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Chapter 10

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Chapter 10

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Tamseel Fatima
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ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF WW". US [Link] , Refiaction of Lis The change in velocity , direction and wavelength of light rays take place as they through from one medium to another medium this phenomenon is called “Refraction of Light". Laws of Refraction: 1, The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence and the refracted ray all lie on the same plane. 2. The ratio of “sine” of angle of incidence (sinci} to the “sine” of angle of refraction (siner} isa constant. This constant is called refractive index {n} of the medium, The above law is called “Snell's Law”. Refractive Index: The ratio of the speed of light in vacuum or air {c) to the speed of light ina medium (v) is called the refractive index of that medium. 3x 10%m/s ; ¢ ie. ns- v Critical Angle: An angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90° is called the “Critical angle”. Itis denoted by" USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] Thin Lens Form Equation , i. For Convex Lens: The equation of lens shows the relation between focal length (f}, object distance (p) and image distance {q). the equation of convex lens is: B “A (pf) i<_———weq= In the above figure ABO and ADIO are similar. According ta rule of geometry; Since; ‘SABO =ADIO Therefore; Di 0 ---0 SSIS! =| 5] DO Similarly; AABF SACOF Therefore; Comparing eq{i) and eq(i) LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] = USIVANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] fi, For Concave Lens: The equation of concave lens is; In the above figure; According to rule of geometry; o> ale aI tt ar Pgtal a&ls 1 EIS je foies + les, Wl " aint + Sale| Sled AABO =ACDO LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] Similarly; AOEF =ACDF According to rule of geometry; Comparing eq(i) and eq(ii) A allal a a It s aI a : ou 4 ey Ae i> > 1s mies & =| 1 Sls ul Ie ainSio I See 1 he If there is a combination of two or more lenses the image formed by the first lens acts as the object for the second lens, Whereas the image of the second lens acts as the object for the third lens and so on. Total magnification produced by the combination is equal to the product of magnifications due to individual lenses hence, Sign Conventions: Object distance “p" Is (ve for any real object and —ve for any virtual object) Image distance “q” Is. (+ve for a real image and —ve fora virtual image) LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] , Focal length “f”.is (+ve fora convex lens and -ve for a concave lens) Close Combination of Two Thin Lenses Consider a point object “0” placed at distance “p” from a thin lens “L1” of focal length “fi” which forms its real image “I’” at distance “q’” According to thin lens equation: Aad fo? 34 Or teat a s=-+5----fi fl pia lfanather lens “La” of focal length “f2" is placed on the other side of “Li” such that the two lenses are in contact with each other and their principle axis lie on the same line then the at distance “q’”. an second lens will form the final image | | | The image formed by “Ly” acts as a virtual object for the second lens and since the two lenses are in clase combination their thickness is negligible therefore for the second lens, p =-q'. on substituting p= -q in lens equation we get: As; Adding equation (i) and (ii) CIE NS She wd aS bre Brut Pig aval poet [Link] = USMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] $1054 so e=45 pop The above equation gives the net focal length of combination of two lenses. This equation shows the total focal length (f) is less than the focal length of each lens, ie, f USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] , than the “Blue” image and thus the picture of an object will be surrounded by different colored fringes. This defect of a lensis thus called, “Chromatic Aberration”. Correction of Chromatic Aberration: The chromatic aberration can be corrected by forming a sultable combination of lenses (either with a convex or a concave lens) of different elements of refractive constant. Such a combination is often called, “Achromatic Lens”. Violet Defects of Vision There are mainly two defects of eye vision called, “Short-Sightedness” and “Long-Sightedness”. i. Short-Sightedness/(Myopia): If eye ball of a person is too elongated or focal length of his eye lens is too shart, then he can see nearer objects clearly but cannot see distant objects. This defect of an eye Is called, “Short-Sightedness” or “Myopia”. In this defect of an eye, the light rays coming from a distant object are focused in front of retina of the eye and thus it remains unable ta see distant object. Rectification ‘To rectify myopia, a concave lens of suitable focal length is adjusted in front of the defected aye. The concave lens diverges the rays coming fram a distant abject in a manner that they all focus on retina of the eye. LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] , ii. Long-Sightedness/(Hypermetropia): IFthe eye ball of a person is tao shortened or focal length of his eye lens is too large, then he can see distant objects clearly but cannot see closely oriented objects. This defect of an eye is called, “Long-Sightedness” or “Hypermetropia’. In the defect of an eye, the light rays coming from a closest object are focused beyond retina of the eye and thus it remains unable to see the closest object. Rectification To rectify, Hypermetropia, a convex lens of suitable focal length is adjusted in front of the defected eye. The convex lens converges the rays coming from the closest object in a manner that they all focus on retina of the eye. Magnifying Glas: It is an optical instrument which enables us to see image of such an object is set very close to ‘our eye. A double convex tens of shorter focal length is used for this purpose LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] , Suppose that an object is placed in front of an eye, inside the least distance of its distinct vision. Such an object could not be seen accurately by the naked eye. To visualize such an object, a double convex lens of suitable