C H A P T E R

3
Current Electricity
A Quick Recapitulation of the Chapter
1. The directed rate of flow of electric charge through any 5. Drift Velocity It is defined as the average velocity
cross-section of a conductor is known as electric current. with which the free electrons move towards the
q ne positive end of a conductor under the influence of
I= = (Qq = ne)
t t an external electric field applied.
eE
where, n = number of charged particles constitute the ⇒ vd = τ
current m
2. Ohm’s Law At constant temperature, the potential where, τ = relaxation time,
difference V across the ends of a given metallic wire E = electric field,
(conductor) in an circuit (electric) is directly m = mass and e = electron
proportional to the current flowing through it. 6. Electric current in terms of drift velocity I = nea v d
V ∝I where, n = number density of free electrons,
I
The variation of current w.r.t. applied e = electronic charge,
potential difference is shown with the a = cross-sectional area
help of given graph. and v d = drift velocity of an electron
V = IR V 7. Current density at any point of conductor, J = nev d
where, R = resistance of conductor where, J is a vector quantity.
No effect of V and I on R because as V increase, 8. Relationship between resistivity and relaxation time
I increase but R remains the same. m
ρ=
3. Resistance of a Conductor Mathematically, it is the ne 2 τ
ratio of potential difference applied across the ends of where, τ = relaxation time
conductor to the current flowing through it. Specific resistance or resistivity ( ρ) depends on the
V material of conductor, not on the length and
⇒ R=
I cross-sectional area (A) i.e., geometry of
SI unit is ohm (Ω). conductor.
L 9. Conductivity is defined as the reciprocal of
Resistance can also be written as, R = ρ
A resistivity of a conductor.
where, L = length of the conductor, 1
It is expressed as, σ =
A = area of cross-section ρ
and ρ = constant, known as resistivity of the material SI unit is mho per metre (Ω −1 / m).
It depends upon nature of the material.
10. Relationship between current density (J ) , electric
∆I
4. Current density J = or dI = J ⋅ dA field (E ) and conductivity (σ) is
∆A
J = σE
or I = ∫ J ⋅ d A = ∫ JdA cos θ
11. The ratio of drift velocity of electrons and the applied (ii) Parallel Combination The equivalent emf of
electric field is known as mobility. parallel combination is given by
v qτ E r + E 2 r1
⇒ µ= d = E eq = 1 2
E m r1 + r2
SI unit is [m 2s −1V −1]. and internal resistance of combination
12. Electrical resistivity of substances varies over a very
E1 r1
wide range. Conductors have low resistivity in the
range of 10−8 Ω m to 10−6 Ωm.
Insulators like glass and rubber have 1022 to 1024
E2 r2
times greater resistivity. Semiconductors like Si and
Ge lie roughly in the middle range of resistivity.
13. Temperature Coefficient of resistance is given by I
R I
R 2 − R1
α= r1 r2
R1 (t 2 − t 1) req =
r1 + r2
14. Colour Code of Resistance The colour code on
carbon resistor remains in the form of coaxial rings. (iii) Mixed Grouping It consists of m-rows in parallel
combination such that each row contains n-cells
15. Power loss in a conductor of resistance R carrying a
of each of emf E and internal resistance r, then
current I is
current in the circuit is given by
P = I 2 R = V 2 /R mn E
I=
16. Combination of Resistors mR + nr
(i) Total resistance R of n resistors connected in and maximum current is drawn from the battery,
series is given by when external resistance matches with net internal
R = R1 + R 2 + R 3 + K + Rn resistance, i.e.,
nr nE m nE mE
(ii) Total resistance R of n resistors connected in R= and Imax = = ⇒ Imax =
2  
parallel is given by m nr 2nr 2r
1 1 1 1 m
= + +K+ 19. Kirchhoff’s Rules
R R1 R 2 Rn
(i) Junction rule ( ΣI = 0) At any junction of circuit
17. The relationship between r, R, E and V is
elements, the sum of currents entering the junction
r = R  − 1
E must be equal to the sum of currents leaving it.
…(i)
V 
(ii) Loop rule ( ΣE = ΣIR ) The algebraic sum of
where, r = internal resistance, R = external resistance, changes in potential around any closed loop
E = emf of cell, V = terminal voltage of cell involving resistors and cells in the loop is zero.
 E  20. The wheatstone bridge is an R2 R4
Also, V = E − Ir =  R …(ii) arrangement of four resistances
R + r  G
R1, R 2, R 3 and R 4 .
18. Combination of Cells The null point condition is given by R1 R3
(i) Series Combination The equivalent emf of battery, R1 R 3
=
E = E1 + E 2 R2 R4
Equivalent resistance, req = r1 + r2 Using this, we can determine one unknown resistance,
E1 r1 E2 r2
knowing the other three resistances.
21. Potentiometer is an electrical device which can
(i) measure the potential difference with greater
I accuracy.
R (ii) compare the emfs of two cells.
I
E1 l
i.e., = 1
If polarity of one of the batteries is reversed, then E 2 l2
equivalent emf | E1 − E 2 | and net internal
resistance continue to the same i.e., where, l1 and l2 are the balancing lengths
corresponding to cells of emf E1 and E 2
req = r1 + r2 respectively.
 (iii) measure the emf of a cell. 22. Potential Gradient It is the potential drop per unit
(iv) be used to determine the internal resistance of a length of wire of potentiometer
primary cell. V
l  i.e., K = , where V and l are potential difference
i.e., r = R  1 − 1 l
 l2  applied by driving cell and length of wire of
where, l1 and l2 are balancing lengths and R is applied potentiometer, respectively.
resistance.

Objective Questions Based on NCERT Text

Topic 1
Electric Current, Ohm’s Law and Drift of Electrons
1. Twenty million electrons reaches from point X to 6. In a hydrogen atom, an electron moves in an orbit of
point Y in two micro second as shown in the figure. radius 5.0 × 10 −11 m with a speed of 2.2 × 10 6 ms −1 .
Direction and magnitude of the current is The equivalent current is
e– (a) 11.2 × 10−3 A (b) 1.9 × 10−3 A
Y X (c) 1.12 × 10−3 A (d) 11.2 × 104 A
(a) 1.5 × 10−10 A from X to Y(b) 1.6 × 10−6 A from Y to X 7. In a region 1019 α-particles and 1019 protons move to
−13 −4
(c) 1.5 × 10 A from Y to X (d) 1.6 × 10 A from X to Y the left, while 1019 electrons moves to the right per
second. The current is
2. In which material, electric currents develop when an
(a) 3.2 A towards left (b) 3.2 A towards right
electric field is applied?
(c) 6.4 A towards left (d) 6.4 A towards right
(a) Conductor (b) Wooden piece
(c) Non-conductor (d) Insulator 8. The electron of hydrogen atom is considered to be
revolving round a proton in circular orbit of radius
3. In which conductors, positive and negative charges
both can move? h 2 /me 2 with velocity e 2 / h, where, h = h/2π . The
(a) Non-electrolytic solution (b) Electrolytic solution current i is
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b) 4 π 2 me5 4 π 2 me2
(a) (b)
4. The current in a wire varies with time according to h2 h3
the equation i = 4 + 2 t, where i is in ampere and t is in 4 π 2 m2 e2 4 π 2 me5
(c) (d)
second. The quantity of charge which passes through h3 h3
a cross-section of the wire during the time t = 2 s to 9. The amount of charge Q passing at in time t through a
t = 6s is cross-section of a wire is Q = 5 t 2 + 3 t + 1. The value
(a) 40 C (b) 48 C of current at time t = 5 s is
(c) 38 C (d) 43 C (a) 9 A (b) 49 A
5. Two boys A and B are sitting at two points in a field. (c) 53 A (d) None of these
Both boys are sitting near assemblage of charged 10. If we consider a mechanism where, the ends of the
balls each carrying charge + 3e. A throws 100 balls cylinder are supplied with fresh charges to make up
per second towards B while B throws 50 balls per for any charges neutralised by electrons moving
second towards A. Simultaneously, find the current at inside the conductor, in that case
the mid-point of A and B. (a) there will be a steady electric field in the body of the
(a) i = 3.4 × 10−17 A from A to B conductor
(b) i = 2.4 × 10−17 A from A to B (b) there will be in a continuous current rather than a current
for a short period of time
(c) i = 3.4 × 10−17 A from B to A
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
 Iρ l 19. There are two concentric spheres of radius a and b,
11. In V = , current per unit area, I / A is called
A respectively. If the space between them is filled with
(a) resistivity (ρ ) (b) current density ( J ) medium of resistivity ρ, then the resistance of the
(c) voltage (V ) (d) resistance ( R ) inner gap between the two spheres will be
12. In cosmic rays 0.15 protons cm −2 s −1 are entering the ρ ρ  1 1
(a) (b)  − 
earth’s atmosphere. If the radius of the earth is 4π (b + a ) 4π  b a
6400 km, the current received by the earth in the form ρ  1 1 ρ  1 1
of cosmic rays is nearly (c)  −  (d)  − 
4π  a2 b2  4π  a b
(a) 0.12 A (b) 1.2 A (c) 12 A (d) 120 A
20. Inside solid conductor electrons move randomly and
13. A wire is stretched so as to change its diameter by
keep colliding with fixed ions. If there are N
0.25%. The percentage change in resistance is electrons and the velocity of the ith electron
(a) 4.0% (b) 2.0% (c) 1.0% (d) 0.5%
( i = 1, 2, 3, … , N ) at a given time is v i , then
14. The resistance of a 10 m long wire is 10 Ω. Its length N
1 N
is increased by 25% by stretching the wire uniformly. (a) N ∑ vi > 0 (b)
N
∑ vi = 0
i=1 i=1
The resistance of wire will change to
N
(a) 12.5 Ω (b) 14.5 Ω
(c) 15.6 Ω (d) 16.6 Ω
(c) 2N ∑ vi < 0 (d) None of these
i=1

15. Two plates R and S are in the form of a square and 21. When current flows through copper wire, current
have the same thickness. density J, electric field E and motion of electrons
A side of S is twice the side of R. Compare their have directions such that
resistance. The direction of current is shown by an (a) J and E are in opposite directions
arrow head figure. (b) motion of electrons and E are in opposite directions
R S (c) J and motion of electrons are in same direction
(d) J, E and motion of electrons are in same direction
(a) The resistance of R is twice that of S 22. A potential difference V is applied to a copper wire of
(b) Both have the same resistance length l and diameter d. If V is doubled, then the drift
(c) The resistance of S is four times that of R velocity
(d) The resistance of R is half that of S (a) is doubled (b) is halved
16. All the edges of a block are unequal. Its longest edge (c) remains same (d) becomes zero
is twice its shortest edge, then ratio of the maximum 23. A potential difference of 100 V is applied to the ends
and minimum resistance between parallel faces is of a copper wire one metre long. What is the average
(a) 8 (b) 4 drift velocity of electrons?
(c) 2 (d) None of these (given, σ = 5.81 ×10 7 Ω −1 or nCu = 8.5 × 10 28 m −3 )
17. A wire has resistance of 10 Ω. If it is stretched by
(a) 0.43 ms −1 (b) 0.83 ms −1
1/10th of its length, then its resistance is nearly
(c) 0.52 ms −1 (d) 0.95 ms −1
(a) 9 Ω (b) 10 Ω (c) 11 Ω (d) 12 Ω
24. A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of
18. A conductor with rectangular cross-section has non-uniform cross-section. The quantity/quantities
dimensions ( a × 2 a × 4a ) as shown in figure. constant along the length of conductor is/are
Resistance across AB is R1 , across CD is R 2 and (a) current, electric field and drift speed
across EF is R 3 . Then, (b) only drift speed
C F (c) current and drift speed
(d) only current
A 2a 4a B 25. When a current I flows through a wire, the drift
a velocity of the electrons is v. When current 2I flows
through another wire of the same material having
E D double the length and double the area of cross-section,
the drift velocity of the electrons will be
(a) R1 = R2 = R3 (b) R1 > R2 > R3
(a) v/ 8 (b) v/ 4
(c) R2 > R3 > R1 (d) R1 > R3 > R2
(c) v / 2 (d) v
26. Assume that each atom of copper contributes one free 32. Which of the following circuits is correct for
electron. What is the average drift velocity of verification of Ohm’s law?
conduction electrons in a copper wire of A
cross-sectional area 10 −7 m 2 , carrying a current of
1.5A? (given, density of copper = 9 × 10 3 kgm −3 ; (a) V
atomic mass of copper = 63.5; Avogadro’s number
= 6.023 × 10 23 per gram atom)
A
(a) 1.1 × 10−2 ms −1
(b) 1.1 × 10−3 ms −1 (b) V
(c) 2.2 × 10−2 ms −1
(d) 2.2 × 10−3 ms −1 A

