PAGENo 1
elodvit DATE
hame eelerence Themokion. _an olject
Can be clisvebedt anly 20ith theKep o a
Coondincte sdystem 1he cashclinte siyltem
uheluch Cade4knaun au the hame s
Ueftence
Th ete avu twa pes e ame Srupcronce-
I n ential hame
( Non- inetial rama
uuAthon
? ) ieline an inskial rame roperence
g) What ahw non-inerfcl PramA. eunte
( Inotial rame ulerance i un ccceler ated
Mame
A hame Jeference u daldAo be înrtal
whin abjects dh ha ame aley Newtons laus
inereta ancl ather 'laus af YNewtanian
mechanics
On thu -Prama an alject nat acted ey an
lack ancul ace
>Jtis atust o maues uih a Constant veloty
(2) Wsn inential name e accelsrated ama
hns)
> lame cSspeunte which n a acceler-
ated mation s t h upect to an inetal
ame S{ eLeence u CallecLa nsn-iOntio
ame efetence
n n uch cu rame2 an ebject even without an
eoct ernal ceactiny an it,á acalrated
J n nen-insuial Aamethu Wutons l u s
ae nat Valicl
yaumple: ball placect on thi loer athad
nevsde thu Jua i tha dhain accilexctts
o w c h c even though na orces a t on 1tt
n thá Case Jthu train mavu in an
inetial hame o relwrence and thu ball
dAin_c Nen-inerk'al'Phame of ejerence
palilkan iansfcumotfons
>The ttonsfamatien hom one inmtiad ame
afetancetaanothi Called AalilHan
Aanfonmatbn
Knowing thulaws Smotion / on alyect_in
a ilvthce
dyAtem(5 lhi lauus matioh o
th ame liect_in anthe tiference Ydtem
S) Can be oleiveol
wutioni(i) ihat oe yallean thansfotmaton
i ive lialilean tansormaton eiatfons ak
(uposiHo, 6JVeloiycynd le) accelerakion.
Consiclr livo obiewets O anc P, 2when
P tnauels 2uith a copstant yeloity y'uith
pect ta 0 alang thel common X-xaxis
E tha event peciedubyo-Ohlihate
7 , t) andL "( , y,z,+) in hamis
cLndl S Jpeckively
S
fig Frame 0f reference
-(a) yalilean o-okclincte 1an/orematisn8
fhomg
X=X+v t y 4zazandt = t -
These 0u equatfons arucaluc Ayailecn Coolin-=
ate Manu{omations
alilean Veloity anfcLracukions
he velou'y (o-oxdinales Gftha ok4ect Ab even
E Can de askigne as Ux 4, ) anc
UxUy, V tn ame S ncin ame.
S Lpectivedy
Then Dom9uation Q t can be writen a
U=dx
olt
= d (x-vt) dt
olt dt
asldt
olt dt
-V
togetherthudalileanveloity anafounauisns
Calilean Hceleiatien 7anaatation
inerhol ames auorence GandS,thu.
acalekation'Componehts SmainThe dame hu
-
Lin Atein's specialhecy e Relativity
Fostulates specicl Theaa eL Kelakiity
uustiou
i State thuundamento pastultes o the
dpecYal theoty Uulativity
A: Einiein in ha dpecicl Theoy ef Keladivit
otulatec that
(i A ha unclamenta aws of hyics
Uutainthëdameotm un al thinptial
ameS eenence
ii) The veloiy liqht dnre epace A
Cons tant add ia indyoenblent t h e ulattva
metan GThu dauoLe andtheabseweln
GyPhame jorente
n t iansfeumdtíon' @f dpace anal i me
ueAtion
iJecluce d@ronth ttanoumation equatton
a)posiHon onct Hme.
L 9n JNutonian mechanic h alleon transfor=
mations exprouec in eypatoau @A raletedhe
pace Ond time to-oclinat es in anL nertialL Phame.
te Ahose in thu othe ame a u wei thiut
eguations oe nat valia 4o ccseA whehe huDhjecr
uelocityV_appaaches tho Valur Gf Clha veloaty o
ht
The
thana/azmation equations apPy on
az all
alu
uelodies ipto C a n d incoypshatel theiwahicu
C abe Apetdf liaht yeu dwelopeduh.
1390 by desenth hese ae Rnouwh as Sstonty
tansótmationd
p y7,t)
(9,2,t)
XX
Cansidl tuuo inorkil fhames 6kSThe eme
S moues with a velociy V with Jeupect o S Ün.
politive X diseckian.
