fully developed flow region.Praia FIGURE 8-30 ‘Schematic for Example 8-6. EXAMPLE 8-6 Heat Loss from the Ducts of a Heating System Hot air at atmospheric pressure and 80°C enters an 8-m-long uninsulated ‘square duct of cross section 0.2 m x 0.2 m that passes through the attic of a house at a rate of 0.15 ms (Fig. 8-30). The duct is observed to be nearly isothermal at 60°C. Determine the exit temperature of the air and the rate of heat loss from the duct to the attic space. SOLUTION Heat loss from uninsulated square ducts of a heating system in the attic is considered. The exit temperature and the rate of heat loss are to be determined Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3 Air is an ideal gas. Properties We do not know the exit temperature of the air in the duct, and thus we cannot determine the bulk mean temperature of air, which is the tempera- ture at which the properties are to be determined. The temperature of air at the inlet is 80°C and we expect this temperature to drop somewhat as a result of heat loss through the duct whose surface is at 60°C. At 80°C and 1 atm we read (Table A-15) = 0.9994 kg/m? k= 0.02953 Wim = °C 097 10-5 ms Analysis The characteristic length (which is the hydraulic diameter), the mean velocity, and the Reynolds number in this case are x 3.95 mis Vay _ B75 mis)(02m) _ ¥~ 3.097 x 10- ms 2765 which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly 1, = L,~ 10D = 10X0.2m=2m which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed turbulent flow in the entire duct and determine the Nusselt number from AD, Nu = “7! = 0.023 Re®# P83 = 0.023(35,765) (0.7154) = 91.4= 2.02953 Wim = * - am Ol) = 4al = 4 X (0.2 m8 m) = 64 m? ri = p¥= (1.009 kg/m’)(0.15 m¥/s) = Next, we determine the exit temperature of ar from T,=T,~ (E,~ Texp(~hA, lnc) = 60°C ~ [(60 ~ 80)°C} exe - =nsc 0.151 ke/s (13.5 Wim? - °C(6.4 WAIST Kg/sjC1008 Ikg 13.5 Win °C | eee] ‘Then the logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat loss from the air become 80 = 713 = 713 "60 = 80 152°C © = hA, AN, = (13.5 Win? - *CX6.4 m?)(~15.2°C) = =1313 W Therefore, air will lose heat at a rate of 1313 W as it flows through the duct in the attic. Discussion The average fluid temperature is (80 + 71.3)/2 = 75.7°C, which 's sufficiently close to 80°C at which we evaluated the properties of air. There- fore, itis not necessary to re-evaluate the properties at this temperature and to repeat the calculations. ATi Internal flow is characterized by the fluid being completely confined by the inner surfaces ofthe tube. The mean velocity and mean temperature for a circular tube of radius R are ex- pressed as a ee ee aa ‘The Reynolds number for internal flow and the hydraulic di- ameter are defined as V,D Vad 44, ae P 2 and Dy = ‘The flow in a tube is laminar for Re < 2300, turbulent for Re > 10,000, and transitional in between, ‘The length of the region from the tube inlet to the point at ‘which the boundary layer merges atthe centerline isthe hydro- ‘dynamic entry length Ly, ‘The region beyond the entrance region in which the velocity profile is fully developed isthe ‘ydradynamicaly fully developed region. The length ofthe re- gion of flow over which the thermal houndary layer develops and reaches the tube center isthe thermal entry length I. The region in which the flow is both hydrodynamically and ther- rally developed is the fully developed flow region. The entry lengths are given by Tinie 0.05 Re D Laon = 0.05 Re PED = PELs se Lacan Ecrtaon ™ 10D Ford, = constant, the rate of heat transfer is expressed as 0 = 4,A,= mCT,—T)mn Pasa FIGURE 9-12 Natural convection flow over a horizontal hot eylinder. T= 0C FIGURE 9-13 ‘Schematic for Example 9-1 plume at the top, as shown in Figure 9-12. Therefore, the local Nusselt num- ber is highest at the bottom, and lowest at the top of the cylinder when the boundary layer flow remains laminar. The opposite is true in the case of a cold horizontal cylinder in a warmer medium, and the boundary layer in this case starts to develop at the top of the cylinder and ending with a descending plume at the bottom. ‘The average Nusselt number over the entire surface can be determined from. Eq. 9-26 [Churchill and Chu (1975), Ref. 13] for an isothermal horizontal cylinder, and from Eq. 9-27 for an isothermal sphere [Churchill (1983), Ref. 11] both given in Table 9-1. EXAMPLE 9-1 Heat Loss from Hat Water Pipes ‘A 6-m-long section of an 8-cm-diameter horizontal hot water pipe shown in Fia- ‘ure 9-13 passes through a large room whose temperature is 20°C. Ifthe outer surface temperature of the pipe is 70°C, determine the rate of heat los from the pipe by natural convection SOLUTION A horizontal hot water pipe passes through a large room. The rate (of heat loss from the pipe by natural convection is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas. 3 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm. Properties The properties of air at the film temperature of T= (Ty + T.2 = (70 + 202 = 45°C and 1 atm are (Table A-15) k=0.02699Wim-"C — Pr=0.7241 1 19 x108ms B= T= SER AnaiysisThe characteristic length inthis case isthe outer diameter ofthe pipe, L; = D = 0.08 m, Then the Rayleigh number becomes HT) POTD, 81 m/s?) 1/(318 K)|(70 — 20 KY0.08 my (1.749 X 10° m/s)? Ra, (0.7241) = 1.869 x 10° ‘The natural convection Nusselt number in this case can be determined from Eq, 9-25 to be . 