27. A ring is made of a wire having a resistance (c) V

R 0 = 12 Ω. Find the points A and B, as shown in the
figure, at which a current carrying conductor should
be connected so that the resistance R of the sub circuit (d) None of the above
between these points is equal to 8/3 Ω. [NEET 2012] 33. The V - i graph for a good conductor makes angle 40°
l1
with V -axis. Here, V denotes voltage and i denotes
current. The resistance of the conductor will be
A B (a) sin 40° (b) cos 40° (c) tan 40° (d) cot 40°
34. A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1Ω at 27. 5° C and
a resistance of 2.7 Ω at 100° C. Determine the
l2
temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver.
l1 5 l1 1 (a) 0.39 / ° C (b) 0.039/ ° C
(a) = (b) = (c) 0.009/ ° C (d) 0.0039/ ° C
l2 8 l2 3
l 3 l 1 35. The temperature dependence of resistances of Cu and
(c) 1 = (d) 1 =
l2 8 l2 2 undoped Si in the temperature range 300-400 K, is best
described by [JEE Main 2016]
28. Large current in solid conductor can be obtained (a) linear increase for Cu, linear increase for Si
because
(b) linear increase for Cu, exponential increase for Si
(a) drift speed is large
(b) charge on electron is large (c) linear increase for Cu, exponential decrease for Si
(c) electron number density is enormous ~1029 m−3 (d) linear decrease for Cu, linear decrease for Si
(d) None of the above 36. If charges moved without collisions through the
. × 10 −8 Ω m and
29. If resistivity of copper conductor is17 conductor, their kinetic energy would also change so
electric field is 100 Vm −1 , then current density will be that the total energy is
(a) 6 × 109 Am−2 (a) changed (b) unchanged
(b) 1.7 × 10−6 Am−2 (c) doubled (d) halved
(c) 1.7 × 10−10 Am−2 37. Resistance of a wire at 20° C is 20 Ω and at 500° C is
(d) 6 × 107 Am−2 60 Ω. At what temperature its resistance is 25 Ω?
29 3 (a) 160° C (b) 250° C (c) 100° C (d) 80° C
30. A conductor wire having 10 free electrons/m
carries a current of 20 A. If the cross-section of wire 38. A resistor has a colour code of green, blue, brown,
is 1 mm 2 , then the drift velocity of electrons will be and silver. What is its resistance?
−3
(a) 6.25 × 10 ms −1 −5
(b) 1.25 × 10 ms −1 (a) 5600 Ω ± 10% (b) 560 Ω ± 5%
(c) 1.25 × 10−3 ms −1 (d) 1.25 × 10−4 ms −1 (c) 560 Ω ± 10% (d) 56 Ω ± 5%
39. Corresponding to the resistance 4.7 × 10 6 Ω ± 5%
31. A copper wire of cross-sectional area 2.0 mm 2
which is order of colour coding on carbon resistors?
resistivity = 1.7 × 10 −8 Ω, carries a current of 1 A.
(a) Yellow, violet, blue, gold
The electric field in the copper wire is (b) Yellow, violet, green, gold
(a) 8.5 × 10−5 Vm−1 (b) 8.5 × 10−4 Vm−1 (c) Orange, blue, green, gold
(c) 8.5 × 10−3 Vm−1 (d) 8.5 × 10−2 Vm−1 (d) Orange, blue, violet, gold
40. A voltage of 30V is applied across a colour coded 43. What is the safest voltage you can put across a 98 Ω,
carbon resistor with first, second and third rings of 0.5 W resistor?
blue, black and yellow colours. What is the current (a) 14 V (b) 9.5 V (c) 7 V (d) 8.5 V
flowing through the resistor?
44. An electric bulb is marked 100 W, 230 V. If the
(a) 5 × 10−4 A (b) 5 × 104 A
supply voltage drops to 115 V, what is the heat and
(c) 0.5 × 10−4 A (d) 0.5 × 104 A
light energy produced by the bulb in 20 min?
41. The current i and voltage V graph for a given metallic (a) 20000 J (b) 25000 J (c) 30000 J (d) 35000 J
wire at two different temperatures T1 and T2 are 45. The number of electrons moving per second through
shown in the figure. It is concluded that the filament of a lamp of 100 W, operating at 200 V is
(a) 3.1 × 1018 (b) 3.1 × 1019 (c) 4.8 × 1018 (d) 4.8 × 1019
T2
46. Two cities are 150 km apart. Electric power is sent
i from one city to another city through copper wires.
T1
The fall of potential per km is 8 V and the average
resistance per km is 0.5 Ω. The power loss in the wire is
O V [CBSE AIPMT 2014]
(a) T1 > T2 (b) T1 < T2 (a) 19.2 W (b) 19.2 kW
(c) T1 = T2 (d) T1 = 2T2 (c) 19.2 J (d) 12.2 kW
42. A wire of resistance 4 Ω is stretched to twice its 47. An electric motor operating on a 50 V DC supply
original length. The resistance of stretched wire draws a current of 12 A. If the efficiency of the motor
would be [NEET 2013] is 30%, then estimate the resistance of the winding of
(a) 2 Ω (b) 4 Ω the motor.
(c) 8 Ω (d) 16 Ω (a) 1.5 Ω (b) 2 Ω (c) 2.9 Ω (d) 1 Ω

Topic 2
Grouping of Resistors
48. Five resistors are connected as shown in figure. Find 50. Figure shows a network of eight resistors, each equal
the equivalent resistance between the points B and C. to 2 Ω, connected to a 3V battery of negligible
9Ω internal resistance. The current I in the circuit is
A B
3V
10
Ω
3Ω 5Ω
I
7Ω B C
D C A D

70 19
(a) Ω (b) Ω
19 70
16 15 E F
(c) Ω (d) Ω (a) 0.25 A (b) 0.50 A (c) 0.75 A (d) 1.0 A
5 8
49. A wire of uniform cross-section and length l has a 51. Six equal resistances are connected between points
resistance of 16 Ω. It is cut into four equal parts. Each P , Q and R as shown in the figure. Then, the net
part is stretched uniformly to length l and all the resistance will be maximum between
P
stretched parts are connected in parallel. Calculate the
total resistance of the combination so formed. r
(Assume that the stretching of the wire does not cause r r
any change in the density of the material.) r r
(a) 10Ω (b) 12 Ω
Q R
(c) 16 Ω (d) 18 Ω
r
(a) P and Q (b) Q and R (c) P and R (d) R and S
52. The resistance across P and Q in the figure is 56. What is the equivalent C
A resistance across the points 10 Ω B
A and B in the circuit
given alongside? 10 Ω 16 Ω
(a) 8Ω
r r 12 Ω
r r (b) 12Ω
10 Ω 2.5 Ω
(c) 16Ω A
r D E
(d) 32Ω
P B r C Q 57. Six equal resistances each of 4 Ω are connected to
(a) r/ 3 (b) r/ 2 (c) 2r (d) 6r form a figure. The resistance between two corners A
and B is
53. Two resistances are joined in parallel whose equivalent
A B
resistance is 3/ 5 Ω. One of the resistance wire is broken 4Ω
and the effective resistance becomes 3 Ω. The 4Ω 4Ω
resistance (in ohm) of the wire that got broken was
O
(a) 4 / 3 (b) 2 (c) 6/5 (d) 3/4
4Ω 4Ω
54. Two wires of same metal have the same length but 4Ω
areas of their cross-sections are in the ratio 3 : 1. They D C
are joined in series. The resistance of the thicker wire 4
(a) 4 Ω (b) Ω
is 10 Ω. The total resistance of the combination is 3
(a) 5/ 2 Ω (b) 40 / 2 Ω (c) 40 Ω (d) 100 Ω (c) 12Ω (d) 2Ω
55. The equivalent resistance of n resistors each of same 58. Two resistances R and 2 R are connected in parallel in
resistance when connected in series is R. If the same an electric circuit. The thermal energy developed in R
resistances are connected in parallel, the equivalent and 2R in the ratio
resistances will be (a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 4
2 2 (c) 4 :1 (d) 2 :1
(a) R / n (b) R / n (c) n R (d) nR

Topic 3
Cells EMF and Internal Resistance
59. The internal resistance of a 2.1 V cell which gives a 62. Consider a parallel combination of the cells in the
current of 0.2 A through a resistance of 10 Ω is figure.
ε1
[NEET 2013]
(a) 0.2 Ω (b) 0.5 Ω I1
r1
I1
εeq
(c) 0.8 Ω (d) 1.0 Ω I I
A B1 ε2 B2 C A I C
60. The cell has an emf of 2V and the internal resistance of I2 req
I2
this cell is 0.1 Ω, it is connected to resistance of 3.9 Ω, r2
the voltage across the cell will be
(a) 1.95 V (b) 1.5 V The potential difference across its terminals B1 and B 2 is
(c) 2 V (d) 1.8 V (a) V = ε eq − Ireq (b) V = ε 2 − Ir2
(c) V = 2ε eq − Ireq (d) V = ε1 − 2Ir1
61. Consider first two cells in series as shown in figure
the potential difference between the terminals A and 63. Is it possible that any battery has some constant
C of the combination is non-zero value of emf but the potential difference
ε1 ε2 εeq between the plates is zero?
I I I I
(a) Not possible
A B C A C (b) Yes, if another identical battery is joined in series
r1 r2 req
(c) Yes, if another identical battery is joined in opposition
(a) V AC = ε1 − Ir1 (b) V AC = ε 2 − Ir2
(d) Yes, possible, if another similar battery is joined in
(c) V AC = ε eq − Ireq (d) V AC = 2ε eq − Ireq
parallel
 R C = 3 µF
64. The maximum power dissipated in an external B G H
resistance R, when connected to a cell of emf E and
R R
internal resistance r will be R R
A F
E2 E2 D
(a) (b)
r 2r
10 V
E2 E2
(c) (d) (a) 12 V (b) 10 V (c) 8 V (d) zero
3r 4r
67. Two resistances 400 Ω and 800 Ω are connected in
65. To draw maximum current from a combination of series with 6 V battery. The potential difference
cells, how should the cells be grouped? measured by voltmeter of10 k Ω across 400 Ω resistor is
(a) Parallel (a) 2 V (b) 1.95 V (c) 3.8 V (d) 4 V
(b) Series
(c) Mixed grouping 68. To get a maximum current through a resistance of
(d) Depends upon the relative values of internal and external 2.5 Ω, one can use m rows of cells each row having n
resistances cells. The internal resistance of each cell is 0.5 Ω.
What are the values of m and n, if the total number of
66. In the circuit shown, the cell is ideal with emf =10 V. cells are 20?
Each resistance is of 2 Ω. The potential difference (a) m = 2, n = 10 (b) m = 4 , n = 5
across the capacitor is (c) m = 5, n = 4 (d) n = 2, m = 10

Topic 4
Kirchhoff ’s Laws (Wheatstone Bridge and Meter Bridge)
69. Five conductors are meeting at a point x as shown in 72. In the circuit given here, the points A, B and C are
the figure. What is the value of current in fifth 70 V, zero, 10 V, respectively. Then,
conductor? B
20Ω
4A
D
x A
5A 3A 10Ω

5A 30Ω C

(a) 3A away from x (b) 1A away from x (a) the point D will be at a potential of 60 V
(c) 4A away from x (d) 1A towards x (b) the point D will be at a potential of 20 V
70. The algebraic sum of changes in potential around (c) currents in the paths AD , DB and DC are in the ratio of
any closed loop involving resistor and cells in the 1: 2 : 3
loop is (d) currents in the paths AD , DB and DC are in the ratio of
3 : 2 :1
(a) more than zero (b) less than zero
(c) zero (d) constant 73. A battery of 10 V and negligible internal resistance is
connected across the diagonally opposite corners of a
71. Two cells having the internal resistance 0.2 Ω and
cubical network consisting of 12 resistors each of
0.4 Ω are connected in parallel. The voltage across the
resistance 1Ω. The equivalence resistance of the
battery terminal is 1.5 V. The emf of first cell is 1.2
network is
V. The emf of second cell is 5 6
(a) 2.7 V (b) 2.1 V (a) R (b) R
6 5
(c) 3 V (d) 4.2 V
(c) 3R (d) 12 R
74. As the switch S is closed in the circuit shown in 79. In a Wheatstone bridge, P = 90 Ω, Q =110 Ω,
figure, current passed through it is R = 40 Ω and S = 60 Ω and a cell of 4V emf. Then, the
10 V 4Ω 2Ω 5V
potential difference between the diagonal along which
C
a galvanometer is connected is
2Ω B i g)
–

0Ω
(c 2

Ω
90

11
P
Ig Q
S
i1
D
i2 G
A
(a) zero (b) 1 A Ω
Ω 0
(c) 2 A (d) 1.6 A 40 R S 6
i g)
75. The emf of the battery shown in figure is +
C (c
2