focal length is set in between the object and eye. The convex lens forms a virtual and magnified image of this object at least distance of distinct vision and thus it is acted as “Magnifying Glass”. The magnifying power of magnifying glass can be expressed by the following expression; d M=1+> f Where, “f” is the focal length of convex lens, “d” is the least distance of distinct vision. It is about 25cm for a normal eye. Derivation For Magnifying Power: The ratic of visual angle subtended by an image to the visual angle subtended by the abject is referred as “Magnifying power of a magnifying glass”, when object or image is set at least distance of distinct vision. If “a” and “8” be the visual angles subtended by an object and image respectively, then magnifying power of the magnifying glass can be written mathematically as; Beara @ In LAAOB, tana = z tan? = : If limit(a)-—>0, then, tana = a Therefore a= a Similarly, in LAA’O’B’, tang = =e If limit(8}—+0, then, tanf =P Therefore Now substituting a and f in eq(() LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] , By using thin lens formula; « for virtual image q = —d Multiplying by “d” obs; By comparing eq(ii) and eqtili) According to this equation, greater be the magnifying power, if a convex lens of sharter focal length is used as magnifying glass. Compound Microscope Compound microscope is an optical instrument mainly used to see magnified images of microscopic objects, such as germs, virus, bacteria and biological cells and tissues etc, that cannot be seen with naked eyes. Construction: A compound microscope consists of two converging lenses, are fixed at the ends of two co-axial tubes. The distance between two lenses can be adjusted by using @ screw. In compound microscope, a convex lens is set very close to an object and the other to an eye. They are thus called “Objective” and “Eye-Piece” respectively. Normally objective has smaller focal length than that af eye-piece. le i USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] , Working: (Ray Diagram) Eye-piece iN Let an object of size AB is set in front of objective very close to its focus, The objective forms a real inverted and slightly magnified image of size, AB very close to the eye piece. The image of size A'B' acts as an object to eye piece which finally forms a much magnified image of size A"B" at least distance of distinct vision. Hence, an observer can see a highly magnified image of a microscopic abject through eye piece. Derivation For Magnifying Power: In presence of objective and eye piece, the magnifying power of compound microscope can be obtained by using the “Principle of combination of lenses”, If “Ma” and “Mz” be the linear magnification of abjective and eye piece respectively, then magnifying power of compound microscope is given by; M=MixMz—{i) To Find Ms: According to the definition of linear magnification; Met P For objective; P=Py, q=qiandM=My Hence; ai M,=— a To Find Ma: In compound microscope, eye piece acts as magnifying glass, therefore, linear magnification of eye piece is given by; m= (1+4) sM=14+4 fr f Now by substituting the values of “M1” and “M2” in eq {i} we have, LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] = USMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] Approximate Magnifying Power: In practice an object is placed very close to the focus of objective, therefore, Py = fy Similarly, objective forms a real image of object very close ta the eye piece therefore, qi = L, where “L” is the distance between two lenses, commonly called "Length of microscope”. Hence the magnifying power of compaund microscope can be expressed as; Ms zt +2) This expression shows that magnifying power of compound microscope inversely depends on the facal length of objective and eye piece, Telescope Telescopes are used to see distant objects. The image of a distant object formed by a telescope Is smaller than the actual object because it is much nearer to the eye and hasa greater visual angle. The object looks larger when viewed through the telescope, Astronomical Telescope Itis an optical instrument used to observe heavenly abjects such as star, maon and planets etc, noted that; an astronomical telescope is not used to see objects on earth's surface due to formatian of their inverted images on eye. Construction: Atelescope consists of two converging lenses that are fixed at the end of two co-axial tubes. The distance between two lenses can be adjusted by using a screw. In telescape, a convex lens is set at the side of object and the other at the eye. They are thus called “Objective” and “Eye Piece” respectively. Normally objective has larger focal length and diameter than that of eye piece. Le. fief where, “f:” and “fy” is the focal length of objective and eye piece respectively. Working: Let an object of size, AB is set in front of the abjective. The objective forms real, inverted and slightly magnified image of size, 7’ very close to the eye piece. Now, the image of size, AB acts as an object to the eye piece which forms a magnified image of size, AR", A Telescope Focused For Infinity: To observe a very distant object, a telescope should be focused for infinity. For this, parallel rays of light coming from a distant object are converged at the principle focus of the objective where a real image of size, 7B’ is formed. Now to observe the final image without any strain on eye, the eye piece is so adjusted that the initial image AB’ must lie at the principle focus of the eye piece. The light rays after getting refraction through the eye piece become parallel and thus final image will be formed at infinity. LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] x In short, "A telescope is said to be focused for infinity when Initial Image formed by the objective lies at common principle focus of the two convex lenses”, Derivation For The Magnifying Power: For this let us assume that a telescope is focused for infinity as shown In the following ray diagram. be a Objective ;<————_—____> ‘ Object According to definition of angular magfification, _ Visual angle subtended by an image ~ Visual angle subtended by an abject In. AA’08' tana = ale Similarly in AA’0'R" tang === AR A MOE LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] Focal Length of Objective Focal Length of Eye Piece , Magnifying Power = It means, 1, M & f,; when "f,” is kept constant. 