MODULE 1

Lesson 1 : What is Art?

Learning Outcomes

To understand the role of humanities and arts in man’s attempt at fully realizing
his end;

To clarify misconceptions about art;

To characterize the assumptions of arts.

Time Frame: Two Weeks

Introduction:

In this lesson, you will learn and understand the definition of art. And as a thought
experiment, imagine what a society without art would be like? How would buildings
look? Could any kind of visual communication exist at all? It’s a provocative question
that quickly necessitates defining the boundaries of what does and does not constitute
art. This mirrors the complexity of engaging in the ongoing definition of art. Basically,
art is indeed something that is primarily around us.

Let’s Get Started

In the first column of the table below, list down your most striking encounters with
arts. On the second column, explain why you think each encounter is an experience
with art.

My encounter with Arts Why?

Analysis:

After answering the activity, let us proceed with the next questions and reflect.

1. Why is art ageless and timeless?

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2. Why is art NOT nature?

3. Why does art involve experience?

Abstraction:

Life presents us with so many forms in communion with arts. When a bank manager
choosing what tie to wear together with his shirt and shoes, a plotician shuffling her
music track comfortable seated on her car looking for his favourite song, a student
marveling at the intricate designs of a medieval cathedral during his field trip, and a
market vendor cheering for her bet in a dance competition. These are undeniably
despite tangentially, artistic.

So let’s define ART:

The word art comes from the Ancient Latin “Ars” which means “craft or specialized
form or skill, like carpentry, or smithying or surgery” (Collingwood,1938)

In the Ancient World, art only meant

using bare hands to produce something that
will be useful to one’s day-to-day life. The
ancient world did not have any conceived
notion of art in the same way tha we do now.
In Medieval Latin, “Ars” means something
different. It meant “Any special form of
book-learning such as grammar, or logic,
magic or astrology” (Collingwood, 1938) It Figure 1. Cave Paintings
was only in Renaissance Period that the word [Link]
reacquired a meaning that merely as
craftmanship, devoid of a whole lot of intonations that are attached to the word now.

During 17th Century when the problem and idea of aesthetics, the study of beauty,
began to unfold distinctly from the notion of technical workmanship, which was the
original conception of the word “Art”. Moreover, it was 18th Century when the word
has evolved to distinguish between fine arts and the useful arts.

Human history has witnessed how man evolved not just physically but also
culturally, from cave painters to men of exquisite paintbrush users. Even if we go back,
we can find cases of man’s attempts of not just crafting tools in order to live and
survive but also expressing his feelings and thoughts.
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It also important to note, that Art is also studied because “it is among the highest
expressions of culture, embodying its ideals and aspirations, challenging its
assumptions and beliefs, and creating new visions and possibilities for it to pursue”
(Sayre, XVI). When we discuss contemporary art, we are typically referring to the
practice of fine art, but prior to the Renaissance, art was defined within the realm of
functional crafts, such as goldsmithing. The idea of autonomous art or art for art’s
sake developed later, over many eras.

Assumptions of Arts

1. ART is UNIVERSAL

Literature has provided key works of arts. Among the most popular ones being taught
in schools are the two Greek epics, the Iliad and Odyssey. The Sanskrit pieces
Mahabharata and Ramayana are also staples in this field. These works, purportedly
written before the beginning pf recorded history, are believed to be man’s attempt at
recording stories and tales that have been passed on, known and sung throughout the
years.

Man’s attempt to recording histories and tales that have been passed on, known and
sung throughout the years.

Misconception: Those which have been made long time ago is considered as artistic.
Age is not a factor a factor of art in determining art. An art is not good because it is
old, but because it is good” (Dudley et al., 1960). In the Philippines, the works of Jose
Rizal and Francisco Balagtas are not being read because they are old. Otherwise,
works of other Filipinos who have long died would have been required in junior high
school too. Florante and Laura never fails to teach high school students the beauty of
love, one that is universal and pure. Ibong Adarna is also another Filipino masterpiece
that captured the imagination of the young with its timeless lessons.

In John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism (1879), enjoyment in the arts belongs to a higher
good, one that lies at the opposite end base of pleasures. Art will be present because
human beings will always express themselves and delight in these expressions. Men
will continue to use art while are persist and never gets depleted.

2. ART is not NATURE

One important characteristic of art is that it is not nature. Art is man’s expression of his
reception of nature. Art is man’s way of interpreting nature. Art is made by man and
nature is given around us. What we find in nature should not be expected to be
present in art too.

Art is based on an individual’s subjective experiences of nature. Artists are not

expected to duplicate nature just as eve scientist with their elaborate laboratories
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cannot make nature.

Once this point has been made, a students of humanities can then ask further
questions such as: What reasons might the artist have in creating something? Why did
Andres Bonificaio write “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa”? What motivation did Juan
Luna have in creating his masterpiece, the Spolarium? In whatever work of art, one
should always ask why the artist made it. What is it that he wants to show?

3. Art involves Experience

Getting this far without a satisfactory of art be quite weird for some. For most people,
are does not require full definition. Art is just experience. By experience, mean the
“Actual doing of something” (Dudley et al., 1960). When one claims that he has
experiences falling in love, getting hurt and bouncing back, he in effect claims that he
knows the (sometimes) endless cycle of loving. When one asserts having experienced
preparing a particular recipe, he in fact asserts knowing how the recipe is made.
Another example I when a radio DJ dispensing advice on love when he himself has not
experienced it does not really know what he is talking about. Knowing a thing is
different from hearing from others what the said thing is.

An important aspect of experiencing art is it’s being highly personal, individual, and
subjective. In philosophical terms, perception of art is always a value of judgement. It
depends on his perception, tastes, biases (Degustibus non disputandum est.).

Finally, one should also underscore that every experience with art is accompanied by
some emotion. One either likes or dislikes, agree or disagree that a work of art is
beautiful. A stage play or motion picture is particularly one of those art forms that
evoke strong emotions from its audience. With experience come emotions and
feelings, after all. Feelings and emotions are concrete proofs that the artwork has
been experiences.

SUMMARY:

Humanities and the art have always been part of man’s growth and civilization. Since
the dawn of time, man has always tried to express his innermost thoughts and feelings
about reality through creating art. Three assumptions on art are its universality, its not
being nature, and its need for experience. Art is present in every part of the globe and
in every period of time. Art not being nature, not even attempting to simply mirror
nature. Art is always a creation of the artist. Finally, without experience, there is no art.
The artist has to be foremost, a perceiver who is directly in touch with art.

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 Application

General Instructions:
Infographic: Make an info graphic showcasing the importance of arts in your chosen
course. Identify areas wherein art plays a major role in your future endeavor if you
finish this course.

Criteria
Creativity: 50 50

Originality: 20 20

Relevance to the theme: 15 15

Neatness: 15 15

Total: 100 100

References:

Capistrano-Baker, Florina. (2006). Pioneers of Philippine Art. Makati: Ayala Museum and
Dreampulse Production, video, 32.25 min.
Caslib, Bernardo Nicolas Jr., Dorothea C. Garing, Jezreel Anne R. Casaul. (2018). Art
Appreciation. 1st ed. Quezon City: Rex Printing Company, Inc.
Collingwood, R.G. (1938). The Principles of Art. Worcestershire: Read Books Ltd.
Dudley, L., A., and McGraw-Hill Book Company. (1960). The Humanities. New York:
McGraw- Hill.
Mills, J. S. (1879). “ Socrates and Alcibiades on the Symposium.” Hermathena 168, 25-37

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 LESSON 2: ART APPRECIATION: CREATIVITY,
IMAGINATION, AND EXPRESSION

Learning Outcomes:

Differentiate art from nature;

To characterize artistic expression based on personal experiences with art.

Categorize works of art by citing personal experience

Time Frame: One Week

Introduction:

It takes an artist to make an art. One may perceive beauty on daily basis. However, not
every beautiful thing can be seen or experienced may truly be called a work of art. Art
is a product of man’s creativity, imagination, and expression. No matter how perfectly
blended the colors of a sunset are and no matter how extraordinary formed mountains
are, nature is not considered art simply because it is not made by man. Not even
photographs or sketches of nature, though captures or drawn by man, are works of art,
but mere recordings of the beauty in nature (Collins & Riller, 1931).

