Modul

e-1:Sur
faceandGr
oundwat
erResour
ces
Hy
drol
ogi
calCy
cle:

Agr oupofnumer ousareaswhi chr epresentsdif

ferentpathsthroughwhichthewateri
n
naturecircul
atesandi str
ansfer r
edi sknownashy drol
ogicwat er.I
tisalsocal
l
edas
cycli
cmov ementofwaterindifferentformsi ndif
[Link]
ofhy dr
ologiccycl
ecanbebr oadlycl assi
fiedast r
ansportati
on( f
low)componentsand
storagecomponent s.

Transport
ati
on components – Preci
pit
ati
on, Ev
apor
ati
on, Tr
anspi
rat
ion, Ev
apo-
tr
anspir
ati
on,Inf
il
tr
ati
onandRunof
f.

StorageComponent s– St
orageonl andsurf
ace( depressi
onst
orage,ponds,l
akes
reservoi
rset
c.)
,Soi
lmoi
stur
estorage,
Groundwaterst
orage.

Evaporati
on:Wateri stransf
err
ed fr
om the surface t
ot he atmospherethrough
evaporati
on,t
heprocessbywhichwaterchangesfrom ali
qui
[Link]’ sheat
provi
desenergyt
oev apor
atewaterfr
om theeart
h’ssurf
[Link]
mately80%ofall
evaporati
onisfr
om t heoceans,andremaini
ng20% comesf r
om inlandwaterand
vegetati
on.

Transpi
rati
on:Itistheprocessofwaterl
ossf r
om pl
[Link]
acewhenthe
vapourpressur
eintheai
rislesst
hanthati
nleafcel
l
s.i
.[Link]
anspir
ati
oni
snilwhent
he
rel
ati
vehumi di
tyoft
heai
ris100%.

Condensati
on:Itist hepr ocessbywhi chwat ervapourchangesintowater
.Water
vapourcondensestof orm dew,fogandcl [Link]
akesplaceduetocooli
ngofai
[Link]
waterri
seshigheri
ntheat mosphere,i
tstart
st ocoolandbecomeal i
quidagai
[Link]
l
argeamountofwat erv apourcondenses,
itresult
sintheformat
ionofcl
ouds.

Preci
pit
ati
on:Whenthewateri
nthecloudsget
stooheavy,t
hewaterfal
lsbacktothe
eart
[Link]
scall
edaspreci
pit
ati
[Link]
msofpreci
pit
ati
onaredr
izzl
e,snow,rai
n,hai
l
,
sl
eetandmi st
.

I
nfi
lt
rati
on:Somepar toft
hepreci
pit
ati
onseepsi nt
othegroundwat
erandisstor
edin
t
helayersoftherocksbel
owtheearth’
[Link]
ocessofpreci
pit
ati
onseepi
ng
i
ntothegroundwateri
scal
l
edasinfi
lt
rat
ion.

Runof
f:Mostofthewat
erwhi
chr
etur
nstot
hel
andf
lowsdownhi
l
lasr
unof
fi.
e.t
hef
low
ofwat
eronthelandi
sknownasr
unoff
.

Thehy
drol
ogi
ccy
clehasnobegi
nni
ngorendast
hewat
eri
nnat
urei
scont
inuousl
ykept
Dr
.Shi
vannaS,
Dept
.ofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,
SirMVI
T,Bangal
ore
i
ncy cli
cmot i
[Link] er ,
fort hepurposeofdescr ipt
iont hecyclemaybev i
suali
zedt o
commencewi thprecipi
tati
onf r
om atmospher [Link]
pi t
ationmayt akesplaceinliquid
form asr ai
n,andal soinsol i
df ormsashai l
,snow,dew,f [Link]
eprecipi
tati
oni d
taki
ngpl ace,apar tofitmayev apor
ateandr eachbackt heat [Link] tof
theprecipit
ati
oni sinter
cept edbyt hetreesandv egetat i
onandt herestofitonlywoul d
reach the gr [Link] pr ecipi
tat
ion int
ercepted ev entuall
y evaporat
es intot he
atmospher [Link] eci
pitati
onr eachi
ngt hegroundsur faceiscalledt
hroughfall
.