2 Me 7 when “f,” is kept constant. fl Length of An Astronomical Telescope: ‘When an astronomical telescope is focused for infinity, the sum of focal length of objective and focal length of eye piece will describe its length. It is symbolized by “L”. Mathematically; th Terrestrial Telescope: Astronomical telescope cannot be used to see far off objects lying on the surface of the earth because it forms an inverted image. In order to convert an astronomical telescope into terrestrial telescope another convex lens is introduced between the objective and the eye piece, This lens erects the image formed by the objective, it is therefore known as erecting lens or field lens. It does not contribute towards the magnifying power of the telescope. Focal length of the erecting lens must be short so that the telescope tube should not become unnecessarily long. i. How cana real image be distinguished from a virtual image? Can each type of image bbe projected on screen? Explain. Ans: See in notes fi. Under what conditions does a converging lens act asa diverging lens? Ans: When the abject is placed inside the focal length (i.e. between focus “F” and optical centre “o”) of the converging lens {convex lens), then this lens acts as diverging LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] , iii, . - Why is a convex lens of small focal length preferred for a magnifying glass? Ans: The magnification of a magnifying glass is given by: M=(14d/f), where fis the focal length. Since M « 1/f thus the smaller the focal length (i.e. the thicker the lens), the higher is the magnification produced. iv. Define the lens constructions, working and magnifying power of a compound microscope. Ans: See in notes v. How is the magnifying power of a i} Telescope ii) Microscope affected by increasing the focal length of its objective? ‘Ans: i) The magnifying power of a telescope Is given by: M = fo/fe, thus if fo (focal length of objective) increases, the magnifying power of a telescope will increase, since M of. ii) The approximate magnifying power of a micrascope is given by: waz(i4t id ‘Thus, if fo (focal length of objective) Increases, the magnifying power (M) of microscope will decrease, since M 1/fo. vi, - What is the difference between astronomical and terrestrial telescopes? Ans: when telescope is used for astronomical purpose. i.e. when we see the heavenly bodies like moon and stars, their image is seen inverted. But when terrestrial objects are ‘to be viewed. It is necessary to have an erect final image. The erection can be accomplished by introducing a third lens between the objective and eye piece of telescope. : vii. Explain the defects which occur in the lenses and how they can be removed? Ans: See in notes. viii. What is the use of spectrometer? Ans: It is an optical instrument which is used to study the spectrum of luminous bodies. ix. Why isit that a ray from the optical centre of a lens continues straight or undeviated? Ans: in fact the ray is very slightly displaced laterally since the middle portion of a lens as a parallel sided slab, In a thin lens, the ray may be taken as straight and undeviated. x. What is Galilean telescope? ‘Ans: Galilean telescope is an optical instrument which is used to see the object on earth. It was developed by Gallleo. A Galilean telescope consists of a convex lens L; as an objective and a concave lens L2 as an eye piece. The virtual and erect image of distant object when seen through the eye piece L2 Is formed at the focus of the objective Ls. Its magnifying power Is given by: LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] " _ fi _ focal length ofobjective ~ fy focal length of eye piece Exf# 10.1 Exercise based on Lens, Combination of Lenses, Aberration of Lenses and Defects of Vision: MCQs i. The ratio of the sine of angle of incident to the sine of angle of refraction is called, . a) Snell's modulus b) Refractive constant c) Refractive index d) None of these il, When light transfers from a rare medium to a denser medium, it bends the normal. a) Towards b) Away from c) parallel d) None of these iii, When light transfers from a denser medium toa rarer medium, it bends the normal. a) Towards b) Away from c} Perpendicular d) None of these iv. The unit of refractive index is a) Metre b)Hertz c} Dioptre aN v. Ifthe incident ray is to the refracting surface, the refracted ray does not change its direction. a) Along b) Parallel c) Perpendicular d) None of these vi. The ratio of the speed of light In to the speed of light in medium is called the refractive index of the medium. a) Air b) Water ¢) Glass d} None of these vii. The refractive index of air is. a) 1 b] 2 ¢)3 d)Noneof these viii, The refractive index of water is a) 1 b} 1.33 c)1.52 d)None of these ix. The refractive index of glass is. a) 1 b)25 c)1.5 d) None of these xX — Speed of light in air, km/s. a) 3x10° b)3x10® c} 3x10* d) None of these xi. The speed of light in glass is m/s. a} 2x10" b) 2.25x10" c}3x10° d) None of these yi. When light passes from denser medium to the rare medium the angle of refraction is always the angle of incident. LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF wv [Link] xiii. xiv. xv. wi. xvii. will, Hix. xxi. xxil, ill, xxiv. XXY. xvi, xxvil. xxviii. a) Equalto b)Greater than c) Less than d) None of these The angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is, is called the “Critical angle”. a) 0° b)45° c) 90° d) None of these The total internal reflection is performed, when the angle of incident becomes. the critical angle, a) Equalto b)Greaterthan c} less than d) None of these A piece of transparent material is called. a) Mirror ‘b) Glass ‘c} Lens d) None of these If one side is plane and other is convex, then the lens Is called lens. a) Double b) Plano-concave c) Plano-convex d) None of these ‘Concave lens is a lens. a) Diverging b) Converging c) Convex d) None of these lens is converging lens. a) Plane b) Concave c) Convex ‘d) None of these The focal length of lens is negative, a) Concave b) Convex c) Plane d) None of these If the focal length is 50cm, then the power of the lens is dioptre. a) 1 b)2 c)3 d) None ofthese ‘The power of a concave lens is -1 dioptre, its focal length is m. a) 1 b)2 c}-1 d) None ofthese {f object is placed at “2F”, then the image formed by convex lens will be a) At2F b) Beyond 2F c)Before 2F d) None of these If object is placed then the image formed by convex lens is “virtual”. a) Beyond 2F b)betweenF and 2F c) In the focal length d) None of these The image formed by concave lens is always. a) Virtual, smaller and erect b) Virtual, grater and erect Q Real, smaller and inverted d) None of these If magnification is 1, then the size of image is the size of object. a) Greater than b) Less than c)Equalto d)None of these The reason for is either the focal length of the eye lens is too short or the eye ball Is too elongated. a) Short sightedness b) Long sightedness c) Both d) None of these In the eye ball is too short. a) Long sightedness b)Hypermetropia c) Botha and b d) None of these Short sightedness Is corrected by lens. a) Concave b)Convex c)Bothaandb d) None of these LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] * xxix. The reciprocal of the focal length (in metre} of a lens is called the of the lens. a) Magnification b) Size c) Power d) None of these xxx. The unit of the power of lens is a) Metre 6) Dioptre c) Watt d) None tien weed, Allens which is thicker at the center and thin at its edges is called, a) Concave lens b} Convex c) Double concave d) none of these ood. Alens which is thin at Its center and thick at its edges is called 2) Convex lens b) Concave lens c} Double convex d) Plano convex wodi. The center paint of a lens is called, a) Focal point b) Optical center c) Focal length d) Principle focus xxiv, The distance of the principle focus to the optical center is called, a) Principle length b) Focal length c) Principle axis d) None of these wav. — Apoint at which all the rays which are parallel to the principle axis falls on a lens and converge, Is called a) Focal point b) Principle focus ¢) Focal length d) Optical center yoxvi, IF the object is placed at focus of a convex lens, then its image is formed at . a) F b)2F c)infinity d) None of these xxxvil. IF the object is placed between F and 2F of a convex lens then its image is formed ‘ a} AtF b) Between F and 2F c) At2F d) Beyond 2F IF the object is placed beyond 2F of a convex lens then its image is formed a) At2F b) Between F and 2F c) Beyond 2F d) Atinfinity ywoix. A ray passing through optical center of a lens after refraction, a) Passes through focus b)Goundeflected c) Retraces its path d) aothb andc xl. Aconvex lens acts as diverging lens when the object is placed, a) Between and2F b) At2F c) Within focal length d} Beyond 2F wll... {f the focal length of a convex lensis Scm then to get real and inverted image of the same size as that of the abject, the object should be placed at, a) Sem b) 10cm c)1Scm d) 20cm wi, if the object and its image are located at a distance SOcm from that of a convex lens then focal length of the lens will be. a) Sem b) 10cm c) 20cm d) 25cm xiii, . The ratio of size of the image of that of object is called, . a) Focallength b) Principle axis c) Linear magnification d) Aperture LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] , xliv, The magnifying power of a magnifying glass is inversely proportional to the. : a) ‘Visual distance b) Image distance ¢) Object distance d) Focal length xlv. The ratio of visual angle subtended by the final image when viewed through a lens (jf) to the visual angle subtended by the object when viewed by an unaided eye (a) is called, : a) Linear magnification -b) Angular magnification c) Magnifying power d) Both bandc xivi. — The sign convention of focal length of converging lens is a) Positive b) Negative c)Bothaandb d) None of these xlvi. — The sign convention of focal length of diverging lens is a) Positive b) Negative c) Bothaandb d)} None of these xlvili. Two convex lens of same focal length F are combined together then the combined focal length will be. : a) Fb) F/2 c) 2F d)F+2 ii, iti, iv. Questions From Past Papers: i. Write a short note on: Defect of lenses. (1992) il. . ‘Write a short note on: Defect of lenses. (1993) iii, . Write a short note on: Thin lens formula for convex and concave lens, (1995) iv. » Two thin lenses with focal lengths “fy” and “f2” are placed together. Derive a formula for resultant focal length of such system. (1997) v.. Write a short note on: Defect of lenses. (1998) vi. Write a short note on: Thin lens formula. (1998) vil. Write a short note on: Combination of thin lenses. (1998) LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF , [Link] vill. x, wil. xiii, xiv. wi. wll Numericals From Past Papers: iL iii, ute Explain chromatic and spherical aberration in lenses and tell how they can be removed. (2001) Explain chromatic and spherical aberration in lenses and tell how they can be removed. (2002)Pre Eng Obtain the thin lens formula for convex lens. (2002)Pre Med Two lenses of focal length “f," and “fz” are placed in contact. Derive the formula for focal length of the combination. (2003)Pre Eng What are the defects in the images formed by lenses? Explain how they can be removed? : (2003)Pre Med Two lenses of focal length “f;" and “fz” are placed in contact. Derive the formula for focal length of the combination, (2004) What are the defects in lenses? And how they can be removed? (2005) Derive the lens formula for the convex lens. (2008) Why do thick lenses possesses chromatic and spherical aberrations? Suggest remedies for the rectification of these defects. {2009} Two thin convex lenses of focal lengths fy and fy are placed in contact with each other. Derive an expression for the facal length of their equivalent lens. (2017) Two thin convex lenses are joined together to form a single combined lens. The focal length of one of them is 0.154meters. If the focal length of the combined lens is 0.070meters, find the focal length of the other lens. (1983) Ans: (0.128m) Find the distance at which an object should be placed in front of a convex lens of focal length 20cm ta obtain an image of double its size. (1997) Ans: 30cm Aconvex lens of 4 dioptres is in close combination with a concave lens of power 2 dioptres. Find the resultant power and the focal length of the combined lens system. (2009) Ans: 50cm, 2dioptre ‘Two converging lenses of focal length 30cm and 60cm are placed in contact. What is the focal length of this