CA Inter Cost & Management Accounting
[Link] & Budgetary Control
[Link] & FLEXIBLE BUDGETS
Q1. ABC Ltd. is currently operating at 75% of its capacity. In the past two
years, the levels of operations were 55% and 65% respectively. Presently, the
production is 75,000 units. The company is planning for 85% capacity level during
20X3-20X4. The cost details are as follows:
55% 65% 75%
(₹) (₹) (₹)
Direct Materials 11,00,000 13,00,000 15,00,000
Direct Labour 5,50,000 6,50,000 7,50,000
Factory Overheads 3,10,000 3,30,000 3,50,000
Selling Overheads 3,20,000 3,60,000 4,00,000
Administrative Overheads 1,60,000 1,60,000 1,60,000
24,40,000 28,00,000 31,60,000
Profit is estimated @ 20% on sales.
The following increases in costs are expected during the year:
In percentage
Direct Materials 8
Direct Labour 5
Variable Factory Overheads 5
Variable Selling Overheads 8
Fixed Factory Overheads 10
Fixed Selling Overheads 15
Administrative Overheads 10
PREPARE flexible budget for the period 20X3-20X4 at 85% level of capacity.
Also ascertain profit and contribution.
Q2. A factory which expects to operate 7,000 hours, i.e., at 70% level of activity,
furnishes details of expenses as under:
Variable expenses ₹1,260
Semi-variable expenses ₹1,200
Fixed expenses ₹1,800
The semi-variable expenses go up by 10% between 85% and 95% activity and by 20%
above 95% activity. PREPARE a flexible budget for 80, 90 and 100 per cent activities.
9.1
CA Inter Cost & Management Accounting
Q3. KLM Limited has prepared its expense budget for 50,000 units in its factory for the
year 2019-20 as detailed below:
(₹ per unit)
Direct Materials 125
Direct Labour 50
Variable Overhead 40
Direct Expenses 15
Selling Expenses (20% fixed) 25
Factory Expenses (100% fixed) 15
Administration expenses (100% fixed) 8
Distribution expenses (85% variable) 20
Total 298
PREPARE an expense budget for the production of 35,000 units and 70,000 units.
Q4. S Ltd. has prepared budget for the coming year for its two products A and B.
Product A (₹) Product B (₹)
Production & Sales unit 6,000 units 9,000 units
Raw material cost per unit 60.00 42.00
Direct labour cost per unit 30.00 18.00
Variable overhead per unit 12.00 6.00
Fixed overhead per unit 8.00 4.00
Selling price per unit 120.00 78.00
After some marketing efforts, the sales quantity of the Product A & B can be increased
by 1,500 units and 500 units respectively but for this purpose the variable overhead and
fixed overhead will be increased by 10% and 5% respectively for the both products.
You are required to PREPARE flexible budget for both the products:
- Before marketing efforts.
- After marketing efforts.
Q5. Action Plan Manufacturers normally produce 8,000 units of their product in a
month, in their Machine Shop. For the month of January, they had planned for a
production of 10,000 units. Owing to a sudden cancellation of a contract in the
middle of January, they could only produce 6,000 units in January.
Indirect manufacturing costs are carefully planned and monitored in the Machine
Shop and the Foreman of the shop is paid a 10% of the savings as bonus when in any
month the indirect manufacturing cost incurred is less than the budgeted provision.
9.2
CA Inter Cost & Management Accounting
The Foreman has put in a claim that he should be paid a bonus of ₹88.50 for the
month of January. The Works Manager wonders how anyone can claim a bonus when
the Company has lost a sizeable contract. The relevant figures are as under:
Indirect manufacturing Expenses Planned for Actual in costs
for a normal January January
month (₹) (₹)
(₹)
Salary of foreman 1,000 1,000 1,000
Indirect labour 720 900 600
Indirect material 800 1,000 700
Repairs and maintenance 600 650 600
Power 800 875 740
Tools consumed 320 400 300
Rates and taxes 150 150 150
Depreciation 800 800 800
Insurance 100 100 100
5,290 5,875 4,990
Do you agree with the Works Manager? Is the Foreman entitled to any bonus for the
performance in January? Substantiate your answer with facts and figures. EXPLAIN.