2Ω 2Ω 1Ω
(a) − 0.2 V (b) + 0.2 V
(c) − 1 V (d) + 1 V
4Ω 2Ω
E 1Ω
80. If each of the resistance in the network in figure is R,
1A the equivalent resistance between terminals A and B
is
(a) 12 V (b) 13 V Q
(c) 16 V (d) 18 V
76. The Wheatstone bridge and its balance condition
RΩ
provide a practical method for determination of an RΩ RΩ
(a) known resistance
O
(b) unknown resistance A
(c) Both (a) and (b) RΩ B
(d) None of the above P S
RΩ
77. The resistance of the following circuit between A and (a) 5R (b) 2R
B is (c) 4R (d) R
E
2Ω 2Ω 81. The four arms of a Wheatstone bridge in figure have
C D
following resistances AB =100 Ω, BC =10 Ω,
2Ω CD = 5 Ω and DA = 60 Ω.
2Ω
2Ω 2Ω 2Ω A galvanometer of 15 Ω resistance is connected
F
across BD. Calculate the current through the
2Ω
A B galvanometer when a potential difference of 10 V is
2Ω maintained across AC.
(a) ( 3/ 2 ) Ω (b) 2 Ω
B
(c) 4 Ω (d) 8 Ω
78. The resistances in the two ()
arms of the meter bridge 5Ω RΩ C
A
are 5 Ω and R Ω,
respectively. When the
resistance R is shunted
G
with an equal resistance, D
the new balance point is at A B
l1 100 –l1
1.6 l1 . The resistance R, is
10 V
[CBSE AIPMT 2014]
(a) 10 Ω (b) 15 Ω (a) 4.87 A (b) 4.87 mA
(c) 20 Ω (d) 25 Ω (c) 4.0 A (d) 4.0 mA
82. The resistances of the four arms P , Q, R and S in a 83. In meter bridge for measurement of resistance, the
Wheatstone’s bridge are 10 Ω, 30 Ω, 30 Ω and 90 Ω, known and the unknown resistances are interchanged.
respectively. The emf and internal resistance of the The error so removed is
cell are 7 V and 5 Ω respectively. If the galvanometer (a) end correction
resistance is 50 Ω, the current drawn from the cell will (b) index error
be [NEET 2013] (c) due to temperature effect
(a) 1.0 A (b) 0.2 A (c) 0.1 A (d) 2.0 A (d) random error

Topic 5
Potentiometer
84. Which of the following draws no current from the 2 VR 2 VR
(a) (b)
voltage source being measured? R0 + 4 R R0
(a) Meter bridge (b) Wheatstone bridge 4 VR VR
(c) (d)
(c) Potentiometer (d) None of these R0 + 2 R R0 + 2 R
85. In a potentiometer, the null point is received at 7th 90. The figure below shows a 2.0 V potentiometer used for
wire. If now we have to change the null point at the the determination of internal resistance of a 2.5 V cell.
9th wire, what should we do? The balance point of the cell in the open circuit is 75 cm.
(a) Attach resistance in series with battery
When a resistor of 10 Ω is used in the external circuit of
(b) Increase resistance in main circuit
the cell, the balance point shifts to 65 cm length of
(c) Decrease resistance in main circuit
potentiometer wire. The internal resistance of the cell is
(d) Decrease applied emf
86. Potentiometer measures the potential difference more 2.0 V
accurately than a voltmeter because
J' J
(a) it has a wire of high resistance A B
(b) it has a wire of low resistance G G
1.5 V
(c) it does not draw current from external circuit
(d) it draws a heavy current from external circuit
10 Ω
87. A cell can be balanced against 110 cm and 100 cm of
potentiometer wire, respectively with and without (a) 2.5 Ω (b) 2.0 Ω (c) 1.54 Ω (d) 1.0 Ω
being short circuited through a resistance of 10 Ω. Its 91. The circuit shown here is
internal resistance is used to compare the emf of V
(a) 1.0 Ω (b) 0.5 Ω (c) 2.0 Ω (d) zero
two cells E1 and E 2 C
88. A potentiometer wire is 100 cm long and a constant ( E1 > E 2 ). The null point A B

potential difference is maintained across it. Two cells is at C when the

are connected in series first to support one another and galvanometer is connected E1 G
then in opposite direction. The balance points are to E1 . When the
obtained at 50 cm and 10 cm from the positive end of galvanometer is connected E2
the wire in the two cases. The ratio of emf is to E 2 , the null point will be
[NEET 2016] (a) to the left of C (b) to the right of C
(a) 5 : 4 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 5 : 1 (c) at C itself (d) no change in null point
89. A resistance of R Ω draws V 92. A potentiometer wire of length L and a resistance r are
current from a potentiometer. R0 connected in series with a battery of emf E 0 and a
Potentiometer has a total A C resistance r1 . An unknown emf is balanced at a length l
B
resistance R 0 Ω as shown in of the potentiometer wire. The emf E will be given by
R
figure. [CBSE AIPMT 2015]
A voltage V is supplied to the potentiometer. Derive LE0 r E0 rl E l LE0 r
(a) (b) . (c) 0 (d)
an expression for the voltage across R when the l r1 ( r + r1 ) L L ( r + r1 ) l
sliding contact is in the middle of the potentiometer.
 CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity

Special Format Questions

I. Assertion and Reason 98. Statement I In electrostatics all charges whether
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 93-97) In the following free or bound, are considered to be at rest.
questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a Statement II The charges in motion constitute an
corresponding statement of reason. Of the following electric current.
statements, choose the correct one. 99. Statement I Conductivity arises from mobile charge
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the carriers.
correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the Statement II In metals, these mobile charge carriers are
correct explanation of Assertion. electrons with fixed positive ions in background; these
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. can be both positive and negative ions in an electrolyte.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. 100. Statement I For insulators and semiconductors, number
93. Assertion The average time of collisions τ, of electrons increases with increasing temperature.
decreases with increasing temperature. Statement II This increase of number of electrons
Reason At increased in temperature, average speed of more effective than any decrease in τ, so that for such
the electrons, which act as the carriers of current, materials ρ decreases with temperature.
increases, resulting in more frequent collisions.
Statement Based Questions Type II
94. Assertion Charge carriers do not move with
acceleration, with a steady drift velocity. 101. When no electric field is applied across a conductor,
Reason Charge carriers under go collisions with ions then consider the following statements.
and atoms during transit. I. The electrons will be moving due to thermal motion
during which they collide with the fixed ions.
95. Assertion If we bend an insulated conducting wire,
II. An electron colliding with an ion emerges with the
the resistance of the wire increases.
same speed as before the collision. However the
Reason The drift velocity of electron in bended wire direction of its velocity after the collision is completely
remains same. random.
96. Assertion The drift velocity of electrons in a metallic III. At a given time, there is no preferential direction for the
wire decreases when temperature of the wire is increases. velocities of the electrons. Thus, on the average, the
number of electrons travelling in any direction will be
Reason On increasing temperature, conductivity of
equal to the number of electrons travelling in the opposite
metallic wire decreases. direction. So, there will be no net electric current.
97. Assertion Manganin and constantan are widely used Which of the following statements is/are correct?
in standard resistors. (a) I and II (b) II and III
Reason Manganin and constantan resistances values (c) I and III (d) I, II and III
would change very little with temperatures.
102. Consider the following statements.
II. Statement Based Questions Type I I. The resistance R of a conductor depends on its length l
and cross-sectional area A through the relation.
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 98-100) In the following ρA
questions, a statement I is followed by a corresponding R=
l
statement II. Of the following statements, choose the
II. Metals have low resistivity in the range of10−8 Ωm to
correct one.
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement 10−6 Ωm.
II is the correct explanation of Statement I. III. In most substance, the carriers of current are electrons
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but Statement in same cases for example ionic crystals and
II is not the correct explanation of Statement I. electrolytic liquids, positive and negative ions.
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.
Which of the following statement is/are correct?
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.
(a) Only I (b) II and III (c) I and II (d) I and III
III. Matching Type 105. Match the following Column I and Column II and
choose the correct option from the codes given below.
103. Match the following Column I with Column II and
choose correct option from the codes given below. Column I Column II
Column I Column II

Resistivity, ρ (10–8 Ω m)
A. V ceases to be 1. 1.5 I
mA 0.4 1. Temperature
proportional to I.
dependence of
V resistivity for a
–2
A. 0.2
0.2 typical
semiconductor
I µA 0
50 100 150
B. The relation 2. Temperature, T (K)
between V and I

Resistivity, ρ (µ Ω cm)
depends on the sign
of V.
V
1.20 2. Resistivity ρ T of
copper as a function
B. 1.10 of temperature T
I

C. The relation 3. Negative 1.00

between V and I is Non-linear resistance 200 400 600 800
region region
Current I (mA)

not unique. Temperature, T (K)

3. Resistivity of ρ T of
Voltage V (V) C. nichrome as a
function of absolute
A B C A B C temperature T.
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 2 1 3
T
(c) 3 2 1 (d) 1 3 2
104. Consider the figure. A B C
(a) 1 2 3
(b) 2 3 1
(c) 3 1 2
Resistance (d) 1 3 2
Red Silver (22×102 π) ±10%
106. A battery has an open circuit
Match the following Column I with Column II and potential difference of 6 V
choose the correct option from the codes given below. between its terminals in the figure. When a load
Column I Column II resistance of 60 Ω is connected across the battery, the
A. The first two bands 1. A tolerance of 20% total power dissipated is 0.4 W.
from the end
B. The third band 2. Tolerance or possible variation in per ε
cent about the indicated values
Load (R)
C. The last band 3. The decimal multiplier r
D. Absence of last band 4. First two significant figures of the
resistance (in ohm)

A B C D Match the physical quantities given in Column I with

(a) 4 3 1 2 their values given in Column II and choose the
(b) 3 1 2 4 correct option from codes given below.
(c) 2 4 1 3
(d) 4 3 2 1
 Column I Column II
Column I Column II
A. Terminal potential difference across 1. R > r
A. Internal resistance of the battery(r). 1. 0.6 W the cell to be maximum
B. Value of R for maximum power dissipation 2. 0.4 W B. Power transferred to R is less than 2. R < r
the maximum possible
C. Total power supplied by the battery 3. 30 Ω
under condition B C. Power dissipated in the cell is 3. R = ∞
maximum
D. Maximum power dissipated in R 4. 60 Ω
under condition B D. Fastest drift of ions in the 4. R = 0
electrolyte in the cell will be for
5. 0.3 W
A B C D
A B C D (a) 3 1,2,3,4 4 4
(a) 3 3 1 5 (b) 4 2,3,4 2,3,1 2
(b) 4 1 2 3
(c) 1 2,1,3 2,4,2 1,3
(c) 1 2 3 4
(d) 3 4 1 5 (d) 1 2 3 4

107. A battery A (15 V, 1 Ω) and a battery B (10V, 1 Ω ) are IV. Passage Based Questions
joined to a resistance of 3 Ω as shown in figure.
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 109-113) These questions are
15 V 1 Ω 10 V 1 Ω based on the following situation. Choose the correct
options from those given below.
∆Q
We define average current as I av = and
∆t
3Ω dQ
instantaneous current as I = . Obviously, Q = ∫ Idt.
dt
Match the statements given in Column I with the Further, electric energy delivered per unit time by a
entries given in Column II and choose correct option ∆E
from codes given below. source, i.e., power, P = , where ∆E is the energy
∆t
Column I Column II delivered by the source in time ∆t.