combination? Calculate the power of the combination is diaptres. (2011) Ans: 0.2m, [Link] EA Bee tire tl Hig aL pee [Link] USMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF q [Link] ve A converging lens of 4 dioptres is place in cantact with a diverging lens of -2 dioptres. Find the power and focal length of the combination. (2016) Ans; Power of com! bination = 2 dioptres, focal length of combination = SOcm. Numericals From Book: ii. vi. vil. vill. An object is 4cm tall is placed near the axis of a thin converging lens. If the facal length of the lens is 25cm, where will the image be formed and what will be the size of the image? Sketch the principle ray diagram. — Ans: 100cm behind 12cm A convex lens has a focal length of 10cm. determine the image distances when an object is placed at the following distances from the lens. SOcm, 20cm, 15cm, 10cm and Scm. Ans: 12.5cm, 20cm, 30cm, infinity and -10cm ‘Two converging lenses of focal lengths 40cm and 50cm are placed in contact. What is the focal length of this lens combination? What is the power of the combination in dioptres? Ans: 22.2cm, 4.5dioptres A converging lens of focal length 20cm is placed infront of a converging lens of focal length 4cm. what is the distance between the lenses if parallel rays entering the first lens leave the second lens as parallel rays? Ans: 24cm A parallel light beam is diverged by a concave lens of focal length -12.5cm and then made parallel once more by a convex lens of focal length 50cm. how far are the two lenses apart. Ans: 37.5cm ‘Two lenses are in contact, a converging one of focal length 30cm and a diverging one of focal length -10cm. what is the focal length and power of the combination? Ans: 15cm, -6.7dioptres Moon light passes through a converging lens of focal length 19cm, which is 20.5cm from a second converging lens of focal length 2cm, where is the image of the moon produced by the lens combination? Ans: 14.5¢m from the 1* lens, 6cm fram the second lens. Find the distance at which an object should be placed in front of a convex lens of focal length 10cm to obtain an image of double its size? ‘Ans: 15cm for producing a real image, 5cm far producing virtual image. LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF , [Link] xiv, vie Acconverging lens of 4 dioptres is combined with a diverging lens of -2 dioptres. Find the power and foral length of the combination. ‘Ans: Power of combination = 2 dioptres, focal length of combination = 50cm. A convex lens forms image of an object on a fixed screen 20cm from the lens. On moving the fens 60cm towards the object, the image is again formed on the screen, What is the focal length of the lens? Ans: 16cm Two converging lenses are 25cm apart. Focal length of each is 10cm. an object is placed in front of one lens at SOcm, Find the distance between the object and the final image? Ans: 125cm [Link] piece 4em high is located 10cm from a converging lens whose focal length is 20cm. What is the nature size and location of the image? = Ans: 8cm How far from aconvex lens whose focal length is +20cm at a specimen of a Red admiral butterfly be placed if its image be a real ane, three times as large as the object? Ans; 26.66em A convex lens of focal length 20cm is used to form an erect image which is twice as large as the object. Find the position of the object? Ans: 10cm An object is placed ata distance of 60cm from a concave lens of focal length 30cm. Find the position and nature of the image? Ans: -20cm, image is virtual A diverging lens of focal length f=-16cm is held 8cm from rare stamp. Where is the image of this stamp located and what is the magnification of the lens? Ans: -5.33, +0.666 Assignment # 10.1 Derive thin lens formula for (a) Concave lens (b) Convex lens. Derive the formula for the focal length of combined lens system. Explain the aberrations of lenses and how they can be removed? A converging lens {f=20cm) is placed 37cm in front of a screen. Where should the object be placed if its image is to appear on the screen? Ans: 43,Scm. Compute the position and focal length of the converging lens which will project the image of a lamp, magnified 4 times, upon a screen 10m from the lamp. Ans: 8m from the screen, 1.6m. A converging lens with 50cm focal length forms a real image that is 2.5 times larger than the object. How far is the object from the image? Ans: 2.5m LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF , [Link] vil. vill. iii. An achromatic lens is formed from two thin lenses in contact having power of +10dioptre and -6dioptre. Determine the power and focal length of the combination. Ans: +4dioptres, +25cm ‘What must be the focal length of a third thin lens, placed in close contact with two thin lenses of 16cm and -23cm focal length, to produce a lens with -12cm focal length? Ans: -$.8cm Ex# 10.2 Exercise based on Magnifying Glass McQ": The magnifying power of simple microscope is given by a) 1iffd © b) 1+d/f c)1+df d) None of these If single convex lens is placed closed to the eye the object within its focal length then it is called, : a) Compound microscope b) Telescope c) Simple microscope d) Astronomical telescope if for a simple microscope the focal length of Scm and the distance of the object to the eye is 25cm then the magnification is. a) 6 b) 5 c) 15 d)25 Alens of 2cm focal length is used as a magnifying glass its magnification is. : a) 135 b)125 c) 05 d)25 The magnifying power of a simple microscope can be increased if we use convex lens of. ‘ a) Large focal length b}) Small focal length c) Same focal length d) None of these Questions From Past Paper: Describe with the help of ray diagram the image formed by a magnifying glass and expression for its magnification. (1993) What is virtual Image? Explain the principle of magnifying glass. Calculate the magnifying power. (1994) Write a short note on: Magnifying glass. 