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'MASTER

< •·

Physical and Mechanical

Properties of Cast 17-4 PH
Stainless Steel

H. J. Rack
Transportation Technology Center

SF 2900 ·008(3-80)
 DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an

agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States
Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process
disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately
owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,
process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or
otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any
agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein
do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
Government or any agency thereof.
 DISCLAIMER

Portions of this document may be illegible in

electronic image products. Images are produced
from the best available original document.
 Issued by Sandia Laboratories, operated for the United States
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NOTICE

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by

the United States Government. Neither the United States nor
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makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process
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rrivMely owneci rights.

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Printed February 1981

PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CAST 17-4 PH

STAINLESS STEEL *

H. J. Rack
Mechanical Metallurgy Division 5835
Sandia National Laboratories,t Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185

ABSTRACT

The physical and mechanical properties of an averaged 17-4 PH

stainle~s steel casting have been examined. The tensile and compressive
properties of cast 17-4 PH are only influenced to a slight degree by
changing test temperature and strain rate. However, both the Charpy
impact energy and dynamic fracture toughness exhibit a tough-to-brittle
transition with decreasing temperature--this transition being related
to a change in fracture mode from ductile, dimple to cleavage-like.
Finally, although the averaged 17-4 PH casting had a relatively low room
temperature Charpy impact energy when compared to wrought 17-4 PH, its
fracture toughness was at least comparable to that of wrought 17-4 PH.
This observation suggests that ·prior correlations between Charpy impact
energies and fracture toughness, as derived from wrought materials, must
be approached with caution when upplied to cast alloys.

*This
work sponsored by the u. S. Department of Energy under Contract
DE-AC04-76-DP00789.

tA TJ. S. Department of Ener-gy facility.

F~~ ····~ . DISCLAIMER ---~---~ ---1
1 This book was prepared as an account of \YOrk sponsored by an ogencv of the United States Government. I

UU~
' Ncilher the Unhed States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any
1
warranw. e;xQre» or implied, or assumes any legal liabilhy or responsibility for the accuracy,
completeness. or usefulness of any information, apparatus. product, or process disclosed,. ~r limmUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT 1:
I represents that its usc [Link] not infringe privately ov..med rights. Reference herein to any spec1f1C
commercial product, process. or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or Otherwise, does
not necessnrily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United
States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not
ncce9!!crily :note or reflect thoco of tho Unitild Statilt Govilrnmilnt or any iJIJ~?ncy therPt:~f.

1..
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of J. C. Rowe,

R. Blose and M. Sturm in the mechanical testing and scanning electron

microscopy portions of this program.

4
 CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION. 7

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE. 9
Physical Properties. ~ .............................. . 9
Mechanical Behavior. . 10

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .......•...... .13

General ............• .13
Physical ~roperties. ............................ .17
Mechanical Behavior. . ......................... . . 25
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2

APPENDIX A . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

APPENDIX B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7

APPENDIX C . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

5
 This Page Intentionally Left Blank.

6
 INTRODUCTION

Prior s tudies of 17-4 PH stainless steel (l-ll) have generally

considered the mechanical and physical properties of wrought product

forms, that is rolled plate, forgings, etc. There are, however, many

~ nstances where, because of economic c onsiderations, 17-4 PH stainless

steel castings might be an attractive alternative. Unfortunately,

little informati n exists on the mechanical and physical properties of

17-4 PH stainless steel castings. This report presents the results of

an evaluation of such a casting. Where available, direct comparison

with data obtained from wrought 17-4 PH stainless steel is also

included.

7
 Figure l . Top and Side Views of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Seal Casting.

8
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Figure l shows the 17-4 PH stainless steel casting evaluated in

this study. This casting was selected since it is currently being

considered as the primary metallic seal for a liquid metal breeder

reactor spent fuel shipping container. As such, the seal must operate

at temperatures between 233 and 473K. In addition, it must be able to

withstand applied strain rates approaching 10 sec- 1 .

Physical Properties

Physical property measurements of the 17-4 PH stainless steel

casting involved determinations of the linear expansion, specific heat

and thermal diffusivity as a function of temperature. A dual fused

silica pushrod Theta dilatometer* operating in a room temperature

environment was used to obtain linear expansion measurements in the

temperature range 298 to ll73K (12). Measurements between 298 to 217K

were made with a single fused silica pushrod dilatometer, again main-

tained in a room temperature environment. Finally, the linear expansion

samples, 25.4 mm in length x 2.54 mm square, were equilibrated for one

hour at each test temperature prior to expansion measurements.

Specific heat determinations utilized a Perkin Elmer Model DSC 2

uifferential scanning calorimeter connected to a PRL minicomputer-

based digital data acquisition system (13). The thermal diffusivity

results were obtained using a computer controlled laser flash diffu-

sivity technique (13). Knowing the specific heat, Cp and the thermal

diffusivity a, the thermal conductivity, A, was then calculated from

A = ap e p (l)

where p is the density corrected for changes in temperature relative

to room temperature (298K).