In this lesson you will learn and understand that an artwork maybe inspired by nature
or other works of art, but an artist invents how own forms and patterns due to what he
perceives as beautiful and incorporates them in creating his masterpiece.

Let’s Get Started

Activity 2.1

In one of you encounter with art through museum visits, musicals and plays,
among others, have you ever felt disconnected from an artwork? Was there a point in
time when you did not understand what message the art was trying to convey? If yes,
write the name of the artwork in the box and attach an image of the artwork, if
possible.

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 Analysis:

1. Explain why you think you did or you did not understand the art using the space
provide on the space provided below.

Abstraction:

ART Appreciation as a way of Life

Jean Paul- Sartre, a famous French philosopher of

the twentieth century, described the role of art as a
creative work that depicts the works in a
completely different light and perspective, and the
source due to human freedom ( Greene, 1995).
Each artwork beholds beauty of its own kind, the
Figure 2: Vienna Concert Hall
kind that the artist sees and wants the viewers to
perceive. More often than not, people are blind to this beauty and only those who have
developed a fine sense of appreciation can experience and see the art the same way
the artist did. Because of this, numerous artwork do unnoticed, artist are not given
enough credit, and they miss opportunities. It sometimes takes a lifetime before their
contribution to the development of art is recognized. Hence, refining one’s ability to
appreciate art allows him to deeply understand the purpose of an artwork and
recognize the beauty it possesses (Collins & Riley, 1931).

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In cultivating an appreciation of art, one should also exercise and develop his taste for
things that are fine and beautiful. This allows individuals to make intelligent choices
and decisions in acquiring necessities and luxuries, knowing what gives better value
for time or money while taking into consideration the aesthetic and practical value
( Collins & Riley, 1931).

Frequenting museums, art galleries, performing arts theaters, concert halls or even
malls that display art exhibitions that are free in admission during leisure time will not
only develop an understanding of the art, but will also serve as rewarding experience.
Learning to appreciate art, no matter what vocation or profession you have, will lead
to a fuller and more meaningful life ( Collins & Rilley, 1931).

The Role of Creativity in Art Making

Creativity requires thinking outside the box. It is often used to solve problems that
have never occurred before, conflate function and style and simply make life a more
unique and enjoyable experience. In art, creativity is what sets apart one artwork form
another.

A creative artist does not simply copy or imitate another artist work. He does not
imitate the lines, flaws, colors, and patterns in creating nature. He embraces originality,
puts his own flavor into his work and calls it his own creative piece.

Being a creative nowadays can be quite challenging. What you think you thought was
your own unique and creative idea may not what it seems to be after extensive
research and that someone else has coincidentally devised before the idea in another
part of the word.

Are you familiar with this?

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Source: [Link]
“It’s more fun in the Philippines” used by the Department of Tourism (DOT) boomed
popularity in 2011.

But later on it was fund out that it was allegedly plagiarized from Switzerland’s tourism
slogan “ It’s more fun in Switzerland,” way back 1951. Thus, creativity should be
backed with careful research on related art to avoid such conflicts.

Art as a Product of Imagination, Imagination as a Product of Art!

German physicist Albert Einstein who had made significant and major contributions in
science and humanity demonstrated knowledge is actually derived from imagination.
He emphasized this idea through his words:

“Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited

to all we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire
world, and all there ever will be to know and understand”.

In an artist’s mind sits a vast gallery of artworks. An artwork does not need to be a real
thing, but can be something that is imaginary (Collingwood, 1938).

Example:

A musician who thinks of a tune in his head.

The making of this tune in his head makes it an
imaginary tune, an imaginative creation, an
imaginary art (Colligwood, 1938).

It remains imaginary until he hums, sings or

writes down the notes of the tune on paper.

However, something imaginary does not

necessarily mean it cannot be called art. Artists
use their imagination that gives birth to reality
through creation.

Imagine being in an empty room surrounded by blank, white walls, and floor. Would
you be inspired to work in a such a place? Often, you will find coffee shops,
restaurants, and libraries with paintings hung or sculptures and other pieces of art
placed around the room to add beauty to the surroundings. This craving and desire to
be surrounded by beautiful things dates back to our early ancestors (Collins & Riley,
1931).

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 Cave walls are surrounded by drawings and paintings of animals they hunted: wild
boars, reindeers, and bison.

 Clays were molded and stones were carved into forms that resemble men and
women; burial jars were created with intricate designs on them.

 These creative pieces were made not only because they were functional to men,
but also because beauty gave them joy (Collins & Riley, 1931).

Figure 3. Thomas Quine, “ Cave Paintings”

ART as an Expression of Emotional Content

Robin George Collingwood, an English Philosopher who is best known for his work
in aesthetics, explicated in his publication The Principles of Art (1938) that what an
artist does to an emotion is not to induce it, but express it.

There is no need in relating or referring to a specific emotion, such as anger, in

expressing one’s emotion. Description actually destroys the idea of expression, as it
classifies the emotion, making it ordinary and [Link] on the other
hand individualizes. An artist has the freedom to express himself the way he wants to.
Hence, there is no specific technique in expression.

This makes people’s art not a reflection of what is outside or external to them, but
a reflection of their innerselves. There are countless ways of expressing oneself
through art.

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 Expression in art became important during Romantic Movement with Artwork
expressing a define feeling, as in the sublime or dramatic. Audience response was
important, for the artwork was intended to evoke an emotional response. This
definition holds true today, as artist look to connect and evoke responses from their
viewers. 1

Hence, audience reaction was crucial. This description still applies today, as artists
seek to engage and elicit reactions from their audiences.

Application

Let’s work in this

Answer the following questions precisely yet thoroughly as possible.

1. What art field will you explore? Why?

2. How can you utilize the arts to express yourself, your community and relation to
others?

1
Ernesto Thaddeus M. Solmerano “ Art Appreciation”, ISBN: 978-621-409-122-5

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Let’s Make it Happen

Using the table below, write down examples of the different art forms studied in this
lesson. Provide ways on how these forms express and unmask creativity from the
artist.

Type of Example How does this How does this

Expression express? unmask the
artist’s
creativity?

References:

Collingwood, R.G. (1938). The Principles of Art. Worcestershire: Read Books Ltd

Collings, M.R. and Rilley, O. (1931). Art Appreciation for Junior and Senior High
Schools. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World , Inc.
Greene, M. (1995). Art and Imagination: Reclaimingthe Sense of Possibility. Indiana,
USA: Phi Delta Kappa International.

Moma Learning. (n.d.). “Conceptual Art.” Assessed October 14, 2017. Retrieved from
[Link]
e-into-art

The Arts Center. (n.D.). “Poetry is Art Form.” Accessed October 14, 2017. Retrieved
from [Link]

Unbound Visual Arts, (n.d.). “What is Visual Art?” Accessed October 15, 2017
Retrieved from [Link]
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 LESSON 3: HISTORY OF ARTS

A. ART IN EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

Learning Outcomes

Discussed how art was used by prehistoric people to depict everyday life;

Present the History and movements of the arts through a timeline

Explain how art is linked with religion in early Egyptian civilizations.

Time Frame: Two Weeks

Introduction:

In this lesson, you will explore the period of history on the use of art within the three
context of the three periods of the Stone Age culture, Palaeolithic age and the
Neolithic age.

Let’s Get Started

JUMBLED LETTERS: Identify the word on each item.

1. ERKEG _________________

2. YRPIADM __________________

3. NGIMODK __________________

4. NKIG __________________

5. PTEEML __________________

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 Analysis:

1. What do you think is the motives and reasons behind the creation of the ancient
materials?

2. What could be the significant contribution of these materials in early civilizations?

Abstraction

The unearthing of archaeological artifacts and remains provide modern a society a

glimpse of beliefs, practices, and activities of early civilizations. The early people
produced such materials that reflects their attitudes and belief systems on spiritual,
social, political, and economic matters. It can be noted that works of art and
architecture were created from a wide array of materials from limestone to precious
gems to metals to name a few. As the early human started to transition from being
nomads to permanent settlers, their everyday activities had some changes, which is
evident to the materials and even works of art they have created. Despite changes as
a result of adapting to their environment, there are central themes in their artworks.