0387 Rays] 0387(1869 x 10)" |? Nu= 196+ Ts soppy = 1% = 17.40 Then, Ke yyy = 0.02699 Wim ="C - Dee oem (170) = 5.869 Wim = °C ‘DL = (0.08 m)(6 m) = 1.508 m* and © = RAGT, ~ T.) = (5.869 Wim + “C(1.508 m?)(70 — 20)°C = 443 W.Therefore, the pipe will lose heat to the air in the room at a rate of 443 W by natural convection, Discussion The pipe will lose heat to the surroundings by radiation as well as by natural convection. Assuming the outer surface of the pipe to be black (emissiv- ity e = 1) and the inner surfaces of the walls of the room to be at room temper- ature, the radiation heat transfer is determined to be (Fig. 9-14) Qout = CATS — Then) = (1)(1.508 m?)(5.67 x 10-* W/m? - K4)[(70 + 273 K)* — (20 + 273 K)‘] =553W which is larger than natural convection. The emissivity of a real surtace is less than 1, and thus the radiation heat transfer for a real surface will be less. But radiation will still be significant for most systems cooled by natural convection, Therefore, a radiation analysis should normally accompany a natural convection analysis unless the emissivity of the surface is low. EXAMPLE 9-2 Cooling of a Plate in Different Orientations Consider a 0.6-m x 0.6-m thin square plate in a room at 30°C. One side of the plate is maintained at a temperature of 90°C, while the other side is insulated, {as shown in Figure 9-15, Determine the rate of heat transfer from the plate by natural convection if the plate is (a) vertical, (b) horizontal with hot surface fac- ing up, and (c) horizontal with hot surface facing down, SOLUTION A hot plate with an insulated back is considered. The rate of heat less by natural convection sto be determined for diferent evintations, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Airis an ideal gas. 3 The tecal atmospheric pressures 1 atm Properties The properties of air at the film temperature of T) = (7, + T.W/2 = (90 + 30V2 ~ 60% and 1 atm are (able A-15) ‘k= 0.02808 W/m «°C Pr = 0.7202 ot pedegl soxi0tnn pabagle Analysis (a) Vertical. The characteristic length inthis cas isthe height ofthe plate, which is L = 0.6 m. The Rayleigh number is. BUT, — TL? A (9.81 m/s*)[1/(333 K)(90 — 30 K)(0.6 my (1.896 X 10°$ m/s)? Ra, (0.722) = 7.656 x 10" Then the natural convection Nusselt number can be determined from Eq. 9-21 tobe va ns et + O492/PH = {esos 0.387(7.656 X 108)! } isa 1+ (0.4920.7202"F Donn FIGURE 9-14 Radiation heat transfer is usually ‘comparable to natural convection in ‘magnitude and should be considered in heat wansfer analysis. sp mre Tea 30" L=06m (o Vertical sono (6) Mot surface facing up (6) Hot surface facing down FIGURE 9-15 Schematic for Example 9-2.Note that the simpler relation Eq, 9-19 would give Nu = 0.59 Raj = 98.14, which is 13 percent lower. Then, (0.02808 Wim “°C 06m 36 mt (113.4) = 5.306 Win? + °C = (0.6my and 0 = RA(T, ~ 7.) = (6.306 Wim? -°€)(0.36 m?)(90 ~ 30)°C = 115 W (b) Horizontal with hot surface facing up. The characteristic length and the Rayleigh number in this case are A _L_06m = 015 m Pa 4" 4 Tad ra, - 8 = UE (9.81 ms?){14333 KO ~ 30 KYXO.15 my? = 7 LE NRF 07202) = 1.196 % 10 ‘The natural convection Nusselt number can be determined from Eq. 9-22 to be Nu = 0.54 Ra} = 0.54(1.196 x 107)! = 31.76 Then, = AERO WUC 76) = 5946 Wh? (05m? = 03608 and 6 = HAGT, ~ 7.) = (5.946 Win «°C Y(0.36 m2)(90 ~ 30)°C = 128 W (0) Horizontal with hot surface facing down. The characteristic length, the heat transfer surface area, and the Rayleigh number in this case are the same as those determined in (b). But the natural convection Nusselt number isto be de- termined from Eq. 9-24, Nu = 0.27 Ra} = 0.271.196 X 107)! = 15.86 Then, 02808 Wim +°C O15 m (15.86) = 2.973 Wim? «°C and @ = HA(T, ~ T.) = 2.973 Win? -*C)(0.36 m?\(90 ~ 30)°C = 64.2 W Note that the natural convection heat transfer is the lowest in the case of the hot surface facing down. This is not surprising, since the hot air is “trapped” ‘under the plate in this case and cannot get away from the plate easily. AS a re- sult, the cooler air in the vicinity of the plate will have difficulty reaching the plate, which results in a reduced rate of heat transfer. Discussion The plate will lose heat to the surroundings by radiation as well as by natural convection. Assuming the surface of the plate to be black (emissivity‘¢ = 1) and the inner surfaces of the walls of the room to be at room tempera- ture, the radiation heat transfer in this case is determined to be Great = €A,0(T# — Tie) (1)(0.36 m?)