[Link] accountant of manufacturing company provides you the following details
for year 20X9:
₹ ₹
Direct material 1,75,000 Other variable costs 80,000
Direct wages 1,00,000 Other fixed costs 80,000
Fixed factory overheads 1,00,000 Profit 1,15,000
Variable factory overheads 1,00,000 Sales 7,50,000
During the year, the company manufactured two products A and B and the output
and costs were
A B
Output (units) 2,00,000 1,00,000
Sell price per unit 2 3.5
Direct materials per unit 0.5 0.75
Direct wages per unit 0.25 0.5
Variable factory overhead is absorbed as a percentage of direct wages. Other
variable costs have been computed as: Product A ₹0.25 per unit; and B ₹0.30 per
unit.
During 20X0, it is expected that the demand for product A will fall by 25% and for
B by 50%.
It is decided to manufacture a further product C, the cost for which are estimated
as follows:
9.3
CA Inter Cost & Management Accounting
Product C
Output (units) 2,00,000
Selling price per unit 1.75
Direct materials per unit 0.4
Direct wages per unit 0.25
It is anticipated that the other variable costs per unit will be the same as for
product A.
PREPARE a budget to present to the management, showing the current position
and the position for 20X0 . Comment on the comparative results.
[Link] BUDGETS
Q7. A single product company estimated its sales for the next year quarter-wise as
under:
Quarter Sales(Units)
I 30,000
II 37,500
III 41,250
IV 45,000
The opening stock of finished goods is 10,000 units and the company expects to
maintain the closing stock of finished goods at 16,250 units at the end of the year.
The production pattern in each quarter is based on 80% of the sales of the current
quarter and 20% of the sales of the next quarter.
The opening stock of raw materials in the beginning of the year is 10,000 kg. and the
closing stock at the end of the year is required to be maintained at 5,000 kg. Each
unit of finished output requires 2 kg. of raw materials.
The company proposes to purchase the entire annual requirement of raw materials in the first
three quarters in the proportion and at the prices given below:
Quarter Purchase of raw materials % to total annual Price per
requirement in quantity kg. (Rs.)
I 30% 2
II 50% 3
III 20% 1
The value of the opening stock of raw materials in the beginning of the year is
₹ 20,000. You are required to PREPARE the following for the next year, quarter wise:
(i) Production budget (in units).
(ii) Raw material consumption budget (in quantity).
(iii) Raw material purchase budget (in quantity and value).
(iv) Priced stores ledger card of the raw material using First in First out method.
9.4
CA Inter Cost & Management Accounting
Q8. Concorde Ltd. manufactures two products using two types of materials and
one grade of labour. Shown below is an extract from the company’s working papers
for the next month’s budget:
Product-A Product-B
Budgeted sales (in units) 2,400 3,600
Budgeted material consumption per unit (in kg):
Material-x 5 3
Material-y 4 6
Standard labour hours allowed per unit of product 3 5
Material-X and Material-Y cost ₹ 4 and ₹ 6 per kg and labours are paid
₹25 per hour. Overtime premium is 50% and is payable, if a worker works for more
than 40 hours a week. There are 180 direct workers.
The target productivity ratio (or efficiency ratio) for the productive hours worked
by the direct workers in actually manufacturing the products is 80%. In addition
the non-productive down-time is budgeted at 20% of the productive hours worked.
There are four 5-days weeks in the budgeted period and it is anticipated that sales
and production will occur evenly throughout the whole period.
It is anticipated that stock at the beginning of the period will be:
Product-A 400 units
Product-B 200 units
Material-X 1,000 kg.
Material-Y 500 kg.