*Thedilatometer was calibrated using standard fused silica and platinum
samples.

9
 Mechanical Behavior

The elastic properties of the 17-4 PH stainless steel casting were

measured over the temperature range 233 to 1073K using standard ultra-

sonic techniques (14). These techniques require that the travel time,

t, for an ultrasonic wave to propagate through a known specimen length,

L, be obtained as a function of temperature. Once this travel time is

known, the ultrasonic velocity, V, can be determined from

V - L/t

where the length L is corrected for temperature changes using the

thermal [Link] data described above. '!'he elastic moduli were calcu-

lated from the longitudinal velocity, VL' and the shear velocity, Vs'

from

G v2 (2)
p s

E 2G(l + \)) (3)

1 v2 ;v2]
[ 1 - 1" L s
\) = ( 4)
[1 - 2 2
v L'1v ::; ]

where G, E, v and p are the shear moduli, Young's moduli, Poisson's

ratio and density, respectively. Again, the latter was corrected for

chanqes due to increasing/decreasing temperature about 298K.

The plastic behavior of the 17-4 PH stainless steel casting was

evaluated using standard tensile, compression and Charpy (blunt V-notch

and fatigue precracked) test procedures. Fiqure 2 illustrates the

location of these samples as removed from the 17-4 PH stainless steel

seal casting. * Tensile and compression tests were performed between

strain rates of l.J x 10- 6 and 1.2 sec- 1 over a temperature range 215

to 435K.

* The actual sample configurations are given in more detail in Appendix

A.

10
 . 180:!: . 0~0

1-------- . 40 ~F.

. 0 """"-+-.0~
~-.000

.O?OMAX. ZPL.

---
(
)

·------= --
• 413 REF.

J REF r-=~ON.R
1 .113~.C:::0'2.¢
+-o"--
1.75-. [!:>

14>2"-~ ,020
. "-000

LMPRESSIVE
AXIS

Figure 2. Mechanical Property Specimen Location in 17-4 PH

Stainless Steel Seal Casting (1 in= 25.4 em).
 The Charpy impact samples were tested in either the V-notched or

fatigue precracked condition. Fatigue precracking utilized methods (15)

where the final stress intensity during precracking, Kf' was always

controlled at less than one-half of the dynamic fracture toughness,

Kd. Both the notched and fatigue precracked samples were tested using
an instrumented impact machine with the initial impact velocity being

maintained at 3.3 m/s (16,17).

When the fracture was elastic, that is, no general yielding was

observed, the fracture toughness, Kid' was obtained from the precracked

Charpy samples as calculated from (18):

4PM [ (a) 1/2 a 3/2 a 5/2

Kid BWl/2 2.9 W - 4.6(w) + 21.8(w)

7/2 9/2]
_ 37.6(w) + 38.7(w) (5)

where PM is the maximum load, B = W = 10 rom, and a is the crack length.

When general yielding was observed, i.e., at the higher test tempera-

tures, an estimate of the fracture toughness was obtained trom a

knowledge of the energy-based value of the J integral, i.e.,

- 1/2 (6)
KJD - (EJ Id)

where JID is qiven by

(7)

where b = W - a and EM was taken as the true specimen energy to

maximum load (18).

12
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

General

The chemical composition of the 17-4 PH stainless steel casting

examined in this study is given in Table 1. Before ~achining, this

casting had been homogenized at 1422K and then solution treated at

1311K. Final aging involved a four hour exposure at 922K. Optical

microscopy indicated that the casting possessed an aged a-martensite

matrix with a-ferrite stringers, Figure 3. High magnification examina-

tion of the a-martensite matrix, Figure 4, indicated that the casting

was in the averaged heat treatment condition; that it contained a

rather coarse dispersion of the primary strengthening phase, spherical

face centered cubic Cu particles. Further examination, Figure 5,

revealed the presence of rod-shaped precipitates within the a-ferrite

stringers. X-ray energy dispersive analysis, Figure 6, indicated that

these particles were relatively rich in Cu when compared to the a-

ferrite matrix. The appearance of these rod-shaped Cu rich particles

within the a-ferrite stringers seems to be restricted to 17-4 PH

stainless steel castings since their presence has not been reported

in previous studies of wrought 17-4 PH stainless steel (1-11).

Table 1

Chemical Composition of 17-4 PH Casting

Element Weight Percent

Cr 16.94
Ni 4.0
Cu 3.0
Mn 0.5
c 0.044
s 0.022
Si 0.7
Nb 0.3
Fe Bal.

13
 Figure 3. Optical Micrograph of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel
Cdsting. White Areas 6-Ferrite Stringers; Darker
Matrix Aged a -Martensite. Original Magnification
lOOX.

Figure 4. Transmission Electron Micrograph of Aged

a -Martensite in 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Casting
Containing Spherical Cu Precipitates.
Original Magnification: · 40,000X.

14
Figure 5. Transmission Electron Micrograph of a-Ferrite
Stringer Containing Rod-Shaped Cu-Rich Precipitate.
Oriqinal Magnification: 52,000X.