5 (1998) Write a short note on: Magnifying glass. (2000) LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF , [Link] vi vii. What Is magnifying glass? Explain. Derive an expression for its magnification, (2002)Pre Eng With the help of ray diagram explain the working of a simple microscope, Derive the relation for its magnifying power. (2004) With the help ofa ray diagram explain the working of a simple micrascope. Derive the relation for its magnifying power. (2006) What is a magnifying glass? Give its working and derive an expression for its magnifying power, (2008) How can a magnifying glass be used as a simple microscope. Derive the expression for its magnifying power, Write two differences between Astronomical Telescope and Galilean Telescope. (2012) Define Visual angle and least distance of distinct vision. With the help of a ray diagram derive the expression far magnifying power of magnifying glass. (2015) Numericals From Past Papers: A magnifying glass produces an image of magnification 6, what is the power of the lens? What is the best position of the object if the watch maker holds the sare lens close to his eye to see the damaged spring of watch? (1993) Ans: 20 dioptre, 4.16cm A magnifying glass produces an image of magnification 6, what is the power of the lens in dioptre? What is the best position of the object if the watch maker holds the same lens close to his eye ta see the damaged spring of watch? (2001) Ans: 20dioptre, 4.16cm A magnifying glass of what power should be used to obtain an image of magnification 6? (2004) Ans: 20dioptre A magnifying glass of what power should be used to obtain an image of magnification 6? (2006) Ans: 20dioptre A magnifying glass produces an image of magnification 6, what is the power of the lens? What is the best position of the object if the watch maker holds the same lens clase to his eye to see the damaged spring of watch? (2010) Ans: 20dioptre, 4.16cm LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF x [Link] vi. vil. wild, A magnifying glass of focal length Gcm is used to see small specimen. The least distance of vision of the observer is 25cm. What is the magnifying power of the lens. (2013) Ans; 5.166 Awatch-maker uses a magnifying glass of focal length Scm to see the damaged spring of ‘a watch. If he holds the glass close to the eye what is the best position of the object? What is the linear magnification? (2014) Ans: 6, 4.16em Alens of 2cm focal length is to be used as a magnifying glass. How far from the lens should the object be placed? What is the magnifying pawer? (2017), Numericals From Book: vi. vil. Nil Assignment # 10.2 ‘With the help of ray diagram explain the working of simple micrascope also find its magnifying power, ‘When the object distance from @ converging lens is Sem, a real image is formed 20cm from the lens, What magnification is produced by this lens when it is used as a magnifying glass, the distance of most distinct vision being 25cm? Ans: 7.3 Ex# 10.3 Exercise based on Compound Microscope MCcQ's ‘The compound microscope consist of. a) Oneconvexlens b) Twoconvex lenses c) One concave lens c) Two concave lenses In a compound microscope the focal length of objective lens is, a) Short b) Large c)Medium d) None of these in a compound microscope the focal length of eye-piece is, a) Small b) Large c)Medium d) None of these The eye piece of a compound microscope acts as. a) Converging lens b) Converging mirror c} Magnifying aaa d) None of these In acompound microscope magnification is produced, a) Only by objective b) Only by eye piece c) By both Specie ad ey eye piece d) None of these The working of a compound microscope is based on the principle of. a) Reflection b) Refraction c) Both aandb d) None of these The final image formed by compound microscope is. LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] USMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF q [Link] a) Virtual and inverted b)Realand erect c} Real and inverted d) Virtual and erect i. ii. ill, iv, v. vi, vil. B A B c Cc Be D Question From Past Papers: i. Write a short note on: Compound microscope. (1993) wv. vi vii, viii. xii. xiii. With the help of ray diagram, calculate the magnifying power of compound microscope. (1994) Describe with the help of a neat diagram the construction and working of compound microscope and hence derive the expression for its magnifying power. (1996) ‘Write a short note on: Compound microscope. (1999) ‘With the help of ray diagram derive an expression for the magnifying power of a compound microscope {Description of microscope is not required). (2001) Describe construction and working of a compound microscope with help ofa ray diagram. Derive the expression for its magnifying power. (2003)Pre Eng Describe construction and working of a compound microscope with help of a ray diagram. Derive the expression for its magnifying power. (2003) Pre Med. Draw a ray diagram of a compound microscope and derive the expression far its magnification. (Description is not required). (2006) Draw ray diagram of a compound microscope and derive the expression for its magnification, (Description is not required). (2007) With the help of a neat ray diagram describe the construction and working of a compound microscope. Derive the formula for its magnification. (2009) With the help of a neat ray diagram describe the construction and working of a compound microscope. Derive the formula for its magnification. (2011) With the help of ray diagram of a compound microscope, describe its working and. derive the relevant formula for its magnification. (2013) Describe construction and working of a compound microscope. Derive the formula for its rriagnification. (2016) LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF , [Link] Numericals From Past Papers: iil. vi. vil. An compound micrascope has lenses of focal length 10cm and 100cm respectively and used for viewing an object 4cm from the objective. If the final image is formed 25cm from the eye placed close to the eye piece, calculate the distance between the lenses and the angular magnification obtained? (1988) Ans: 150cm, 9 The focal lengths of the objective and the eyepiece of a microscope are 2.0cm and 5.0cm respectively. The image of a certain object is formed at a distance of 15.84cm from the objective, The microscope is so adjusted that the final image is farmed at 25.0cm from the eye. Calculate the magnifying power of the micrascope. (1989) Ans: 41.52 The length of a compound microscope is 30cm. The facal length of the abjective is 6.25cm and that of the eyepiece is 10cm. calculate its magnifying power if the final ‘image is formed at a distance of 250mm from the eyepiece, (2994) Ans; 317 In a compound microscope the focal lengths of the objective and the eyepiece are 0.8cm and 2.5cm respectively. The real image formed by the objective is 16cm from it. Determine the magnification if the eye is held close to the eyepiece and the image is formed at 25cm from the eyepiece.