SOCIAL WORK HELPING  Involves the process of negotiating

MODELS AND APPROACHES the “service jungle” for clients,

whether singly or groups. The
For Individual Groups and worker here “connects” the client to
Communities: need services in the system until he
 Direct Provision Model; has availed of them.
 Intercession –Mediation Model;  Workers plays variety of roles in
 Mobilizing the Resources Of Client client’s behalf- helper, interpreter,
System To Change their Social facilitator, expeditor, escort,
Reality; negotiator, broker, etc.
 Crisis Intervention Approach; and
 Problem Solving-Model 3. MOBILIZING THE
RESOURCES OF CLIENT
For Individual and Groups: SYSTEM TO CHANGE
 Task-Centered Model; and
THEIR SOCIAL REALITY
 Psychosocial Approach
 This intervention is premised on the
belief that problems are not always
For groups:
due to personal inadequacies but,
 Developmental Approach;
often deficiencies in the social reality
 Interactionist Approach; and and that if people are to be helped,
 Remedial Approach the target of attack should be the
latter.
For Communities:
 Community Development Model; 4. CRISIS INTERVENTION
 Social Planning Model; and APPROACH
 Social Action Model;  A process for actively influencing the
psycho-social functioning of
Indirect Model of Interventions: individuals and groups, during a
 Working with the Elite; period of acute disequilibrium.
 Documentation/ social Criticism; and  It involves crisis-oriented, time-
 Advocacy limited work, usually two to six
weeks in duration. It is a model of
1. DIRECT PROVISION brief treatment that can be used in
MODEL any social work setting and with any
 Refers to provisions of various forms target population under stress.
of material assistance to different  To be really effective, crisis
needy and disadvantaged individual intervention should be available
and groups which we find in within 24-72 hours after application
practically all parts of the country. or referral for assistance.
 The goal this model is the 5. TASK- CENTERED MODEL
enhancement of client social  A technology for alleviating specific
functioning. (Schneiderman ) target problems perceived by clients,
that is, particular problem clients
2. INTERCESSION- recognize, understand,
MEDIATION MODEL acknowledge, and want to attend to.
  Its main target are people those  In developmental approach, people
problems are in the area of; (1) are not seen as being sick or
family and interpersonal relations; healthy, but on a scale ranging from
(2) social role performance; (3) socially functional (adequate) to
effecting social transitions; (4) dysfunctional (inadequate) to
securing resources; and (5) functional (good functioning) …
emotional distress reactive to continually able to move up this
situation factors. scale in a life-long developmental
process of self-realization.
 The following three major themes
characterize the developmental
Epstein, Laura. The Task approach:
Centered Approach. Merill 1. Humanistic ( a view of one human
Publishing Company, 1988, P. 55. being by another)
Basic Steps/ Procedures In The 2. Phenomenological (reality oriented)
Task-centered Model 3. Developmental (self-realization or
 Assessment fulfillment)
 Case Planning
 Implementation 8. INTERACTIONIST
 Tasks APPROACH
 Social work has its focus of concern
6. PSYCHO-SOCIAL the person-situation-interaction
APPROACH which calls upon practitioners to
 In social work used to be associated direct their efforts not only to the
with the Freudian theory of person, or to the situation, but to the
personality and was often referred to relationship between two. ( William
as the “organismic approach” and Schwartz)
the “diagnostic school of thought”.  “The function of social work is to
 This approach is a system theory. mediate transactions between
 Diagnosis and treatment are people and the various system
addressed to the person-situation through which the carry on their
gestalt or configuration. relationship with society- the family,
Phases in the Psychosocial Approach the peer group, the social agency,
A. Initial phase the neighborhood, the school, the
B. Assessment of the client and his job and others”
situations  Relationship of Forces in the
 Dynamic Interactionist Approach
 Etiological
9. THE REMEDIAL
 Classificatory
APPROACH
C. Treatment
 Is all about individual change
 Indirect
through small group. It focuses on
 Direct
the use of guide group processes in
treating and rehabilitating individuals
7. DEVELOPMENTAL whose behavior disapproved or who
APPROACH have been disadvantage by society.
 This includes physical or mentally  “Can be tentatively defined as a
handicapped, legal offenders, process designed to create
emotionally disturbed, isolated or conditions of economic and social
alienated persons, and those lacking progress for the whole community
in effective socialization. with its active participation and the
fullest possible reliance on the
community’s initiative.” (UN
The Treatment Sequence Publication)
by: Robert Vinter 11. SOCIAL PLANNING
Major Stages of the Treatment  Emphasizes a technical process of
Sequence in this Approach problem-solving with regard to
1. Intake substantive social problems, such as
2. Diagnosis and treatment planning delinquency, housing and mental
3. Group composition and formation health.
4. Group development and treatment  The approach presupposes that
5. Evaluation and termination change in a complex industrial
environment requires expert planner
Strategy of Intervention who, through the exercise of
technical abilities, including the
 Direct means of influence ability to manipulate large
a) Worker as central person-object bureaucratic organizations, can
identification and drives; skillfully guide complex change
b) Workers as symbol and spokesman- processes.
agent of legitimate norms and
values; 12. SOCIAL ACTION
c) Worker as motivator and stimulator-  This approach presupposes a
definer of individual goals and tasks; disadvantaged segment of the
and population that needs to be
d) Worker as executive-controller of organized, perhaps in alliance with
member’s roles others in order to make adequate
demands on the larger community
 Indirect means of influence for increased resources or treatment
a) Group purposes; more in accordance with social
b) Selection of group members; justice or democracy.
c) Size of the group;
d) Group operating and governing 13. WORKING WITH THE
procedures; and ELITE
e) Group development  This helping or interventive model
 Extra group of influence involves worker activities aimed at
informing and interpreting to certain
10. LOCALITY DEVELOPMENT sectors of the community, our
 Locality development presupposes welfare agencies’ programs and
that community change may be sued services, as well as needs and
optimally through broad- problems, with the objectives of
participation of a wide spectrum of enlisting their support and/ or
people at the local community level involvement in social welfare
in goal determination and action. activities.
 This sector of the community called
the “elite” is comprised of individuals
and groups who are usually in a
position to provide, in one way or
another, the resources we need in
our work with clients.

14. DOCUMENTATION OR
SOCIAL CRITICISM
 This model of intervention engages
the worker in the documentation of
the need for adequate social welfare
policies and programs, based on her
knowledge (gained from actual
experience) of inadequacies or
deficiencies in these existing welfare
policies and programs, as well as on
her belief in the light of her
professional values and goals, as to
how they ought to be.

15. ADVOCACY
 The advocacy model of intervention
is based on the premise that the
social work profession has a vital
interest of its own, success in the
pursuit of which will ultimately
redound to the welfare of clients.