PRE- HISTORIC ART

Archaeological explorations reveal that there has been a gradual shift from a
nomadic lifestyle of early humans to that of permanent settlements, paving the way
for the rise of early civilizations. The Stone age has witnessed how humans were able
to lead more stable lives and eventually come up with permanent shelters and tools
for survival. To complement this stability and sense of permanence, early humans
turned to the creation of paintings and sculptures that depicts humans, animals and
their natural habitats. It would seem that there were attempts to record the kind of
lives they led within the period of time. Central to the representation of early
civilizations would be the establishing of possible linkages among art, religion and life.

Palaeolithic art is a product of climate change. As the climate get colder, part of
the early humans’ instinct is to look for shelters that would provide them warmth.
Caves became protective havens for the early humans and these caves paved the way
for birth of their gfirts attempts to create art. One of the cave paintings can be traced
back to Lascauz, France and its discovery came as a surprise. Two boys chased after
their dog into a hole where their ball got stuck in. When they followed the dog, they

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were astonished to discover a cave with beautiful paintings. The cave paintings would
eventually be called the “Hall of Bulls.”

The figures depicted on the walls were done with a certain level of crispness and
life that there were initial hesitations of the works authenticity. However, evidence
later on pointed out that the cave paintings were created during the Paleolithic Period.
It is also important to take note that the paintings evoke naturalism, which is evidently
seen through the contours of the animals’ body and their dark colors. Although most
people would think that early humans were primitive, some of their art techniques
were considered advance their time. Some of the early humans already used their own
version of spray-painting techniques using ground pigments blown through reeds of
hollowed-out bones since these were the readily available materials for them. Aside
from this spray- painting technique, early humans also worked with foreshortening
and contrasting of lights and shadows. These techniques created the illusion of three-
dimensional forms and seemingly real representation of animals.

On the other hand, Neolithic art was developed especially when life for the early
humans has become more stable. They have learned to cultivate the land and
domesticate animals. By 4000 BCE, there were several monumental and architectural
structures erected. One of them is the Stonehenge located in Southern England. The
purpose of this fascinating edifice remains a mystery upt to this day and age. Some
regard it as a temple while others see it as complex calendar that tracked the
movement of Sun and Moon. Others ascribe some magical element to it by associating
it with Merlin the Magician from The King Arthur’s story. For whatever purpose it was
built on, it still remains as one of the architectural wonders of the world has ever seen.

As the Neolithic Period drew to a close, it was evident that different elements of
civilization flourished in various parts of the world. It is also notable that the earliest
civilizations emerged and flourished in river valleys: the Nile in Egypt, Indus in India,
Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, and Huang Ho River in China.

Egyptian Art

The Fertile Ribbon starts from the banks of the Nile River, which flows North to Africa
and ventures into Mediterranean. It is in this very ribbon where early Egyptians
recognized the integral role of the Nile River to their daily lives. It is this
indispensability and utility that eventually led to the belief that the Nile is to be
worshipped as a God.

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The Periods of Egyptian Civilization

1. Old

2. Middle

3. New Kingdom

The Great Pyramid of Giza

 Served as tombs since

their main purpose was
to provide a resting
place for Pharaohs
 Was constructed
roughly more than two
million limestone blocks
 Highlighting the
ingenuity and
advancement of
Egyptians.

MIDDLE KINGDOM

 One of the key Features of Middle kingdom is a shift in the Political Hierarchy
(emergence of Landlords that threatened the authority of Pharaohs)
 Art has taken a backseat during Middle kingdom ( King Mentuhotep Stabilized
Egypt)

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  Egypt was not immune to foreign invaders- they fell into the hands of Hykos
(introduced Bronze age weapons and horses)

NEW KINGDOM

 The art in New Kingdom had references from both preceding kingdoms
 In the new kingdoms, however, they started mortuary temples.
 The newly found strength and power comes from an inflated ego.

It is also important to note that it is in this era that monuments and sculptures were
still linked with death and reverence for the deceased. During this period, Egypt has
established itself as a more advanced and powerful civilization. Their high regard for
their people can be seen through their sculptures built on massive and monumental
scales.

AFTTER NEW KINGDOM

Most sculptures during this period had curving lines and full-bodied forms. There is
emphasis to life-like features of the face like an elongate jaw and thick-lidded eyes.
Most artists created artworks that are natural and seemingly real, highlighting the
features of their subjects.

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He became the King at a very young age and died at the age of eighteen, Howard
Carter discovered his tomb in 1922. They were astonished to find gold artworks and
that the coffin was made out of solid gold. The body of the young king was covered in
linen and a gold mask covered his face.

SUMMARY

During the prehistoric period, the early humans had transitioned from a nomadic
lifestyle to that of a more permanent one, which led to early civilizations. Some of the
works discovered from this period would give modern society a glimpse of what was
life during that period. One of the early civilizations where art flourished was the
Egyptians civilizations. Throughout the three kingdoms all the way to the Amarna
Revolution, art has been directly used particularly in religious and spiritual activities.
Through these unearthed and discovered artworks, the modern world could have a
better understanding of the past and how it can affect the present.

B. ART OF EMERGING EUROPE

ANCIENT GREECE

The humanist ideals of the Greek were reflected in their democratic form of
government. This certain level of freedom was also reflected in their artworks,
architecture, literature and philosophy. The Greeks were notably passionate about
natural phenomenon and believed that nature should be in perfect order. These
principles, belief systems, and ideologies are at the core of Greek art and architecture.
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The development of Greek art can be divided into four periods:

1. Geometric

2. Archaic

3. Classical

4. Hellenistic

It was when Greece was starting to get back from the onslaught of what seemed to be
their Dark Ages. It was a period when geometric shapes and patterns have taken the
spotlight in most of the artworks.

GREEK ARCHAIC PERIOD

This was primarily a result of the Greece’s

trading activities with other civilizations.
Moreover, the origins of theater and
drama can be traced back during the
Greek civilizations.

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The peak of Greek sculpture and architecture was classical period. It was during this
period when the Greeks found themselves rebuilding their templates and focusing on
creating artworks. Hellenistic sculptures started to emphasize balance while
showcasing dynamic evoked by the subjects. One of the famous sculptures is the
“Lacoon and his Sons”.

The sculpture depicts Lacoon, a Trojan priest and his sons being strangled by serpents.
Their position was a result of Lacoon’s instructions during the Trojan War. He
instructed to keep the gates of Troy locked up because he felt that the wooden horse
offered by the Greeks as a gift to Athena was a trick. Poseidon, the Greek god of the
sea was enraged by such action which led him to send serpents to strangle Lacoon
and his sons.

The origins of theater and drama can be traced back during the Greek civilization. The
followers of Dionysus – the god of fertility – started the Greek theater. People who
were devoted to Dionysus would dance during ceremonies while giving their offerings
to their god. Eventually, the Dionysians devised a more structured form of drama
involving dances and choral songs, which depicted Greek mythologies.

ANCIENT ROME

The Roman republic was established around 500 BCE. This civilization eventually
transformed into one of the Western Europe’s mightiest empires. It can be said that
Roman civilization came of age during the Hellenistic period. They invoked the
principles of realism, highlighting the features of human beings.
The fusion of Greek and Roman cultures can be seen in most Roman artworks. Some
would argue that the Romans merely copied Greek art. This eventually made the
Romans produce artworks that are often looking stern, harsh, and strong.

It is also important to note that Romans were known to be master builders. One of
their architectural achievements would have to be the Collosseum. And one of its
mains uses was for entertainment purposes like public events and gladiator games.

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Just like Greeks, the Romans valued their gods and this was evident with their
sculptures and artworks.

THE MIDDLE AGES

It is the period between the decline of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance. And
the Church was the central figure and authority of the period. Since Church was the
most important figure, the most important products of the Middle Ages would have to
be copied of the Christians scriptures.