The anticipated closing stocks for budget period are as below:
Product-A 4 days sales
Product-B 5 days sales
Material-X 10 days consumption
Material-Y 6 days consumption
Required:
CALCULATE the Material Purchase Budget and the Wages Budget for the direct
workers, showing the quantities and values, for the next month.
Q9. Jigyasa Ltd. is drawing a production plan for its two products Minimax (MM)
and Heavyhigh (HH) for the year 20X9-X0. The company’s policy is to hold closing
stock of finished goods at 25% of the anticipated volume of sales of the succeeding
month. The following are the estimated data for two products:
Minimax (MM) Heavyhigh (HH)
Budgeted Production units 1,80,000 1,20,000
(₹) (₹)
Direct material cost per 220 280
unit
Direct labour cost per unit 130 120
Manufacturing overhead 4,00,000 5,00,000
9.5
CA Inter Cost & Management Accounting
The estimated units to be sold in the first four months of the year 20X9- X0 are
as under
April May June July
Minimax 8,000 10,000 12,000 16,000
Heavyhigh 6,000 8,000 9,000 14,000
PREPARE production budget for the first quarter in monthwise.
Q10. G Ltd. manufactures two products called ‘M’ and ‘N’. Both products use a common
raw material Z. The raw material Z is purchased @ ₹ 36 per kg from the market. The
company has decided to review inventory management policies for the forthcoming year.
The following information has been extracted from departmental estimates for the year
ended 31st March 2018 (the budget period):
Product M Product N
Sales (units) 28,000 13,000
Finished goods stock increase by year-end 320 160
Post-production rejection rate (%) 4 6
Material Z usage (per completed unit, net of
wastage) 5 kg 6 kg
Material Z wastage (%) 10 5
Additional information:
- Usage of raw material Z is expected to be at a constant rate over the period.
- Annual cost of holding one unit of raw material in stock is 11% of the material cost.
- The cost of placing an orders is ₹ 320 per order.
- The management of G Ltd. has decided that there should not be more than 40
orders in a year for the raw material Z.
Required:
(i) PREPARE functional budgets for the year ended 31st March 2018 under the
following headings:
(a) Production budget for Products M and N (in units).
(b) Purchases budget for Material Z (in kgs and value).
(ii) CALCULATE the Economic Order Quantity for Material Z (in kgs).
(iii) If there is a sole supplier for the raw material Z in the market and the supplier
do not sale more than 4,000 kg. of material Z at a time. Keeping the management
purchase policy and production quantity mix into consideration, CALCULATE the
maximum number of units of Product M and N that could be produced.
9.6
CA Inter Cost & Management Accounting
Q11. A company is engaged in the manufacture of specialised sub-assemblies
required for certain electronic equipment. The company envisages that in the
forthcoming month, December, 20X9, the sales will take a pattern in the ratio of
3 : 4 : 2 respectively of sub-assemblies, ACB, MCB and DP.
The following is the schedule of components required for manufacture:
Sub assembly Selling price Base board Component Requirement
IC08 IC12 IC26
ACB 520 1 8 4 2
MCB 500 1 2 10 6
DP 350 1 2 4 8
Purchase Price - 60 20 12 8
The direct labour time and variable overheads required for each of the sub-
assemblies are:
Labour hours per sub-assembly
Grade A Grade B Variable overheads per
sub-assembly
(₹)
ACB 8 16 36
MCB 6 12 24
DP 4 8 24
Direct wage rate per hour (₹) 5 4 —
The labourers work 8 hours a day for 25 days a month.
The opening stocks of sub-assemblies and components for December, 20X9 are as
under:
Sub-assemblies Components
ACB 800 Base Board 1,600
MCB 1,200 IC08 1,200
DP 2,800 IC12 6,000
IC26 4,000
Fixed overheads amount to ₹7,57,200 for the month and a monthly profit target
of ₹ 12 lacs has been set.