Consi derableporti
onoft hroughfal
lgetsinfi
lter
edi nt
ot hegr oundandt hati
nexcessof
i
nfil
trationwoul dbedet ainedt emporari
l
yont hegr oundbef oreitbecomesov erland
fl
owandsubsequent lysur facerunof
[Link] eci
pitati
onf all
ingdirect
lyoverthestreams
i
scal ledt hechannelpr ecipit
ati
onandi tr
eadilybecomesr unoffwi t
[Link]
precipit
ationfall
ingont hewat erbodieslikepondsandl akesmaybedi sposedof fas
surfacer unofftot hest reamsi fthewat erbodi esov erfl
ow orasev aporat
ionoras
i
nfil
[Link] aporationwoul dal
sobet akingplacef rom stream sur
faces.

Theinf i
l
teredwat ermaybedi stri
but edindi f
ferentway [Link]
rstitsuppli
esmoi st
uretot he
vegetati
onandaf t
erutil
izi
ngi tf orsubst anceoft heirli
fe,t
hev eget ati
onsendst his
moisturebacki ntot heat mospher et hr
ough t hel eavesbyt hepr ocessknown as
tr
anspi r
ation. Secondly,t he i nfilt
ered wat er may per colate deep and become
groundwat ersuppl yt ot he sur face streams known as gr oundwat errunof
f .The
groundwat errunoffissomet imesr eferredtoasbackf l
owori nterf
[Link] ot
alstream
fl
ow whi chi sthesum ofsur f
acer unoffandgr oundwaterrunofful t
imatel
yjoinst he
oceans,f rom wher ei tgai n ev apor at
esi ntot he atmospher et hus,completi
ng t he
hydrologiccycle.

Hy
drol
ogi
calCy
cle
Dr
.Shi
vannaS,
Dept
.ofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,
SirMVI
T,Bangal
ore
Gl
obalWat
erResour
ces:

Useofwat erandf orit

spr opercontroli
tisessent i
altohav eani deaofav ai
labil
i
tyof
waterresourcesofthewor l
[Link] l
d’soceanscov erabout¾oft heear th’[Link]
8
world’
st ot
alwaterresourcesar eestimatedt obe1. 36x10 mi l
li
onhect aremet ers,
whichisenought ocovertheear t
hwi thalay erof3000met ersdept [Link] hesegl obal
waterresourcesabout97.
3%i si
noceansassal inewat eronl
y2. 7%isav ail
ableasf resh
wateratanyt i
meont heear t
h.77.2%off reshwat erl
iesasfrozeni nPol arRegi onsand
another22.4%asgr oundwat erandsoilmoi stur
[Link] estisav ai
l
abl ei nlakes,ri
v ers,
atmosphereandv eget
ati
on.

Di
str
ibut
ionofwat
eront
heear
th

 Sal
i
newat
er(
oceansandseas)–97.
3%

 Fr
eshwat
er -2.
7%

Fr
eshWat
erResour
ces

 Pol
ari
cecaps–77.
2%

 Gr
oundwat
erandsoi
lmoi
stur
e–22.
4%

 Lakes,
Reser
voi
rsandSwamps–0.
35%

 Moi
stur
eint
heAt
mospher
e–0.
04%

 Ri
ver
sandSt
reams–0.
01%

Wat
err
esour
cesofI
ndi
a

I
ndiahasageogr aphicalar
eaof329mi ll
i
onhectaresisblessedwithlar
ger i
verbasi
ns,
whichhav ebeendivi
dedinto12majorand48medi um ri
verbasinscompr i
singof252,
8
Mil
lion hect
ares and 24.9 mil
li
on hect
ares ofcatchmentar ea r
especti
vely
.Indi
a
possessesabout4%oft hetotal
aver
ageannual r
unoffoft
her iv
ersofthewor l
d.