15
 Figure 6. X-Ray Energy Dispersive Spectra From (a) a-
Ferrite Matrix and (b) Rod-Shaped Particles
Shown in Fig. 5.

16
Physical Properties

The results of the thermal expansion measurements are tabulated

in Table 2 and plotted in Figure 7. This figure shows that the thermal

linear expansion of the 17-4 PH stainless steel casting, as represented

by the individual data points~ agreed quite well with the average

linear expansion data previously obtained for wrought 17-4 PH stainless

data (19-21), the latter being described by the dashed line in Figure

7.

This agreement between the properties of wrought and cast 17-4 PH

stainless steel was not observed when the thermal properties were

considered. The results of the specific heat and thermal diffusivity

measurements are tabulated in Tables 3 and 4, respectively, with the

corresponding calculated values of the thermal conductivity being

presented in Table 5. This [Link] is plotted in Figures 8

through 10, with the dashed lines in Figures 8 and 10 representing the

average of previous data obtained from wrought 17-4 PH stainless steel

(21). In general, these results indicate that the thermal properties

of cast 17-4 PH stainless steel appear to be much more sensitive to

changes in temperature than would be expected from the wrought 17-4 PH

stainless steel data. Comparison of typical microstructures from cast

and wrought 17-4 PH stainless steel suggests that this aifference

between the two products may be due to the increased volume fraction

of a-ferrite in cast 17-4 PH relative to that in the wrought alloy.

17
 Table 2

Thermal Linear Expancion of 17-1 PH

Stainless Steel Casting

Temperature (K) b.L/L (Pet)

0

279 -[Link]
?,98 0.000
474 0.194
476 0.199
568 0. 313
626 0.373
627 0. 372
643 0.409
776 0.546
791 0.562
783 0.~136

~17 0.711
919 0.671
925 0.703
1064 0.824
1212 1.107

18
 Table 3

Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Casting

-1 K-1)
TemEE7rature (K) SJ2ecific Heat (W sec 9:ffi
350 0.4750
375 0.4884
400 0.4973
425 0.5054
450 0.5147
46,0 0.5220
475 0.5228
~00. 0.5335
525 0.5396
550 0.5477
575 0.5548
600 0.5636
62~ 0.5726
650 0.5805
675 0.5885
700 0.5978
725 0.6080
750 0. fil4.1
775. 0.6594
795 0.6812
800 0.6875
825 0. 7246
850 0.7409
875 0.7576
qoo 0. 7(,72
925 0.7789

19
 Table 4

Thermal Diffusivity of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Casting

Tem,eerature (K) 2 sec -1· )

Diffusivity (em
294 0.0458
461 0.0452
627 0.04S7
794 0.0430
961 0.0475
1127 0.0548

Table 5

Thermal Conductivity of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Casting

Tem,eerature (K) Conductivity (W cm=l K-i)

294 0.152
4t1l 0.100
627 [Link]
/ H
1
0.206
961 0.281

20
 1.25

;5
1.00 I
I
0.75
7'
-...
0
/
g>--../
-
a..
0
0.50
sY
...J
......
...J
/
~
p/JY \;

0.25

/
/ 4'

0.00.

-0.25
200. 400 600 800 1000 .1200 1400
TEMPERATURE (K)

Figure 7. Linear Thermal Expansion of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel.

Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting, Dashed Line an
Average Obtained from Wrought 17-4 PH Stainless
Steel (19-21).

21
 Figure 8. Specific Heat of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel as a Function
of Ternperatl,Ire. Data Points from 17-4 PH Casting,
unshed Line lin Average Obtained trom Wroughl 17-4 PH
Stainless Steel (21).

22
 0.060

-
..-
I
0
0.055
Q)
en
(\1

-
E
0

>-
t:
> 0.050
C/')
:::>
u.
LL
c
...J
<
~
a: 0.045 0
w
J:
1-

0.040
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TEMPERATURE (K)

Figure 9. Thermal Diffusivity of Cast 17-4 PH Stainless Steel

as a Function of Temperature.

23
 0.4

-
,....
I
~
,.... 0.3
I
E

-~
>-
1-
>
1- 0.2
(.)
:J
c
z
0
(.)
...I
< 0.1
~
a:
w
::r:
1-

0.0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200

TEMPERATURE (K)

Figure 10. Thermal Conductivity of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel

as a Function of Temperature. Data Points from
17-4 PH Casting, Dashed Line an Average Obtained
from Wrought 17-4 PH Stainless Steel (21).

24
Mechanical Behavior

The elastic properties of the averaged 17-4 PH stainless steel

casting as a function of temperature are tabulated in Tables 6 and 7

and plotted [Link] 11. Typical values of the Young's modulus,

shear modulus and Poisson's ratio for wrought 17-4 PH stainless steel

have also been included in this figure. In general, the agreement

between the room temperature values of the Young's modulus anq Poisson's

ratio for cast and wrought 17-4 PH stainless steel was quite good.