RENAISSANCE ART

During the Renaissance period, artist valued the “individual” as a subject of arts.
Influenced by humanism and naturalism having a great emphasis on the
proportionality of the human body. Most artists added perspectives of depth wherein
spaces were explored providing a three-dimensional perspective of most Renaissance
paintings. They gave importance to non-religious themes however most artworks
remained religious in its focus and theme. There was a revival of Roman theatrical
plays that showcased grand and lavish entertainment. These were performed during
special occasions at the courts of Italian princes. Aside from song and dance numbers,
they invested in elaborate stages and costumes for the actors.

MANNERISM

Mannerism was a period in art history, which was a product of the Renaissance Period.
During the Renaissance, artist would observe nature and try their best to emulate it
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based on their observations. As the Renaissance ended, artist started directly copying
subjects from existing works of art. Most artwork during this period displayed distorted
figures, two-dimensional space, discordant hues and colors, and lack of defined focal
point.

BAROQE AND THE ROCOCO

The term “baroque” is derived from the

Portuguese term barocco which is
translated as “irregularly shaped pearl”
and is believed by the historians as a
response to Protestantism.

Politics and art was strengthened aside

from religion.
Motion and space were taken into
consideration by artists like the use of
dramatic lighting and the concept of time.
Moreover, music also flourished as a tool
to communicate messages to evoke
feelings
Most composers come from Italy which
include Vivaldi, Corelli, Monteverdi, and
Germany’s Bach and Handel.
Their works tried to evoke certain emotions from their audiences and began to make
more complex musical compositions and performances but limited only to powerful
institutions like the Church and patrons

NEOCLASSISM

Historian claim that it was the year 1863 when there was an emergence of modern
painting exhibitions.
Neoclassicism transpired during the late 18th and 19th centuries that aimed to revive
and rekindle the influences of Greek and Roman into art and architecture.

ROMANTICISM

Romanticism used the central themes of Neoclassical artworks as a springboard.

During the Age of Revolutions, there has been a tremendous focus on patriotic and
nationalistic movements like the French Revolution. This period includes the emphasis
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on the goodness of mankind. It promoted justice, equality, social order, and emotions
and feelings of man.

REALISM

Realism focuses on the accuracy of details that depicts and mirrors reality. There is
little room for imagination since emphasis is placed in observable traits that can
concretize through artworks. It is influenced by Hellenistic Greek culture that placed
emphasis on human body. Idealistic concepts and images were replaced by real
manifestation of society.

IMPRESSIONISM

This style of work started in France which led to a break from the tradition in European
painting emerged in the mid to late 1800s. Incorporated scientific principles to achieve
a more distinct representation of color. It allows the artist to emphasize the immediate
impression he has of a particular event or scene through brushstrokes, distinction of
colors, and the lights and shadow used by the artist.

POST IMPRESSIONISM

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It is an art movement emerged in France which is a result of both the influence and
rejection of Impressionism which led to the development of individual style that gave
emphasis to defining from with the use of broken colors and short brush stroke. Some
of the famous post-impressionism artists include Paul Cazanne, Georges Seurat, Paul
Gaugin, Vincent van Gogh, among others.

NEO- IMPRESSIONISM

Considered as a response to empirical realism of impressionism. Most of the painters

rely on a systematic and scientific techniques that have predetermined visual effects
not only on the art work itself but also how the audience perceive the art. Georges
Seurat recorded optical sensations. His color theories paved the way for the technique
called Pointillism – utilizes discrete dots and dashes of pure color. Other
neo-impressionism artists include Henri-Edmond Cross, Maximilien Luce, and Camille
Pissarro, among others.

ART NOUVEAU

Betweenn1890 and 1910, countries from Europe and the United States witnessed the
emerging and flourishing of a new art style. This ornamental style of art uses long and
organic lines that are concretely manifested in architecture, jewelry, and glass design,
among others. The defining characteristics is the assymetrical line that usually is in the
form of insect wings or flower stalks.

FAUVISM

This style of art emerged in France around the turn of the 20th century. Fauvists
revolutionary used pure and vibrant colors by applying straight from the paint tubes
directly to the canvas. Also, artists introduced and promoted a picture space that is
defined by the movement of color.

CUBISM

Between 1907 and 1914, French artist Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque introduced a
new visual arts style called cubism. Cubists highlighted the two-dimensional surface of
the picture plane. This style focusing on a flat surface was rejected and the existing
and prevailing notion that art shouls imitate nature. Cubists emphasized that they are
not in a way obliged to copy texture, form, color, and space.

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FUTURISM

Started in Italy which highlighted the speed, energy, dynamism, and power of
machines. Common themes are restlessness and the fast-paced of modern life. This
style of art branched out not only in Europe but also in Russia. Evident in poetry and
visual arts. Italian poet and editor Filippon Tommaso Marinetti coined the term
“futurism” to reflect his purpose of disregarding the traditional methods of the art in
the past. He believes that art should embrace and embody change, innovation,
creativity, and originality.

SUMMARY

Throughout history, Europe has seen tremendous changes in its political

landscape and social makeup, and witnessed transitions of different art movements
on different timeframes. The use of art as a medium of communication of different
cultural elements originated from the Greek and Roman civilizations. These two
civilizations have greatly influenced the succeeding period in art history. There were
movements like Realism that highlights the primacy of individuality. Man being the
focal point of most work is not new since the Greek and even during the Renaissance
period highlighted the centrality of man in any society. The evolution of art in
Europe helped them shaped their culture, which was reflected in their societies.

To sum things up, Art continually develops. From pre-historic up to the present,
Art serves different purposes and functions. Every Art has its distinct style, and no
art is the same. Remember that there is no specific style to make an artwork beautiful;
it depends on creativity and imagination.

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 Application

Scrap booking
Directions: Create a scrapbook by just using a short bond paper. In your scrapbook,
indicate how Western Arts evolved. Using your creativity, you should highlight the
timeline of Western Arts and some influential artists with their famous works.

Criteria/ Rubrics:
Creativity - 30 points
Organization - 25 points
Content - 25 points
Use of Material - 10 points
Neatness - 10 points
TOTAL - 100

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Short Quiz: True or False
Direction
Please read the following statement below. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and
write FALSE if it is wrong.
1. The emergence of the powerful landlords happened during the prehistoric period.
2. It was on middle age where art has been used for religious and spiritual activities.
3. The Pyramid of Giza served as a tomb for the Egyptians.
4. It was on 4000 BCE where several monumental and architectural structures were
built.
5. One of the cosmetic pallets found in Egypt was Namer’s pallete.
6. Pyramid of Giza was the greatest discovery from Egyptian civilization.
7. Amama revolution was led by King Arthur and Queen Nefertiti.
8. After new kingdom, the changing of names also signifies religion.
9. It was on middle kingdom where religion was bound to the afterlife.
10. Howard Carter discovered the tomb of Tutankhamen in 1922.

References:

Ficher- Rathus, L. (2017). Understanding Art. 11th Ed Boston: Cengage Learning.

Gilbert, R. (2005). Living with Art. New York: McGraw-Hill.

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 LESSON 4: FUNCTIONS AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ART

Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lessons, you should be able to:

Identify and explain basic functions of art

Distinguish between directly functional and indirectly functional art

Apply concepts and theories on beauty and aesthetics in real life scenarios

Time Frame: One Week

Introduction:

Greek philosopher Aristotle claimed that every particular substance in the world has an
end, or telos in Greek, which translates into “purpose”. Every substance has defines as
a formed matter, moves according to a fixed path toward its aim.

This telos according to Aristotle, is intricately linked with

function. For a thing to reach its purpose, it also has to fulfill
its function. Man, in Aristotle’s view of reality, is bound to
achieve a life of fulfillment and happiness, or in Greek,
eudaimonia. All men more toward this final end. However,
happiness, the supposed end of man, is linked with his
function which is being rational. One can only be happy when
he is [Link] means that Aristotle, plants can never be
happy because they are not rational, as well as tables and
chairs. Man;s natural end, telos is connected with function,
which is his rationality.