A. Potential drop across A 1. A In a certain accelerator, electrons emerge with

energies of 40.0 MeV (1MeV = 1.60 × 10 −13 J). The
B. Potential drop across B 2. B
electrons do not emerge in steady stream, but in
C. Power is supplied by battery 3. 14 V pulses that repeat 250 times per second.
D. Power is consumed by battery 4. 9V 4.00 ms 200 ns

5. 11 V

A B C D I
(a) 2 5 4 1
(b) 5 4 3 1,2 t (s)
(c) 3 5 1 2
This corresponds to a time between each pulse of
(d) 1 2 3 4 4.00 ms in figure. Each pulse lasts for 200 ms and the
108. Column I and Column II contain electrons in the pulse constitute a current of 250 mA.
four entries each. Entries of The current is zero between the pulses. While the
R
Column I are to be matched with pulse is on, the current is constant.
same entries of Column II. One or 109. Which of the following relation is correct for
more than one entries of Column I conductivity σ of solid conductor?
may have the matching with the E r
ne2 2ne2
same entries of Column II and one (a) σ = τ (b) σ = τ
entry of Column I may have one or more than one m m
matching with entries of Column II. In the figure, the ne2 ne2
(c) σ = τ (d) σ = τ
resistance R is variable, r is the internal resistance of 2m 4m
battery of emf E.
110. The charge delivered by the acceleration per pulse is 118. When R is finite, then potential difference between P
(a) 5.00 × 10−6 C (b) 5.00 × 10−8 C and N is
(c) 10.00 × 10−8 C (d) 10.00 × 10−6 C (a) ε (b) ε − Ir (c) 2ε − Ir (d) ε − 2Ir

111. The number of electrons delivered per pulse is 119. The internal resistance of dry cells is … A…, than the
internal resistance of common electrolytic cell.
(a) 6 × 1011 (b) 6 × 109
(c) 3.13 × 1011 (d) 3.13 × 1018 Here, A refers to
(a) much lower (b) much higher
112. The average current delivered by the acceleration is (c) slightly lower (d) slightly higher
(a) 12.5 A (b) 12.5 mA
120. The current flowing in the cell is
(c) 12.5 µA (d) 1.25 A
ε R+r
(a) I = (b) I =
113. The maximum power delivered by the electron beam is R+r ε
(a) 100 W (b) 10 kW R
(c) 1MW (d) 10 MW (c) I = (d) I = r/ ε
ε
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 114-116) These questions are 121. The maximum current that can be drawn from a cell is
based on the following situation. Choose the correct for
options from those given below. (a) R = infinity
In the given figure, for a given voltage V across the (b) R = finite non-zero resistance
full cross-section of slab and I is the current through (c) R=0
the entire slab. (d) R=r

l ■ Directions ([Link]. 122-125) These questions are

Half slab 1 based on the following situation. Choose the correct
Half slab 2
A/2 options from those given below.
A/2 The potential difference (V ) across a
r2 ε2
source in a circuit is not equal to its
emf ( ε). This is due to the reason A B
114. The current flowing through each of the two half
that every source of electric energy I r1 ε1
slabs is
has some internal resistance (r ).
(a) I / 2 (b) I (c) I / 4 (d) 3 / 4 I
Further, ε, V and r are related to each other as
115. The potential difference across the ends of a half slab is V = ε − Ir. A single battery shown in figure, consists of
(a) V (b) V / 2 (c) V / 4 (d)
3
V two cells of emf’s ε1 and ε 2 and internal resistances r1
4 and r2 , respectively in series.
116. The resistance of each of the half slab, R1 is (given 122. The current in the internal circuit is
ε 2 − ε1
resistance of full slab= R) (a) zero (b)
(a) R (b) R / 2 r1 + r2
(c) R / 4 (d) 2R ε1 + ε 2 ε1 − ε 2
(c) (d)
r1 + r2 r1 + r2
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 117-121) These questions are
based on the following figure. Choose the correct 123. The equivalent emf of the battery is
options from those given below. (a) ( ε1 + ε 2 ) (b) ( ε1 − ε 2 )
R ( ε1 r2 − ε 2 r1 )
C
I I
D (c) ( ε 2 − ε1 ) (d)
I P N I
r1 + r2

124. For the terminal A to be positive

A B (a) ε1 > ε 2 (b) ε 2 > ε1 (c) ε1 r1 = ε 2 r2 (d) ε1 r2 > ε 2 r1
Electrolyte
125. The internal resistance of the battery is
( r1 + r2 )
117. When R is infinite, then potential difference V (a) ( r1 + r2 ) (b)
between P and N is r1 r2
(a) ε (b) 2ε (c)
r1 r2
(d)
r2
(c) ε/ 2 (d) ε/ 4 ( r1 + r2 ) ( r1 + r2 )
V. More than One Option Correct 129. Two bulbs consume same energy when operated at
200 V and 300 V, respectively, when these bulbs are
126. Ohm’s law is not true
connected in series across a DC source of 500 V, then
(a) for metallic conductors at low temperature
(a) ratio of potential difference across them is 3/2
(b) for metallic conductors at high temperature
(b) ratio of potential difference across them is 4/9
(c) for electrolytes when current passes through them
(c) ratio of power produced in them is 4/9
(d) for diode when current flow
(d) ratio of power produced in them is 2/3
127. Temperature dependence of resistivity ρ (T ) of
semiconductor insulators and metals is significantly 130. In the circuit shown in figure
based on the following factors. A

Ω
4
(a) Number of charge carries can change with temperatureT.
(b) Time interval between two successive collision which
depends on T.

Ω
6
B
(c) Length of material can be a function of T.
(d) Mass of carries is a function of T. 2Ω 20 V

128. The resistance of a conductor increases with (a) power supplied by the battery is 200 W
(a) increase in length (b) current flowing in the circuit is 5A
(b) increase in temperature (c) Potential difference across the 4 Ω resistance is equal to
(c) decrease in cross-sectional area the potential difference across the 6 Ω resistance
(d) None of the above (d) current in wire AB is zero

NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions

NCERT 136. A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1 Ω at 27.5 °C and
131. The storage battery of a car has an emf of 12 V. If the a resistance of 2.7 Ω at 100 °C. Determine the
internal resistance of the battery is 0.4 Ω, what is the temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver.
maximum current that can be drawn from the battery? (a) 0.0039/°C (b) 0.02/°C (c) 0.05/°C (d) 0.06/°C
(a) 10 A (b) 20 A (c) 30 A (d) 40 A 137. A heating element using nichrome connected to a
132. A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3 Ω is 230 V supply draws an initial current of 3.2 A which
connected to a resistor. If the current in the circuit is settles after a few seconds to a steady value of 2.8 A.
0.5 A, what is the resistance of the resistor? What is the steady temperature of the heating element,
(a) 10 Ω (b) 17 Ω (c) 15 Ω (d) None of these if the room temperature is 27.0°C? Temperature
133. Three resistors 2 Ω, 4 Ω and 5 Ω are combined in
coefficient of resistance of nichrome averaged over
parallel. If the combination is connected to a battery the temperature range involved is 1.70 × 10 − 4 °C −1 .
of emf 20 V and negligible internal resistance, (a) 676°C (b) 876°C (c) 867°C (d) 500°C
determine the total current drawn from the battery. 138. Determine the current in drawn from source.
(a) 19 A (b) 29 A (c) 13 A (d) 23 A B
134. At room temperature (27.0°C) the resistance of a 10 Ω 5Ω
heating element is 100 Ω. What is the temperature of
the element, if the resistance is found to be117 Ω, given A C
5Ω
that the temperature coefficient of the material of the
. × 10 − 4 /°C.
resistor is 170
5Ω
(a) 1000°C (b) 1027°C (c) 2027°C (d) 3027°C 10 Ω
D
135. A negligible small current is passed through a wire of
length 15 m and uniform cross-section 60 . × 10 − 7 m 2
10 Ω
and its resistance is measured to be 5.0 Ω. What is the 10 V
resistivity of the material at the temperature of the 4 10
(a) A (b) A
experiment? 17 17
(a) 2 × 10−9 Ωm (b) 3 × 10−9 Ωm (c)
6
A (d)
5
A
(c) 2 × 10−7 Ωm (d) 4 × 10−7 Ωm 17 17
139. In a meter bridge, the balance point is found to be at 145. Figure shows a 2.0 V potentiometer used for the
39.5 cm from the end A, when the resistor Y is of determination of internal resistance of a 1.5 V cell.
. Ω. Determine the balance point of the bridge
125 The balance point of the cell in open-circuit is
above, if X and Y are interchanged. 76.3 cm. When a resistor of 9.5 Ω is used in the
(a) 39.5 cm (b) 12.5 cm external circuit of the cell, the balance point shifts to
(c) 60.5 cm (d) None of these 64.8 cm length of the potentiometer wire.
140. A storage battery of emf 8.0 V and internal resistance Determine the internal resistance of the cell.
0.5 Ω is being charged by a 120 V DC supply using a 2.0 V
series resistor of 15.5 Ω. What is the terminal voltage
of the battery during charging?
(a) 10 V (b) 11.5 V A B
(c) 7 V (d) 16 V 1.5 V G
G
141. In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V
gives a balance point at 35.0 cm length of the wire. If the 9.5 Ω
cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point
shifts to 63.0 cm, what is the emf of the second cell? (a) 3 Ω (b) 1.68 Ω (c) 4.5 Ω (d) 3.6 Ω
(a) 2.25 V (b) 3.25 V
(c) 4.5 V (d) 6 V NCERT Exemplar
142. The number density of free electrons in a copper 146. Consider a current carrying wire (current I) in the
conductor estimated at 8.5 ×10 28 m − 3 . How long does shape of a circle.
an electron take to drift from one end of a wire 3.0 m (a) Source of emf
long to its other end? The area of cross-section of the (b) Electric field produced by charges accumulated on the
. × 10 − 6 m 2 and it is carrying a current of 3.0 A.
wire is 20 surface of wire
(a) 6 h 33 min (b) 7 h 33 min (c) The charges just behind a given segment of wire which
push them just the right way by repulsion
(c) 6 h (d) 5 h 20 min
(d) The charges ahead
143. Determine the current drawn from a 12 V supply with
147. Two batteries of emfs ε 1 and ε 2 (ε 2 >ε 1 ) and internal
internal resistance 0.5 Ω by the infinite network resistances r1 and r2 respectively are connected in
shown in given figure. Each resistor has 1 Ω parallel as shown in figure.
resistance.
ε1 r1
1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω

A B
1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1 Ω (12 V, r2
0.5 Ω) ε2

(a) The equivalent emf εeq of the two cells is between ε1 and
1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω 1Ω ε 2 , i.e., ε1 < εeq < ε 2
(a) 3A (b) 2.7A (b) The equivalent emf εeq is smaller than ε1
(c) 3.7A (d) 4.2A (c) The εeq is given by εeq = ε1 + ε 2 always
144. Figure shows a potentiometer (d) εeq is independent of internal resistances r1 and r2
circuit for comparison of two 148. A resistance R is to be measured using a meter bridge,
A B
resistances. The balance point student chooses the standard resistance S to be 100 Ω.
with a standard resistor G He finds the null point at l1 = 29
. cm. He is told to
R
R =10.0 Ω is found to be attempt to improve the accuracy.
58.3 cm, while that with the X
Which of the following is a useful way?
unknown resistance X is e
(a) He should measure I1 more accurately
68.5 cm. Determine the value
(b) He should change S to1000 Ω and repeat the experiment
of X.
(c) He should change S to 3 Ω and repeat the experiment
(a) 9.5 Ω (b) 10.5 Ω
(c) 11.75 Ω (d) 13 Ω (d) He should given up hope of a more accurate measurement
with a meter bridge
149. Two cells of emfs approximately 5 V and 10 V are to (b) Current through R′ is nearly a constant as R′ is varied
be accurately compared using a potentiometer of (c) Current I depends sensitively on R'
length 400 cm. V
(d) I ≥ always
(a) The battery that runs the potentiometer should have r+ R
voltage of 8 V 154. The measurement of an unknown resistance R is to be
(b) The battery of potentiometer can have a voltage of 15 V carried out using Wheatstone bridge as given in the
and R adjusted so that the potential drop across the wire figure. Two students perform an experiment in two
slightly exceeds 10 V ways. The first students takes R 2 =10 Ω and R1 = 5 Ω.
(c) The first portion of 50 cm of wire itself should have a The other student takes R 2 =1000 Ω and R1 = 500 Ω.
potential drop of 10 V In the standard arm, both take R 3 = 5 Ω.
(d) Potentiometer is usually used for comparing resistances R
and not voltages
Both find R = 2 × R 3 = 10 Ω within errors.
R1
150. A metal rod of length 10 cm and a rectangular B
1 I4
cross-section of 1cm × cm is connected to a battery Unknown
2 R2
R4
I2
across opposite faces. The resistance will be C
A G
(a) Maximum when the battery is connected across I1 R3
1 R1
1 cm × cm faces Standard
2 I3 arm
(b) Maximum when the battery is connected across D
10 cm × 1 cm faces ε
(c) Maximum when the battery is connected across
1 (a) The errors of measurement of the two students are the same
10 cm × /cm faces
2 (b) Errors of measurement do depend on the accuracy with
(d) Same irrespective of the three faces which R2 and R1 can be measured
151. Which of the following characteristics of electrons (c) If the student uses large values of R2 and R1 the currents
through the arms will be feeble. This will make
determines the current in a conductor? determination of null point accurately more difficult
(a) Drift velocity alone (d) Wheatstone bridge is a very accurate instrument and has
(b) Thermal velocity alone no errors of measurement
(c) Both drift velocity and thermal velocity
(d) Neither drift nor thermal velocity 155. In a meter bridge, the point D is a neutral point (figure).
R S
152. Kirchhoff’s junction rule is a reflection of B
(a) conservation of current density vector
(b) conservation of charge A l1 C
G 100 – l1
(c) the fact that the momentum with which a charged D
particle approaches a junction is unchanged (as a
vector) as the charged particle leaves the junction
(d) the fact that there is no accumulation of charges at a
junction
153. Consider a simple circuit shown in figure stands for a
variable resistance R ′ . R ′ can vary from R to infinity. (a) The meter bridge can have no other neutral. A point for
r is internal resistance of the battery (r << R′ << R). this set of resistances
(b) When the jockey contacts a point on meter wire left of
D, current flows to B from the wire
R′
(c) When the jockey contacts a point on the meter wire to
R the right of D, current flows from B to the wire through
A B galvanometer
I (d) When R is increased, the neutral point shifts to left
V r

