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Python is a computer programming language often used to build

websites and software, automate tasks, and conduct data analysis.
Python is a general-purpose language, meaning it can be used to create a
variety of different programs and isn’t specialized for any specific
problems. This versatility, along with its beginner-friendliness, has made
it one of the most-used programming languages today.

Stack Overflow's 2022 Developer Survey revealed that Python is the

fourth most popular programming language, with respondents saying
that they use Python almost 50 percent of the time in their development
work. Survey results also showed that Python is tied with Rust as the
most-wanted technology, with 18% percent of developers who aren't
using it already saying that they are interested in learning Python [1].

Python has become a staple in data science, allowing data analysts and

other professionals to use the language to conduct complex statistical
calculations, create data visualizations, build machine learning
algorithms, manipulate and analyze data, and complete other data-
related tasks.

Python can build a wide range of different data visualizations, like line
and bar graphs, pie charts, histograms, and 3D plots. Python also has a
number of libraries that enable coders to write programs for data
analysis and machine learning more quickly and efficiently, like
TensorFlow and Keras.

Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design

philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant
indentation via the off-side rule.[34]
Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports
multiple programming paradigms,
including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented and functional
programming. It is often described as a "batteries included" language due
to its comprehensive standard library.[35][36]
Guido van Rossum began working on Python in the late 1980s as a
successor to the ABC programming language and first released it in 1991
as Python 0.9.0.[37] Python 2.0 was released in 2000. Python 3.0, released
in 2008, was a major revision not completely backward-compatible with
earlier versions. Python 2.7.18, released in 2020, was the last release of
Python 2.[38]
Python consistently ranks as one of the most popular programming
languages.[39][40][41][42] Python users are colloquially called pythonistas.

History
 The designer of Python, Guido van Rossum,
at OSCON 2006
Main article: History of Python

Python was conceived in the late 1980s[43] by Guido van

Rossum at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands as a
successor to the ABC programming language, which was inspired
by SETL,[44] capable of exception handling and interfacing with
the Amoeba operating system.[13] Its implementation began in
December 1989.[45] Van Rossum shouldered sole responsibility for the
project, as the lead developer, until 12 July 2018, when he announced his
"permanent vacation" from his responsibilities as Python's "benevolent
dictator for life", a title the Python community bestowed upon him to reflect
his long-term commitment as the project's chief decision-maker.[46] In
January 2019, active Python core developers elected a five-member
Steering Council to lead the project.[47][48]
Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many major new
features such as list comprehensions, cycle-detecting garbage
collection, reference counting, and Unicode support.[49] Python 3.0, released
on 3 December 2008, with many of its major features backported to
Python 2.6.x[50] and 2.7.x. Releases of Python 3 include the  2to3  utility,
which automates the translation of Python 2 code to Python 3.[51]
Python 2.7's end-of-life was initially set for 2015, then postponed to 2020
out of concern that a large body of existing code could not easily be
forward-ported to Python 3.[52][53] No further security patches or other
improvements will be released for it.[54][55] Currently only 3.7 and later are
supported. In 2021, Python 3.9.2 and 3.8.8 were expedited[56] as all versions
of Python (including 2.7[57]) had security issues leading to possible remote
code execution[58] and web cache poisoning.[59]
In 2022, Python 3.10.4 and 3.9.12 were expedited[60] and 3.8.13, and
3.7.13, because of many security issues.[61] When Python 3.9.13 was
released in May 2022, it was announced that the 3.9 series (joining the
older series 3.8 and 3.7) would only receive security fixes in the future.
[62]
 On September 7, 2022, four new releases were made due to a
potential denial-of-service attack: 3.10.7, 3.9.14, 3.8.14, and 3.7.14.[63][64]
As of November 2022, Python 3.11 is the stable release. Notable changes
from 3.10 include increased program execution speed and improved error
reporting.[65]

Design philosophy and features

Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Object-oriented
programming and structured programming are fully supported, and many of
their features support functional programming and aspect-oriented
programming (including metaprogramming[66] and metaobjects).[67] Many
other paradigms are supported via extensions, including design by
contract[68][69] and logic programming.[70]
Python uses dynamic typing and a combination of reference counting and a
cycle-detecting garbage collector for memory management.[71] It uses
dynamic name resolution (late binding), which binds method and variable
names during program execution.
Its design offers some support for functional programming in
the Lisp tradition. It has  filter , map and reduce  functions; list
comprehensions, dictionaries, sets, and generator expressions.[72] The
standard library has two modules ( itertools  and  functools ) that
implement functional tools borrowed from Haskell and Standard ML.[73]
Its core philosophy is summarized in the document The Zen of
Python (PEP 20), which includes aphorisms such as:[74]

 Beautiful is better than ugly.

 Explicit is better than implicit.
 Simple is better than complex.
 Complex is better than complicated.
 Readability counts.
Rather than building all of its functionality into its core, Python was
designed to be highly extensible via modules. This compact modularity has
made it particularly popular as a means of adding programmable interfaces
to existing applications. Van Rossum's vision of a small core language with
a large standard library and easily extensible interpreter stemmed from his
frustrations with ABC, which espoused the opposite approach.[43]
Python strives for a simpler, less-cluttered syntax and grammar while giving
developers a choice in their coding methodology. In contrast to Perl's "there
is more than one way to do it" motto, Python embraces a "there should be
one—and preferably only one—obvious way to do it" philosophy.[74] Alex
Martelli, a Fellow at the Python Software Foundation and Python book
author, wrote: "To describe something as 'clever' is not considered a
compliment in the Python culture."[75]
Python's developers strive to avoid premature optimization and reject
patches to non-critical parts of the CPython reference implementation that
would offer marginal increases in speed at the cost of clarity.[76] When
speed is important, a Python programmer can move time-critical functions
to extension modules written in languages such as C; or use PyPy, a just-
in-time compiler. Cython is also available, which translates a Python script
into C and makes direct C-level API calls into the Python interpreter.
Python's developers aim for it to be fun to use. This is reflected in its name
—a tribute to the British comedy group Monty Python[77]—and in
occasionally playful approaches to tutorials and reference materials, such
as the use of the terms "spam" and "eggs" (a reference to a Monty Python
sketch) in examples, instead of the often-used "foo" and "bar".[78][79]
A common neologism in the Python community is pythonic, which has a
wide range of meanings related to program style. "Pythonic" code may use
Python idioms well, be natural or show fluency in the language, or conform
with Python's minimalist philosophy and emphasis on readability. Code that
is difficult to understand or reads like a rough transcription from another
programming language is called unpythonic.[80][81]