However, the measurements of the shear modulus and the elevated

temperature Young's moduli for the 17-4 PH casting all tended to be

high~r than those reported for wrought 17-4 PH stainless steel. Not-

withstanding these differences the results all indicate that both the

Young's moduli and the shear moduli decrease with increasing tempera-

ture.

Representative tensile and compressive stress-strain curves for

the averaged 17-4 PH stainless steel casting are presented in

Appendices B and C. The influences qf test temperature and strain

rate on selected plastic properties of the 17-4 PH stainless steel

casting have been summarized in Figures 12 and 13. These results show

that above a critical temperature, T , the compressive and tensile

c
yield strengths are essentially independent of both test temperature

and strain rate. Below T , the compressive and tensile yield strengths
c
increase with either decreasing temperature or increasing strain rate.

Finally, the rate of compressive and tensile yield strength increase

with test temperature below T is a function of strain rate. For

c
example, at slow strain rates, e.g., 1.6 x 10- 4 s-l in tension, the rate

of increase dcr/dT was -0.44 MPa/K, while at high strain rates, e.g.,

1.2 s-l in tension, the rate of increase was -0.88 MPa/K.

The tensile ductility, as represented by the uniform elongation

and Llle tutal elongation, was, to some degree, a function of test

25
 Table 6

Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio

of 17~4 PH Casting

Temperature ( K) Youn~'s .. (GPa)

Modulus Poisson's Ratio
248 211,0 0.283
297 204.2 0.291
298 204.1 0.291
301 202.8. 0./.}-!H

494 194.6 . 0.295

501 ·. 191.5 0.296
580 186.7 0.296
582 186.2 0.294
650 182.2 0.306
650 181.9 0.304
728 176.3 0.316
742 1'14. u 0.307
798 167.8 0.309
017 161.7 0 •.121
885 lfi3.3 0.322
957 142.3 0.332
1031 134.0 0.344
1067 128.8 0.348
1151 118.0 0,359
1162 117.3 0.361

26
 Table 7

Shear Modulus of 17-4 PH·Casting

TemEerature (K) . Shear Modulus (GPa)

249 82.18
298 79.07
301 78.73
384 76.32
495 74.94
523 70.53
568 69.97
582 71.9
632 68.73
675 68.8
696 67.01
749 65.42
777 64.1
793 64.39
841 59.91
881 57.63
885 59.98
934 54.39
982 52.26
1028 49.78
1077 47.50

27
 220

0
200

-ro
a..
(!) 180
I
en
::::>
...J
::::> I
0
0 160
~
en
I
(!)
z
::::> 140
I - REF. 22-24
()
>- 0 - THI3 INVESTIQATION

120

100
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TEMPERATURE (K)

Figure 11. Elastic Prope~ties of averaged 17-4 PH Stainless

S~PPl Casting (a) Young's Modulus, (b) Shear
Modulus and {c) Poisson's Ratio.

28
 . : .·. : .. ~·:·. .' ~·-,, . .. . ·,. . . ', .... •, . .

80

- ~
a..
-(!'
(/) 70
::::>
_J
::::>·
c
0
~
a: 60
<
·w·
:I:
(/)'
I- REF. 25
o- THIS INVESTIGATION
50

40~~~----------~~-----~-----~~~~~-----~----------~--~----------~-----~

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

"i)il'~.i~?
: .:.· . TEMPERATURE (K)
.:.··.·

Figu~e ~1. (Cont'd)

• ,•.• •• ~·: <~· . ~-.,. •·'

29
..... :· >. '· :\ht~\;.'~:
 J'

0.38

l- REF. 25
0.36 0- THIS INVESTIGATION

0 ·'
•. .•
1-- 0.34
~
a:
en
z
0
en
en 0.32
0 0
a.

0.30

0.28
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TEMPERATU~E (K)

Figure 11. (Cont'd)

30
 1200
(2)
ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH 0
1000
(2)

::~
-a..
ctJ

::E
-Vl 600
800
:
0. 2 PCT YIELD STRENGTH

Vl
LU
~
I- INITIAL STRAIN RATES
Vl
400
oe 1. 6 X 10-4 S- 1
0 • 1. 2 s -l
200

o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-L~~~~~~

200 250 300 350 400 450

TEMPERATURE (K)

Figure 12. Influence of Test Temperature and Strain Rate on

the Tensile Properties of Overaged Cast 17-4 PH
Stainless Steel.

31
 30 [~~---.
1- INITIAL STRAIN RATES
r
~~
0 0L6X 10- 4 s- 1
40 t-~
0 0 l.2S_ 1 . .
r

3JI
I""
t
~~

20.- f_,
!
-
•

(2) (2)
TOTAL
ELONGATION (2)
~~- " ~. ~-=O~=====.=tl:=.::::::::::::::::::::-.....1 (2)
1
0

10 i=• - (2)~ (2) .

r ~§'~~-·~-=-~-·:a:-
~~
I U~ll FORM ELONGATION
==----.--B=. (2)

0 II.... J~- L I, ... ,I. J I .. I I ..... J .•• __L __ .....__.___.____.____..._....~.-......_"'"--'---'-__._--'--_,__~

200 ~0 300 350 400 450
TEMPERATURE (K)

Figure 12. (Cont 'd)

32
 1000
-l'tJ
Q_
·~
(2)

i= 800
(!)
r!:
. 0 (2) \) ~
z
UJ
~
1-
V)
600
0
....J
UJ
INITIAL STRAIN RATES
>-
1- 400 4 1
u
Q_
0 1. 3 X 10- S-
N
d 0 1.2 s- 1 ·
200

0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

. 200 250 300 350 400 450

TEMPERATIJRE (K)

Figure 13. Influence ot Test Temperature and Strain Rate on

Compressive Yield Strength of averaged Cast 17-4
PH Stainless Steel.