(a) Potential drop across AB is nearly constant as R′ is varied

 Answers
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b)
16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24 (d) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (c) 41. (a) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (a)
46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (d) 51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (a) 56. (a) 57. (b) 58. (d) 59. (b) 60. (a)
61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (c) 64. (d) 65. (d) 66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (c) 71. (b) 72. (d) 73. (a) 74. (c) 75. (b)
76. (b) 77. (a) 78. (b) 79. (b) 80. (d) 81. (b) 82. (b) 83. (a) 84. (c) 85. (b) 86. (c) 87. (a) 88. (c) 89. (a) 90. (c)
91. (a) 92. (b) 93. (a) 94. (a) 95. (d) 96. (b) 97. (a) 98. (c) 99. (a) 100. (b) 101. (d) 102. (b) 103. (b) 104. (d) 105. (b)
106. (a) 107. (c) 108. (a) 109. (a) 110. (b) 111. (c) 112. (c) 113. (d) 114. (a) 115. (a) 116. (d) 117. (a) 118. (b) 119. (b) 120. (a)
121. (d) 122. (c) 123. (d) 124. (d) 125. (a) 126. (a, 127. (a,b) 128. (a,b, 129. (b,c) 130. (a,c) 131. (c) 132. (b) 133. (a) 134. (b) 135. (c)
d) c)
136. (a) 137. (c) 138. (b) 139. (c) 140. (b) 141. (a) 142. (b) 143. (c) 144. (c) 145. (b) 146. (b) 147. (a) 148. (c) 149. (b) 150. (a)
151. (a) 152. (b, 153. (a, 154. (b, 155. (a,
d) d) c) c)

Hints and Explanations

1. (b) Given, number of electrons, N = 20000000 = 2 × 107 .  ∆Q 
Current from A to B, i1 = 100 × 3 e = 300 e i = 
 ∆t 
Total charge on twenty million electrons is
Current from B to A, i2 = 50 × 3 e = 150 e
q = Ne (Q e = 1.6 × 10−19 C) Net current, i = 300 e − 150 e = 150 e towards right
= 2 × 107 × 1.6 × 10−19 C i = 150 × 1.6 × 10−19 = 2.4 × 10−17 A fromA to B
= 3.2 × 10−12 C 2πr
6. (c) Time period of revolution, T =
Now time taken by twenty million electrons to pass from v
point X to point Y is t = 2µs = 2 × 10−6 s 2 × 3.14 × (5.0 × 10−11 m)
=
q 3.2 × 10−12 2.2 × 106 ms −1
I= = . × 10−6 A
= 16
t 2 × 10−6 = 14.27 × 10−17 s
Since, the direction of the current is always opposite to the Charge e 1.6 × 10−19 C
Equivalent current = = =
direction of flow of electrons. Therefore due to flow of Time T 14.27 × 10−17 s
electrons from point X to point Y the current will flow from
point Y to point X. = 0.112 × 10−2 A = 1.12 × 10−3 A