 Annual
preci
pit
ati
oni
nourcount
ryi udessnow =4000km3
ncl

 Av
erageannual
runof
fofv
ari
ousr
iv ns=2333km3
erbasi

 Tot
alav
erageannual
pot
ent
ial
ofwat
erav
ail
abl
einI a=1869km3
ndi

Dr
.Shi
vannaS,
Dept
.ofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,
SirMVI
T,Bangal
ore
  Outofwhi y1123km3 ofwat
chonl ercanbeputt
obenef
ici
aluse

 Percapi
taavail
abi
li
tyofnat
uralr f=2200m3/
unof y
ear,whichisabout1/3rd of
percapi
taavai
labi
l
ityi
[Link]
swi
l
lfurt
herdecreasewi
thincrease
i
npopulati
on.

Av
ail
abi
li
tyofWat
erpercapi
ta/
perannum i
nIndi
a

Sl
No Year
s Perannum/
percapi
taav
ail
abi
l
ityofwat
er
3
(m)

1 1951 6602

2 1971 4349

3 1981 2829

4 2000 2384

5 2050 1589

Ther educti
onoffor
est
sdue var
iousman-madeact
ivi
ty,hasi
nfl
uencedtheaverage
rai
nfallr
esulti
ngl
essandl
essannualr
ainf
allandaver
agewatercapitahasreduced
considerabl
y.

Sur
faceWat
erPot
ent
iali
nIndi
a

SlNo. Ri
verbasi
ns Wat
erAvai
labl
ein
3
Mil
li
onM

1 Westf l
owingri
vers(
Riv
ersi
nKeral
a, 305471.
3
Karnataka,Goaandal
soTapti
andNarmada
basins)

2 Eastfl
owingri
vers(
Kaveri
,Godav
ari
, 355599.
9
Kri
shna,PennarMahanadiet
c)

3 I
ndusbasi
n 79473.
1

4 GangaBasi
n 550082.
7

Dr
.Shi
vannaS,
Dept
.ofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,
SirMVI
T,Bangal
ore
 5 Br
amhaput
raandBar
akbasi
ns 590713.
6

Gr
oundwat
erResour
cesi
nIndi
a

Groundwateri
st hatpar
tofthesurfacewat erwhi
choccurswithi
nthesaturat
edzoneof
theearth’
scrust ,wher
eal lporesar efil
l
edwi t
hwat [Link]
oundwat erhasalsobeen
ref
erredtoast hatpartoft hesubsurfacewaterwhichcanbel if
tedor whi chfl
ows
natur
all
ytoearth’ssurf
[Link] ect
ionofgroundwaterasasour ceofwatersuppl
y
rat
herthansur
facewat ersupplyhasfoll
owingadvant
ages:

 I
tismadeavai
labl
ewithi
naf
ewhundredmetersofthepl
ace,wher
eiti
srequi
red
f
orir
ri
gat
ionandsurf
acewat
err
equi
reslongconvey
ingchannel
syst
em.

 I
tismadeav
ail
abl
eforar
easwher
esur
facewat
eri
sut
il
izedf
orot
heruses.

 Yi
eldfr
om t hewell
sisgeneral
lyexhi
bitl
essf
luct
uat
ionst
hansur
facest
ream
fl
owinalt
ernati
ngdryandwetperi
ods.

 Compared t
o surf
ace wat
er,i
tisrelat
ivel
yfree f
rom t
he eff
ectofsur
face
pol
lut
antsbecauseitr
esul
tsfr
om deeppercol
ati
onofwaterinf
il
ter
edi
ntothe
soi
l
.

