TYPES OF CANCER

The major types of cancer are carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, and
leukemia. Carcinomas -- the most commonly diagnosed cancers -- originate in the skin,
lungs, breasts, pancreas, and other organs and glands. Lymphomas are cancers of
lymphocytes. Leukemia is cancer of the blood. It does not usually form solid tumors.
Sarcomas arise in bone, muscle, fat, bloodvessels, cartilage, or other soft or connective
tissues of the body. They are relatively uncommon. Melanomas are cancers that arise in
the cells that make the pigment in skin.

F NONMELANOMA SKIN CANCER

MANIFESTATIONS:
o A wart-like growth.
o A persistent, scaly red patch with irregular borders that may bleed easily.
o An open sore that persists for weeks.
o A raised growth with a rough surface and a central depression.

F LUNG CANCER
Lung cancer is a form of cancer — an out-of-control growth of abnormal cells —
that starts in the tissues of the lungs or the cells that line the bronchi (tubes that move air
into and out of the lungs). Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United
States, according to the National Cancer Institute.
There are two main types of lung cancer:
- Small cell lung cancer
It is also known as "small-cell lung cancer", or "oat-cell carcinoma"is a
type of highly malignant cancer that most commonly arises within the lung,
 although it can occasionally arise in other body sites, such as the cervix, prostate,
and gastrointestinal tract.
- Non-small cell lung cancer
Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of
all lung cancers. Relatively insensitive to chemotherapy, compared to small cell
carcinoma. When possible, they are primarily treated by surgical resection with
curative intent, although chemotherapy is increasingly being used both pre-
operatively (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) and post-operatively (adjuvant
chemotherapy).

MANIFESTATIONS
o A cough that does not go away or gets worse
o Coughing up blood or rust-colored sputum (spit or phlegm)
o Chest pain that is often worse with deep breathing, coughing, or laughing
o Hoarseness
o Weight loss and loss of appetite
o Shortness of breath
o Feeling tired or weak
o Infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia that don’t go away or keep coming back
o New onset of wheezing

F BREAST CANCER
Breast cancer is cancer that begins with the formation of a malignant tumor in the
breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that can grow into nearby tissues or
spread (metastasize) to other areas of the body.

MANIFESTATIONS
o Changes in the size or shape of the breast
o A lump or thickening in or near the breast, or in the underarm area
o Swelling of all or part of a breast (even if no lump is felt)
o Skin irritation on or around the breast
o Puckering in the skin of the breast, or dimpling that looks like the skin of an orange
(called "peau d'orange")
o Breast or nipple pain
o Nipple that is turning inward
o Redness, scaliness, or thickening of the nipple, areola (dark area of skin around the
nipple), or breast skin
o Nipple discharge that is not milk

F PROSTATE CANCER
Prostate cancer is one that starts in the prostate, a walnut-sized gland in men that's
located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. The prostate surrounds the urethra
and produces prostate fluid, which is part of semen. Prostate cancer often progress very
slowly, though in some cases it can be quite aggressive. In its early stages, it usually
doesn't cause any symptoms. However, there are numerous possible symptoms in the
later stages of the disease, including urination issues, painful ejaculation, and constant
pain in the back, hips, or pelvis.

MANIFESTATIONS
o Difficulty urinating
o Urine flow that's weak or suddenly gets interrupted
o Increased urination frequency, particularly at night
o Difficulty emptying the bladder completely
o Painful or burning sensation during urination
o Painful ejaculation
o Urine or semen that contains blood

F COLON CANCER
Colon cancer is cancer of the large intestine (colon), which is the final part of
your digestive tract. Most cases of colon cancer begin as small, noncancerous (benign)
clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps. Over time some of these polyps can become
colon cancers.
Polyps may be small and produce few, if any, symptoms. For this reason, doctors
recommend regular screening tests to help prevent colon cancer by identifying and
removing polyps before they turn into cancer.

MANIFESTATIONS
o A change in your bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation or a change in the
consistency of your stool, that lasts longer than four weeks
o Rectal bleeding or blood in your stool
o Persistent abdominal discomfort, such as cramps, gas or pain
o A feeling that your bowel doesn't empty completely
o Weakness or fatigue
o Unexplained weight loss

F BLADDER CANCER
Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers, affecting approximately
68,000 adults in the United States each year. Bladder cancer occurs in men more
frequently than it does in women and usually affects older adults, though it can happen at
any age.
Bladder cancer most often begins in the cells (urothelial cells) that line the inside
of your bladder — the hollow, muscular organ in your lower abdomen that stores urine.
Although it's most common in the bladder, this same type of cancer can occur in other
parts of the urinary tract drainage system.

MANIFESTATIONS
o Blood in the urine — either enough to be visible (with larger amounts, the urine may
appear cola-colored), or smaller amounts that can only be seen under a microscope
o Frequent or urgent need to urinate
o Pain or burning with urination
o Pain in the back or pelvis
More advanced cases of bladder cancer can cause:
o Inability to urinate
o Back pain, usually confined to one side
o Pelvic or rectal pain
o Anemia
o Decreased appetite
o Unintended weight loss
o Swelling in the feet and lower legs
o Bone pain or fractures

F MELANOMAS
Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops
from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. Melanomas typically occur in
the skin, but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye.
The most dangerous form of skin cancer, these cancerous growths develop when
unrepaired DNA damage to skin cells (most often caused by ultraviolet radiation from
sunshine or tanning beds) triggers mutations (genetic defects) that lead the skin cells to
multiply rapidly and form malignant tumors. These tumors originate in the pigment-
producing melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis. Melanomas often resemble
moles; some develop from moles. The majority of melanomas are black or brown, but
they can also be skin-colored, pink, red, purple, blue or white. Melanoma is caused
mainly by intense, occasional UV exposure (frequently leading to sunburn), especially in
those who are genetically predisposed to the disease.