2. (a) In some materials like wooden piece and other insulators 7. (c) An α-particle has a charge equal to 2 protons. Motion of
the electrons are bound, i. e. , they will not accelerate even, if α-particle to the left, motion of proton towards left and motion
an electric field is applied. In other materials, notably metals, of electrons towards right, all will produce conventional
some of the electrons are practically free to move within the current towards left. The total current will be
bulk material. These materials, generally called conductors, i = 1019 × (2 × 1.6 × 10−19 ) + 1019 × (1.6 × 10−19 ) + 1019
develop electric currents in them when an electric field is × (1.6 × 10−19 ) = 6.4 A
applied.
e e ev  2πr
3. (b) In electrolyte charge carriers are +ve and –ve ions. 8. (d) As, current i = = = Q velocity, v = 
t 2πr / v 2πr  t 
4. (b) dq = i dt = ( 4 + 2t ) dt Here, velocity v = e2 / h
6
⇒ q= ∫ 2 ( 4 + 2 t ) dt = [ 4 t + t and radius of circular orbit
2 6
]2
i. e., r = h 2 / me2
= 4 × 6 + 62 − ( 4 × 2 + 22 ) = 60 − 12 = 48 C
e ( e2 / h ) e3 × me2
5. (b) Let mid-point be C as shown
∴ i= =
2π ( h / me )
2 2
2π h 3
100
me5 4 π 2 me5  h
. . .B = = Q h = 
A.
2π h 3
h3  2π 
50
 dQ d
9. (c) Current i = = ( 5 t 2 + 3 t + 1) = 10 t + 3 15. (b) Both plates have same thickness, let thickness is d.
dt dt
t = 5 s ⇒ i = 10 × 5 + 3 = 53A R S
10. (c) In that case, there will be a steady electric field in the
body of the conductor. This will result in a continuous ρl ρ2l
current rather than a current for a short period of time. RR = and RS =
ld 2ld
Mechanisms, which maintain a steady electric field are cells RR
or batteries. ∴ =1
RS
Iρl  l
11. (b) Ohm’s law, V = I × R = Q R = ρ 
A  A 16. (b) Let the length of various edges in increasing order be
l , x, 2l, respectively. ( R = δl / A )
Current per unit area (taken normal to the current), I / A is
ρ2l 2ρ
called current density and is denoted by J . R max = =
I xl x
Area (A), current density, J = ρl ρ x
A R min = =
2lx 2x l
ρ
R max 2
∴ = =4
R min 1 / 2
17. (d) R = ρl/ A = 10 Ω
The SI unit of the current density is Am−2 .
New length, l1 = l + l / 10 = 11l / 10
12. (a) Surface area of earth, A = 4 πr2 10 A
∴ New area, A 1 = Al / l1 =
Charge entering the earth per second per unit area 11
Current density ∴ New resistance, R1 = ρl1 / A 1 = ρ (11l / 10 ) / (10/ 11) A
121 ρl 121
J = 0.15 × 1.6 × 10−19 cm−2 s −1 = = × 10 = 12.1 Ω
100 A 100
= 0.15 × 1.6 × 10−19 × 104 m−2 s −1 ρl
18. (b) As, resistance ( R ) = .
∴ Current, i = JA = J 4 πr2 A
= 0.15 × 1.6 × 10−19 ×104 × 4 × 3.14 × (6.4 × 106 )2 ρ( 4 a ) 2ρ
So, R1 = =
= 0.12 A ( 2a )( a ) a
ρ( a ) ρ
13. (c) On stretching, volume (V ) remains constant. ⇒ R3 = =
( 4 a ) ( 2a ) 8 a
So, V = Al or l = V / A
ρ( 2a ) ρ
ρl ρV ρV 16ρV and R2 = =
Now, R= = 2 = 2 4 = 2 4 ( 4 a ) a 2a
A A π D / 16 π D
∴ R1 > R2 > R3
Taking logarithm of both the side and differentiating it, we get
∆R ∆D ∆R 19. (d) Consider a concentric spherical shell of radius x and
= −4 or = − 4 × ( − 0.25 ) = 1.0% thickness dx as showing in figure. Its resistance, dR is
R D R
ρ dx
Resistance will increase. dR =
4 π x2
25 5l
14. (c) Given, l1 = l + l= .
100 4
Since, volume of wire remains unchanged on increasing
length, hence a x
 A1 l1 = Al  dx
 5l  or A = 4 A / 5 b
 A1 × = Al 1
 4 
Given, R = ρl/ A = 10Ω
∴ Total resistance,
ρl ρ5l / 4 25ρl
and R1 = 1 = = b
R = ∫ dR
A 1 4 A / 5 16 A a
ρ b dx ρ  1 1
∫
25 250 ⇒ R= =
∴ R1 = × 10 = = 15.6 Ω  − 
16 16 4π xa 2
4π  a b
20. (b) Electrons are random motion in absence of E. We get, R1 = 8 and R2 = 4
12 l1 12 l2 l1 1
1 N
Again, R1 = and R2 = , then =
then
N
∑ vi = 0 l1 + l2 l1 + l2 l2 2
i=1
28. (c) As electron number density in solid conductor is
21. (a) As electron has negative charge it moves opposite to enormous ~1029 m−3 .
direction of E and J . E have same direction J =σE, here σ is
positive scalar. 29. (a) Current density, J = σ E
1 1 1
E where, σ = conductivity = = =
J resistivity ρ 1.7 × 10−8 Ω m
— e
1 100
⇒ J = −8
× 100 = × 109 = 6 × 109 Am−2
eE e V  1.7 × 10 17
22. (a) vd = τ = τ   or vd ∝ V
m m  l 30. (c) As we know, drift velocity.
I 20
Therefore, drift velocity is doubled, when V is doubled. vd = = = 1.25 × 10−3 ms −1
∆V 100 nAe 1029 × 10−6 × 1.6 × 10−19
23. (a) Electric field = = = 100 Vm−1
l 1 V iR iρl iρ 1 × 1.7 × 10−8
31. (c) E = = = = =
n = 8.5 × 1028 m−3 l l Al A 2 × 10−6
I I = 8.5 × 10−3 Vm−1
vd = , J = σ E, J = (given)
neA A 32. (b) The circuit arrangement shown in Fig. (b) is the correct
σ 5.81 × 107 × 100 arrangement for verification of Ohm’s law. For
∴ vd = E=
en 1.6 × 10−19 × 8.5 × 1028 convenience the same figure has been redrawn here. In the
figure, R is the resistance, for which Ohm’s law is to be
= 0.43 ms −1
verified. Voltmeter V is connected to its parallel and
1 I
24. (d) As I = neAvd , vd ∝ , J = σE or = σE, ammeter, cell and Rheostat arrangement in the series.
A A +
1 A –
i. e., E∝ +
A +
R V –
Thus, vd and E depend on A (cross-sectional area). Only I is –
constant.
25. (d) I = n e A vd
33. (d)
I I I
or vd = or vd ∝
neA A B
R
v ′ d I ′ / A ′ 2I / 2 A
∴ = = =1
vd I/A I/A
26. (b) Here, density of copper (ρ) = 9 × 103 kgm−3 ,
40°
Avogadro’s number ( N ) = 6.023 × 1023 . A V
−3 According to Ohm’s law, we get
Atomic mass of copper ( m ) = 63.5 g = 63.5 × 10 kg
V
Number of free electrons per unit volume, Current I = . So, slope AB
R
N 6.023 × 1023 I 1 V V
n= ρ= × 9 × 103 i. e., tan 40° = ⇒ = ⇒ cot 40° =
m 63.5 × 10−3 V tan 40° I I
Drift velocity i. e.,  V
1.5 × 63.5 × 10−3 Qslope of AB i. e., R = 
vd =
i
=  I
nAe 6.023 × 1023 × 9 × 103 × 10−7 × 1.6 × 10−19
34. (d) Ri = 2.1 Ω, R f = 2.7 Ω,
= 1.1 × 10−3 ms −1
∆R = 2.7 − 2.1 = 0.6 Ω ,
27. (d) We know that, R ∝ l
∆T = 100° C − 27.5° C = 72.5° C
R1 + R2 = 12 Ω As, ∆R = α R i ∆T
R1 × R2 8 ∆R 0.6 Ω
= Ω ∴ α= = = 0.0039 / ° C
R1 + R2 3 Ri ∆T (2.1 Ω ) (72.5° C)
R1 R2 = 32 Ω
35. (c) As we know Cu is conductor, so with increase in 42. (d) As, R ′ = n 2 R = 22 × 4 = 4 × 4 = 16 Ω
temperature, resistance will increase. Then, Si is
semiconductor, so with increase in temperature, resistance 43. (c) LetV be the safe voltage applied across the resistance of
will decreases. 98 Ω.
V2
36. (b) If charges moved without collisions through the Then, P=
conductor, their kinetic energy would also change so that the R
total energy is unchanged. Conservation of total energy ⇒ V = PR = 0.5 × 98 = 49
would then imply that,
⇒ V = 7V
∆K = − ∆U pot i.e., ∆K = I V∆t > 0
At voltage more than 7V excessive heat produced may burn
37. (d) Here, R20 ,= 20 Ω, R500 = 60 Ω, R t = 25Ω the resistor.
Q R t = R0 (1 + α t ) V 2 ( 230 )2
44. (c) R = = = 529 Ω
where, α is the temperature coefficient of resistance. P 100
⇒ 20 = R0 (1 + α × 20 ) …(i) When the voltage drops to 115 V, heat and light energy
⇒ 60 = R0 (1 + α × 500 ) …(ii) produced by the bulb in 20 min is given by
V2 (115 )2
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get W = t= × 20 × 60 = 30000 J
2 1 R 529
⇒ α= = ° C−1
440 220 P 100
45. (a) P = Vi ⇒ i = = = 0.5 A
 1  V 200
⇒ 20 = R0 1 + × 20 …(iii)
 220  Charge passing through the lamp in 1s
 1  q = i × t = 0.5 × 1 = 0.5 C (Qt = 1s)
⇒ 25 = R0 1 + × t …(iv)
 220  Therefore, number of electrons moving through the filament
per second
On dividing Eq. (iv) by Eq. (iii), we get
0.5
 1  N = q/ e = = 3.125 × 1018
1 + × t 1.6 × 10−19
25  220 
=
20  1  46. (b) Effective resistance,
1 + × 20
 220  40 × 120 4800
Reff = = = 30 Ω
∴ t = 80° C 120 + 40 160
7 7  E 
38. (c) First significant figure (green → 5 ) = 5 ∴ Current, I = = = 0.2 A Q I = 
( 30 + 5 ) 35  R + r
Second significant figure (blue → 6 ) = 6
Number of zeroes to be attached (brown → 1) = 1 47. (c) ε = 50 Vand I = 12 A
Silver → 10% tolerance P = ε I = (50V) (12A) = 600 W
⇒ 56 × 101 Ω = 560 Ω ± 10% Since, the efficiency of the motor is 30%.
R = 56 × 10 ± 10% = 560 + 10% Power dissipated as heat in the motor windings
= (100% − 30%) = 70%
39. (b) Value of given resistance 4.7 × 106 Ω ± 5%
Total power dissipated as heat in the windings
⇒ 4 7 × 105 Ω ± 5%  70 
↓ ↓ =  × 600 = 420 W
↓ ↓  100
Yellow Violet Green Gold
If R is the resistance of the winding of the motor, total
40. (c) First significant figure = 6, second significant figure = 0,
power dissipated as heat = I 2 R
number of zeroes to be attached = 4
I 2 R = 420 W
Thus, R = 60 × 104 Ω. (blue : 6, black : 0, yellow :4)
420 W
V 30V ⇒ R= = 2.9 Ω
As,V = 30 V, I = = = 0.5 × 10−4 A (12 A)2
R 60 × 104 Ω
48. (a) Resistance in the branch ADC,
41. (a) Slope 2 > Slope1
R1 = 3 Ω + 7 Ω = 10 Ω
1 1
> Since, arms ADC (10Ω ) and AC (10 Ω ) are in parallel their
R2 R1 10 × 10
equivalent resistance, R2 = Ω =5 Ω
R1 > R2 10 + 10
T1 > T2
 Since, R2 is in series with 9Ω in arm AB, equivalent (iii) Equivalent circuit when the equivalent resistance is
resistance, R3 = 5 Ω + 9 Ω = 14 Ω. calculated between points P and R
As R3 is in parallel with 5Ω in arm BC, equivalent Q
resistance between B and C,
14 × 5 70
i. e., RBC = = Ω P R
14 + 5 19
49. (c) In stretching 4 times R becomes 4 2 time .
R 16 r  r
R′ = = =4 × r + 
4 4 3  2 3
RPR = = r
R ′′ = 4 2 × 4 = 64 r r 11
+ r+
1 1 1 1 1 4 3 2
Each part has = + + + =
Req 64 64 64 64 64 52. (a) Two resistances of each side of triangle are connected in
Req = 16 Ω parallel. Therefore, the effective resistance of each arm of
r×r
50. (d) The resistance AB , BC and CD in series. The total the triangle would be = r / 2.
r+ r
resistance is
The two arms AB and AC are in series and they together are
R1 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 Ω in parallel with third one.
The resistance AE , EF and FD in series. ∴ R ′ = ( r/ 2 ) + ( r/ 2 ) = r
The total resistance is R2 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 Ω
1 1 2 3
Q The resistance BE and CF are ineffective, as no current Total resistance = + = ⇒ R = r / 3.
R r r r
flow through them by symmetry of circuit.
R1 R2 3
Since, R1 and R2 are in parallel. 53. (d) RP = = and R1 = 3 Ω, then
6× 6 R1 + R2 5
∴ The total resistance, R = = 3Ω
6+ 6 3 × R2 3
= ⇒ 15 R2 = 9 + 3 R2 ⇒ 12 R2 = 9
3 3 + R2 5
The current in the circuit, I = V / R = = 1.0 A
3 3
∴ R2 = Ω
51. (a) 4
(i) Equivalent circuit when the equivalent resistance is 54. (c) For the same length and same material
calculated between points P and Q. R2 A1 3
= = or R2 = 3 R1
R R1 A2 1
1 ≡ thick, 2 ≡ thin
P Q
The resistance of thick wire R1 = 10 Ω
r The resistance of thin wire = 3 R1 = 3 × 10 = 30 Ω
Total resistance = 10 + 30 = 40Ω
 r r
r×  +  55. (a)Effective resistance of n resistance each of the resistance r
 3 2 5
RPQ = = r in series Rs = r × n = R, so r = R / n
r r 11
r+ + When these resistance are connected in parallel, the effective
3 2 R/n
(ii) Equivalent circuit when the equivalent resistance is resistance R p = r / n = = R / n2.
n
calculated between points Q and R.
56. (a) Given, resistance 10Ω and 2.5 Ω are in parallel,
P
⇒ R1 = 2 Ω
Now, 2 Ω and 10 Ω are in series
Q R
R2 = 10 + 2 = 12 Ω
R2 and 12 Ω are in parallel
1 1 1
= +
r  r R3 12 12
× r + 
2  3 4 r ⇒ R3 = 6 Ω
RQR = =
r r 11
+ r+ Now, R3 and 10 Ω are in series R4 = 10 + 6 = 16 Ω
2 3
 Now, R4 and 16 Ω are in parallel ε1 ε2 εeq
61. (c) I
1 1 1 16
∴ = + ⇒ R= = 8Ω A
r1
B
r2
C A I req C
R 16 16 2
Net equivalent resistance across the points A and B is 8 Ω. V AC = V ( A ) − V (C ) = [V ( A ) − V ( B )] + [V ( B ) − V (C )]
57. (b) Equivalent circuit of this combination of resistance is as = ε 1 − I r1 + ε 2 − I r2
shown in figure. The effective resistance of arm = ( ε1 + ε 2 ) − I ( r1 + r2 ) = ε eq − Ireq
4×4 4×4 62. (a) ε1
EG = + = 2 + 2= 4 Ω
4+4 4+4
I
I1
r1
I1
εeq I
4Ω
A B A B1
I2
ε2 B2 C A I req C
I2
4Ω 4Ω
r2
E G I = I1 + I 2
ε −V ε −V
4Ω 4Ω I1 = 2 ⇒ I2 = 2
r1 r2
D C
4Ω Combining the last three equations
Total resistance between A and B will be ε1 − V ε 2 − V
I = I1 + I 2 = +
1 1 1 1 3 r1 r2
= + + =
R 4 4 4 4 ε ε   1 1
4 =  1 + 2 −V  + 
∴ R= Ω  r1 r2   r1 r2 
3
ε1 r2 + ε 2 r1 rr
58. (d) The resistances are connected in parallel hence, voltage Hence,V is given by, V = −I 12
r1 + r2 r1 + r2
will remain constant.
If we want to replace the combination by a single cell,
V 2t 1 between B1 and B2 of emf ε eq and internal resistance req , we
Energy developed, E = ⇒ E∝
R R would have V = ε eq − I req
E1 R2 2R 2
∴ = = = 63. (c) If an identical battery is connected in opposition net emf
E2 R1 R 1 = E − E = 0 and the current through circuit will be zero,
E although each one of them has constant emf.
59. (b) As, I = or E = I ( R + r )
R+r E E 2R
64. (d) i = ⇒ P = i2R ⇒ P =
2.1 = 0.2(10 + r ) r+ R ( r + R )2
10 + r =
2.1
× 10 Power is maximum, when r = R
2 E2 E2
∴ Pmax = or Pmax =
∴ r = 10.5 − 10 = 0.5 Ω 4R 4r
60. (a) 66. (c) A fully charged capacitor draws no current. Therefore, no
i E
current flows in arm GHF. So, the R of arm HF is ineffective.
r = 0.1 Ω The total resistance of the resistors in circuit is
V = E – ir (R + R ) × R (2 + 2) × 2 10
R′ = +R= + 2= Ω
R = 3.9 Ω (R + R ) + R (2 + 2) + 2 3
E 10
∴ V = E − ir Total current, i = = = 3A
R′ (10/ 3 )
where, r is the internal resistance.
In parallel circuit, the current divides in the inverse ratio of
E
Also, current i = resistance, so current in arm ABGD = 1 A and current in arm
R+r AD = 2 A. Potential difference between G and D
 E  = VG − VD = 1 × 2 = 2 V
⇒ V =E− r
 R + r Potential difference between D and F
Putting numerical values, we have = VD − VF = 3 × 2 = 6V
E = 2 V, r = 0.1 Ω, R = 3.9 Ω ∴ VG − VF = (VG − VD ) + (VD − VF ) = 2 + 6 = 8 V
 2  Potential difference across capacitor = VG − VF = 8 V
⇒ V = 2−   × 0.1 ⇒V = 1.95 V
 3.9 + 0.1
67. (b) Here, the resistance of 400 Ω and 10000 Ω are in V A − VD VD − VB VD − VC
= +
parallel, their effective resistance R p will be 10 20 30
400 × 10000 5000 VD VD − 10
Rp = = Ω ⇒ 70 − VD = + ⇒ VD = 40 V
400 + 10000 13 2 3
A
5000 15400
Total resistance of circuit = + 800 = Ω i1
13 13
6 39 10 Ω
Current in the circuit, i = =
15400/ 13 7700 D
i3 i2
Potential different across voltmeter 30 Ω 20 Ω
39 5000
i. e., V = iR p = × = 1.95 V
7700 13 C B
10 V 0V
68. (a) mn = 20 70 − 40
i1 = = 3 A,
For maximum current R = nr / m …(i) 10
⇒ 2.5 = n × 0.5/ m or n = 5 m 40 − 0 40 − 10
i2 = = 2A and i3 = = 1A
From Eq. (i), m × 5m = 20, or m2 = 4 20 30
⇒ m = 2 , therefore n = 5 × 2 = 10 73. (a) In a closed loop, say, ABCC ′ EA and apply Kirchhoff’s
69. (b) According to Kirchhoff’s first law, I
second rule, − IR −   R − IR + ε = 0
(5A) + (4A) + ( −3A) + ( −5A) + I = 0 ⇒ I = − 1 A  2
3I
4A D′ I
C′
I/2
x I
I/2
5A 3A A′ I
B′
I I/2 I/2
5A
I C
D I/2
70. (c) Loop Rule The algebraic sum of changes in potential I/2
around any closed loop involving resistors and cells in the A
3I I B E
loop is zero. This rule is also obvious, since, electric
3I
potential is dependent on the location of the point. Thus,
starting with any point, if we come back to the same point, the where, R is the resistance of each edge and ε the emf of battery.
total change must be zero. In a closed loop, we do come back 5
to the starting point and hence the rule. ΣIr = ΣV Thus, ε = IR
2
71. (b) Given that, the resultant voltage across the battery The equivalent resistance Req of the network is
terminal = 1.5 V
1.2 V, 0.2 Ω ε 5
Req = = R
3I 6
The effective resistance between two diagonally opposite
A B ends = 5 R / 6.
VAB = 1.5 V
74. (c) LetV be the potential at C.
E, 0.4 Ω 10 V i1 C i2 5V
• • •
For circuit having two cells of emf E and E2 with internal 4Ω i3 2Ω
resistance of r1 and r2 in parallel the equivalent emf of 2Ω
battery is given by
1.2 E • S
+
E1 / r1 + E2 / r2 0.2 0.4
E= = = 1.5
1/ r1 + 1/ r2 1
+
1
0.2 0.4 Using Kirchhoff’s first law, i1 + i2 = i3
Solving we get E = 2.1 V 10 − V 5 − V V − 0
+ =
72. (d) Applying Kirchhoff’s law at point D, we get 4 2 2
i1 = i2 + i3 On solving,V = 4 V, i3 = V / 2 = 4 / 2 = 2A
75. (b) The distribution of current as shown in figure. As per Solving we get
question, i1 = 0.1 A , i2 = 0.23 A
A 2Ω B 2Ω C 1Ω D V A – VB = 90 × 0.1 = 9 V
i i – i1 V A – VC = 40 × 0.23 = 9.2 ⇒ VB – VC = + 0.2 V
4Ω 2Ω 1Ω 80. (d) P
RΩ RΩ
i1/2 i1/2
G F E A RΩ B
i1 O S
= 1 or i1 = 2A RΩ RΩ
2
In a closed circuit BCFGB, Q
i
2i1 + 2 × 1 − 4 ( i − i1 ) = 0 ⇒ 4 + 2 = 4 ( i − 2 ) 2R × 2R
∴ Equivalent resistance = = RΩ
2 2R + 2R
3 7
⇒ + 2= i ⇒ =i 81. (b) Considering the mesh BADB, we have
2 2
Again in the closed circuit ABGFB B
I 1 –I g
2i + 4 ( i − i1 ) = E ⇒ E = 13 V 100 Ω
Ig 10 Ω
76. (b) In meter bridge balanced wheatstone bridge is used to I1
determine unknown resistance. A 1Ω C
I2
77. (a) Since, resistance connected in arms CE , ED , CF and FD 5Ω
R1
will form a balanced wheatstone bridge, therefore the 60 Ω
resistance of arm EF becomes ineffective. Now, resistance I I2 I 2 +I g
of arm CED or CFD = 2 + 2 = 4 Ω. D
4×4 ε
Effective resistance of these two parallel arm = = 2Ω
4+4 10 V
Now, resistance of arm ACDB = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 Ω , is in 100 I1 + 15 I g − 60 I 2 = 0
parallel with resistance arm AB = 2 Ω. Thus, effective ⇒ 20 I1 + 3 I g − 12 I 2 = 0 …(i)
6× 2 3
resistance between A and B = = Ω. Considering the mesh BCDB, we have
6+ 2 2
10 ( I1 − I g ) − 15 I g − 5 ( I 2 + I g ) = 0
78. (b) For first case,
⇒ 10 I1 − 30 I g − 5I 2 = 0
5 R
= ...(i) ⇒ 2I1 − 6 I g − I 2 = 0 …(ii)
l1 (100 − l1 )
Considering the mesh ADCEA
Now, by shunting resistance R by an equal resistance R, new 60I 2 + 5 ( I 2 + I g ) = 10
resistance in that arm become R / 2
⇒ 65 I 2 + 5I g = 10
5 R/2
So, = ...(ii) ⇒ 13I 2 + I g = 2 …(iii)
1.6 l1 (100 − 1.6 l1 )
On multiplying Eq. (ii) by 10, we get
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
20 I1 − 60 I g − 10I 2 = 0 …(iv)
1.6 (100 − 1.6 l1 )
= ×2 From Eqs. (iv) and (i),
1 100 − l1
63 I g − 2I 2 = 0 ⇒ I 2 = 31.5 I g
⇒ 160 − 1.6 l1 = 200 − 3.2 l2 ⇒ 1.6 l1 = 40
On substituting the value of I 2 into Eq. (iii), we get
400
l1 = = 25 m ⇒ 13 (31.5 I g ) + I g = 2
16
.
410.5 I g = 2 ⇒ I g = 4.87 mA
5 R
From Eq. (i), = ⇒ R = 15 Ω 82. (b) Effective resistance,
25 75
40 × 120 4800
79. (b) Applying Kirchhoff’s law in closed circuits we have four Reff = = = 30 Ω
equation with four unknown quantity like i1 , i2 , ig and r 120 + 40 160
(internal resistance of galvanometer) 7 7  E 
∴ Current, I = = = 0.2A Q I = 
i2 × 90 + 110 ( i1 – ig ) = 4 …(i) ( 30 + 5 ) 35  R + r
i2 × 40 + 60 ( i2 + ig ) = 4 …(ii)
83. (a) In meter bridge for measurement of resistance the known
90 × i1 + ig r – 40i2 = 0 …(iii) and the unknown resistance are interchanged. The error so
ig r + ( ig – i2 )60 – ( i1 – ig )110 = 0 …(iv) removed is end correction.
84. (c) The potentiometer has the advantage that it draws no The total resistance between A and C will be sum of
current from the voltage source being measured. As such it resistance between A and B and B and C, i. e., R1 + R0 / 2.
is unaffected by the internal resistance of the source. So, the current flowing through the potentiometer will be
85. (b) The working of potentiometer is based on the fact that V 2V
I= =
the fall of potential across any portion of the wire is directly R1 + R0 / 2 2R1 + R0
proportional to the length of that portion provided the wire is
of uniform area of cross-section and a constant current is The voltageV1 taken from the potentiometer will be the
flowing through it. product of current I and resistance R1
 2V  2 VR
To shift the balance point on higher length, the potential V1 = IR1 =   × R1 =
gradient of the wire is to be decreased. The same can be  2R1 + R0  R0 + 4 R
obtained by decreasing the current of the main circuit, which
90. (c) For a potentiometer, the internal resistance ( r ) is given by
is possible by increasing the resistance in series of
potentiometer wire. l 
r = R  1 − 1
86. (c) When we measure the emf of a cell by the potentiometer  l2 
then no current flows in the circuit in zero-deflection condition Given, R = 10 Ω, l1 = 75 cm, l2 = 65 cm
i.e., cell is in open circuit. Thus, in this condition the actual
 75 
value of emf of a cell is found. In this way, potentiometer is ∴ r = 10  − 1 = 10 × 0.154 = 1.54 Ω
equivalent to an ideal voltmeter of infinite resistance.  65 
87. (a) In potentiometer experiment, we find internal resistance 91. (a) In case of potentiometer, E1 / E2 = l 1 / l2 . As given that
of a cell, let E be the emf of the cell and V the terminal E1 > E2 , therefore l 1 > l2 . Therefore, the null point for the
potential difference, then cell of emf E2 must be at shortest length than that of cell E1 .
E l1 Thus, the null point on potentiometer wire should shift towards
=
V l2 left of C.
where, l1 and l2 are lengths of potentiometer wire with and 92. (b) Consider a potentiometer wire of length L and a resistance
without short circuited through a resistance. r are connected in series with a battery of emf E0 and a
E R+r E0
So, = [Q E = I ( R + r ) andV = IR] resistance r1 as shown in figure. Current in wire AB =
V R r1 + r
R + r l1 r 110 r1
∴ = or 1 + =
R l2 R 100 E0
r 10 1
or = or r= × 10 = 1 Ω A
l P r
R 100 10 B
L
88. (c) According to question, emf of the cell is directly
proportional to the balancing length E
i.e., E ∝l …(i)
Now, in the first case, cells are connected in series to Ir  E0  r
Potential gradient, x = =
support one another i.e., L  r1 + r L
Net emf = E1 + E2 and produced across E will be given by
From Eq. (i), E1 + E2 = 50 cm (given) …(ii)  E r l
Again cells are connected in series in opposite direction i.e, E = x⋅ l =  0 
 r1 + r L
Net emf = E1 − E2
From Eq. (i), E1 − E2 = 10 …(iii) 93. (a) With increase in temperature, average speed of the
From Eq. (ii) and Eq. (iii), electrons, which acts as the carriers of current, increases
resulting in more frequent collisions. The average time of
E1 + E2 50 E1 5 + 1 6 3
= ⇒ = = = collisions τ, thus decreases with temperature.
E1 − E2 10 E2 5 − 1 4 2
94. (a) Charge carriers do not move with acceleration but with a
89. (a) E R0/2 R0/2 steady drift velocity. This is because of the collisions with
A ions and atoms during transit.
3
95. (d) Bending will not increase the resistance of the
conducting wire. Also drift velocity of electron is
R independent of bending of conductor.
1 1 1 R0 R 96. (b) Increasing the temperature of a conductor, the kinetic
= + ⇒ R1 = energy of free electrons increases.
R1 R ( R0 / 2 ) R0 + 2R
 On account of this, they collide more frequently with percentage about the indicated values. Sometimes, this last
each other (and with the ions of the conductor) and band is absent and that indicates a tolerance of 20%. e.g., If the
consequently their drift velocity decreases. four colours are orange, blue, yellow and gold, the resistance
Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct value is 36 × 104 Ω, with a tolerance value of 5%.
explanation of A. 105. (b)
97. (a) Manganin and constantan have very low temperature 0.4
coefficient resistance.
0.2
98. (c) In electrostatics all charges whether free or bound, are
considered to be at rest. Net charges in motion constitute
an electric current. 50 100 150
Temperature T(K)
99. (a) As we have seen, conductivity arises from mobile Resistivity ρT of copper as
charge carriers. In metals, these mobile charge carriers are a function of temperature T
electrons, with fixed positive ions in background, they are
negative ions and positive charged ions, in an electrolyte. 1.20
1 m
100. (b) Resistivity of a material is given by ρ = = 2
σ ne τ 1.10
ρ thus depends inversely both on the number n of free 1.00
electrons per unit volume and on the average time τ 2 4 6 8
between collisions. For insulators and semiconductors, n Temperature T(K) Temperature dependence of
increases with temperature. This increase more than Resistivity of nichrome as resistivity for a semiconductor
compensates any decrease in τ,so that for such materials, function of absolute temperature
ρ decreases with temperature. E2 (6)2
106. (a) (A → 3) As power delivered, P = , 0.4 = ,
103. (b) (A →2)V ceases to be proportional to I. R+r 60 + r
⇒ r = 30 Ω
( B→ 3) For maximum power dissipated in the circuit
R = r = 30 Ω
V
( C→ 1) Total power supplied by the battery (under condition B)
ε2 ( 6 )2
I i.e., PTotal = = = 0.6 W
R + r 30 + 30
(B → 1) This happens, in a diode. ( D → 5) Maximum power dissipated in R
0.6 W
1.5 I (under condition B) i. e., PR = = 0.3 W
mA 2
107. (c) Current flowing in a circuit
V
(15 V − 10 V)
–2 0.2 I= =1 A
(3Ω + 1 Ω + 1 Ω )
I (A → 3) Potential drop across A
µA
V A = ε − Ir = 15 V − (1 Ω × 1 A ) = 14 V
(C → 3) The relation between V and I is not unique, (B → 5) Potential drop across B
i. e., there is more than one value of V for the same current VB = ε + Ir = 10 V + (1 Ω × 1 A )= 11V
I. A material exhibiting such behaviour is GaAs. (C → 1) Power is supplied by battery A because it is charging
Negative battery B and hence is discharging itself.
Non-linear resistance
region region
(D → 2) Power is consumed by battery B because it is being
Current I (mA)