Sour
cesofGr
oundwat
er

Groundwat erisder i
vedf rom preci
pit
ati
onandr echargef rom surfacewat er
.Itisthat
wat erthathas i nfil
tered i
ntot he ear
th di
rectl
yf rom pr eci
pitati
on recharge fr
om
streamsandot hernat uralwaterbodiesaswel lasar ti
fi
[Link]
lt
rati
onand
furthersourcesliker ain,melti
ngofsnowandi ce,r
iversandst reams, l
akes,reserv
oirs,
canal s and otherwat erresources ar
et he main sour ces thatcont ri
butet ot he
groundwat erofar egi
on.

Ver
ti
caldi
str
ibut
ionofGr
oundwat
er

Waterinthesoi
lmant
le(
subsur
face)i
sconsi
der
edi
ntwozones:Sat
urat
ionzoneand
Aer
ationzone.

Satur
atedZone:Thi
szoneisalsoknownasgroundwaterzone,i
sthespacei
nwhichal
l
theporesofthesoilaref
il
ledwithwater
.Thewat ertabl
ef or
msi t
supperli
mitand
marksafreesurf
acei.
[Link]
acehaveatmospheri
cpressure.

Dr
.Shi
vannaS,
Dept
.ofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,
SirMVI
T,Bangal
ore
Aer at ionZone:I nt hiszone, thesoi lpor esar eonl ypar tiallyfill
edwi thwat er .Thespace
bet weent helandsur faceandt hewat ert ablemar kst heext entoft [Link] er
whi chi spr esentint hiszonei scal ledVadosewat er( Vadosewat erzone)I nt hiszone
wat erpr essure wi l
lbe l ess t han at mospher ic pr essur [Link] s zone i s has t hr ee
subzones:( a)Soi lwat erzone–Thi sl i
escl oset ot hegr oundsur facei nthemaj orr oot
bandoft hev egetationf rom whi cht hewat eri st ranspor tedt ot heat mospher eby
ev apo- transpirati
on; (b)Intermedi at ezone–Thi szoneext endsf r
om t hel oweredgeof
thesoi lwat erzonet ot heupperl imitoft hecapi [Link] hicknessmayv ary
from zer o,wher et heboundi ng zonesmer geswi thhi gh wat ert ableappr oachi ng
groundsur f
acet omor ethan100m underdeepwat ert ablecondi t
[Link] eri s
hel di npl acebyadhesi onandcapi ll
aryf or ces,excesswat ermi gratedownwar das
grav i
tationalwat er
;( 3)Capi l
laryzone – Thi ssubzone ext ends f rom wat ert abl e
upwar dst othelimitofcapi l
laryr i
[Link] si sthel ower mostzoneoft hezoneofaer ation.
Thi szonei mmedi atelyl i
esabov et hewat ert able,i nt owhi chwat ermaybedr awn
upwar dasaconsequenceofcapi l
laryact i
on.I ti sor iginatedduet ocapi llaryf ri
nges
ri
si ngf r
om t hezoneofsat urationt hr ought hei nterconnect edopeni [Link] ll
aryf ringe
i
st hezonei mmedi atelyabov et hewat ert ablei nwhi chsomeoral loft hei nt
er stices
aref i
lledwi thwat erthati sunderpr essur el essunderat mospher icpr [Link] ckness
ofcapi ll
aryf r
inget endst ogeti ncr easedordecr eased,dependi nguponwat ert abl e
fl
uct [Link] l
larywat erist hewat erhel di ncapi llar yopeni ngofsat ur atedornon-
sat ur atedmat er
ialsabov eawat ersur face( wat ert abl e).Sat uratedwat erzonei sal so
cal l
edasphr eaticwat erzone.

Sat
urat
edf or
mationsorwaterbear
ingarecl
assi
fi
edi
ntof
ourcat
egor
iesandar
e
Aqui
fer
,Aquit
ard,
Aquicl
udeandAqui
fuge.