(5.67 10-* Wim? « K*)[(90 + 273 K)* — (30 + 273 K)'] 182 which is larger than that for natural convection heat transfer for each case. ‘Therefore, radiation can be significant and needs to be considered in surfaces cooled by natural convection. 9-4 = NATURAL CONVECTION FROM FINNED SURFACES AND PCBs Natural convection flow through a channel formed by two parallel plates as shown in Figure 9-16 is commonly encountered in practice. When the plates are hot (T, > T,.), the ambient fluid at enters the channel from the lower end, rises as it is heated under the effect of buoyancy, and the heated fluid leaves the channel from the upper end. The plates could be the fins of a finned heat sink, or the PCBs (printed circuit boards) of an electronic device. The plates can be approximated as being isothermal (T, = constant) in the first case, and isoflux (4, = constant) in the second case. ‘Boundary layers start to develop at the lower ends of opposing surfaces, and eventually merge at the midplane if the plates are vertical and sufficiently long. In this case, we will have fully developed channel flow after the merger of the boundary layers, and the natural convection flow is analyzed as channel flow. But when the plates are short or the spacing is large, the boundary lay- ers of opposing surfaces never reach each other, and the natural convection flow on a surface is not affected by the presence of the opposing surface. In that case, the problem should be analyzed as natural convection from two in- dependent plates in a quiescent medium, using the relations given for surfaces, rather than natural convection flow through a channel. Natural Convection Cooling of Finned Surfaces (T, = constant) Finned surfaces of various shapes, called hear sinks, are frequently used in the cooling of electronic devices. Energy dissipated by these devices is transferred to the heat sinks by conduction and from the heat sinks to the ambient air by natural or forced convection, depending on the power dissipation require- ments. Natural convection is the preferred mode of heat transfer since it in- volves no moving parts, like the electronic components themselves. However, in the natural convection mode, the components are more likely to run at a higher temperature and thus undermine reliability. A properly selected heat sink may considerably lower the operation temperature of the components and thus reduce the risk of failure. ‘Natural convection from vertical finned surfaces of rectangular shape has been the subject of numerous studies, mostly experimental. Bar-Cohen and ally ered tle flow Isothermal plate at 7, Boundary | layer eg ation [—s—] fluid a FIGURE 9-16 Natural convection flow through a ‘channel between two isothermal vertical plates.EXAMPLE 13-3 The Condensation of Steam in a Condenser ‘Steam in the condenser of a power plant is to be condensed at a temperature of 30°C with cooling water from a nearby lake, witich enters the tubes of the con- denser at 14°C and leaves at 22°C. The surface area of the tubes is 45 m2, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2100 Wim? - °C. Determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water needed and the rate of condensation of the steam in the condenser. SOLUTION Steam is condensed by cooling water in the condenser of a power Plant. The mass flow rate of the cooling water and the rate of condensation are to be determined Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exis. 2 The heat exchanger is well insulated so that heat loss tothe surroundings is negligible and thus heat trans- fer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no fouling. § Fluid properties are constant. Properties The heat of vaporization of water at 30°C is hg = 2431 kilkg and the specific heat of cold water at the average temperature of 18°C is Gy = 4184 Jihe - °C (Table A-9). ‘Analysis The schematic of the condenser is given in Figure 13-19. The con- denser can be treated as a counter-flow heat exchanger since the temperature of one of the fluids (the steam) remains constant The temperature difference between the steam and the cooling water at the two ends of the condenser is That is, the temperature difference between the two fluids varies from 8°C at tone end ta 16°C at the other. The proper average temperature difference be- tween the two fluids is the logarithmic mean temperature difference (not the arithmetic), which is determined from AN-AT; _ 8-16 In@TVAT,) ~ In(B16) Tin = sec This is a little less than the arithmetic mean temperature difference of {+ 16)= 12° Then the heat transfer ete inthe condenser is detained from = UA, AT = (2100 Winn? - “C45 m?