33
 temperature and strain rate. Figure 12(b) shows that the uniform

elongation decreased with both increasing test temperature and strain

rate. This figure further indicates that, except at the lowest strain

l.n x 10
-4 s -1 , and the highest test temperature, 433K, the
rat.~,

total elongation was independent of test temperature and decreased

with increasing strain rate. Finally, fractographic examination showed

that the tensile failure mode was, in all cases, characterized by the

formation of transqranular dimples, with the larger dimples being

associated with various inclusions and a-ferrite, Figure 14.

Classically, the fracture toughness behavior of low strength

ferrous alloys has been examined by considering the influence of test

temperature on the energy absorbed during impact fracture of a standard

Charpy V-notch specimen. 'I'hese investigations have typically shuwn

that these steels undergo a tough-to-brittle transition with decreasing

temperature, that is, there is a large reduction in absorbed energy

over a relatively small temperature region. Figure 15 shows that the

Charpy impact energy of the averaged 17-4 PH stainless steel casting

presently under study also underwent such an energy related transition,

although both the values of the upper shelf energy and rate of energy

decrea~e with decreasinq temperature were less than those normally

reported for lower strength alloys (26). If a typical 20 joule absorbed

energy tough-to-brittle transition temperature criteria were applied to

averaged cast 17-4 PH, the T 20 J transition temperature would have been

approximately 350K, i.e., well above room temperature. Finally, corn-

parison ot the room temperature Charpy impe:wt t!Ht!L~Y [Link] for the

averaged cast 17-4 PH (E-ll joules) with that reported for wrought 17-4

PH aged at 866K (7) (E .... 37 joules) suggests that cast 17-4 PH will

absorb two-thirds less energy during impact loading than will wrought

17-4 Ph.

Although the dynamic fracture toughness measurements--as shown in

Figure 16--also exhibited such a tough-to-brittle transition behavior,

34
Figure 14. Scanning Electron Fractographs of Cast 17-4 PH
Stainless Steel Tensile Samples Tested at:
(a) € = 1.6 x 10- 4 s-1, T = 233K;
(b) ~ = 1.6 x lo-4 s-1, T = 423K; and
(c) € = 1.2 s-1, T = 423K.
Original Magnification: 400X.

35
 0
0
0
20
0
0 (2)

(/)
u.J
.....J
::::::>
15
0-,

>-
t::>
0::::
u.J 10
z
u.J

0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
200 250 300 350 400 450 500
TEMPERATURE ( K )

Figure 15. Charpy Impact Energy-Temperature Relationship in Cast

17-4 PH Stainless Steel.

36
 125 ~------~--~--~--------.--------r--------.-------,

•
~-
......
100
•
E
~
a.
-eenn
::!E
75
w
z
J:
(.!)
:::>
0
I- 50
w
0:
:::>
1-
(.)
0 K10
<
0:
u.
25
• KJo

0
200 250 300 350 400 450 b UU
TEMPERATURE (K)

Figure 16 . Dy namic Fracture Toughness-Temper ature Re lation in

Cast 17-4 PH Stainless Steel .

37
 the fracture toughness of the averaged 17-4 PH casting, even at the

lowest test temperature examined, wa$ still quite high, approximately

60 MPam 1 / 2 • In addition, the room temperature toughness (~ 90 MPam1 / 2 )

was at least comparable to that observed in wrought, averaged 17-4 PH

(27), KIC - 130 MPam 1/2 . These observations reinforce those of Floreen

(28), wherein h~ concluded that Charpy impact energy-fracture toughness

correlations previously suggested for wrought products are generally not

applicable to castings, that is, the latter's Charpy impact values are

typically quite low, even though their fracture toughness properties

may be high.
~

Finally, fractographic examination of the Charpy V-notch and pre-

cracked samples indicated that the fracture toughness transitions

described above could be related to a change in fracture mode. At

temperatures above 350K, failure in both types of samples involved

microvoid initiation and growth, Figure 17(a). Decreasing the test

temperature below 350K resulted in the introduction of increasing

amounts of cleavage-like failure, Figure 17(b).

38
Figure 17. [Link]':J ElectL·un Fractrographs of V-Notch Charpy
Samples Tested at (a) 423K and (b) 233K.
Original Magnification: 400X.