> Twoobsewors OA0ae di'tuated at the riain
amos SA
Two Co-odinate yatems Coindde inittally ct the
Instant t-e-o opHcal dawrce Ä k p t
at hicOmman otigin tuoAama
t tet:o, thi Aasce l k ases a pulse&at
Ahe dame indtant fhame S' dttati_mouing uih
Vdoc W This Pulse eachts o point P uin Co-Oct
inali(x,y, 2, t) A( Y2,ti) in SLspaume
he drantfomaisn equatian ofx and x can
be witten bu
k(x-vt)
(k-Constant o phoposutionalit)
The unverse laian Con be wiittenas
x k(xtvt) -
utinq e in_eaP
X= k Lk(x-vt)+ve_
t kt +x_(1-)
k
2_Acrding ta thu deconcdOAulat e GA alte
atiuitg,he
Contant
epeect olght (e Jumain
The velociy lght pulue sdpwading, oul homn
the Commar igin e5aUwed d obsetuers
O o ' dhoulA ko dane
X= ct
x= CU - (4
udaiking
ct=KC-V)E
Ct k(C+v)t
Multi plying eq aO-
k(cv2) 2
2
Cy2
k
Putting e ( in Q
-yt)
t
Lince / pamesmovesi wih Velacit4vin
+X_dikecti an. wrt oname s the tranfe
malon EGjuah ans ahe
x-vt y=yz=z ,t'-t-(v/2
4-
-(9
inx
I The hame Smoues uih a velxity V
l i a c t s n w Y t ame S thi invose
Hansfotmatian equaton aa
X =X+V4 y y z = z , t :t+(Ry/c)
ILtht dpeec the mauingname much
dmalle than thu veloit iqht/ie.
A u n t ! A a n a r m a t sn eguaton
V<<C the
ailean thanafónmation lauationu
educete
2
lime ilation
uution: txplaintheiCanceptoA Hme dilation
t
and lecerte an ephesA*On
The meanina c hime oilationd eaden-
Ans
dion ime LlapAed
Time oilahon i a oliHerenceun tho
timemeaJwwd ivaclocks d u t a a
py
Sulakive maHan
betwetn hem
Pix,yz)
Xx
uith
>lonsicder duwo amas oalerence £A'
clireckhsn
Smoving with a velocty valonq X
w'ytS:-
u n _ placecl at a xed posi hion
tp dhets
P (Y,z un hame JE Jiestus-
abderuo
at ibstant t t2 measwocL by
PAGE No.
DATE
o the S ame
he me intouwal t - t i ) e the w o
dhotsJmeaswoct by o at rost the moving
ame s called prope ime intauot
anod i gívan y -
To t - t
g n 1hame S, the obserwer O 2uhs i at Jast
heasthase tuwa dhets c t dietont uimes
t t2 The imeinteual áppears to him
iven y
TtELtti
HOm nverue darentz tAnskatmationn
eruatanA:
ttt(vRI2)
1-(v*/)-
t2-t vxja)
dhbahitting euations 0 eyp
T t2-t
-tvt
UAing eP Qin eP wgat
o -
which dhows that T>To
-(v4e)-
te called the phope tme which
JA clyined as thu ime meadunw n he
hamef dfvwnce uh which 0bject
at Just-
PAGE No.
DATE
ength Conttackion
-Aueshon: lwhat 4 lonq Conttacion2
Obtain an esptski on fon lany m
CconthacktOn
(onsicl tivo ineuhalramea SAs' uih s
moving with a veloity Vinih1 K_dihucti on wyt
t ahod AB be at Just inlhe maviny ame
Hs actaal lngth Lo at any instant as
measuMd by Äbdiuwer Owho u alsa at Jtest
n ame s
X,Ax ae X Co-okdinates ad in G hame) L
The Jsngh AB meadured y an ohlemie O n
thu dfakionanypame S ä
CX X2 are X
Co-@xdinates radd in S Pame)
nom orenty Ahansfoumatian
x= Kavt_
- (4
Vt
(v7E)
Sust teig
gct he
e IA
h u acual lan4h
ef we
get
X2-X
-
huthu length thuthutoc _aduceo
ku 41-(NJ when measuteol by anAlasikyen
maii 1ith Velacity V wth rupet do Ihu
od
omula'so humLicals
) 1ime clilation Te To
a ungth Codhach'on L_= l,v-(v1a)
inAtein mass enchgy Julation
(a) E E Fxt mo C
( b ) E #/m.c
whete mc lotal ene , moc= Jtest mass
Ex Kinekio enengy