charged by battery A.
E
108. (a) I =
R+r
Terminal potential difference across the cell is, V = E − Ir
This is maximum if I = 0, and this is possible if R = ∞. Hence,
Voltage V (V)
A → 3.
104. (d) The first two bands from the end indicate the first two Power transferred to R is maximum if R = r. In all other cases,
significant figures. The third band indicates the decimal it will be somewhat less.
multiplier as listed in table. Hence, B → 1, 2, 3, 4
The last band stands for tolerance or possible variation in
 Power dissipated in cell = EI 117. (a) When R is infinite, so that I = V / R = 0, where V is the
This is maximum if I is maximum, for this R = 0. Hence, potential difference between P and N . Equivalent to open
C → 4. circuit hence, PD = emf
Also if I is maximum, there will be the fastest drift of ions in 118. (b) If however, R is finite, I is not zero. In that case the
electrolyte in the cell. Hence, D → 4. potential difference between P and N is
ne2 A V = V+ + V− − Ir = ε − Ir
109. (a) On comparing equations I∆t = τ∆t | E | and I = JA,
m
119. (b) The internal resistance of dry cells, is much higher than
we get exactly Ohm’s law, if we identity the conductivity
the common electrolytic cells.
ne2
as σ = τ. We thus see that a very simple picture of 120. (a) V is the potential difference across R , we have from Ohm’s
m
law
electrical conduction reproduces Ohm’s law. We have, of
V =IR
course, made assumptions that τ and n are constants,
independent of E. Combining equationsV = IR andV = ε − Ir, we get
ε
110. (b) Here, current (I) = 250 × 10−3 A I R = ε − I r or I =
R+r
Time, (t) = 200 ns = 200 × 10−9 s
121. (d) The maximum current that can be drawn from a cell is for
So, charge delivered by the acceleration per pulse
maximum current flows when internal resistance equal to
Q
i.e., I = pulse ⇒ Q pulse = It = ( 250 × 10−3 A ) ( 200 × 10−9 s ) external resistance.
t Net emf ε1 + ε 2
= 5.00 × 10−8 C 122. (c) Net current, I = =
Total resistance r1 + r2
111. (c) Number of electrons delivered per pulse
123. (d) Equivalent emf of battery (ε)
Q pulse 5.00 × 10−8 C
i. e., n= = ε = V A − VB = ε 1 − Ir1
e 1.6 × 10−19 C
 ε + ε2  ( ε1 r2 − ε 2 r1 )
= 3.13 × 10 electron / pulse
11 = ε1 −  1  r1 =
 r1 + r2  ( r1 + r2 )
112. (c) Average current delivered by the acceleration
124. (d) Terminal A is positive,ifV A > VB orV A − VB > 0
Q pulse 5.00 × 10−8 C
I av = = = 12.5 µA or ( ε 1 r2 − ε 2 r1 ) > 0
∆t 4.00 × 10−3 s or ε 1 r2 > ε 2 r1
113. (d) Maximum power delivered by the electron beam 125. (a) Since, r1 and r2 are in series, so resultant resistance is
∆E
P= r = r1 + r2
∆t
127. (a,b) The resistivity of a metallic conductor is given by
(3.13 × 1011 electrons / pulse) (40.0 MeV / electron)
= m
2.00 × 10−7 s / pulse e=
ne2 τ
−13
= (6.26 × 10 MeV/s) (1.6 × 10
19
J / MeV) where, n is number of charge per unit volume which can
= 1.00 × 10 W = 10.0 MW
7 change with temperature T and τ is time interval between
two successive collision which decreases with the increase
114. (a) Imagine dividing the slab into two by cutting it of temperature.
lengthwise so that the slab can be considered as a l
combination of two identical slab of length l, but each 128. (a,b,c) Resistance, R = ρ
having a cross-sectional area of A / 2. A
For a given voltage V across the slab, if I is the current i.e., R ∝ρ ∝T
through the entire slab, then clearly the current flowing i.e., R ∝l
through each of the two half slabs is I/2. 1
R∝
115. (a) Since, the potential difference across the ends of the half A
slab is V i.e., the same as across the full slab. V2
129. (b,c) As, P=
116. (d) Resistance of each of the half slab R1 is R
V2
V V therefore, R= or R ∝ V 2
R1 = = 2 = 2R P
(I / 2) I 2
R1  200 4
where, V/I is taken as R. i.e., =  =
R2  300 9
 When connected in series, potential drop is in the ratio of 17
or t − 27 =
their resistance. So . × 10− 4
100 × 170
V1 R1 4 t = 1000 + 27 = 1027 °C
= = or
V2 R2 9 l
135. (c) Resistance of wire, R = ρ
Now, P = I 2R A
or P ∝R (In series I is the same) RA 5 × 6.0 × 10− 7
P1 R1 4 or ρ= = = 2 × 10− 7 Ω-m
or = = l 15
P2 R2 9
136. (a) Let the temperature coefficient of silver be α.
130. (a,c) 4 Ω and 6 Ω resistor are short-circuited. Therefore, no Rt 2 − Rt 1
current will flow through these resistance. Current passing α=
through the battery is I = ( 20 / 2 ) = 10 A R1 ( t 2 − t1 )
This is also the current passing in wire AB from B to A. R100 − R27. 5 2.7 – 2.1
⇒ α= = ⇒ α = 0.0039/ °C
Power supplied by the battery R27. 5 (100 − 27.5) 2.1 × 72.5
P = EI = ( 20 )(10 ) = 200 W 137. (c) Resistance at 27 °C,
Potential difference across the 4 Ω resistance
V 230 2300
= Potential difference across the 6 Ω resistance. R27 °C = = = Ω
I 27 °C 3.2 32
E
131. (c) Current drawn from the battery, I = V 230 2300
R+r Resistance at t°C, Rt °C = = = Ω
In case of maximum current, R = 0 I t °C 2.8 28
E 12 Temperature of coefficient of resistance
∴ I max = = = 30 A
r 0.4 Rt − R27
α=
E R27 ( t − 27 )
132. (b) I=
R+r 2300 2300
−
−4
∴ 0.5 =
10
⇒ R = 17 Ω ⇒ 1.7 × 10 = 28 32
2300
R+3 ( t − 32 )
32
133. (a) The potential drop across each resistor is same as the 82.143 – 71.875
applied potential difference, V = 20 V or t − 27 = = 840.347
71.875 × 1.7 × 10− 4
R1
or t = 840.3 + 27 = 867.3 ° C
I1
R2 138. (b) In the given circuit,
I2 B
I3 R3
10 Ω 5Ω
I2
I1
A 5Ω C
20 V
I–