39
 This Page Intentionally Left Blank.

40
 $U~RY AND CONCLUSIONS

This investigation has examineq the physical and mechanical

properties of an averaged 17-4 PH stainless steel casting and has

compared these properties, where available, with those for wrought

17-4 PH stainless steel. The study has shown that--

a) The linear expansion behav~or of cast 17-4 PH is

identical to that of the wrought alloy.
b) The thermal properties, specific heat, thermal
diffusivity and thermal cond~ctivity, of cast
17-4 PH stainl~ss steel are more sensitive to
temperature than is wrought l.7-4 PH, that is,
they vary in a more complicated fashion with
temperature than do the thermal properties of
wrougnt 17~4 rH.
c) The elast~c properties, Young's moduli and shear
moduli, tend to be higher in cast 17-4 PH stainless
steel than in the wrought alloy, although they both
decrease with inc~easing temperature.

d)· The tensile and compressive properties of cast 17-4

PH were to some degree a funct~on of test tempera-
ture and strain rate, although not to the same
degree as for lower strength ferrous steels.

e) The Charpy V-notch impact energy and the dynamic

fracture toughncoo both CJ~hibi ted a tough-to-
brittle transition with decreasing test tempera-
ture. This transition was related to a change in
fracture mode from ductile, dimple to cleavage-like.

f) While the Charpy impact energy for cast 17-4 PH

was l~ss L!Jdii 0!11;!-[Link] that of wrought 17-4 PH,
the dynamic fracture toughness of cast and
wrought 17-4 PH were comparable. This reinforces
previous suggestions that Charpy impact-fracture
toughness correlations obtained for wrought
products may not be applicable to ~astings.

41
 REFERENCES

1. K. c. Antony, Agin Reactions in Preci itation Hardenable Stainless

Steel, J. Metals, 15, 922 (1963 •

2. E. Hornbogen and R. C. Glenn, ~ Metallographic Study of Precipita-

tion of Cu from a 'Fe, Trans. Met. Soc.· 'AIME, 218, 1064 (1960).

3. E. Hornbogen, Aging and Plastic Deformation of a Fe-0.9% Cu Alloy,

Trans. ASM, fi2, 120 (1964).

4. E. Ho~nbogen, The Role of Strain Energy During Precipitation of Cu

and Au from a-Fe, Acta Met., 10, 525 (1962).

5. K. C. Russell and L. M. Brown~ A. Dispersion Strengtl!~ning __!~odel

Based on Dittering Elastic Moduli AppUP.n t-n th'=' Fe-Cu System,
Acta Met.,~, 969 (1972).

6. A. Youls and S. Ralph, A Stud~ of the Precipi~ation of Cu from

a-Fe in the Pre-Peak to Peak ' ardnes-s Range of Aging, Met. Sci.
Jn., §_, 149 (1972).

7. H. J. Rack and David Kalish,.The Strength, Fracture Toughness and

Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel, Met. Trans.,
~, 1595 (1974) ~

8. G. N. Goller and N. c. Clarke, Jr., New Precipitation-Hardening

Stainless Steels, Iron Age, 165, 8~ (1950).

9. K. J. Irvine, D. T. Llewellyn and F. B. Pickering, Controlled-

Transformation Stainless $teels, J. Iron Steel Inst,, 192, 218
(1959). . . -

'10.

11. E. A. Lauchner, The Microstructure and Ductility of 17-4 PH and

15-5 PH Stainless Steels, J. Material,~, 129 (1970).

12. Memo, J. E. McCreight to H, J. Rack, November 28, 1979, subject:

Thermal Expansion Measurements.

13. R. E. Taylor an6 H. Groot, 'l'herinophysical Properties of Alloys,

TPRL 195, Thermophysical Properties Research [Link], Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana, August 1979.

14. J. F. Gieske, Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli of 17-4 PH

Stainless Steel and U-2 wt. pt M0 from -40 6 · to 800 6 C, SAND80-1121,
July 1980.

15. J. M. Krafft and R. A. Gray, "Effects of Neutron Irradiation on

Bulk and Micro Flow-Fracture Behavior of Pressure Vessel SLeels,"
in Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics to Pressure Vessel
Technology, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London, 1971,
pp. 93-102.

16. R. A. Wullaer_t, Applications of the ~-~strumented Charpy Imgact Test,

Impact Testing of Metals ASTM STP 466, Am. Soc. Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1970, pp. 148-164.

42
17. w. L. Server and A. S. Tetelman, The Use of Pre-Cracked Charpy
Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness, Eng. Fract.
I , I
Mec;:h., _!, 367 (1972).

18. w. L. Server, Impact Tpree-Point Bend Testing for Notched and

Precrapked Specimens, i!h. TestinSJ and Evaluation, .§_, 29 (1978).

19. V. Arr, J. H. Wilson, L, Winrich And P. Sikora, Thermal Expansion

of Some Enginee:~;ing Materials from 20 to 293K, Cryogenics, ~,
0
~30 (1962) • . 1
I

20. A. F. HQepie and D, a. Foacp~· New Developments in High-Strength

Stainless Steels, u. s. Air. Force Report DMIC-223, 1966.