Moreover, in this lesson you will explore the telos, the function and the “whatness”of a
thing. Does art necessarily have an end? Let’s find out…….

e
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 Let’s Get Started

Activity 4.1
Using the table below, list down as many different artworks that you have witnessed.
On the second column, identify what is it for you. You can either research this or
surmise intelligently. Write them down on the corresponding column.

Analysis:

Artwork What is it for?

After doing the activity, let’s work on this one and answer the questions vividly and as
precisely as possible.
1. What art form/artwork has changed something in your life? Why? Account for the
experience.

2. Does art always have a function? Why? Support your response. Provide your own
examp

3. If an artwork ceased to have a function, will it remain an art? Why?

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 Abstraction:

When one speaks of function, one is practically talking about the use of the object
whose function is in question. An inquiry on the function os an art is an inquiry on
what art is for. Alternatively, the answer to the question “what us is for” is the function
of whatever “it” in the questions refer to.

When it comes to function, different are forms come with distinctive functions. There
is no one-to -one correspondence between an art and its function. Some art forms are
more functional than others. Architecture for example, as an art is highly functional
just like most applied arts.

On the other hand of the spectrum one can only think of a painting and literature as

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forms of art that have the least to do with purely practical values. When one examines
and thinks of a painting or a work of literature such as poem or a novel, one looks at
the value of the art in itself and not because of what it can do and benefit us.

FUNCTIONS OF ART

1. Personal Function of Art

The personal function of art are varied and highly subjective. This means that its
function depend on the person- the artist who created the art. An artist may create an
art out of self- expression or therapeutic purpose.

2. Social Functions of Art

Art is considered to have a social function if and

when it addresses a particular collective interest as
opposed to a personal interest.

Political art is a very common example of an art

with social function. It convey a message of protest,
contestation or whatever message the artist intends
hos work to carry.

3. Physical Function of Art

The physical function of art are the easiest to

spot and understand. The physical functions of art
can be found in artworks that are crafted in order to
serve some physical purpose.

4. Other Functions of Art

Music was principally used for dance and religion. The ancient world saw music as
an instrument to facilitate worship and invocation to God. Today music has expanded

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its functions and coverage. It is no longer for religion purposes but fr expressing
feeling through serenade.

Sculpture, on the other hand, is another functional art form that long existed for
various purposes. People erect status for the divine. In the Roman Catholic world, the
employment for religious purposes has remained vital, relevant and symbolic. It is also
made to commemorate important figures in history.

Another art form that readily lends itself to multiple functions is architecture. In
fact, architecture might be the mos prominent functional art form.

Does Art Always Have To Be Functional?

While its has been shown that most arts are functional, still there are some which are
not. The value of artwork of art does not depend on function but on the work itself.
The plays of Aeschylus and the poetry of Robert Frost and Edgar Allan Poe are still
counted as examples of great works of art despite not having a known function.

Philosophical Perspective on Art

Art as an Imitation

Plato (2000) in his masterpiece, The Republic, particularly paints a picture of artist as
imitators and art as mere imitation. In his description of the ideal republic, Plato
advises against the inclusion of art as s subject in the curriculum and the banning of
artists in the Republic.

Plato was deeply suspicious of art and artist for two reasons:

1. They appeal to the emotion rather to the rational faculty of men.

2. They imitate rather than lead one reality.

In Plato’s metaphysics or view of reality, the things in this world are only copies of the
original, the eternal and the true entities that can only be found in the World of Forms.
He was convinced that artists merely reinforce the belief in copies and discourage men
to reach for the real entities in the World of Forms.

Examples:

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 Scenario 1. Poetry rouses emotions and feelings and thus clouds rationality of
people.
Scenario 2. A painting is just an imitation of imitation of nature, which is also just
an imitation of reality in the World of Forms.

For Plato, art is dangerous because it provides a petty replacement for the real entities
that can only be attained through reason.

Art as a Representation

Aristotle, agreed with Plato that art is a forms of imitation. However, in contrast to the
disgust that his matter holds for art, Aristotle considered art as an aid to philosophy in
revealing truth. The kind of imitation that art does not antithetical to the reaching of
fundamental truths in the world.

For Aristotle, all kinds of art including poetry, music, dance, painting and sculpture, do
not aim to represent reality as it is. What art endeavors to do is to provide a vision of
what might be of the myriad possibilities in reality. Unlike Plato who taught that art is
an imitation of another imitation, Aristotle conceived of art as representing possible
versions of reality.
In the Aristotelian worldview, art serves two particular purposes:
1. Art allows for the experience of pleasure.
Ex. A horrible experience can be made an object of humor in a comedy.
2. Art also has an ability to be instructive and teach its and teach its audience things
about life, thus, it is cognitive as well.

Art as a Disinterested Judgment

Immanuel Kant, in his Critique of Judgment, considered the judgment of beauty, the
cornerstone of art, as something that can be universal despite its subjectivity. He
recognized that judgment of beauty is subjective. However, even subjective
judgments are based on some universal criterion for the said judgment.
The first is clearly a judgment of a taste (subjective),
while the second is an aesthetic judgment (objective)
How are these two statements
different? Making an aesthetic judgment requires us to be

1. “I like this painting” disinterested. In other words, we should try to go

2. “This painting is beautiful” beyond our individual tastes and preferences so that
we can appreciate art from a universal standpoint.

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Art as Communication of Emotion

According to Leo Tolstoy, arts plays a huge role in communication to its audience’s
emotions that the artist previously experienced. In the same that language
communicates information to their people, art communicates emotions. As a purveyor
of man’s innermost feelings and thoughts, art is given a unique opportunity to serve as
a mechanism for social unity.

Art is central to man’s existence because it makes accessible feelings and emotions of
people from the past and present.

SUMMARY

Art has remained relevant in our daily lives because most of it has played some form of
function for man. Since the dawn of the civilization, art has been at the forefront of
giving color to man’s existence. The different functions of art may be classified as
either personal, social, or physical. An art’s function is personal if it depends on the
artist himself or sometimes till, the audience of the art. There is a social function in art
if and when it has a particular social function, when it addresses a collective need of a
group of people. Finally, physical function has something to do with direct, tangible
uses of art. Not all product of art have function. This should not disqualify them as art
though. It is important to note that some important thinkers in history, art may serve
either imitation, representation, a disinterested judgment, or simply a communication
of emotion.

APPLICATION

Look around your house and identify a product of art. In A SHORT BOND PAPER, paste
a picture of that product of art in your household. Trace the beginnings of this item
and identify what functions it has played in history.

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References:

Butcher , S.H. (Ed.) (1902). The Poetics of Aristotle. New York: The Macmillan
Company.

Caslib, Bernardo Nicolas Jr., Dorothea C. Garing, Jezreel Anne R. Casaul. (2018).
Art Appreciation. 1st ed. Quezon City: Rex Printing Company, Inc.

Dudley, L., Faricy, A., and McGraw-Hill Book Company. (1960). The Humanities.
New York McGraw-Hill.

Plato. (2002). The Republic. Accessed September 2, 2020. Retrieved from

[Link]

Tolstoy, Leo. (2016). What is Art? Assessed on August 30, 2020 Retrieved from
[Link]
/Tolstoy_on_Art_T WO_COLUMNS

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 LESSON 5: ARTIST AND ARTISAN

Learning Outcomes:

Identify the medium in various forms of art, viz., visual, auditory, and combined
arts

Define an artist or an artisan’s medium and technique

Define the role of managers, curators, buyers, collectors, art dealers in the art
world.
Differentiate between artists’ and artisans’ approach/technique toward a
particular medium
Identify national and GAMABA artists’ notable works and their contribution to
society

Time Frame: One Week

Introduction:

In this Chapter, you’ll get familiar with the different mediums of art and get to know
with the roles of managers, curators, buyers, collectors, art dealers in the art world.
You will also introduce artist who have dedicated their lives to the cultivation of arts
and culture, wherein other key players and movers are testament to how the
production, consumption and distribution of arts have changed profoundly.

Let’s Get Started

Activity 5.1

1. What art form you can most relate to and appreciate? It may be architecture,
sculpture, painting, music, literature, film, dance, performance/ theater, and living
traditions.