\11.5°C) = 1.087 * 10° W = 1087 kW Therefore, the steam will lose heat ata rate of 1,087 kW as it flows through the condenser, and the cooling water will gain practically al of it, since the con- denser is well insulated. ‘The mass flow rate of the cooling water and the rate of the condensation of the steam are determined from @ = [1iGy(Tur ~ Tadcoine ar = (tipanun tO be __o ‘acing wt ~ T Fog — Te) _ 1087 kas ~ Gish “O02 — 14°C 325 kes 3 CHAPTER 13 Steam we 4 cooling iC 2 tan FIGURE 13-19 ‘Schematic for Example 13-3.Piast FIGURE 13-20 ‘Schematic for Example 13-4. and 1,087 ki/s a3 kaikg at awe ie ‘Therefore, we need to circulate about 72 kg of cooling water for each 1 kg of Bes cSedetng trices Wetecl ieee akg bs comical EXAMPLE 13-4 Heating Water in a Counter-Flow Heat Exchanger ‘A counterlow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water from 20°C to 80°C at a rate of 1.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water available at 160°C at @ mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled ‘and has a diameter of 1.5 cm. Ifthe overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 640 Wim? - °C, determine the length of the heat exchanger re- quired to achieve the desired heating, SOLUTION Water is heated in a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger by geothermal water. The required length of the heat exchanger is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat trans- {er from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is ro fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant. Properties We take the specific heats of water and geothermal fluid to be 4.18 ‘and 4.31 ki/kg - °C, respectively Analysis The schematic of the heat exchanger is given in Figure 13-20. The rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger can be determined from = LinCy (Ting ~ Taner = (1-2 kg/s)(4.18 kd/g - °C)(80 ~ 20)°C = 301 KW Noting that all of this heat is supplied by the geothermal water, the outh temperature of the geothermal water is determined to be 0 = (HG (04 Teles —P Toa = Tn = re 01k = 160°C ~ Grgyana.3l kik =O) = asc Knowing the inlet and outlet temperatures ofboth fluids, the logarithmic mean temperature difference for this counterlow heat exchanger becomes Tita ~ Tea = (160 ~ 80)°C = 80°C Tat ~ Tein = (125 ~ 20)°C = 105°C and AT, ~ AT, _ 80-105 _ AT = in (ATYAT;) ~ in @O/IO5) ~ °*O°C Then the surtace area of the heat exchanger is determined tobe o 301,000 W TAT, (GO Wim? - °C(92.0°C) — ae VA, ATig —> A, =‘To provide this much heat transfer surface area, the length of the tube must be _ ASA? SL E= 5D ~ 70015 m Discussion The inner tube of this counter-flow heat exchanger (and thus the heat exchanger itself) needs to be over 100 m long to achieve the desired heat transfer, which is impractical. In cases like this, we need to use a plate heat ‘exchanger or a multipass shell-and-tube heat exchanger with multiple passes of tube bundles. EXAMPLE 13-5 Heating of Glycerin in a Multipass Heat Exchanger ‘A 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerin from 20°C to 50°C by hot water, which enters the thin-walled 2-cm-diameter tubes at 80°C and leaves at 40°C (Fig. 13-21). The total length of the tubes in the heat exchanger is 60 m. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 25 Wim? - °C on the glycerin (shell) side and 160 Wim? - °C on the water (tube) side. De- termine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger (a) before any fouling oc- cours and (6) after fouling with a fouling factor of 0.0006 m? - *C/W occurs on the outer surfaces of the tubes. SOLUTION Glycerin is heated in a 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat ‘exchanger by hot water. The rate of heat transfer forthe cases of fouling and no fouling are to be determined. ‘Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat trans- fer from the hot fluid is equal to heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 Heat transfer co- efficients and fouling factors are constant and uniform. § The thermal resis- tance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly conductive. Analysis The tubes are said to be thin-walled, and thus it is reasonable to assume the inner and outer surface areas of the tubes to be equal. Then the heat transfer surface area becomes. A, = DL = (0.02 m)(60 m) = 3.77 mi? The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger can be determined from 0 = UA, Mig. cp Where Fis the correction factor and ATi, cris the log mean temperature differ fence for the counter-flow arrangement. These two quantities are determined from oy CHAPTER 13 cola lyeerin 20°C f —____ === Hor i ) water sore] sore FIGURE 13-21 Schematic for Example 13-5,