{1996) Ans: 209.02 A compound microscope has an objective and an eye-piece of focal length Icm and Sem respectively, The object is located at a distance of 1.05cm from the objective and forms an image 4.17cm close to the eyepiece, find the separation of the lenses and the magnification power of the microscope.(d=25cm), (2003)Pre Med Ans: 25.17cm, 120 Acompound microscope has an objective of a focal length of 10mm and a tube 100mm. long. An image is produced at 250mm from the eyepiece when the object is 12mm from the objective. What is the angular magnification? (2006) Ans: 60mm, 18.88 Acompound microscope has an objective of focal length of 10mm and the tube 232mm long. The final image is produced at 250mm from the eyepiece when the object is 10.5mm form the objective. What is the angular magnification? (2008) Ans: 227.29 LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] wv Numericals From Book: i. Acompound microscope has a 12mm focal length objective and a 75mm focal length eyepiece and the two lenses are mounted 200mm apart. If the final image Is 225mm form the eye piece, what is the magnification produced? Ans: 44 ji. Acompound microscope has an objective with a focal length of 10mm and a tube 100mm long. An image is produced at 250mm from the eyepiece when the object is 12mm from the objective. What is the angular magnification? Ans: 31 iii, Amicroscope has an objective of 10.0mm focal length and eyepiece of 25mm focal length, What is the distance between the lenses and what is the magnification if the objectiis in sharp focus when it is 10.5mm from the objective? Ans; 210mm, 22.7mm, 220 Assignment # 10.3 i, Describe with the help of a neat diagram the construction and working ef compound microscope and hence derive the expression for its magnifying power. ji, ina. compound microscope, the focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece are 0.5cm and 2cm respectively. The instruments focused an an object 0.52cm from the objective lens. Compute the magnifying power of the microscope if the virtual image is viewed by the eye ata distance of 25cm. Ans: 340 Ex# 10.4 Exercise based on Telescopes: MC's i. Asimple astronomical telescope consist of a) One convex lens b) Two convex lenses c) One concave lens d) Two concave lenses ii, _ The objective of astronomical telescope has, a) Short focal length b) Long focal length c) Very snere focal length d) None of these iii, The eye-piece of astronomical telescope has a). Short focal length b) Long focal length c) Very long focal length d) None of these iv. - Magnifying power of astronomical telescope is increases with, LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF , [Link] vy. a) Decrease off. b) Increase off. c} Increase of f- d) None af these The magnifying power of an astronomical telescope is increased when the focal length of aye piece is ¥ a) Increased ~b) Decreased c) Kept constant d) None of these i il. iti. iv. ve B B A 8 B Questions From Past Papers: i. Write a short note on: Astronomical telescope. (1992) fi, Write a short note on: Astronomical telescope. (1995) ili, Write a short note on: Astronomical telescope. (1998) iv. —- Write a short note on: Astronomical telescope. (2000) ve vi. vil. viii, Describe the construction and working of an astronomical telescope when it is focused for infinity, Draw ray diagram and obtain an expression far its magnifying power. (2002)Pre Med Draw a labeled diagram showing the passage of light rays through an astronomical telescape focused for infinity and obtain an expression for its magnifying power. (2005) Draw a labeled diagram showing the passage of light rays through an astronomical telescope focused for infinity and obtain an expression for its magnifying power. {Description is nat required). (2007) Haw Is the magnifying power of a telescope and a microscope affected by increasing the focal lengths of their objectives? (2010) What Is magnifying power? Give Its formula. With the help of a diagram describe the construction and working of an astronomical telescope and derive the formula for its magnification. (2010) ‘With the help of ray diagram, describe the construction and working of an astronomical telescope and derive the formula for its magnification when it is focused for Infinity. (2014) LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] USMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF q [Link] xi xii, Numericals From Past Pape v. vi vill. How is the magnifying power of the (i) Astronomical telescope and ii) Compound microscope affected by increasing the focal length of their objectives? (2014) Give the construction and working of an astronomical telescope. Derive an expression for its magnifying power when it is focused for infinity. (2017) The magnifying power of a telescope is 19 and the length of the telescope is 120cm, Determine the focal length of its objective and eye piece. (1979) Ans: 114cm, 6cm What is the magnifying power of an astronomical telescope having 1.0dioptre objective and 20.0dioptre eyepiece? Also find the length of the telescope. (1990) Ans: 20, 105cm The magnifying power of a telescope is 30 and power of the objective is LOdioptre. Find the power of the eye piece. (1994) Ans: 300Dioptre Atelescope has the objective and the eye piece of power 2,0 and [Link] respectively. What is the magnifying power and the length of the telescope if it Is focused for infinity? {2002)Pre Med Ans: 10, 55cm The convex lenses of power 2dioptres and 10dioptres are used as an objective and an eye-piece of the telescope. Find the magnifying power and the length of the telescope when focused for infinity. (2005) Ans: 5, 60cm iF the magnification of a telescope is 11 and its length is 120cm, determine the focal lengths of its objective and eye piece when the telescope is focused for infinity. (2007) Ans: 10cm, 110cm What is the magnification of an astronomical telescope, focused for infinity, when the powers of its objective and the eye-piece lenses are 2dioptres and 20dioptres. Find the resultant power and the focal length of the combined lens