2. Name an artist whose works you really like.

38 | P a g e
3. Is there a particular work of art created by him or her tat you relate to and
appreciate? What is it and why?

Analysis:

1. Based on your response to Activity 5.1 of Question 1, describe your chosen art
form.

Abstraction:

The art is one of the most significant ways in which we try to grapple with how
the present unfolds. In Robert Henri’s The Art Spirit (1923), he stated that “ Art
when really understood is the province of every human being. It is simply a
question of doing things, anything, well. It is an outside, extra thing. When the
artist is alive in any person, whatever his kinds of work may be, he becomes an
inventive, searching, daring, self-expressing creature.
Artist have traded a long history. Their roots can likewise be traced in one of the
mojor milestone in human civilization. In the
first episode of the vide series “New Ways of
Seeing”, a project of The New York Times’ T
Brand Studio and jewelry giant Tiffany & Co.,
art critic Jeety Saltz (2016) underscored the
significance of not only the discovery of the
cave paintings, but also the paintings Stonehenge (Wilstshire, England) of the

themselves. He asserted that “these first invented a way to get three-dimensional

world into two dimensions and attach value to their own ideas. And all of the
history of art flows forth from this invention”. He is apparently referring to the

39 | P a g e
 drawings and painted images of animals, hunting scenes, and a variety of symbolic
figures created during the Stone Age.
It was in this light that artist worked and most of the time, the products were
considered not as artworks at all but rather as craft or places under some other
category.

ARTIST AND THE GUILDS

Have you ever wondered why some examples of artistic and creative production have
survived to this day?Museums are packed with numerous artifacts and interesting
objects from all over the world that have survived centuries for us all to see.
Let’s take a look in these pictures…..

 Located in Germany

 One of the examples of early Gothic

architecture

 Master Mason Gerhard Ryle started the

project in 1248.

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Craftsmen and builders in the past did not have sophisticated terminologies and
principles that architects and engineers abide by today. Yet, they fulfilled overlapping
roles such as the draftsman, architect,
engineer, and even as the builder. What
they have is a sense on how the materials
behaved, how the environment, light, and
weather patterns affected structures, and
other intuitive principles of creation.
What is meant here is a kind of formalization
of craft education in which regulation was
set in place.

Here, skills qualification was needed for an apprentice to register under a particular
guild. These guilds were prevalent during the Middle Ages particularly during the
thirteenth to fifteenth century, where towns had formalized groups of artisans or
craftsmen who took on a particular specialization or trade:
 Shoemakers
 Textile
 Glass workers
 Carpenters
 Carvers
 Masons
 Armors
 Weapon-makers

Guilds were a type of social fellowship, an association structured with rules, customs,
rights and responsibilities. With a lifetime commitment to a particular trade, an artisan
develops immense skill and expertise in his craft.

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A master artisan or craftsman would then be open to hiring apprentices who would be
under his tutelage and instruction. In these guilds, artistry and technology flourished
under one roof. In the context of the cathedral construction site, the master mason
oversaw the work by numerous men varying artistic proclivities and skills, from the
smiths (metal work), carpenters, carriers and glaziers (stained glass artist), among
others.

In the Philippines, the culture of artisan became prevalent during the time of
Spanish colonial period. This was both the case for religious and secular art, wherein
the existence of artisans proved to be of immense use. It was through mimesis or
copying that artisans fist learned to depict religious images and scenes. Friars being
non- artist themselves, provided the references that artists could use. During the
propagation of the faith, Spanish friars commissioned a lot of artisans to carve, paint,
and engrave images for churches and public sites. Each locality had a characterizing
style or feature in the way their depictions were made; the manner in which Boholano
artists would paint saints and scenes were different from those of Rizal or in Laguna.
Like other Baroque churches that benefited from talents of artists, Spanish colonial

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churches were also lined the frescos and ceiling paintings with a number of them
undergoing restoration in the early 1900s.

ARTIST AND HIS STUDIO

Today, artist studios have been a place of interest for the public. It is interesting to see
and learn where creativity manifest itself, especially since an artist’s studio is an
extension of the artist himself. The studio model dates back from the Renaissance.
Therein, artist flexed their relationship with their patron as a site where negotiations
and works were made. There those whose work stations were segmented into two,
the studiolo and the bottega; the latter is where the work usually happened.
Apprentices studied under masters, assisting with menial tasks or the preparation of
the painting surfaces. In the seventeenth century, these demarcations became lose,
eventually merging together.

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 Source:

[Link]

Other Players in the World of Art

The terrain in which the artist traverses is becoming increasingly complex. In the last
century, some of the roles that have been existent since the beginning of art history
have been properly dealt with- ascribed with a name- and legitimized into a
sophisticated network of relationships and exchanges. This network is what we call
the art world.
In Howard S. Becker’s Art Worlds (1982), he asserted that “all artistic work, like all
human activity, involves the joint activity of a number,often a large number, of people.
Through their cooperation, the artwork we eventually see or hear comes to be and
continues to be. The work always shows signs of that cooperation. The forms of
cooperation may be ephemeral, but often become more or less routine; producing
patterns of collective activity we can call an art world. The existence of art worlds, as
well as the way their existence affects both the production and consumption of
artworks, suggests a sociological approach to the arts. It is an approach that produces
aesthetic judgments; although that is a task many sociologists of art have set for
themselves.”

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It is important to note that with the complexity of the art world, players are no longer
limited to those who undertook formal instruction in either (or both) production and/
or study of art. Take for instance administrative or managerial roles, both of which can
exist in either institutional or non-institutional scenarios. These roles may be broken
down working boards ( board of trustees); directors and assistant directors; manager
curators; and other posts whose interest is the management and operations of
museums, galleries, and other spaces.
The role of curator is more of the interpretation and development of the artwork (s) or
the collection(s) through establishing the significance, relationship, and relevance of
these materials in isolation and/ or as part of a wider narrative.

There are many aspects that go into post-production. These may include allowing the
artwork to set, tweaking the artwork, preparing the artwork for transport and display,
and even the promotion and inclusion of the artwork in publications or discussions.

45 | P a g e
Engagement with Art
In Cline’s The Evolving Role of Exhibitions and its Impact on Art and Culture (2012),
she wrote that “exhibitions act as a catalyst of art and ideas to the public; they
represent a way of displaying and contextualizing art that makes it relevant and
accessible to contemporary audiences. The art exhibitions, by its nature, holds a
mirror up to society, reflecting its interests and concerns while at the same time
challenging its ideologies and preconceptions.
Moreover, in Paula Marncola’s What Makes a Great Exhibition? (2006), it reads that
“exhibitions are strategically located at the nexus where artists, their work, the arts
institution and may different publics intersect.” This opportunity is singular, as most
interactions in the art world are limited to two players at a time. Exhibitions create an
opportunity in which the different roles in the art world get to meet, interact, and even
enter into a discussion.
One of the most common platforms to engage with the art is trough exhibitions either
at museums or galleries. Nowadays, there are other exhibition spaces that have
opened up for artist to showcase their works.

AWARDS AND CITATION

As with any organized
endeavor, the arts and
culture have entered
into a phase in which
another aspect of its
practice can be
realized. In history,
support for the arts
and culture is not limited to the allocation of funding or partnership. One of the most
common measures in which artist and other creative producers are given incentives
and honor for their work is trough state- initiated and given awards and citations. The
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two major wards given to artist in the Philippines are the Orden ng Pambansang
Alagad ng Sining (Order of Nation Artist) and Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (National
Living Treasures Award).
The conferment of the Order of Nation Artist is the “highest nationa recognition given
to Filipino individuals who have made significant contributions to the development of
Philippines arts; namely music, dance, theater, visual arts, literature, film, broadcast
arts,for d architecture and allied arts. The order is jointly administered by the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCAA) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines
(CCP) and conferred by the President of the Philippines upon recommendation by both
institutions” (NCCA, 2015). The very first recipient of this award was painter Fernando
Amorsolo, who was touted as the Grand Old Man of the Philippine Art.”