The company is eager for a reduction of closing inventories for December, 20X9 of
sub-assemblies and components by 10% of quantity as compared to the opening
stock. PREPARE the following budgets for December 20X9:
(a) Sales budget in quantity and value.
(b) Production budget in quantity
(c) Component usage budget in quantity.
(d) Component purchase budget in quantity and value.
(e) Manpower budget showing the number of workers and the amount of wages
payable.
9.7
CA Inter Cost & Management Accounting
[Link] RATIOS / CONTROL RATIOS
[Link] data is available for DKG and Co:
Standard working hours 8 hours per day of 5 days per week
Maximum capacity 50 employees
Actual working 40 employees
Actual hours expected to be worked per four week 6,400 hours
Std. hours expected to be earned per four weeks 8,000 hours
Actual hours worked in the four- week period 6,000 hours
Standard hours earned in the four- week period 7,000 hours.
The related period is of 4 weeks. In this period there was a one special day holiday
due to national event. CALCULATE the following ratios:
(1) Efficiency Ratio, (2) Activity Ratio, (3) Calendar Ratio, (4) Standard Capacity
Usage Ratio, (5) Actual Capacity Usage Ratio. (6) Actual Usage of Budgeted Capacity
Ratio.
4. MASTER BUDGET
[Link] glass Manufacturing Company requires you to PREPARE the Master budget
for the next year from the following information:
Sales:
Toughened Glass ₹ 6,00,000
Bent Glass ₹ 2,00,000
Direct material cost 60% of sales
Direct wages 20 workers @ ₹ 150 per month
Factory overheads:
Indirect labour –
Works manager ₹ 500 per month
Foreman ₹ 400 per month
Stores and spares 2.5% on sales
Depreciation on machinery ₹ 12,600
Light and power ₹ 3,000
Repairs and maintenance ₹ 8,000
Others sundries 10% on direct wages
Administration, selling and distribution expenses ₹ 36,000 per year
9.8
CA Inter Cost & Management Accounting
[Link] AND STANDARD COSTING
Q14. TQM Ltd. has furnished the following information for the month ending 30th
June, 20X9:
Master Budget Actual Variance
Units produced and sold 80,000 72,000
Sales (₹) 3,20,000 2,80,000 40,000 (A)
Direct material (₹) 80,000 73,600 6,400 (F)
Direct wages (₹) 1,20,000 1,04,800 15,200 (F)
Variable overheads (₹) 40,000 37,600 2,400 (F)
Fixed overhead (₹) 40,000 39,200 800 (F)
Total Cost 2,80,000 2,55,200
The Standard costs of the products are as follows:
Per unit (₹)
Direct materials (1 kg. at the rate of ₹1 per 1.00
kg.)
Direct wages (1 hour at the rate of ₹ 1.50) 1.50
Variable overheads (1 hour at the rate of ₹ 0.50
0.50)
Actual results for the month showed that 78,400 kg. of material were used and
70,400 labour hours were recorded.
Required:
(i) PREPARE Flexible budget for the month and compare with actual results.
(ii) CALCULATE Material, Labour, Sales Price, Variable Overhead and Fixed Overhead
Expenditure variances and Sales Volume (Profit) variance.
9.9
CA Inter Cost & Management Accounting
HOME WORK
Q1. A department of Company X attains sale of ₹ 6,00,000 at 80 per cent of its
normal capacity and its expenses are given below:
Administration costs: (₹)
Office salaries 90,000
General expenses 2 per cent of sales
Depreciation 7,500
Rates and taxes 8,750
Selling costs:
Salaries 8 per cent of sales
Travelling expenses 2 per cent of sales
Sales office expenses 1 per cent of sales
General expenses 1 per cent of sales
Distribution costs:
Wages 15,000
Rent 1 per cent of sales
Other expenses 4 per cent of sales
PREPARE flexible administration, selling and distribution costs budget, operating at 90
per cent, 100 per cent and 110 per cent of normal capacity.
9.10