Current through resistance R1

l1

5Ω
V 20 10 Ω
I1 = = = 10 A I D
R1 2
Current through resistance R2 F E
10 Ω 10 V
V 20
I2 = = = 5A
R2 4 In loop ABDA,
Current through resistance R3 Distributing the current
V 20 10I1 + 5I 2 − 5( I − I1 ) = 0
I3 = = = 4A
R3 5 ⇒ 2I1 + I 2 − I + I1 = 0
Total current drawn I = I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 10 + 5 + 4 = 19 A ⇒ 3I1 + I 2 = I ...(i)
Rt − R27 In loop BCDB,
134. (b) α =
R27 ( t − 27 ) 5 ( I1 − I 2 ) − 10 ( I − I1 + I 2 ) − 5I 2 = 0
117 − 100 ⇒ I1 − I 2 − 2I + 2I1 − 2I 2 − I 2 = 0
1.70 × 10− 4 =
100 ( t − 27 ) ⇒ 3I1 − 4 I 2 = 2I ...(ii)
 By solving the Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 143. (c) Let the effective resistance of the network is x. If one part
2I I of the network has resistance (1 Ω , 1 Ω , 1 Ω ) is separated as
I1 = and I 2 = − ...(iii) shown, the effective resistance remains x (as it is infinitely
5 5
In loop ABCEFA network). Here, x and 1 Ω are in parallel.
1 1 1 1+ x x
10 = 10I + 10I1 + 5 ( I1 − I 2 ) = + = ⇒ RP =
RP x 1 x 1+ x
2 = 2I + 3I1 − I 2 ...(iv)
1Ω
Putting the values of I1 and I 2 from Eq. (iii) in Eq. (iv), we
get
 2I   I  x 1Ω 12 V, 0.5 Ω
2 = 2I + 3   −  − 
 5   5
17 10 1Ω
or 2= I or I=
A
5 17
10 Now, resistances RP , 1 Ω and 1 Ω are in series. So, the
∴ Current drawn from source, I = A resultant resistance
17
x x
X l l R = RP + 1 + 1 = + 1+ 1= +2 …(i)
139. (c) = ⇒ X = Y 1+ x 1+ x
Y 100 − l 100 − l
In case of infinite resistances, the value of R remains x.
39.5 × 12.5
⇒ X= = 8.16 Ω x
100 – 39.5 ∴ x= +2
1+ x
The resistance of resistor X is 8.16 Ω.
⇒ x ( x + 1) = x + 2 + 2x ⇒ x2 − 2x − 2 = 0
If X and Y are interchanged, then the balance length will also
interchanged. Thus, the balance length becomes − ( −2 ) ± 4 + 8 2 ± 12
x= = = 1± 3
100 – 39.5 = 60.5 cm 2 2
140. (b) Effective emf in the circuit = 120 − 8 = 112 V The value of resistance cannot be negative. So, the resistance
of network
Current in circuit,
x = 1 + 3 = 1 + 1.732
Effective emf E 112
I= = = = 7A x = 2.732 Ω
Total resistance r + R 0.5 + 15.5
Total resistance of the circuit = 2.732 + 0.5 = 3.232 Ω
The battery of 8 V is being charged by 120 V, so the
terminal potential across of 8 V will be greater than its emf Current drawn from the supply,
terminal potential differenceV = E + Ir = 8 + 7( 0.5 ) = 11.5 V V 12
I= = = 3.72 A
141. (a) As we know that in case of potentiometer, the potential
3.232 3.232
gradient remains constant. 144. (c) Here, l1 = 58.3 cm, l2 = 68.5 cm, R = 10 Ω, X = ?
i. e., E ∝l E1 and E2 be the potential drops across R and X respectively.
E1 l1 1.25 35 Then,
∴ = ⇒ =
E2 l2 E 63 E2 i X X E
= = or X = 2 ⋅ R …(i)
1.25 × 63 E1 i R R E1
or E= = 2.25 V
35 According to the principle of potentiometer,
E2 l2
142. (b) Time taken by electron to drift from one end to another =
of the wire, E1 l1
Length of the wire l From Eq. (i), we get
t= = …(i)
Drift velocity vd l2 68.5
X = ⋅R = × 10 = 11.75 Ω
I = ne A vd l1 58.3
I 145. (b) Here, balancing length when cell is in open-circuit,
vd = …(ii)
ne A l1 = 76.3 cm
− 19 −6 Balancing length when cell is in closed-circuit,
l ne A 3 × 8.5 × 10 × 1.6 × 10
28
× 2 × 10
t= = l2 = 64.8 cm
I 3
or t = 2.72 × 104 s = 7 h 33 min and resistance R = 9.5 Ω
 The internal resistance of the cell is given by Here, I is the current and vd is the drift velocity.
l   76.3  So, I ∝vd
r =  1 − 1 R =  − 1 × 9.5 = 1.68 Ω
 l2   64.8  Thus, only drift velocity determines the current in a conductor.
The internal resistance of the cell is 1.68 Ω. 152. (b,d) Kirchhoff’s junction rule is also known as Kirchhoff’s
current law which states that the algebraic sum of the
146. (b) Current per unit area (taken normal to the current), I/A is
currents flowing towards any point in an electric network is
called current density and is denoted by J. The SI unit of the
zero. i.e., charges are conserved in an electric network.
current density is Am−2 .
So, Kirchhoff’s junction rule is the reflection of
The current density is also directed along E and is also a conservation of charge.
vector and the relationship is given by
153. (a,d) Here, the potential drop is taking place across AB and
J = σE
R and R′ are parallel so patential drop R and R′ will be
The J changes due to electric field produced by charges equal whatever may be the value of R′. Since potential
accumulated on the surface of wire. As direction of E difference on R isV which is constant (the value of r is very
changes, direction of J also changes but current ( I ) remains small) potential difference over R′ will also be constant.
unaffected. Since, the equivalent resistance of parallel combination of R
147. (a) The equivalent emf of this combination is given by V
and R' is always less than R, therefore I ≥ always.
ε 2 r1 + ε1 r2 r+ R
εeq =
r1 + r2 154. (b,c) Given, for first student, R2 = 10 Ω, R1 = 5 Ω , R3 = 5 Ω
This suggest that the equivalent emf εeq of the two cells is For second student, R1 = 500 Ω , R3 = 5 Ω
given by Now, according to Wheatstone bridge rule,
ε eq R2 R1 R
ε1 < εeq < ε 2 ⇒ <1 = ⇒ R = R3 × 2 ...(i)
ε2 R R3 R1
[ε eq is weighted mean of ε1 and ε 2 so it will lie between B
I4
ε1 and ε 2 ]

Un
kn
o
148. (c) The percentage error in R can be minimised by adjusting R3

wn
I2 R2
the balance point near the middle of the bridge, i.e., when l1 A G
C
is close to 50 cm. This requires a suitable choice of S. I1 R1 R4

m rd
a r da
R l1 Sl1
= ⇒ R= ≈3
an
Since,
S (100 − l1 ) 100 − l1 I3 St
D
Since, here R : S :: 2. 9 : 97.1 imply that the S is nearly 33 times
to that of R. In orded to make this ratio 1:1, it is necessary to
reduce the value of S nearly 1/23 times i.e. to nearly 3 Ω. ε
149. (b) In a potentiometer experiment, the emf of a cell can be Now putting all the values in Eq. (i), we get R = 10 Ω for
measured, if the potential drop along the potentiometer wire both students. Thus, we can analyse that the Wheatstone
is more than the emf of the cell to be determined. Here, bridge is most sensitive and accurate if resistances are of
values of emfs of two cells are given as 5Vand 10V, same value.
therefore, the potential drop along the potentiometer wire
must be more than 10V. Thus, the errors of measurement of the two students depend
on the accuracy and sensitivity of the bridge, which in turn
150. (a) The resistance of wire is given by depends on the accuracy with which R2 and R1 can be
l measured.
R =ρ
A When R2 and R1 are larger, the currents through the arms of
For greater value of R, l must be higher and A should be bridge is very weak. This can make the determination of null
lower and it is possible only when the battery is connected point accurately more difficult.
 1 155. (a,c) At neutral point, potential at B and D are same. When
across 1 cm ×   cm (area of cross-section A).
 2 jockey is placed at to the right of D, the potential drop
across AD is more than potential drop across AB, which
151. (a) The relationship between current and drift speed is given
brings the potential of point D less than that of B, hence
by I = ne Avd current flows from B to D.