Criteria for the National Artists

Presidential Proclamation 1001 of 1972 was created to recognize and honor Filipinos
who contributed to Philippine art and writing. Award and National Artist Decoration
was established. The National Commission set criteria for the Cultural and Arts
National Artist and the Philippines Cultural Center.

47 | P a g e
 Living artists, Filipino citizens at the time of nomination, and those who passed
away since the prize was established in 1972. The artists have contributed to
developing a Filipino feeling of nationhood through the content and form of their
works.
1. An artist who has established a way of artistic expression or style, earning the
honor and influencing future generations of artists;

2. An artist who has produced a notable body of work and continually

demonstrated brilliance in their art form's practice, elevating artistic
expression or style; and

3. An artist that has received widespread acclaim and evaluations of their work
and respect and honor from peers through distinguished national and
international recognition, critical acclaim, and evaluations of their work.

In short, we Philippines are inherently artistic in this chapter. We are well aware
that our work continues to develop, from history to the present age. Remember that
art does not define how a person might be creative. We can define arts; they’re
subjective for arts. It always depends on how we value and appreciate things.

Do not forget to freshen up and prepare yourself for the next quest! Here, you will
have some brain-stretching activities.

SUMMARY

The evolution of the artist throughout the history is one of the most interesting
progressions in the affairs of man. From the banalities of the works he created to
assist and inform the every day, he was caught in the midst of prevailing and shifting
ideologies, and utilized the power of the creativity and imagination in attempt to
grapple with the world around him. There is much responsibility and expectation
ascribed to artist. As Woodrow Wilson (1913 relates, “ You are not here merely to
make a living. You are here in order to enable the world to live more amply, with
greater vision, with a finer spirit of hope of achievement. You are here to enrich the
world, and you impoverish yourself if you forge that errand.”

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 Application

Infographics:

Directions: Create an infographic highlighting at least 5 GAMABA Awardees and 5

National Artist Awardees (from 2000-present ONLY). You should have their profile,
history, contributions, and works using your creativity.

Criteria/ Rubrics: Creativity - 30 points

Organization - 25 points
Content - 25 points
Use of Material - 10 points
Neatness - 10 points
TOTAL - 100 points
References:

Capistrano-Baker, Florina. (2006). Pioneers of Philippine Art. Makati: Ayala

Museum and Dreampulse Production, video, 32.25 min.

Caslib, Bernardo Nicolas Jr., Dorothea C. Garing, Jezreel Anne R. Casaul. (2018).
Art Appreciation. 1st ed. Quezon City: Rex Printing Company, Inc.
Corre, Fruto and Nancy Pe-Rodrigo. (1999). Hinabing Panaginip (Dream Weavers),
Bookmark video, 45 min.

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 LESSON 6: FILIPINO ARTS

Learning Outcomes:

Recognize the Pre-colonial Art forms in the Archipelago

Categorize the famous indigenous musical instruments in the Philippines.

Demonstrate knowledge about the importance of Philippine Artistic
Handicrafts.

Time Frame: One Week

Introduction:

In this class, you will learn to respect the uniqueness of our culture and the skills
of every Filipino. You can participate in discussions and exercises to help you reinforce
the topics you learned in this session. Enjoy yourselves!

Let’s Get Started

Activity 6.1

Jumbled Letters: Identify the word on each item.

1. BKAIUMM - ____________________

2. BALIRT - __________________

3. UATS - __________________

4. NGOLAM - __________________

5. NAALB - ___________________

Analysis: 50 | P a g e
1. What makes our country diverse? Explain your answer.

2. What is the essence of studying the works of the Indigenous Peoples? Why?

You may proceed to the second stage since you are done with the first stage. Are you
ready? That’s good!

Abstraction:

From the country's early civilization to the present, Philippine art has developed
and prospered. Every Filipino's life and possessions are inspired by art, much like in
other nations. Philippine art reflects a society influenced by a diverse spectrum of
cultural influences. Islamic traditions were founded in our land in the 14th century.
European countries also influence some Philippine artists. By presenting the diversity
and wealth of our culture, Filipino artists have carved out a distinct cultural identity
for themselves.

In this chapter, you will study about Filipino arts and crafts, but first, let's learn
about other forms of art from a group of people we consider to have a very colorful
culture: the Indigenous People.

One of the most famous traditional livelihood that are still kept until today is
weaving. Originating in the pre-colonial times, the art of weaving of Cordillera tribal
groups in the Philippines NOrth is still existing despite the threat of the more practical
mass production of cloth. The natives use back strap loop to produce blankets and
articles of clothing (“Indigenous Philippine Arts and Crafts”, 2016).
Pina cloth is also produced in loms throughout the province of Antique. It is a
delicate and exquisite hand woven cloth that is made from the fibers obtained from
the leaves of pineappple plants. It is popularly used in Barong Tagalog, the country’s
traditional formal menswear. With the organic and airy textile being used, the
“barong” is now becoming more popular around the world (“Indigenous Philippine Arts
and Crafts”, 2016).

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 Abaca fiber come from abaca plant is widely grown in certain regions in the
country. It is woven mainly to make “sinamay” fabric and abaca rope, as well as
specialty [a[ers like vacuum nags currency and tea bags. There are also handicrafts
like bags, carpets and clothing made of abaca (“Indigenous Philippine Arts and
Crafts”, 2016).

Common Handicraft Materials in the Philippines

1. Abaca (Musa textilis)- is a plant that looks like a banana tree. It's long-lasting
and comes in a variety of hues.

2. Bamboo (Bambusa Spinosa)- is employed in the furniture sector because of its

resilience. It's also a popular material for crafting baskets and hats.

3. Buri (Corypha elata)- is a palm from which three different kinds of fibers can be
harvested: buri, raffia, and till. It can be colored and woven into a variety of
different shapes. Buri leaves are the most adaptable material for hats, boxes,
and other unique things.

4. Caragumoy (Pandanus Simplex)- as it dries, it turns a greenish-grey color. It's

traditionally been used to make bags, baskets, caps, and mats.

5. Coconut (Cocos nucifera)- In the Philippines, it is the most often used palm.
Cocomidrib is mostly utilized as a handicraft material in baskets and brooms
(tingting). Buttons, coin banks, lampshades, pins, and other items are made
from coco shells.

6. Kalas- Buri's palm produces this as a by-product. The loosened strands of the
buri rope are known locally as Kalas (which means "to loosen"). When
creatively weaved, it creates a distinctive, rustic design with specific qualities
from the original material.

7. Leather- is a substance made from the skins of animals such as carabaos,

horses, snakes, alligators, goats, lizards, and other similar creatures.

8. Pandan-Dagat (Pandanus tectorius)- is a screw pine type found in abundance

near sandy beaches and coastal scrub.

9. Rattan (Calamus Maximus) - is the most versatile material in the manufacturing

business, with a length of hundreds of meters.

10. Seagrass (Rhynchospora corymbosa)- It is grass in shallow salty and brackish

seas. The leaves are broad and long, and the stems are triangular.

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Traditional Craftsmanship in the Philippines

The following are some examples of handicrafts found in various parts of the
Philippines:

1. Jewelry (Central and Southern Luzon and Mindanao regions)- This handcraft is
primarily found in Central Luzon, particularly in the province of Bulacan. It's
also found in Mindanao, especially in the southern area, where powerful brass
amulets and other accessories are made.

2. Metal Crafts (Southern Luzon and Mindanao Regions)- located in the provinces
of Batangas and Southern Luzon. Balisong's portable knife is made from a
popular metal craft both locally and internationally. In Mindanao, traditional
brass, bronze, and gold weapons abound.

3. Pots and Jars (Ilocos region)- The best burnay potteries are manufactured in
San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte. These designs are created from Grade A clay, which
the natives have used since pre-colonial times.

4. Woven Fabrics (Mindanao and Cordilleras of Northern Luzon regions)- are

traditionally woven by interlacing threads on a loom, a hand-operated machine.
Malong is a common cloth in this area, and it's used as a skirt and sometimes as
a blanket.