21. I. B. Fieldl)ouse and J. I. Lang'·· Measu;t;ement of Thermal Properties,

U. S. Air Force Report WADD~TR-6Q~904, 1961.

22. o. L. Dee+ and H. M~hdlin, Engineering Data on New Aerospace

Structural Materials, AFML-TR-72rl96, Vol. l, Battelle Columbus
~a:bs, Sep,tember 197~~ ·

23. Anon, Armco 17-4 P~ Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel Bar

and Wire, ~rmc6 Ste~l Cq~p., S~6C, LA 10273, January, 1974.

24. E. G, Takacs, Armco l7-4·PH, Type 410 - Young's Modulus and

Poisson's Ratiq, 'Adv, Mat'ls· Div~, Armco Steel Corp., October 1976.

25. W. J. Lanning, [Link] of 17-4 PH and 15-5 PH Stainless

Steel Bars, Apvqnced Mat'ls Div;~ Armco Steel Corp., March 1972.

26. J. F. Knott, Mech•nic~ and Mechanism of Large-Scale Brittle Frac-

ture in $tr0ctur~l Metals, Mat. ·sci. Eng.,·z, l (1971).

~7. H.. J. Rack, Unpublished Research, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque,

NM, 87185, April 1975.

28. s. Floreen, .The Fracture Toughness of Cast High-Strength Steels,

Jn. Eng. Mat. Tech,, 99, 70 (1977).
•· -.

43
 .·!''

This Page Intentionally Left Blank.

44
 APPENDIX A

Mechanical Property pample Configurations *

0.2 50+ 0.20R

2 PLCS # 10 - .32UNF - 2A
' 0. 113 ± 0.002 2 PLCS

~
--------
\fl
o.o2o t ·a.625
;-[Link]

1.75 ± 0.03Q-,-~...._..---~

Figu~e A-1~ Subsized Tensile Specimen.

I 0.300 ± 0.002.

~-f]$
0.900 ± 0.0 1. 0 ·I· .
Figure l\.-2. Cylindrical Compress.i:ou S}'et.:imen.

All dimensions in inches.

45
 ~-2.165 ± 0.025-~

0.316
'------.L.-~-~......., __,.,..~-..I... 0.314

~
Y-2/
~0.011R 0.009
DETAIL 0

Figure A-3. ASTM Standard Charpy Impact Specimen.

46
 APPE~DIX B

Representativ~ T~nsile Stress~Strain Curves for Overaged

· 17-4
.·
PH IStainless
. ,
Steel
.
Casting

Figure Test ,T~m:12erature (K) Strain Rate (L\ -1)

B-A 233 1.6 X 10- 4

B-B 233 1.2

B-C Z97 1.6 X 10- 4

B-D 297. 1.2

B-.E 433 1.6 X 10- 4

B-F 433 1.2

47
 1130 r-------------~-----.-----------------------.~~==~---=-----------,--------------------.--------------------1
---- . 0
1017
~~
..................... ,
904
" "TRUE STRESS-STRAIN

\
791
\

678
';;
0..
~
en
en 565 ENG. STRESS-STRAIN
w
a:
1- TEST. TEMPERATURE: 233K
en

452
f. = 1.6 K 10-4 s- 1

339

226

113

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

STRAIN (PCT)
 1020

918
- -- --- ..............
...........
"-,
'-... .THUE S'fRESS-STRAIN

81E:

.-ENG. STRESS-STRAIN
714

612
TEST TEMPERATURE: -233K
-;;
Q.
~ E = 1."2 s- 1
(/) 510
Ul
w
a:
1-
rn
408

...
306

204

102

0
0 4 8 12 16 20

STRAIN (PCT)
\.11
0

- - -- --
1020 r---------------~---T--------------------~-------------------.--------------------~------------------~
--:-- ........_..., -...
.
...........
...........
918

' :'-..
816 ' .,
714
"' ·~-TRUE
\
STRESS-STRAIN

612
-;a
-Q.

~
Ul
-510 ·. -ENG. STRESS-STRAIN
Ul
~
a:
~
Ul . T-ES'I" ~ER~TUAE: ·'2971C

4"08 . ~. ,; . L6 • -.j<> -4::$-1

· ../•

306

204

102
.·

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

STRAIN (PCT)
 1070

963
-- --
,, ,

--- -...:...
-- .............
............. .........,_
......... TRUE STRESS-STRAIN

856

ENG. STRESS-STRAIN
749

642
......
<t·
Q. TEST "TEMPERATURE:" 297 ./<
~
Vl
Vl 535
i = 1.2 s- 1
w
a:
1-
Vl

428

321

214

107

0
0 4 8 12 16 20

STRAIN (PCT)
 890
------ - ---· --- --- - -
801
.