1)Aquifer
:Anaqui ferisasaturatedformati
onofear thmateri
alwhichnotonlystor
es
waterbutyiel
dsi tinsuff
ici
entquantit
[Link], anaqui
fertr
ansmitswatereasi
lydue
toitshighpermeabi l
i
tyorApor ousgeologicalformati
onorst rat
um capableof
tr
ansmitti
ngwat ert hr
oughi t
spor esatar atesuff
ici
entforeconomicalextr
acti
on
bywel l
siscalledasaqui f
[Link]–f i
ssuredgrani
te,vesi
cularbasal
t,j
oint
ed
marble,gr
avel
s, sandandsandst oneet c.

2)Aquicl
ude:A por ousgeol
ogicalf
ormat
ionwhi
chcanabsor
bwat erbutcannot
tr
ansmitsignif
icantamount
/quant
it
yofwateri
scal
ledasaqui
[Link]
e–
cl
ayandshal e.

Dr
.Shi
vannaS,
Dept
.ofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,
SirMVI
T,Bangal
ore
3)Aquif
uge:A geol
ogicalfor
mation wi
th no i
nter
connect
ed por
es,hencenei
ther
absorbnort
ransmitwateriscall
[Link]–massivebasal
tand
grani
te.

4)Aquitar
d:I
tisageol
ogicalf
ormati
onthroughwhichonl yseepagei
spossi
bleand
thus,theyi
eldi
sinsigni
fi
cantcompared to an aqui
[Link]
tl
ypermeable.
Example–sandcl
ayunit.

TypesofAquif
ers:Aquif
ersorWat erbear
ingfor
mati
onshavebeencl
assi
fi
edi
nto
Unconfi
nedandConfinedaquifer
[Link] or
mati
onsar
eclassi
fi
edbasedonthe
natur
eanddi
str
ibut
ionofwaterbeari
ngzones.

1)Unconf inedAquifer:Itisal
soknownaswat ertabl
eaqui f
er,i
tisoneinwhi chafree
wat [Link] f
erwher ethewat ertableistheuppersur faceli
mi t
andext endsbelowt illt
heimpermeablerockst r
ataiscall
edtheunconfinedaquifer.
Wat ertablef l
uctuatesdependingupont her echargeanddi schar
ge,pumpi ngof
wat erfrom thewel l
sandper meabili
ty.I
tisdirectl
yaccessibletotheat mosphere
throught [Link] inedaquif
erservesasper ched
aqui f
[Link] ferorperchedwatert ableoccursabov etheregionalwater
tablei nthev [Link] sisformedwhenapor ti
onoft hewat erbear i
ng
format i
onissepar atedfrom t
hemainaqui f
er.

2)Confi
ned Aquif
er: When a wat er beari
ng for
mat i
on exists between t wo
i
mper meabl
efor
mationsiscall
edasConf i
nedaquif
er.I
tisalsoknownaspr essure
aqui
ferorart
esi
[Link]
inedaquifer
sarecompletel
yfil
ledwithwat erand
theydonothav eaf reewat ertabl
eandt heaquif
erswillbeunderpr essure.
Rechargeofthi
sformationonlytakesplacewherei tisexposedt othegr ound
surf
ace.

Dr
.Shi
vannaS,
Dept
.ofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,
SirMVI
T,Bangal
ore
 Aqui
fer
sTy
pes

Wat
erBudgetEquat
ion:

CatchmentAr ea:Thear eaofl anddraini

ngint
oast ream orawat ercour seatagi ven
l
ocat i
oni sknownascat chmentar [Link]
socal l
edasdr ainagear eaordr ainage
[Link] tiscall
edaswat er
[Link] erbal anceequat ioncanbeusedt o
describethef l
owofwat erinandoutofasy st
em awat erbal
ancecanbeest abli
shed
foranyar eaofear th’
ssur f
acebycal culat
ingt
het otalpreci
pitati
on, i
nputandv ari
ous
[Link] erbalanceappr oachallowsanexami nationofhy drologicalcy cl
ef orany
peri
odoft i
[Link] poseofwat erbalancestudyist odescribet hev ariousway sin
whicht hewat [Link] ebalanceequat i
oni sasf ollows:

+E±ΔS orP=Q+E±ΔS
P=R+I

WhereP=pr eci
pitat
ion,R=t otalr
unoff,I=inf
il
tr
ati
on,E=Evapo-t
raspi
rati
on,Q=
Runof
fandΔS=changei nthest or
[Link]
ermshavethedi
mensionsofv ol
ume.I
n
ter
msofrai
nfal
l-
runoffrel
ati
onship,
itcanberepr
esent
edas:

R=P-
L

WhereL=l osses = waternotavai

labl
etor unoffdue t
oinfi
lt
rati
on,ev
apo-
t
ranspi
rat
ionandstorage.I
nit
ssimpl
estfor
m,t
hisequati
onr
eadsasbelow:

I
nfl
ow=out
fl
ow+changei
nthest
orage.

Dr
.Shi
vannaS,
Dept
.ofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,
SirMVI
T,Bangal
ore
Thewat
erbal
ancemet
hodhasf
ourchar
act
eri
sti
csf
eat
ures:

a) Awat
erbal
ancecanbeexpressedforanysubsy
stemsoft
hehy
drol
ogi
ccy
cle,
for
anysi
zeoft
heareaandforanyperi
odoft i
me.

b)Awaterbal
ancecanser
vetocheckwhetheral
lfl
ow andst
oragecomponent
s
i
nvol
vedhav
ebeenconsi
der
edquant
it
ati
vel
y.

c)Awaterbalancecanservetocal
cul
ateoneunknownoft hebalanceequat
ion,
pr
ovi
dedthattheot
hercomponent
sareknownwi
thsigni
fi
cantaccur
acy.

d)Awat erbalancecanber egar

dedasamodeloft
hecompl et
ehy dr
ologi
cprocess
understudy ,whichmeansi tcanbeusedtopredictwhateff
ectt hechanges
i
mposedoncer taincomponentswi
l
lhav
eontheothercomponentsofthesyst
em
orsubsystem.

Wat
erScar
cit
y:

Asweappr oachtot
henextcentur
ymor ethanaquarterofthewor l
d’spopul
ationor
rd
1/3 ofpopul at
ioni
ndevel
opingcountr
iesli
veinregi
onst hatwil
lexperi
encesevere
waterscar ci
[Link]
tyist he l
ack ofsuf fi
cientavail
ablefresh water
[Link] esul
tnearl
y1. 1bil
l
ionpeopleworldwide
accesst owater
.

Causesf
orWat
erScar
cit
y:

Thehumanpopul ati
onhassuccessf ul
lyharnessedmanyoft heworl
d’snatural
wat er
ways–buildi
ngdams, waterwel
ls,
vasti
rri
gationsy
stemsandotherst
ruct
ures
thathaveall
owedcivil
izat
iontogrowandthri
[Link]
emsareincr
easi
ngl y
stressedandsomer i
vers,
lakesandaqui
fer
saredr yi
ngup.

a)Poll
uti
on:fr
om fer
ti
li
zer
s/pest
ici
des,untr
eat
edhumanwast
e,t
oxi
csubst
ance
fr
om thei
ndust
ri
esandpopulat
iongrowth.

b)Cli
matechange:Ashumanscont
inuet
opumpmor eCO2andothergreenhouse
gasesi
ntotheat
mospher
e,pat
ter
nsofweat
herandwat
erwil
lchangearoundthe

Dr
.Shi
vannaS,
Dept
.ofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,
SirMVI
T,Bangal
ore
 [Link] oughtwillbecomemor ecommoni nsomepl acesflood i
not hers.
Glaciersandsnowpackswi l
ldi
sappearinsomear easaff
ecti
ngthefreshwater
suppliest othesedownstream communi t
[Link] l
lcombinet o
make l ess wat er av
ail
ablefor agri
cult
ure,energy gener
ati
on,ci t
ies and
ecosy st
em aroundtheworld.