system. (2009) Ans: 10, 22dioptres, 4.5m An astronomical telescope has a length of 105cm and its magnification is 6. Determine the power of objective and eye piece. (2012) Ans: 1.11dioptre, 6.66dioptres LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF , [Link] Numericals Form Book: iil. vi. An astronomical telescope of angular magnification 1000 has an objective of 15cm focal length, What is the focal length of the eye piece? Ans: 15mm. An astronomical telescope has an objective lens whose power is 2dioptres. This lens is placed 60cm fram the eyepiece. When the telescope is adjusted for minimum eye strain. Calculate the angular magnification of the telescope. Ans: 5 Assignment # 10.4 Describe with the help of a neat diagram the construction and working of an astronomical telescope focused for infinity. A refracting astronomical telescope has a magnifying power of 150 when adjusted for minimum eyestrain. Its eyepiece has a focal length of 1.2cm (a) Determine the focal length of the objective lens (b) How far apart must the two lenses be so as to project a real image of a distant object on a screen 12cm from the eyepiece? Ans: 180cm, 181.2cm MCQs From Past Papers (2001) The power of a convex lens of focal length Scm is: a) 1dioptre b)5dioptre c)20dioptre d) 0.2 diaptre {2002}Pre Med Astudent is wearing the glasses of power 2.5 dioptres. This correspond to the facal length of: a) 25cm b)60cm c)50cm d) 40cm Two convex lenses, of the same focal length f, are kept touching each other. The focal length of the combination will be: a) f b)f/2 c)2f d)t42 {2002)Pre Eng The power of a convex lens of focal length 50cm is: a) Kdloptre b)2dioptre c)1/S0dioptre -d) 50 dioptre An astronomical telescope when focused for infinity with f-=60cm and f=3cm has its length equal to: a) 63cm b) 20cm c)57cm d}180cm A defect of eyes called myopia can be corrected by using the: LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] , a) Convexlens 6) Concave lens c) Bifocal lens (2003}Pre Eng vii. Ifa single convex lens is placed close to the eye, itis being used as; a) Compound microscope b) Telescope c} Simple microscope d) Spectrometer viii, The unit of power of a lens is: a) Watt b} Joule c}Dioptre d) Newton ix. IFan object is placed at 2F of a convex lens the image will be formed at: a) 2F bj4F c)3F d)F (2003)Pre Med x. The magnifying power of a magnifying glass of focal length 25cm is: a) % b)1 c)Zero d)2 (2004) xi, Chromatic aberration is caused by: a) Reflection b) Dispersion c) Refraction xii, The power of a concave lens of focal length SOcm is: a) [Link] b)-2dioptre c) 2dioptre (2005) xii, The defect of lens which can be easily corrected by reducing its aperture is known as: a) Spherical aberration b) Astigmatism c) Chromatics aberration @) Hyperopia xiv. Two thin convex lenses each of focal length 10cm are placed in contact with each other. Their equivalent focal length will be: a) 20cm b) 10cm c} Sem d) 100cm (2006) xv. Ifa single convex lens is placed close to an eye, itis being used as a: a) Compound microscope b) Spectrometer c} Telescope dj Simple microscope xvi. In Galilean telescope, the final image formed Is: a) Realand inverted b) Virtual and inverted c)Real and erect d) Virtual and erect xvii. fan astronomical telescope has an objective of facal length 90cm and the focal length. of its eye piece is 10 cm the length of the telescope will be: a} 9cm b)100cm c) 80cm d) None of these (2007) xviii. Chromatic aberration can be reduced by using a combination of: a) Two converging lenses b) Two diverging lenses c) A converging lens and a diverging lens d) None xix. Two convex lenses, af the same focal length f, are cambined together. The focal length of the combined lens is: LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF , [Link] xxi, xxii. wail. xxiv. xxv, xvi. xxviil. win. a) 2fb) f/2 c) 24f d)2-F (2008) The power of cancave lens of focal length 50cm is: a) [Link] c)-O.5dioptre c) 2dioptre d) -2dioptre In Galilean telescope, the final image formed is: a) Realandinverted b) Real and erect c) Virtual and inverted d) Virtual and erect In case of far sightedness the image of an object is formed: a) Onthe retina b) In front of the retina c) Behind the retina d) At the least distance of distinct vision (2009) Two convex lenses of the same focal length “f” are kept in contact with each other. The focal length of the combined lens will be: a) 2f b)f/2 c)2/f djt (2010) If the power of a converging lens is 4doptre, what is the focal length of the lens: a) 20cm b) 25m c)10cm d) 50cm By using adjustable aperture of a lens we can reduce the defect of the lens which is - called: a) Astigmatism b}) Chromatic aberration c) Spherical aberration d) None of these (2011) The magnifying pawer of a lens of focal length 25em is; a) Half b)1 c)Zero d)2 (2012) If magnifying power of simple microscope is 6, then the focal length of the lens used is: a) 6em b) 5cm c) 25em d) {-Scm) ‘The length of Galilean telescope is equal ta: a) fo b)fe ¢) ferfo d) fetfo (2013) power of magnifying glass having focal length Sem is: a) 5diopter b) 10diopter c) 20diopter d) SOdiopter In the terrestrial telescope, the central lens is used to: a) Erect the image b) Increase magnifying power c) Both of these d) None of these LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link] > USIMANWEB ALL CLASS NOTES DOWNLOAD IN PDF [Link] , (2015) xxxi. Two convex lenses of same focal length “f" are combined together. The focal length of the combined lens is: a) 2f b)f/2 c) 24f dj2f woil. The final image formed by a compound microscope is: a) Virtual and diminished —_b) Real and diminished —_c) Real and magnified ) Virtual and magnified (2016) sooiii. The magnifying power of a lens of focal length sm is: a) Ldioptre b)2dioptres c) SOdioptres _d) 100 dioptres xxxiv. The distance between the principle focus and the optical center is called: a) Aperture b)Radius of curvature c) Focal length d) Principle axis (2017) xxxv. As astronomical telescope is focused at infinity. The focal length of its objective is 0.2 and that of the eyepiece is Sem. The length of the telescope is: a) 25cm b)4cm —c) 5.2cm d) 25cm vii. | viii, ix, wil, c c A 8 ix, | xx | xd, [xxiv 8 D o 8 pwn, food, | axl B 0 B c LES Bee tid tl Fig ail pee [Link]

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