MANIFESTATIONS
o A sore that doesn’t heal
o Spread of pigment from the border of a spot into surrounding skin
o Redness or a new swelling beyond the border of the mole
o Change in sensation, such as itchiness, tenderness, or pain
o Change in the surface of a mole – scaliness, oozing, bleeding, or the appearance of a
lump or bump

F LYMPHOMA
Lymphoma is the name for a group of blood cancers that form in part of the
immune system called the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a complex network
of ducts and vessels that connect lymph nodes throughout the body. Lymph nodes make
immune cells that help the body fight infections.
There are two main types of lymphoma:
- Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin's lymphoma — formerly known as Hodgkin's disease — is a
cancer of the lymphatic system, which is part of your immune system. It may
affect people of any age, but is most common in people between 20 and 40
years old and those over 55. In Hodgkin's lymphoma, cells in the lymphatic
system grow abnormally and may spread beyond it. Hodgkin's lymphoma is
one of two common types of cancers of the lymphatic system. The other type,
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is far more common. Advances in diagnosis and
treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma have helped give people with this disease
the chance for a full recovery. The prognosis continues to improve for people
with Hodgkin's lymphoma.
MANIFESTATIONS
o Tend to be fairly non-specific and share many characteristics with other
illnesses, such as a cold, the flu, and other types of respiratory infection.
o The early stages of Hodgkin lymphoma often do not cause any symptoms.
When they do occur, a common early sign of Hodgkin lymphoma is painless
swelling of one or more lymph nodes, usually in the neck.
Additional Hodgkin lymphoma signs may include:
o Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarms or groin
o Intermittent fevers
 o Drenching night sweats
o Feeling tired all the time
o Unexplained weight loss
o Decreased appetite
o Generalized itching
o Abdominal pain or swelling, feeling of fullness
o Coughing, shortness of breath, chest discomfort
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is cancer that originates in your lymphatic
system, the disease-fighting network spread throughout your body. In non-
Hodgkin's lymphoma, tumors develop from lymphocytes — a type of white
blood cell.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is more common than the other general type of
lymphoma — Hodgkin lymphoma. Many different subtypes of non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma exist. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma are
among the most common subtypes. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma have helped improve the prognosis for people with
this disease

MANIFESTATIONS
o Painless, swollen lymph nodes in your neck, armpits or groin
o Abdominal pain or swelling
o Chest pain, coughing or trouble breathing
o Persistent fatigue
o Fever
o Night sweats
o Unexplained weight loss

F KIDNEY CANCER
 It is also called renal cancer -- is a disease in which kidney cells become
malignant (cancerous) and grow out of control, forming a tumor. Almost all kidney
cancers first appear in the lining of tiny tubes (tubules) in the kidney. This type of kidney
cancer is called renal cell carcinoma. The good news is that most of kidney cancers are
found before they spread (metastasize) to distant organs. And cancers caught early are
easier to treat successfully. However, these tumors can grow to be quite large before they
are detected. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They
lie in your lower abdomen on each side of your spine. Their main job is to clean your
blood, removing waste products and making urine.

MANIFESTATIONS
o Blood in your urine
o A lump in your side or abdomen
o A loss of appetite
o A pain in your side that doesn't go away
o Weight loss that occurs for no known reason
o Fever that lasts for weeks and isn't caused by a cold or other infection
o Extreme fatigue
o Anemia
o Swelling in your ankles or legs
o Shortness of breath
o Coughing up blood
o Bone pain

LEUKEMIA
Leukemia is a malignancy (cancer) of blood cells. In leukemia, abnormal blood cells
are produced in the bone marrow. Usually, leukemia involves the production of abnormal
white blood cells -- the cells responsible for fighting infection.
Leukemia is a malignancy (cancer) of blood cells. In leukemia, abnormal blood cells
are produced in the bone marrow. Usually, leukemia involves the production of abnormal
white blood cells -- the cells responsible for fighting infection. However, the abnormal
cells in leukemia do not function in the same way as normal white blood cells. The
leukemia cells continue to grow and divide, eventually crowding out the normal blood
cells. The end result is that it becomes difficult for the body to fight infections, control
bleeding, and transport oxygen.

TYPES OF LEUKEMIA
 Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL, also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia) is
the most common type of leukemia in children, but it can also affect adults. In this
type of leukemia, immature lymphoid cells grow rapidly in the blood.
 Acute myeloid leukemia (AML, also called acute myelogenous leukemia) involves
the rapid growth of myeloid cells.
 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a slow-growing cancer of lymphoid cells that
usually affects people over 55 years of age.
 Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML, also known as chronic myelogenous leukemia)
primarily affects adults
Less common types of leukemia account for about 6,000 cases of leukemia each
year in the U.S: Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon type of chronic leukemia; Chronic
myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is another type of chronic leukemia that develops
from myeloid cells.; Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a type of myeloid
leukemia that usually occurs in children under 6 years of age.; Large granular
lymphocytic leukemia (LGL leukemia) is a type of chronic leukemia that develops from
lymphoid cells. It can be slow- or fast-growin; Acute promeylocytic leukemia (APL) is a
subtype of AML.

MANIFESTATIONS
o Fever
o Night sweats
o Swollen lymph nodes that are usually painless
o Feelings of fatigue, tiredness
o Easy bleeding or bruising, causing bluish or purplish patches on the skin or tiny red
spots on the skin, or recurring nosebleeds
o Frequent infections
o Bone or joint pain
o Weight loss that is otherwise unexplained, or loss of appetite
o Enlargement of the spleen or liver, which can lead to abdominal pain or swelling
o Red spots on the skin (petechiae)
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[Link]#what_are_leukemia_symptoms_and_signs