Ef
fect
s/I
mpact
sofWat
erScar
cit
y:

1)Disappeari
ng ofwet l
ands:Abouthalfoft he worl
d’s wetl
ands have been
[Link] hemostproducti
vehabitat
sont heplanet,
wetlandssupporthighconcent
rat
ionsofani
malsincl
udingmammal s,bi
rds,fi
sh
andi nv
ert
ebrates.

2)DamagedEcosy stem:Whenwat erbecomesscar ce,naturallandscapesof t

en
t
h
l
[Link] ncentralAsiaoncet hewor l
d’s4 largestf r
eshwat erlake,
butduetoexcessivepol l
uti
onandt hediver
sionofwat erf orirr
igat
ion,power
gener
ati
on,thi
secologicalcatastrophehascreatedfoodshor tageandr esult
ed
i
nar iseininfantmortali
tyandadecr easeinl if
eexpectancyf orthenearby
popul
ati
on.

3)LackofAccesstoDrinkingWat er:Thebiggestpr
oblem t
hathappenswhenyou
havewaterscar
cit
yisthatpeoplear enotabletogetfr
esh,cl
eandri
nkingwat
er.
Thehumanbodycanonl ygosol ongwi t
houtwaterandalackofdrinki
ngwater
canresul
tinnumberofot herpr
oblems.

4)Hunger:Ifther
eisnowat ert
hatcanbeusedi nordertohelpwaterthecrops,
thenwegoi ngtohavepeopl
ethataregoinghunger .Ani
mal swil
lal
sodie,
which
willr
esul
tinalackofmeataswel l
.Wat erscarcit
yinshortcausesstar
vati
onto
occurforbothpeopl
eandanimalsthatarelocatedinthearea.

5)LackofEducat i
on:Waterscarci
tymakesi tdi
ffi
cultforpeopleto getthe
educat
iont
hattheyneedort
hattheydeser
[Link]
nlybecausethosechi
ldr
enare
ei
thertoosicktogotoschoolortheyareworki
ngtohel ptogetwatertothe
homeandf amil
y.

6)Diseases:Ifwedonothav ecleanwat eraccess,thenwewillbemoreli

kel
yt o
getdiseasesfrom t
hewat erthatwedohav [Link]
nki
ngthewater
orusingitf orbat
hing,thosediseaseswillgetintothebodyandinnumberof
cases,thepeoplecarry
ingthosediseaseswi l
lpassaway.

Dr
.Shi
vannaS,
Dept
.ofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,
SirMVI
T,Bangal
ore
7)Sanit
ati
onIssue:Wit
houtaccesstocleanwater,therei
snowayt ocleanfood,
di
shesandpeopl [Link] earenotgi v
enaccesst opropersani
tati
on,
di
seasesendsupbecomi ngmuchmor eofani ssuethanitwouldhavebeen
other
wise.I
tal
socausesmentalheal
thissuesi
ncl udi
ngdepr
essi
onandanxiety.

8)Pover t
y:Al
linal
lpeoplewhoaredeali
ngwithwaterscar
cit
yareoftenst
uckin
povertyaswell
.Thesepeopl
earenotablet
ogettheresour
cesthatt
heyneedin
ordert obeabletot hr
iveandsteadarejustbarel
ysurvi
vingthr
oughthese
di
fficul
tti
mes.

Sol
uti
onsf
orwat
erScar
cit
y:

1)Educat
ion:Thereareplent
yofoppor t
uni
ti
esthatpeoplecanusei norderto
l
earnmor eaboutthewor ldar oundt
[Link] i
ngt hosewhoarenot
deal
ingwithwaterscarci
ty,theycanbeinposit
iontohelp. Thosewhoar e
deal
ingwithitcangeteducat edonhow t
heycanpr eventtheprobl
em fr
om
becomingevenworseinthefuture.

2)Recycl
eWat er
:Therearepl
entyoftechnologi
esoutther
ethatall
owt orecycl
e
rai
nwaterandotherwatert
hatmaybeusi [Link] derlearni
ng
abouthowwecanr ecycl
[Link]
ptopreventscarcit
ybut,it
cansavesomemoneyaswel l.