5. Wood Carving (Cordillera and Southern Luzon regions)- The Ifugao, who live in
the Cordilleras' northernmost regions, carve magnificent wood carvings. The
indigenous gods are frequently depicted in these woodcarvings. These areas
have unique kitchenware such as hardwood bowls and utensils.

We must support the “Love Local” initiative during these times of difficulty. Not
only do we display our fellow Philippines’ skills, but we also help our economy. The
purchase of local products will allow the talented Filipinos to master and improve their
skills in the fields selected. As Jose Rizal, a national hero, says, “Let us support our
goods through Mahalin Ang sariling atin.” Let’s help each other because that can
contribute to economic and domestic progress.

Precolonial

Famous Indigenous Dances

1. Banog- banog- a dance depicting hunters protecting their chickens from

swooping hawks

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2. Blit B’laan- is a Davao del Sur wooing dance that imitates the qualities of birds
during mating season. The females scurry to safety, tucking their heads beneath
their wings (using malong), but the violent males pursue them.

3. Cañao- is a Luzon cordillera ritual dance done during native feasts or festivals. It
is a symbol of prosperity or the promise of plentiful crops.

4. Inamong- an indigenous dance done by the Tigawahon Manobos in Bukidnon

during harvest season. This dance depicts a couple with their body and arms
slightly bent forward as if they were monkeys flirting with each other.

5. Kadal iwas- is a dance done by the T'boli and Tausug that imitates monkeys
picking nits and lice from each other during their mealtime.

6. Kinabua- is a Mandaya traditional dance in Northern Mindanao that depicts the

hawks using sweet songs to lure out the hen and chicks to be eaten.

7. Mamakar- is a Bontoc war dance performed during the planting season and a
bountiful harvest.

8. Man- manok- In Vigan, Ilocos Sur, a dance is performed. This dance is based on
fowls, with the tribal blanket representing the brilliant feathers of wild cocks
flaunted by warriors hoping to attract the maiden hen's attention.

9. Mayvanuvanua- refers to a sacrificial rite performed by mataw fishermen on

Batanes Island at the commencement of the fishing season. This dance is an act
of successfully capturing the dorado fish's invitation.

10. Ngilin- a Kalinga ethnic dance done during marriage rituals and other
celebrations such as budong (peace pact). This dance is performed to represent
the loving or tranquil relationship between a rooster and a hen.

11. Pangalay- is also known as the sea gypsies. It is a Tausug native dance
performed at weddings and other social events. It emphasizes upper-body
agility, with the essential movement being a rhythmic bounce of the shoulder
with a synchronized alternating waving of arms.

12. Sampak- The Mandaya perform it as a war dance. This dance form necessitates
mastery of the shield, spear, and sword.

13. Saut- is a Talaandig ritual dance in which a male Talaandig displays his mastery
in style and arts while fighting an opponent. The dance also serves as a gift to
their magbabaya (God).

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 14. Talip- It's a traditional Ifugao courtship dance. This dance is performed during
the intaneg ceremony (wedding). In this dance, the male traps the woman with
an appealing blanket and places her on her shapely shoulders.

Famous Prayers and Rituals

1. Mumbaki- is a phrase used by the Ifugaos in Northern Luzon to describe the

person who says prayers. These prayers are said at funerals, marriages,
Thanksgiving dinners, and other occasions. Maknongan, the highest deity,
receives it.

2. Kashawing- is a Maranao harvest ceremony that is conducted to ensure a good

harvest.

3. Pagtatawas- it is a divination ritual. It attempts to diagnose an infliction or

psychological disorder by interpreting shapes produced in water by heated
molten wax dripping from a burning candle.

4. Palina- is a cleansing ritual locally known as tu-ob on the island of Negros and
Panay. It is performed to purify a person of disease or illness, cleanse oneself
after visiting a cemetery, and promote short and smooth childbirth.

5. Pangalap- is an excellent ritual in which believers crawl through the Catilaran

cave as they chant various prayers. This ritual gives devotees supernatural
powers that help protect against evil spirits.

6. Pagdiwata- refers to the ethnic group in northern and central Palawan that
performs a traditional ceremony. The custom is observed on various occasions,
including abundant harvests and marriages.

Famous Indigenous Musical Instruments in the Philippines

1. Aerophones- refers to any musical instrument that produces sound without strings
or membrane. The following are examples of aerophones:

a. Baliing- nose flute of the Apayao

b. Bansik- bamboo flute of the Negrito

c. Kaleleng- long bamboo tube of the Bontoc

d. Bulungudyong- B'laan’s vertical and long flute

e. Kaleleng- bamboo nose flute of the Tingian

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 f. Lantoy- nose flute of the Mangyan

g. Palandag (Palendag)- the Bagobo's lip-valley flute

h. Paldong and Tongali- Kalinga's lip-valley flutes

i. Pulalo- lip-valley flute of the Mansaka

j. Sahunay- Tausug's pipe with a reed (clarinet)

2. Chordophones- refers to any musical instrument with shaking strings strung

between two places that produces sound. The following are some examples:

a. Faglong- the B'laan's two-stringed lute-like instrument

b. Kolitong- bamboo guitar of the Kalinga

c. Kudlong- two-stringed boat lute of the Bagobo

d. Kudyapi- two-stringed boat lute of the Maranao

e. Kulit-en- guitar of the Tinguian

f. Pas-ing- guitar of the Apayao

g. Serongangandi- a Maranao bamboo tube with decorations

h. Saludoy- bamboo guitar of the T’boli

3. Idiophone- refers to any musical instrument which produces sound primarily

through the instrument’s vibrating, without using strings or membranes.

a. Afiw- jaw harp of the Bontoc

b. Agung- bossed gong of the Maranao

c. Balingbing- bamboo buzzer of the Kalinga

d. Bangibag- percussion bar of the Ifugao

e. Gabbang- bamboo xylophone of the Tausug

f. Kinaban- jaw harp of the Hanunoo Mangyan

g. Kubing or kumbing- the Ata and Maranao jaw harps

h. Kulintang- metal xylophone of the Maranao

i. Kumbing- jaw harp of the Manobo

j. Palipal- bamboo clapper of the Ifugao

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 k. Tagutok- decorated bamboo scraper of the Maranao

l. Tangguggu- Kalagan, B'laan, Manobo, and Bagobo gong chimes

m. Tongkaling- B'laan pellet bells, also known as crotal bells

4. Membranophone- refers to any musical instrument that produces sound through a

vibrating stretched membrane. Most membranophones are drums such as:

a. Dabakan- glass shaped drum of the Maranao

b. Gandang- double-headed cylindrical drum of the Maranao

c. Libbit- conical drum of the Ifugao

d. Sulibao- the Ibaloy's conical drum

Now that you've learned about their numerous creations, you can see just
how imaginative indigenous people are. Their lives have always incorporated art in
every aspect. They have always included it into their culture.

Application

Pop-up magazine

Directions: By using your art materials and with the help of your creativity, create a
pop-up magazine that will highlight different practices and works of our Indigenous
People.

Criteria/ Rubrics: Creativity - 30 points

Organization - 25 points
Content - 25 points
Use of Material - 10 points
Neatness - 10 points
TOTAL - 100 points

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 LESSON 7: VISUAL ARTS

Learning Outcomes:

Convey an idea about the symbolism and meaning of the colors

Demonstrate knowledge about the mediums and technique in Painting,
sculpture and photography.
Display an ability to paint, do sculpture and photography .

Time Frame: Two Weeks

Introduction:

You will learn about a brand-new facet of the visual arts in this class. The focus of
this course is on the value of aesthetic modifications and the ability to express yourself
creatively through painting, sculpture, and photography. This chapter focuses on how
our eyes interpret and value things based on what we feel and see rather than using
words.

Let’s Get Started

7.1 Activity

Crossword Puzzle
Identify and analyze each item to complete the puzzle. Use the clue below to
answer and write your answer on the boxes below.
Across:
1. It is made up of specific meaning or
message
4. A flat area is created when two ends
of a line are linked
Down:
2. The materials used by the artist to
make a work of art
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3. A color arranged on an achromatic basis
5. Always present in every artwork

Analysis:

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