-- -'-
..........
.......... .......... TRUE STRESS-STRAIN

712
"\
623

534
ENG. STRESS-STRAIN
a; TEST TEMPERATURE 423K
a..
~ E= 1.6 X 10-4
(/)
(/) 445
w
a:
1-
(/)

356

267

178 . ~

89

0
0 3 6 9 12 15

ST=tAIN (PCT)
 950

- ----- - - - ---..----
------- --
-- .............
............ T-RUE STRESS~STRAIN

ENG. STRESS-STRAIN

TEST TEMPERAT-URE: ~~3·K

300

•
285

190

95

0
0 4 8 12 16 20
STRAIN (PCT)

IJl
w
 .. .. . . ' ~.
~··: .. .:..·..

. .

54
 APPENDIX C

Representative Compressive Stress-Strain Curves

for averaged 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Casting

Figure Test TemEerature (K) Strain Rate (s -1)

.. -4
C-A 233 1.3 X 10

C-B 233 1.2

c-c 297 1.3 X 10- 4

C-D 297 1.3

..
c-~ 433 1.3 X 10- 4

C-F 433 1.3

....

55
 -RUE STRAIN

0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 9.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120
1600.0 r------,,------.~-----.-------.-------r------.-------.-------.-------r------.-------.-------,

ENG. STRESS-s~-R~A_:;I~N----
1400.0

- -- ----- . TRUE STRESS-STRAIN

1000.0

'";
D.
~
fiJ
fiJ
aoo.o
·W
a:
·.I-
C1J

600.0

TEST TEMPERATURE: 233ll(

E = -1,3 X .H)..:.4
400.0

200.0

0.0 L-----~~----~------~------~------~------~------~------~------~----~~----~------~
0.000 0.010 0.020, 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120

ENGINEERING STRAIII
 TRUE STRAIN

-0.005 0.004 0.013 0.022 0.031 0.040 0.049 0.058 0.067 0.076 0.085 0.094 0.103
~600.0 r-------.------.-------.-------.-------.------,-------~------r-------.------.-------.------~

-
_____ _____ _
ENG. STRESS-STRAIN

__:,_

TRUE STRESS-STRAIN

d
a..
~
C/)
C/)
u:J
a:
l-
en

TEST TEMPERATURE: 233K

i = 1.2 s-1

0.0
-0.005 0.004 0.013 . 0.022 0.031 0.040 0.049 0.058 0.067 0.076 0.085 0.103

ENGINEERING STRAIN
U1
co

TRUE STRAIN

0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.100 0.1.20 0.140 0.160 0.180

1600.0

1400.0.

----·
1200.0.
. -
--·-~~
_.;. -:-----TRUE ST~ESS-STRAIN. .

-~
1000.0
.r
......
til
Q.
~
en 81;)0.0
en
w
a:
....en
600.0-

:TEST TEMPER.«TURE: 297K

f. = 1.3 x -to-4 s-t

400.0

200.0

0.0 ' - - - - - - L - - - . . . . l . . . - - - - - L - - - . . . J . . . __ _ _..___ ___J__ _ _....L..-_ __..I._ _____J

0.003 0.020 0:040 C.06C 0.080 0.100 0.120 •J.140 0.160 0.180

ENGIMEERING STRAIN
 TRUE STRAIN

-0.003 0.005 0.013 0.021 0.029 0.037 0.045 0.053 .0.061 0.069 0.077 0.085 0.093
1600.0 r-------r-------r-------.-------.-------.-------.-------.-------,-------,-------,--------.------~

1400.0

ENG. STRESS-STRAIN

---- ---- -----

1200.0

.
- - TRUE STRES.S-STRAIN

1000.0
a;
0..
.~
en
en
w
800.0
a:
1-
en

600.0 TEST TEMPERATURE: 297K

i = 1.2 s-1

400.0

200.0

0:0 L--L._ ___.J_ _ _ _ _ _---l.________,_______...J...______...L..______...I.__ _ _ _ _ _.L.__ _ _ _ _ _ ~..._ _ _ _ ____!_ _ ___J.._ _ ___,__ _ _...J

-o.003 0.005 0.013 0.021 0.029 0.037 0.045 0.053 0.061 0.069 0.077 0.085 0.093

ENGINEERING STRAIN

[Link]
1.0
0'1
0

TRUE STRAIN

0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.(•40 0.120

1600.0

1400.0

1200.0 ENG. STRESS-STRAIN

1000.0
-
__.;,.,. . - ~ ~
TRUE STRESS-STRAIN
- --- -
....
Ill
Q.

~
(/)
en 800.0
w
a:
1-
en

600.0
TEST TEMPERATURE: 433K

i. = 1.s ,. 1o-4 s-1

400.0

200.0

0.0
0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 OD40 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.09:> 0.100 0.110 0.120

ENGINEERING STRAIN
 TRUE STRAIN

0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0;160 0.180 0.200 0.220 0.240
1600.0

1400.0

ENG. STRESS-STRAIN
1200.0

1000.0
------------- TRUE STRESS-STR~IN - - -
Iii
a..
~
C/)
C/) 800.0
-w
a:
....
C/)

600.0
TEST TEMPERATURE: 433K

i. = 1.2 s- 1
400.0

200.0

0.0
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.180 0.200 0.220 0.240

ENGINE6RING STRAIN
 •

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