3)AdvancedTechnol
ogyr elat
edt owaterConservat
ion:Therehasbeenl otof
workintheworl
dofwat erconser
vati
on,butt
hereisalsoalotthatneedstobe
doneinordertoensurethattherestofthewor l
disablet oconservewater
.
Putt
ingmoneyandeffor
tintoconser
vati
oncouldbelif
esaving.

4)ImprovePr acti
cesr el
atedtoFarmi ng:Farmi
ngandi rr
igationareof t
enahuge
culpr
itwheni tcomest owaterscarcit
[Link],weneedt oimproveso
thatwedonotuseasmuchwat erandt hosewhoareusi ngwat erareusingitt
o
thefull
estpotenti
[Link]
ogyalsoneedst oadvanceint hismanner .

5)Improv eSewageSy st
em:Cleandr i
nkingwaterstar
tswithagoodsewage
[Link] t
houtpr
opersanit
ationthewat erinanareabecomesr iddenwit
h
diseaseandanynumberofot [Link]
ingthesewagesy st
ems
i
nt heirar
easwecanpreventwaterscarcit
yfr
om becominganyworse.

6)Suppor
tClearwaterI
nit
iat
ives:Ther
eareorgani
zati
onsl ocat
edal
lovert
he
worl
dthatar
elooki
ngt
obr i
ngclearwat
ert
otheareasthatdonothav
eit
.

Dr
.Shi
vannaS,
Dept
.ofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,
SirMVI
T,Bangal
ore
Renewabl
eWat
erResour
ces:

Renewabl eResour ce:Itisnaturalresourcewhi chcanreplenishwit

hthepassage
oft i
me,ei thert hrough biologicalr eproducti
on orot hernat ur
all
y occur r
ing
[Link] er esources are a par tofEar t
h’s naturalenvironment.
Renewabler esourcesmaybet hesour ceofr enewabl
ewat [Link],iftherate
atwhichther enewabler esourceisconsumedexceedsi tsrenewablerate,renewal
andsustainabil
it
ywi llnotbeensur ed.

Wat erasaRenewabl eResour ce:Wat ercanbeconsider

edar enewablemateri
al
whencar eful
lycontroll
edusage,t r
eat mentandr el
easearefoll
[Link],it
woul d become a non- r
enewabler esource at that l
ocat
[Link] ex ampl
e
groundwaterisusuallyremovedf r
om anaqui ferataratemuchgr eat
erthanit
s
veryslow nat
uralrechargeandsogr oundwaterisconsi
deredasnon-renewabl
e
resource.

Remov alofwat erfrom thepore spacesmaycause per manentcompact ion

(subsidence)t [Link] eri
sar enewableresourcebecauseit
evapor at
esoutoft heoceanstoclouds,whichgenerat
er ai
nf al
li
ngont heland.
Thewat ert henr unsint
or i
ver
sdamswher eitisusedandwast ei spart
iall
y
cleanedbef oreitmakesitrout
etothesea,wherethecycl
ebegi nsagain.

Basi
cFact
saboutWat
er:

Wat ersit
ti
ng/layi
ngont hesur f
aceoft heeart
hi seasytov i
sual
izeandourviewof
thewat ercycl
emi ghtbet hatrainfal
lfi
llsupther i
[Link],t
heunseen
waterbelowourf eetiscri
ticall
yimportanttoli
f eal
[Link] dyouaccountfor
thef l
owinr i
versaft
erweekswi thoutrain?I
nf act,
howwoul dy ouaccountfort
he
waterf l
owingdown,t hi
sdr i
veawayonadaywheni tdidn’
train?Theansweri s
thatthereismor etoourwat ersupplyt hanj
ustsur f
acewat er
,therei
salsoplenty
ofwat erbeneathourfeet.

Dr
.Shi
vannaS,
Dept
.ofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,
SirMVI
T,Bangal
ore